• Why is automation of enterprise management processes carried out.
• What conditions must be met for the implementation of automation of management processes.
• What factors influence the speed and quality of automation implementation.

Process Automation enterprise management - a set of measures, the implementation of which raises the following questions:

• what measured parameters are critical for evaluating the company's performance and need to be taken into account;
• what hierarchical models should be used to describe management and planning processes;
• for what purposes the application of economic and mathematical methods will be justified and effective;
• how to use project management technologies.

The American Manufacturing and Inventory Society (APICS) developed an approach in the mid-1960s to answer the key questions that arise during the implementation of automation. Principles were formulated that are suitable for building models of enterprises in general and key production processes for them. The concept is based on these principles. MRP (material resource planning), which was first used for inventory management systems.

1. The production process is a stream of interrelated orders.
2. Orders are always executed under resource constraints.
3. It is envisaged to reduce technological cycles and stocks.
4. The needs of production and supply are determined by the volumes and schedules of implementation.
5. The movement of orders correlates with economic indicators.
6. The time required for the execution of the order is strictly defined.

The practical value of MRP, MRPII, ERP is due to:

• using the results of the analysis of the activities of operating enterprises;
• progressive development, each subsequent system expanded the capabilities of the previous one;
• proven effectiveness of the application;
• the ability to cover all management processes of the enterprise as a whole.

To characterize the volume and type of management tasks to be solved, the corresponding terminology arose: MRP class system, ERP class system, or simply: ERP system, MRP system.

Widespread, however, does not allow us to consider MRP, ERP recommendations on the organization of production processes and their management. They still remain APICS recommendations, in contrast to the ISO 9000 series (9000-9004) standards that regulate the creation of quality management programs in industry and in the service sector (the exception is a number of MRP-APS class automated control systems, the use of which allows companies to obtain an ISO certificate).

Enterprise management automation based on economic and mathematical models, information technologies and computer technology for almost all firms is the most important stage of development, bringing the business to a qualitatively new level of management.

Distributed computing systems and networks, the improvement of database management systems and design tools, the introduction of functional subsystems contribute to the creation of complex integrated automated systems that combine all the tasks of enterprise management.

Among the similar software products presented on Russian market, a large proportion are the developments of the largest foreign firms.

The implementation of an integrated automated system is a long, laborious and expensive process.

The manager in this situation has two main tasks: to determine the goals for which it is planned to modernize management methods, and to develop the right development strategy enterprise automation enabling these goals to be achieved.

Should be taken into account:

• current level management automation;
• experience of potential developers;
• features of the organizational structure of a particular enterprise;
• financial and human resources;
• foreign experience and current trends.

In the course of strategic planning, it often becomes necessary to make an informed decision on the choice of an automation system. Business leaders should have an understanding of the concepts of modern information technology, how to design and implement them.

Automation of management processes - an algorithm for the manager

The project approach to enterprise management automation begins with the preparation of three mandatory documents: terms of reference, schedule and budget. A financier cannot write a competent technical task, and a programmer cannot calculate the budget. Documents should be drawn up by specialists, closely interacting with each other, only this will allow to successfully organize the work.

Terms of Reference (TOR) defines the goals, objectives of the project and ways to solve them. It describes in as much detail as possible all the requirements for the management system, data protection, the architecture of the software package and the algorithms for the interaction of objects, the types of forms, directories and reports, the stages of work on implementation, as well as the procedure for acceptance finished product. The more details are taken into account and recorded, the faster and better the implementation of the project will be.

As a rule, the project manager is responsible for the development of the terms of reference and presents the final version to the management. In our country, there is a certain standard - "GOST on the TK for the creation of automated systems", although in recent years strict adherence to GOST is not considered mandatory.

Standard requirements for automated systems today:

• compatibility with all software products that are used in the enterprise;
• reliability - stable operation and data safety;
• adaptability - the ability to quickly reconfigure the system in case of any changes in the company;
• scalability - the ability to increase the amount of data and the number of users;
• the development potential laid down initially - the possibility of expanding the functionality, updating versions without interruptions in operation, updating taking into account changes in Russian legislation;
• the ability to work with distributed structures (remote divisions and branches);
• compliance with the requirements information security– separation of access rights and user roles depending on positions and responsibilities.

A schedule is a standard management document that guides the implementation of any project. It reflects the stages of work with the deadlines for their implementation, responsible persons, appointed performers, the number of employees involved. For example, automation of management processes will require the preparation of certain documentation, staff training, repeated testing of the system before putting it into operation. The project manager consolidates information from different departments into a single schedule and updates it at regular intervals.

The budget reflects the cost of the project. The main expense items in the implementation of a new management system are the purchase of software, its adjustment to the needs of the enterprise and technical support.

From a marketing point of view, it is more profitable for development companies to present the “cost of a workplace”. For example: ERP-system at a price of five thousand rubles for two users or ten thousand rubles for ten users. As a rule, the specified cost does not include the cost of setup and technical support.

When choosing software, you need to find out such details in advance in order to correctly form a budget. A well-written terms of reference allows you to calculate the costs of subsequent periods based on the cost of an hour of work of a company specialist providing further support for the product. Compliance with the budget is an indicator of the quality work of the project manager, meaning that all the necessary resources have been taken into account.

The process of enterprise automation can be considered complete when a stable working information system is put into operation, as well as a full set of regulations and instructions for users with different access levels and roles.

The economic feasibility of a project is usually assessed on the basis of financial indicators: payback period, return on investment, internal profitability, net worth. In the case of the introduction of software, it is problematic to make accurate calculations according to this scheme. If the costs are reflected in the budget, then it is most often impossible to correlate what part of the profit was obtained precisely through the use of an automated control system.

Automation of the enterprise, first of all, affects management indicators, for example, labor productivity, the number of customers served, the speed of order processing. The positive dynamics of their change serves as a criterion for the successful implementation of the project and an indicator that the company's human resources have begun to be used more efficiently due to:

• document flow optimization;
• increasing the speed of access to information;
• consolidated view of all data and documents;
• standardization of business processes;
• timely and rapid updating of regulatory documents;
• accelerating the process of training and adaptation of new employees;
• integration with external information systems and increasing the speed of data exchange.

Principles of automation of management processes

Modern enterprises are complex structures, so gradually the automation of production systems has found application not only in industry, but also in many other areas of activity. Banking business, insurance, retail, transport companies are ready to invest heavily in software that allows them to increase the efficiency of their work. Even small firms seek to automate basic management processes.

Different scales, levels and types of management processes are automated based on common principles:

• the principle of consistency. The exit point of one action within a process is always the entry point for another. A mismatch in the chain of actions leads to a failure or incorrect execution of the process;
• the principle of integration. An automated process should not exist outside the general information environment of the enterprise, but interact with it. The degree of integration can be more or less depending on the level of automation and the tasks solved with its help, but this principle is always respected;
• the principle of independence of execution. The essence of the automated process is that it is executed without human intervention or this participation is minimal. A process that proceeds correctly, in accordance with established requirements, does not require outside intervention.

The fundamental principles listed above are broken down into more specific ones in relation to a certain level of automation and control process.

What factors affect the speed and quality of automation implementation

1. A good product. Incomplete software leads to undesirable consequences. The need for additional settings, changes to the program, re-testing interfere with normal operation.
2. Qualified consultant.
3. Energetic implementation team working for results. A good consultant will not solve the task if the company does not have qualified employees who can speak the same language with him and have the necessary skills and competencies.
4. Personal control CEO over the process. To control the work on the project, you do not need to dive deep into the field of information technology and learn the basics of programming. The main thing is that information about the progress of the process is always available and reliable. Regular reports based on the drawn up schedule will give a fairly complete picture of the current situation and will allow timely adjustments.
5. The work of employees of the enterprise with an automated system. The installed software should be used by the majority of employees. And the sooner they start doing it on their own in the normal mode, the sooner possible system errors will be identified and eliminated.

Levels of automation of management processes

In every company there is a certain hierarchy of decision-making, that is, management levels. For more effective work automation of all levels of enterprise management is necessary.

Allocate operational, tactical and strategic levels of management, and in accordance with them, and levels of automation:

1. Operational - the level of performers. Automated stereotypical, regularly performed processes that form the basis of the company's operations. For example, a production conveyor, retail trade operations, maintaining the specified parameters of an engineering system.
2. Tactical - the level of management. By creating interconnections between different processes of the previous level, production management is automated. For example, the processes of operational planning, supply, sales of products, logistics, primary workflow.
3. Strategic - the level of senior management. The processes of enterprise management as a whole are automated. The system allows you to decide analytical tasks, build forecasts, aimed at financial, economic and strategic planning.

To automate enterprise management, several types of systems are used (CRM, ERP, OLAP and others), which are divided into three main types:

1. immutable systems. In them, a certain rigid sequence of operations is initially configured for an existing equipment configuration or process.
2. Programmable systems. In them, the sequence of actions changes depending on the current configuration or the given program. New operating parameters are set using instructions that the system accesses and executes when conditions change.
3. Self-tuning systems. They carry out the selection of necessary operations in the course of operation based on information about the current state of the process.

All three types of systems can be used at any of the levels of automation, both separately and in combination with each other.

What tasks does the automation of production management processes solve?

To run a successful business, it is necessary to maintain the solvency of the company, increase the profitability of production or other economic activities, properly plan and redistribute financial resources.

Large diversified enterprises with a complex organizational structure and a developed branch network solve problems that hinder the achievement of the desired indicators by automating management processes:

1. Difficulty in coordinating operational, current and long-term plans of disparate units.
2. The problem of setting and monitoring the execution of tasks for each division and branch.
3. Differences in the organization of work and the lack of a common understanding of business processes among departments.
4. Lack of general reference information, unified forms of documents, unified methods.
5. The low speed of updating data on the operational economic and financial activities of branches, divisions and the company as a whole.
6. Large labor costs for collecting, analyzing and summarizing data from branches and enterprises that are part of the company. This is especially significant for accounting, when it is necessary to bring together disparate balance sheets coming from different sources in order to get a complete picture of the company's financial condition.
7. The problem of operational control over mutual settlements with consumers, external and internal suppliers. Obtaining incorrect data on accounts payable and receivable.
8. Low reliability and inconsistency of information collected in all areas of business, on the basis of which it is impossible to make a calculation and get a true picture of the material and financial assets of the enterprise.

Management automation is not a goal, but a tool to reduce the above problems. At the same time, the system does not completely rebuild the work of the enterprise, but maintains and improves the efficiency of already established processes that meet the needs of the company.

Of great importance is the creation of a common information base of the organization as part of an integrated approach to automation. Separate modules of the system will function in one information space and operate with common data.

The introduction of an automated system and the creation of a common database is a step-by-step process, during which steps are taken in a strictly defined sequence. First, critical and basic activities for the enterprise are performed. Each step is characterized by the achievement of specific results and serves as the basis for the next step.

It is beneficial for the company to minimize the cost of automation, but the savings in choosing the right solution should not lead to the choice of a system that, due to low performance, will not justify the investment made.

It is impossible to delay the implementation deadlines so that by the end of the process new needs and problems do not arise that are not taken into account in the terms of reference.

Project management of an enterprise has its own automation features.

Automation in this case covers two areas: functions (procedural part) and standards (documentary part) of project management.

A standard is a set of documents that spell out the sequence of actions, recommended models and the time that must be spent on their implementation in the project management process. These documents do not belong to any specific project, but are methodological support for the entire project activities of the company.

One of the modern trends is the organization of the documentary part in the form of a knowledge base, which has all the required services for searching and updating data, where all documents on completed projects are entered, the relationship between documents in the form of cross-references is implemented.

Automation of the procedural part of project management is carried out taking into account the fact that both the permanent divisions of the company and the temporary structure - the project team - are involved in the project. That is, there are new interactions that are not typical for the operating activities of the company.

The documentary part should reflect the requirements for automation of project management. In the future, it may be necessary to use a management system for a number of processes involved in specific projects.

Processes to be automated include:

• project budgeting;
• management of business interactions, including coordination of project documents;
• calendar resource planning of the project;
• project document management.

Let us clarify once again that in this case we are talking about the documents and procedures of a particular project, but not about the documents and procedures of the standard.

Project management automation systems are integrated with enterprise information systems, which requires the creation of additional interfaces for communication between the main enterprise application software packages.

The creation of a project management standard is a big step forward in the development of a company's information structure. On the one hand, it requires the automation of project management methods, and on the other hand, all the experience gained in this case falls into the documents of the standard.

Automation of personnel management processes

The main resource of any enterprise is its staff. The desire to use this resource as efficiently as possible has led to the widespread use of automation systems for managing personnel processes. Most developers offer software products designed for HR departments.

Initially, only the main processes were automated: calculation wages, taxes, personnel office work. Today, market needs dictate a different approach, and the functionality of personnel management systems is constantly expanding. It takes into account the effectiveness and competence of specialists, allows you to develop complex motivational schemes, effectively conduct training when hiring or to improve the skills of existing employees. Recruitment methods, formation process personnel reserve and the organizational structure of the enterprise also became more productive through the use of automation tools. New systems offer not only access to HR information and the ability to generate reports, but also the ability to conduct analytical work that affects HR decisions. In fact, such a voluminous set of tasks to be solved turns the activity of the personnel department into real management of the company's human resources.

The Russian market presents domestic and foreign developments in the field of automation of personnel management processes. Given the different needs and financial capabilities of consumer firms, they are very variable in cost and technical specifications, but are similar in their functionality.

Many systems can be developed to the required level. Large IT companies are able to purchase specialized modular solutions from other developers, which allows them to develop their own products.

When choosing and implementing software for automating HR processes, there are several points to consider.

Conventionally, financial management systems and electronic document management systems (EDMS) are distinguished. They can be used separately, but, as a rule, they complement each other. They differ in the method of processing documents. In the first case, the generated document is “conducted”, and this completes the work with it. In EDMS, the document is not closed, but its full life cycle is supported.

As with most software products, "local" and "boxed" solutions are offered for personnel management systems. There are also ERP systems (Enterprise Resource Planning) that allow you to plan and manage many enterprise resources that are used to automate the business processes of the company as a whole.

It is advisable to use ERP systems in large companies not only because of the high cost of development and implementation, but also because of the redundancy of functionality for the needs of medium and small businesses.

Small companies usually have enough "boxed" versions. Their cost is significantly lower than ERP systems, they are quickly installed, easily configured and do not require serious technical support. Naturally, this is achieved by limiting the possibility of making further changes and improvements. If the company also uses other information systems, then it may be difficult to integrate a "boxed" product. That is, the principle of a single information space can be violated.

An intermediate place between the "boxes" and ERP-systems is occupied by "integrated solutions" - separate modules that allow you to automate only a certain area of ​​\u200b\u200bactivity. The functionality of the module for solving problems in the automated field is very high, and there are no problems with integration into the company's information system.

Why do we need to automate the processes of documentation support for management

Most of the operations performed in the company require documentary evidence. Contracts are concluded with suppliers and customers, payment is made by payment orders, shipment of goods - by waybills, performance of work or provision of services - by acts and invoices. The list of documents can be continued further, while all of them must go through a certain path within the enterprise, be checked, agreed and approved.

The influence of the human factor leads to errors, loss of papers, delays in approval and other factors that do not contribute to the rapid passage of the document through all instances and timely delivery to the addressee.

These problems occur even in small companies with small volumes of activity, and in large firms it can be catastrophic.

The larger the company, the more separate divisions and branches in it, the more tangible will be the losses from working exclusively with paper media at all stages of the life cycle of documents.

Often the generator of problems with document flow is directly the first person of the company. There is such a type of directors who strive to participate in all processes taking place in the company, and without their personal visa, not a single document is accepted for work. Such a leader is simply overwhelmed with a wide variety of papers, and not always really important documents fall under his arm first. Both top managers and ordinary employees skillfully use this. In the absence of time for a detailed review and analysis of the document, the director can agree on the dubious decisions made by subordinates, and the responsibility will already be safely transferred to him.

Automation of workflow can change the situation. When all documents are in one electronic database, it becomes possible to track the movement and current status of each paper. In this case, you no longer have to sign them with your eyes closed. The director receives only documents endorsed by all interested services (depending on their purpose), and sometimes these approvals are enough, and there is no need at all for the signature of the head of the enterprise.

Automation of the workflow process is vital for companies in which:

• documents are often lost or it is impossible to track their whereabouts;
• deadlines are constantly not met;
• there is an extensive network of branches or remote divisions with which you need to exchange documentation;
• the issue of confidentiality of information is fundamental.

The introduction of an electronic document management system will allow:

• automate the process of coordinating documents;
• keep all documents in an electronic archive;
• control the execution status of the document.

Depending on the scale, a company can use simple solutions (Excel or Access) or more complex and expensive systems (1C, Microsoft Axapta, SAP, etc.).

Pros:

• all divisions of the company use a single database containing unified forms of documents;
• the speed of circulation of information within the organization increases;
• there are uniform standards for working with documents, the quality of control over their execution is improving;
• the degree of information protection increases;
• increased productivity, reduced dependence on employee qualifications.

Minuses:

• the need to change the usual workflow system, the difficulty of adapting employees to innovations;
• additional costs for the implementation of software and a possible increase in units of computer equipment;
• material and time costs for personnel training;
• inability to estimate the profit or loss from the use of the system;
• data security problems associated with storing all information in a single database.

Stages of automation of processes of documentary support of management

The initiator of the automation project should be one of the first persons of the company: CEO, financial or Commercial Director. If top management does not attach great importance to this task, then there can be reasonable doubts about its successful implementation.

Workflow automation consists of two parts: process and report (control). If the introduction of electronic document management is accompanied by an audit and optimization of existing business processes, then all managers responsible for them should take part in writing the terms of reference. Without this, it is impossible to create an effectively working version of electronic document management, and at the operational stage, “dissatisfied” divisions will certainly appear, whose interests were not taken into account.

The process takes place in several stages.

Stage 1. What to automate.

It is necessary to determine which departments are most in need of workflow automation. As a rule, the most "paper-intensive" are accounting and financial department. Making payments, negotiating contracts is very slow, especially in companies with a branch structure.

The same problems arise with internal corporate documents (orders, reports, regulations) that directly affect the performance of the enterprise.

Stage 2. Description of business processes.

In order for automation not to create additional difficulties, but to increase work efficiency, you must first audit the current business processes of a department, division or entire company. It is necessary to describe step by step the way the document passes through the company and all the processes that are associated with it. Only after receiving this data, it is possible to clearly formulate the tasks that the implementation of the system should solve.

Stage 3. Planning.

At this stage, a schedule, estimates and a list of necessary resources are drawn up.

Stage 4. Choosing an IT solution.

Businesses with a small amount of workflow to solve the problem may be sufficient to use a simple electronic database (created in Excel or Access).

Own IT-department is able to prepare such a resource and organize secure access to it. If there is a closed corporate site, then it is perfect for hosting an electronic database, or you can use the local area network of the enterprise for these purposes. Differentiation of the level of access to documents is also not difficult. That is, in small enterprises, the creation of electronic document management does not require significant material and labor costs.

Large companies and holdings must be ready for a long and expensive process of automation, even if only one of the sections of the workflow is affected.

Stage 5. Implementation.

The project manager coordinates the work. The Director General determines the following points:

• critical points in the life cycle of documents - points at which they undergo obvious changes in the process of passing through the system;
• the total time required for electronic approval in all departments of the company.

The CEO manages the automation process based on the principle of detecting deviations from the normal course of the process, so he must see the statistics of document delays when passing through fixed (critical) points, as well as the number of actions in the system caused by a particular document.

Stage 6. Completion.

Testing before commissioning. At this stage, there is still an opportunity to identify serious flaws in the system and make corrections, so active participation in testing by the CEO is mandatory.

Stage 7. Control of the use of the system.

Automation of the workflow process was introduced so that employees would use it, and not as a static set of files in a database. It is necessary to control the work of personnel in the system after its commissioning and thus identify and eliminate shortcomings missed during testing.

Ilya Vorontsov

GK " Modern technologies management"

To date, there is a lot of debate about the correctness of a particular approach to enterprise automation. At the moment, the so-called "Western" approach is considered the most correct, competent approach. Initially, it developed and took shape in more developed (in the field of management) countries, and now attempts are being made to apply it to Russian enterprises.

The following statement can be taken as the basis of the approach: Automation of enterprise processes should follow from the enterprise development strategy and be effective. In other words, only those tasks that contribute to the achievement of the enterprise's goal should be automated. At the same time, each automation task must be evaluated from the standpoint of Price / Efficiency.

This approach can indeed be called correct, even ideal. Its essence is as follows:

1. Based on the goals and strategy of the enterprise, business processes are identified that require qualitative improvement;
2. For each selected business process, an automation task is set to improve the efficiency of the process;
3. The expected effect of the automation task is estimated in advance and compared with the cost of its implementation;
4. Reorganization and automation of enterprise business processes.

With this approach, the main tasks that require automation in enterprises will be those whose implementation effect can be assessed in the most obvious way:

• The tasks of planning enterprise resources (material, labor, financial) - reducing the costs associated with the use of resources;
• Customer relationship management - attracting new and retaining existing customers;
• Design and technological processes - reducing the cost and improving the quality of design and technological developments.

It is clear that with this approach, the tasks of accounting and control will be secondary, since it is very difficult to connect them with the company's goals and evaluate their effect. The tasks of accounting and control in this case are rather an integral part of the tasks of planning and analysis, something that is implied by default.

It is on these prerequisites that complex information systems are based that support the standards of ERP (enterprise resource planning), CRM (customer relationship management), CAD / CAM systems.

All the advantages of this approach follow from its description. Now consider the disadvantages of this approach when applied to Russian enterprises:

• Very few Russian enterprises have formulated goals and strategies. Therefore, it is difficult to talk about the consistency of automation tasks and enterprise goals. This means that in order to apply the above approach to automation in an enterprise, it is necessary to develop a strategy, possibly with the involvement of third-party consultants, and restructure the entire strategic planning system. Sadly, but the management and owners of many Russian enterprises are not yet ready for such transformations;
• The implementation of the tasks of automating resource planning, customer relationship management at Russian enterprises often requires a serious restructuring of the enterprise's business processes (reengineering), which, again, requires serious material, time costs and, of course, readiness for personnel and enterprise management transformations;
• The cost of using complex automation tools aimed at automating planning and management tasks is still “unbearable” for Russian enterprises, especially considering that the implementation of such systems often requires a lot of work from third-party consultants to restructure the business processes of an enterprise.

Nevertheless, the "Western" approach is used at Russian enterprises, but often it is expressed in the introduction of an "expensive" integrated management system, without linking the implementation to the goals of the enterprise and correctly assessing the expected effectiveness of such a system.

As a result, a fairly small number of automation projects are successfully completed in full. The greater part either “slips” or is not fully realized, mainly again in terms of accounting, because “tomorrow we can calculate yesterday, but it’s impossible to plan tomorrow.”

The introduction of a comprehensive information system is often not a meaningful need, but just a tribute to fashion or the desire of management to keep up with other companies.

How then should one approach the process of automation of Russian enterprises?

To answer this question, we will describe the typical "diseases" corresponding to many Russian enterprises:

• Absence strategic management;
• There is still a low qualification of management in the field of management. Yes, they can negotiate with suppliers, banks, customers, but competently manage using information technology - not yet;
• Lack of customer focus policy;
• Underdevelopment of IT infrastructure;
• Lack of clear methodologies for planning activities and resources, in particular;
• Often the deplorable state of design and technological documentation, its discrepancy with real technological processes;
• The tasks of automating production management (planning and accounting) are solved by separate local tasks, which there is often no one to develop or support.

Indeed, the introduction of an integrated information system at such an enterprise is most likely doomed to failure, at least it is difficult to talk about a tangible increase in the efficiency of the enterprise's processes.

Based on Russian realities, one should also take into account the stringent requirements from the state in terms of maintaining accounting and tax records at the enterprise. These tasks take a lot of resources from the enterprise and are not always adequately supported by complex enterprise management systems.

Our team, which has been working in the control and automation market for more than 10 years and has implemented a fairly large number of projects, has formulated its approach to the automation of Russian enterprises in the following theses:

• Gradual automation of enterprise processes;
• Automation is initially aimed at processes that are more understandable to the personnel of the enterprise - accounting and control;
• Involvement of enterprise management in automation processes;
• Soft and gradual restructuring of business processes;
• Evolutionary development of the information system.

Although it is believed that we should take the best of Western management technologies, we must take into account that we are very far behind in this process and going through all the stages in an evolutionary way will be more efficient and cheaper than a revolutionary way.

What gives this approach:

• The company does not spend huge amounts of money on complex automation;
• Automation of accounting and control processes makes it possible to solve the problems of accounting and tax accounting (which in our country are of concern to many managers), and, as a result, refocus on solving the problems of planning and management;
• Gradual automation and involvement of management in automation processes allows them to feel the connection between IT solutions and management processes, improves their skills as managers;
• The qualification of personnel is increasing - it is easier to master individual areas of automation than an integrated system;
• Obtaining accurate and timely accounting data allows you to identify problems associated with the cost of using resources, problems in working with customers, which pushes management to improve management processes and allows you to set new automation tasks aimed at solving these problems.

In fact, the enterprise is thus preparing for the development of advanced management technologies and the introduction of integrated enterprise management systems. After some period, the management of the enterprise begins to clearly understand how information technologies and the efficiency of the enterprise's business processes are related, what automation tasks can contribute to the achievement of business goals, the restructuring of some business processes becomes an obvious fact. The enterprise becomes ready for the introduction of an integrated automated system, realistically assessing the effect of its implementation. The probability of successful implementation of an integrated system in this case will be much higher than in an unprepared enterprise.

For example, for a manufacturing plant, this approach usually looks like this:

1. Automation of accounting, payroll, personnel records
   Allows you to solve a rather resource-intensive task and provide the management of the enterprise with summary management information. The management of the enterprise is drawn into the process of mastering information technologies and begins to formulate requirements for obtaining more detailed and operational information about the activities of the enterprise.
2. Automation of operational production, management accounting
   In the course of solving this problem, the technological information of the enterprise is streamlined, operational production and warehouse, and management accounting are being established. Management begins to receive operational and detailed information about the activities of their enterprise and can review the planning mechanisms in the enterprise. In turn, detailed and operational management information is the basis for accurate and detailed planning of the enterprise.
3. Automation of natural resource planning (material, labor)
   The solution to this problem does not have to be deep and comply with MRP / ERP standards. Automation of natural planning allows the management of the enterprise to improve the quality and speed of planning processes, sometimes it allows to reduce the cost of maintaining resources. The presence of planned and actual management information allows you to analyze and control the activities of the enterprise.
4. Automation financial planning, budgeting
   The solution of this problem allows you to plan, evaluate and analyze the activities of the enterprise in financial terms.
5. Integrated enterprise automation (ERP standard system)
   Integration and development of solved and new tasks, taking into account the goals and strategy of the enterprise. That is, deepening or mastering new automation tasks directly depends on the strategy of the enterprise. In addition, each task is evaluated according to the price / efficiency ratio.

As our experience shows, this approach justifies itself in most Russian enterprises.

With the help of which such things as financial management, procurement, etc. are automated, as well as various aspects of automation: creating enterprise models, describing the life cycle of systems, planning and process management management automation enterprise, problems of choosing a system. Also presented are modern approaches to the construction of enterprise management systems, which received in recent times widespread, namely the concepts of MRP, MRPII, ERP and APS, as well as the basic economic and mathematical concepts that are applied in these systems.

Process Automation enterprise management is an extremely difficult task, and its solution encounters the following problems:

• what parameters characterizing enterprises should be measured (taken into account);
• what set of hierarchical models is best suited for solving planning and management problems;
• for what purposes and how most effectively economic and mathematical methods can be applied;
• how to use project management techniques.

It was with the aim of optimizing production management and a possible solution to the above problems in the mid-60s that the American Society for Production and Inventory Management (APICS) formulated a number of principles according to which it was proposed to build both enterprise models and the main production processes on them. For the first time, these principles were applied to solve the problems of managing the inventory of an enterprise and were called the concept of MRP (Material Requirements Planning - planning of material resources), the main provisions of which are listed below:

• The production process model is described as a flow of interrelated orders.
• When fulfilling orders, resource constraints are taken into account.
• Minimization of production cycles and stocks is ensured.
• Supply and production orders are generated from sales orders and production schedules.
• The movement of orders is linked to economic indicators.
• The execution of the order is completed by the time it is needed.

Later, as this approach was applied to other processes or activities, the concepts of MRPII, ERP, etc. appeared.

Methods or approaches MRP, MRPII and ERP is a formalized set of processes that can be used to describe enterprises. They are purely constructive in nature, i.e. they can be perceived as a set of instructions (algorithm): do it this way, transfer data or materials in such and such a form there, make a record of the operations performed there. They are intuitive to any manager or manager. Their main value lies in the following:

• they appeared in the activities of really operating enterprises;
• their development was evolutionary, the next concept absorbed the previous one;
• they have proven their effectiveness;
• they cover all the activities of the enterprise as a whole. The concepts of MRP, MRPII and ERP have proven to be extremely efficient and user-friendly. Their focus on solving practical problems associated with the activities of enterprises, and solving management problems has led to the fact that all the leading manufacturers of enterprise management systems began to actively use them. Moreover, for the degree of coverage of the activities of the enterprise, the practice included: a system of the MRP or ERP class, or in short an MRP or ERP system. Despite widespread use, MRP - ERP recommendations for organizing production processes and their management are not in any sense at present: international, national or any association. They are still APICS recommendations, in contrast to the ISO 9000 series: 9000-9004, which establish quality management programs in industry and the service sector (although the introduction of some MRP-APS classes allows enterprises to receive ISO certification).

Enterprise management automation based on economic and mathematical methods, computer technology and information technology is an integral part of the process of improving the activities of almost all enterprises. Recently, a qualitatively new one has been outlined, which is characterized by the desire to create integrated automated systems that combine all management tasks. This is facilitated by distributed computing systems and networks, database management tools, design tools and implementation of subsystems. Many of the new information technologies developed by major foreign firms are present on the Russian market today.

The introduction of an integrated automated system for any enterprise is one of the most time-consuming and costly development programs.

In these, the role of business leaders who make decisions of a strategic nature in the field of computerization is extremely large. The main thing is to develop a development strategy enterprise automation which would guarantee the achievement of the company's goals. This strategy should be based on the achieved level management automation, the experience of developers, the peculiarities of the organization of production, the financial and personnel capabilities of the enterprise, global trends. The most important component of this strategy is in some cases the justification and decision-making on the choice of an automation system available on the Russian market. Therefore, it is necessary that business leaders be familiar with the concepts of modern information technology, how they are designed and implemented.

Institute of Management in Construction and Project Management

Department of Construction Management

Speciality "Management" - 061100

Specialization project management

branch evening

course project

By discipline: Information technology management

On the topic: “Corporation “PARUS”. Enterprise Management Automation”

Executor:

Moscow 2000

Automation in enterprise management............................................... 3

Enterprise management problems .............................................................. ... 3

PARUS Corporation .............................................................. ............................ 4

Basic principles of building the System .................................................. ..6

Architectural decisions when working with databases .............................. 6

Modularity, scalability, integrability, openness...... 7

Documentation .............................................................. ............................... eleven

Data protection................................................................... ..................................... eleven

Some software products and solutions.................................................... 12

Software package for enterprise management automation SAIL 8.1.................................................................. ................................................. ..................... fourteen

Financial management................................................ ........................ sixteen

Multicurrency .............................................................. ........................... eighteen

Accounting versatility .............................................................. ................ eighteen

Accounting by company code divisions............................................... 19

Financial planning .................................................................. ............... nineteen

Operational planning .................................................................. .............. 22

Accounting................................................ ............................... 22

Accounting objects and accounting registers of the module............................................... 26

Journal of business transactions .............................................................. 27

Processing and summarizing information............................................... 29

Turnover statements .................................................................. ............................... 29

Distribution of account balances and turnovers to other accounts....... 30

Reports................................................. ............................................. 31

Consolidation................................................. ................................... 31

Logistics................................................. ............................................... 34

Procurement, warehouse, sales .............................................. ................. 36

Functions of Logistics Applications............................................................... ...... 38

Personnel Management................................................ ...................... 41

System Administration .................................................................. ............. 44

Do you need automation? ......................... 45

List of used literature: .............................................................. ...... 48

Automation in enterprise management

Enterprise management problems

In conditions market economy the basis for the successful operation of any enterprise (organization, firm, etc.) is to ensure the required level of profitability of its economic activity. It is equally important to maintain the solvency of the company, planning and controlling the movement associated with this factor. Money.

Let us dwell in more detail on the problems of large companies (corporations, holdings), which are characterized by a complex structure associated with the diversification of divisions, their territorial distribution and the difference in production potential. As a rule, these are problems such as:

Lack of organizational unity among the divisions of the enterprise, in particular, the same understanding of the essence of business processes, a single accounting methodology, unification of regulatory and reference information.

Difficulties in planning activities for all horizons (long-term, current, operational) at all levels of the management vertical, bringing specific tasks to each of the departments, monitoring the current execution and analyzing the implementation of these tasks.

Insufficient efficiency (relevance) of data on the financial and economic activities of divisions, branches and the corporation as a whole.

The high labor intensity of collecting and summarizing (consolidating) data from territorially distributed areas, in particular, accounting departments, each of which maintains its own, "incomplete" from the point of view of the corporation, balance sheets; a large number of errors in such data, their heterogeneity and inconsistency.

Lack of operational and reliable information on mutual settlements (mutual offsets) with external suppliers and consumers, as well as branches of the enterprise, and, as a result, the difficulty of managing receivables - payables. The solution to this problem is much more complicated when the status of the counterparty changes (for example, when a corporation purchases a firm that was previously an external counterparty).

In the context of the transition period and the economic crisis, all of the above problems are exacerbated, as well as new ones appear, related to such factors as inflation and non-payments; a high proportion of money surrogates and complex offsets in the total volume of financial flows; widespread natural exchange (barter); frequent changes in legislation, in particular, tax.

These are far from all the problems of enterprise management, but those indicated here are quite enough to understand the relevance and complexity of their solution.

PARUS Corporation

The PARUS company was registered in December 1990. Since then, PARUS has grown from a small company into a branched structure with regional branches and representative offices throughout Russia and the CIS. SAIL IS A CORPORATION TODAY.

In addition to the head office (Moscow), the PARUS Corporation includes the Information Technology Center, which develops software products, the Training Center and 29 regional offices with a total number of employees of more than 1200 people who support users in the regions on the entire list of services. At the same time, more than half of the employees are engaged in direct customer service (training, implementation of software products, supply and repair of equipment, etc.).

Starting with software products for accounting automation, today PARUS offers a full range of software products for complex automation of enterprises, including specialized solutions for various industries.

SAILS' software products include systems for automating accounting and personnel records, consolidation of reporting and analysis of financial and economic activities, automation systems for large enterprises.

An integrated approach to automation allows you to implement projects both in stages and offer ready-made solutions on a turnkey basis, providing effective management, planning and analysis of enterprises.

From the very beginning, the firm's strategy has been to provide customers with a full range of services. This allows you to guarantee the success of automation, ensure maximum efficiency from the implementation of technologies through the proposed design solutions and, ultimately, guarantees high business stability.

Among the company's services:

Development of automation projects;

Installation and configuration of automation projects;

User training;

Delivery of computers, office equipment and installation of networks;

Warranty and post-warranty service;

Management, finance and personnel consulting and audit;

Consulting support;

Support for users in the regions across the entire list of services.

Basic principles of building the System

Modern large information systems are unthinkable without the use of local area networks (LANs). Information in such a system is always stored on the server, and its processing can be distributed between the server and workstations in different ways.

Architectural decisions when working with databases

The "file-server" architecture provides for the concentration of processing at workstations. The main advantage of this option is simplicity and relative cheapness. Such a solution is acceptable as long as the number of users simultaneously working with the database does not exceed 5-10 people. With an increase in the number of users, the system may "choke" due to the congestion of the LAN with large flows of raw information.

The most important parameter of a large information system is speed with a significant number of users, as well as reliability, scalability and security. All this is provided by the "client-server" architecture. This architecture allows you to optimally distribute work between the client and server parts of the system: now the application running on the workstation does not read the database records "directly", but sends requests to the server, where they are received and sequentially processed by special programs. As a result, only processed data is sent to the workstation, which drastically reduces information flows in the LAN.

The server is usually the most powerful and most reliable computer. It must be connected via an uninterruptible power supply, it provides for double or even triple redundancy systems. In particularly critical cases, you can connect several servers together so that if one of them fails, the "understudy" will automatically turn on. Thus, with the concentration of data processing on the server, the reliability of the system as a whole is limited only by the material resources that customers are willing to invest in technical equipment.

The solution for automating accounting and management in corporate structures involves distributed data processing, organization of parallel computing, deep differentiation of access levels, the ability to choose different operating systems and server platforms. That is why SAIL has chosen to manage databases, the core of the System, a product of the corporation Open. The principles laid down in the Oracle technology are fully consistent with the task of building complex corporate projects.

For small and medium-sized businesses, PARUS Corporation offers solutions based on the "file-server" architecture using the Microsoft FoxPro DBMS. If the business is not large, such a solution is optimal. In the future, upon reaching a certain level of development of the enterprise, it is possible to switch to Oracle - after all, SAIL solutions on various platforms form a single line of software products.

Modularity, scalability, integrability, openness

Of course, the SAIL System is modular. Many of its components successfully function autonomously. Of course, this is more or less effective only for medium-sized firms. For large enterprises, it is more expedient to purchase a package of modules at once. In any case, you can start with the minimum configuration, adding individual components of the System as needed and optimally in terms of financial capabilities.

By ordering a design or special solution, you can get a "boxed" module modified for your own needs or a completely new module, which informationally and functionally fits with the rest of the System modules. If it is necessary to use software products of other companies, then it is possible to establish their interaction with the SAIL System. In many cases, such interaction has already been implemented (for example, the "Shop" module with programs for working with cash registers and plastic cards).

Corporate management systems are not created for one day and must be able to easily change and adapt to any structural changes in the company and economic situations. Therefore, they are endowed with the ability to scale, i.e. have the ability to increase the number of jobs without reducing the efficiency of the System.

The scalability of SAIL solutions is based on:

On multiplatform technologies, which implies optimal selection the software used depending on the specific situation and allows, along with achieving the goals of building a corporate management system, the use of relatively cheap and easily maintained solutions on the FoxPro or Btrieve DBMS, interfaced with the information core of the System, implemented on the Oracle DBMS, in separate automated areas;

On the principle of building SAIL products into a single successive line. So, starting with a relatively simple and cheap version 7 System using the FoxPro DBMS, you can later upgrade to a more powerful version 8 based on Oracle.

Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel... These programs are widely known among users personal computers. In fact, they have become the international standard for word processing and spreadsheets. The SAIL developers decided to integrate the System in every possible way with Microsoft Office (which includes Word and Excel). Therefore, when the user prints documents prepared in the System, builds graphs based on reports, conducts mass input of information through spreadsheets, he will be able to take full advantage of the most diverse features of these programs.

The system has tools for preparing reports of almost any kind. Of course, the System includes all normally required reports. But you can add any to them, "under your own requests." The Crystal Reports Professional report generator from Seagate Software, a leader in its class, was chosen as a tool for preparing templates for such reports. This software product features:

Rapid development of report templates due to the wide use of experts (explorers) - special tools that facilitate the creation of report templates in an interactive mode. Simple organization of the development environment, clear user interface.

Powerful processing tools. Extensive library of built-in calculation functions, including specialized statistical and financial analysis functions.

Unique means of versatile data presentation (for example, dynamic formatting of the report depending on the information). Ability to include charts of different types for visual presentation of information. Possibility to receive presentation quality reports.

Variety of ways to distribute reports: by e-mail; export to HTML for publishing on a Web server; export to popular data formats: Excel, Lotus 1-2-3, Microsoft Word, WordPerfect, ODBC, ASCII.

For the exchange of information between geographically remote workplaces can be used Email A that supports the MAPI interface (for example, Microsoft Exchange).

The system is integrable with any applications at the level of informational support of the record (the minimum information portion) registered in the database. It is possible to associate any file with the System entry, and then quickly call for this entry the application that is associated with the general Windows settings for the associated file, while simultaneously loading the data of this file for viewing or correcting them.

The openness of the SAIL System is ensured by the following factors:

The description of database structures is supplied with the System. This allows you to use this data, for example, to build a wide variety of reports using the Seagate Crystal Reports report generator when working with the System, as well as in the environment of the generator itself (that is, without using the System application).

If necessary, the System delivery may include IDEF information models and even source texts of the software product. These measures are designed to facilitate the development and adaptation of the System by the enterprise's specialists on their own.

Modern technologies (the ability to use open APIs) today make it possible to integrate the products of the PARUS Corporation with those created by the specialists of the company's automated control system. Thus, descriptions of API interfaces may be supplied with the System.

Document flow

Document flow in the System is based on the following principles:

In relation to the document registered in the System, a number of actions can be taken, which constitute the stages of the workflow. The result of performing one such stage can be a modification of the data of the document itself, supplying it additional information, registration of other documents and accounting objects of the System (for example, accounting business transactions).

Once completed, the stage of the workflow can be canceled, that is, all traces of its execution can be deleted from the database, in particular, the mark on the completion of the stage can be removed from the document itself.

The ability to perform and cancel each stage can be made dependent on the status of other stages (completed or not) for the same document. The right to perform a stage can be granted to a limited number of users.

For each document, the System maintains a "Journal of Workflow", where it automatically records the entire history: who, when and with what features carried out the stages. For each document, you can quickly view the list of "parent" and "child" documents.

In addition, taking into account the increased need of customers for the organization of a single enterprise document flow (both administrative and financial), the Corporation's specialists are studying the possibility of pairing document management systems such as Novell GroupWise Work-Flow, Work-Route and the PARUS System.

Data protection

In such a responsible area as financial and economic activity, there is a great danger of both abuse and unintentional data corruption by inept actions of a company employee. And this danger is especially relevant when many people work simultaneously in the same computer network with the same database. Therefore, in the SAIL System much attention is paid to the issue of delimitation of user rights. Each employee can be assigned individual access rights to both information sections and System functions.

Thus, an operator involved in the input of primary documents will not be able, for example, to gain access to generalized information about the activities of the company; employees of one department will work only with their own documents, not having access to documents of other departments, etc. And only the System administrator can do everything, including allocating rights between users and tracking the actions performed by them.

Some software products and solutions

SAIL has always been famous for its solid, high-quality, sustainable accounting programs, which are still successfully used by thousands of different enterprises. This fall, the Corporation pleased both current and potential customers with the release of a whole family of new software products based on modern platforms (including Oracle) and focused on accounting and finance management. This family went on sale at the end of 1998 under the general name "Sail XXI century".

New software products are developed in the Windows environment and have the widest range of settings for various industries in which Parus software is most often used (trade, construction, media, services, etc.).

The new SAILS products, created for the accounting systems market, in addition to simplicity and reliability, have another important property - scalability, which allows using the same system for accounting both in small businesses and in large enterprises.

The most significant feature of the new products for large enterprises is the presence of a powerful financial management system. For large enterprises with a large number of operations, an important characteristic is the stability and reliability of work, which are provided by the use of the Oracle DBMS. In addition, another feature is that the system can be equipped with modules for warehouse accounting, procurement and sales management, contract management, foreign economic activity, which are combined into an operational management loop.

However, in addition to traditional activity in the market of accounting products, SAIL continues to work in the field of integrated management systems based on information technology. New development called "Triumph". By creating New Product, the developers used an approach based on the support of modern management principles, the rational organization of business processes that are actually used in large and successful trading firms and in world trade practice. Having done such a great job, SAIL has every reason to believe that the company that manages its activities with the help of this system will succeed, prosper - in a word, triumph.

Improving the existing management system can help reduce costs, accelerate financial turnover, increase turnover, and as a result, increase the profitability and profitability of the business. All this can be done with the help of a new software product. More than 2 years and about 3.6 million dollars were spent on the development of this system. And, judging by the reviews of the first clients, it functions equally successfully both in the largest trading companies (large wholesale operators, trading houses, chain stores, trading holdings), and in retail stores small and medium size. The authors sought to support in this software the entire cycle of information flow - from its collection, ordering, planning to the sale of goods and analysis of performance in all major areas (financial management, procurement and sales, personnel, investments, etc.). The functionality of the system covers the needs of all structural units traditionally included in trading companies: commercial departments, purchasing departments, departments for working with retail, wholesale buyers, finance and investments, accounting services, transport, marketing, and much more.

During its work, Parus Corporation has accumulated vast practical experience in automating enterprises in various industries. Now this experience has resulted in a whole range of serial software products that can satisfy the most demanding users.

The most detailed is to consider the Software package for automation of enterprise management SAIL 8.1.

Software package for automation enterprise management SAIL 8.1

Most of the factors that hinder the prosperity of an enterprise are somehow related to problems in the organization of management: these are miscalculations in planning, errors in management and accounting, management of receivables and payables, and a number of others. The solution of such problems is always relevant, but now, during the economic crisis, the task of optimizing management becomes the most important. And therefore, cooperation with the PARUS Corporation, a company with a wealth of experience in the field of automation and optimization of enterprise management processes, can be especially effective for an enterprise.

PARUS Corporation has long gained authority and recognition as a supplier of high-quality software for automating management processes, primarily in the field of financial and economic activities. For more than eight years of development, the PARUS System has turned into a powerful multifunctional software package - a unique tool in the hands of a professional.

Developers strive to provide the System with broad functionality that meets the needs of real technological processes and takes into account the specifics of various industries. The System is based on such fundamental principles as the use of funds efficient processing and data protection; ensuring independence from operating environments and used computer platforms, integration with other applications, both widespread and de facto standard, and special; modular principle of building a software package to achieve a phased implementation, optimal configuration and its subsequent development in accordance with the growing needs of the enterprise.

The use of a promising "client-server" architecture based on Oracle provides scalability and unconditional reliability of the System.

The wide possibilities of the System allow PARUS Corporation to successfully cooperate with large companies, including corporate structures (holdings). But SAIL also remembers the interests of medium and small firms.

The SAIL System has a set of solutions for:

Industrial enterprises and manufacturing companies;

wholesale and retail; companies providing various services;

Organizations and institutions supported by the state budget;

Insurance companies.

This can be not only a typical ("boxed product"), but also a design (created on the basis of a typical) or special (developed "to order") solution.

Powerful, reliable and convenient programs are a necessary, but not the only condition for solving the main problem: improving management efficiency. Therefore, the SAIL Corporation is aimed at long-term cooperation in order to achieve the final result. The Corporation is ready to provide a variety of assistance in automating company management at all stages of the System's life cycle.

Financial management

The wide recognition of financial management in Russia is one of the main contents of the new stage in the development of domestic science and the practice of enterprise financial management. This discipline is designed to provide adequate answers to a number of topical questions:

How the market environment determines the logic of functioning financial mechanism enterprises?

How to manage the finances of an enterprise based on this logic? What are the market acceptance criteria financial solutions?

How to carry out and combine strategy and tactics, long-term and short-term aspects of the life of an enterprise?

What are the features of financial management in an inflationary environment?

What legal methods of financial maneuvering exist to neutralize the consequences of the crisis? Etc.

Financial management is the science and practice of managing the finances of an enterprise, aimed at achieving its strategic and tactical goals. The latter are individual for each business entity. Among them, it is worth noting, as an example: maintaining the break-even of the enterprise and the required level of profitability of its activities on the basis of income and expenditure planning, ensuring the solvency of the enterprise on the basis of cash flow planning.

Financial management functions include, in particular, financial control based on accounting data. In many enterprises, financial management is directly involved in the work of accounting, for example, in the preparation of external reporting. Generally speaking, the relationship between a financier and accounting is established in different ways: it is one thing if in the organizational structure of enterprise management financial management is subordinate to accounting or exists independently, and another if it includes accounting. The head of the enterprise is free to accept this or that model, but in any case, the word of the financial manager should be carefully heeded when choosing the accounting policy of the organization.

Proceeding from the foregoing, the "Accounting" module is structurally included, along with the "Financial Planning" and "Consolidation" modules, into that component of the SAIL System, which automates the management of the enterprise's finances. In accordance with the System's modularity principle and the Corporation's desire to provide a wide variety of user requests, the accounting module can function completely autonomously.

Several general principles for building financial management modules are briefly described below.

Multicurrency

Regulations Russian Federation require keeping records of property, liabilities and business transactions in rubles. But accounting in the national currency is not always convenient and does not fully reflect the real state of affairs. Is it possible, without violating the law, to keep records and planning in several currencies? With the help of the SAIL System - you can! The number of foreign currencies simultaneously used in settlements is not limited, and for each currency you can specify two conversion rates: official, for example, set by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, and special (also called documentary or "internal") - this rate may differ from the official . The system stores not only current, but also all previous exchange rates since the start of operation.

Accounting multivariance

The law is the law - it must be observed. However, in some cases, the law does not fully meet the objectives of accounting. For example, to maintain inventory when prices change, it is necessary to attract additional working capital. Therefore, it would be correct to write off the goods at the restoration price, based on the amount needed to purchase the next batch of a similar product. However, according to the instructions, the profit from the sale of goods is supposed to be determined as the difference between the amount of sales and the amount of purchases of the same batch of goods. Another example: according to the law, bad debts can be written off as losses only after a certain period of time, even if the debtor company has already ceased operations. And therefore, formally planning profit, in fact, the creditor enterprise is already doomed to losses.

To solve such problems, the SAIL System allows you to maintain management accounting in parallel with regulatory accounting. To do this, the amounts recorded in the financial management application have two meanings - "accounting" and "management" estimates. For the preparation of strictly regulated reporting documents, you can use accounting data, for making management decisions - management accounting. The multivariance of financial management is also expressed by the ability to use arbitrary time periods for data aggregation.

Accounting by company code division

For the correct organization of the work of the enterprise, it may be necessary to know the results of the activities of each of its divisions, including those that do not form an independent company code. The Treasury modules provide a mechanism where you can specify a company code division (BCD) code for each amount. When processing and summarizing data, you can get complete information both for the entire company as a whole, and for groups or individual PBEs.

financial planning

The financial plan is a set of planning documents in which changes in the volume and structure of the enterprise's assets and sources of their formation, financial results of its activities and the movement of means of payment are expressed in monetary terms. Financial planning is the process of determining indicators and generating financial plan documents.

The conditions of a market economy, when the degree of uncertainty of the characteristics of the external environment is very high, pose the most difficult tasks for the enterprise in predicting certain changes and responding to them in a timely manner, i.e. making appropriate decisions. The enterprise is faced with the need for more efficient use of resources, the implementation of a clear control over the indicators of its financial condition. Well-established planning, which makes it possible to create planning documents close in terms of indicators to actual processes, should serve as a basis for disclosing the uncertainty of the external environment. The purpose of financial planning is to provide managers financial services and the entire enterprise of a certain kind of information necessary for effective management enterprise resources.

Based on the above, the "Financial Planning" module is implemented to automate:

Current financial planning (usually for a month or a quarter);

Long-term (strategic) financial planning (for a year or more);

Operational planning and management of payments to ensure the current solvency of the enterprise;

Control over the emergence and repayment of the obligations of the enterprise;

Operational accounting of the execution of plans, in particular, the cash flow plan (financial budget);

Performance analysis financial plans;

For a wide variety of periods, taking into account responsibility centers, payment instruments (settlement account, bill of exchange, netting), priorities, sources of financing, with reference to responsible managers, with identification of the causes and perpetrators of deviations, etc.

In the Commitment Planning window, you can make changes to payment and shipment records (for example, correct their amounts and dates). Often, in order to ensure solvency, it is necessary, for example, to “postpone” the dates of the company’s own payments to a later date, reduce their amounts (or split the payment amount into several and distribute part of them to later dates), etc. - all this is very convenient to do in the "Planning Commitments" window.

Monitoring compliance with the limits (restrictions) of obligations by comparing the approved control numbers (registered in the form of financial indicators) with the generalized amounts of shipments and payments.

According to the "Planning of obligations" section, so-called summary financial indicators, which are essentially generalized information on the occurrence and repayment records in the context of a variety of characteristics, such as:

State (plan / fact);

Element (direction) of income and expense;

Responsible manager;

Counterparties; type of payment (advance or on shipment);

Type of debt (receivable/payable);

The department to which the obligation relates;

Debt status (overdue, current or future), etc.

Consolidated financial indicators, in the same way as "ordinary" ones, can be used to form tables of plans - thus, these obligations fall into the generated plans.

operational planning

The main tool for operational planning and management of payments in the module is the "Payment Calendar". The payments registered in the System are presented here in the form of a calendar plan of payments and receipts.

The highlighted line corresponds to the current date. The lines "above the current date" are formed according to actual payments, and the lines below - according to planned payments. The deficit value is displayed if the final balance is negative.

Here you can optimize the plan (for example, reduce the deficit) by adding new payments and changing old ones (namely, their amounts, dates, payment instruments, etc.). Here you can also detail payments and receipts by calling the daily payment plan.

The System also implements the possibility of registering contracts, where the obligations of the enterprise are recorded. Planned shipments and payments can be registered according to these contracts. Additional feature is the formation of an application for payment according to a planned payment; for such an application, it is possible to subsequently generate an actual payment in an automated way.

Accounting

Today, it is almost impossible to imagine accounting without the huge opportunities provided by modern information technologies. Therefore, the role of economic software developers in the process of implementing the reform program is quite high, both in terms of adapting the software itself, and in training and supporting users. In the process of reform, Russian accountants will have to face a number of problems: this is a large amount of methodological documents and explanations, and changes in the usual patterns of work, and the need to look at accounting from a managerial rather than an accounting point of view. Under such conditions, it is extremely important for Russian enterprises to have a company as an automation partner whose programs are methodologically correct, in full accordance with normative documents, and capable of retraining enterprise specialists in the light of new accounting needs.

In accordance with the new national financial reporting standards, the accounting applications of the PARUS System are promptly modified. Thus, for thousands of clients working with these programs, the process of transition to new forms of reporting will be carried out in an accelerated time frame. And one of the largest in Russia (among software companies) regional network of PARUS Corporation will allow retraining specialists throughout the country.

Before moving on to brief description It is worth noting that the "Accounting" application can work completely autonomously (however, like most other applications of the System).

"Accounting" is an application built on the time-tested and thousands of customers concept of automated accounting. It implements everything necessary functions for the efficient and accurate work of the accounting department, the provision of complete financial statements, accounting for the needs of enterprise management and the provision of data to higher organizations for consolidated accounting.

Application "Accounting" will help to keep records in national and foreign currencies:

fixed assets and intangible assets;

Low-value and wearing items;

Inventory assets;

Settlements with debtors and creditors;

Cash in accounts;

Production costs and other expenses;

And wherein:

Detailed accounting for accounts of extended analytical accounting up to the fifth order, as well as for a number of auxiliary features determined by the user himself;

Detailed accounting for materially responsible persons and divisions of the enterprise that are not independent company units;

Use the methods "Account prices", "Average prices", "Batch accounting", "Accounting by date of receipt" to evaluate material values, as well as keep records of warehouses and related materially responsible persons;

Calculate depreciation and revaluate fixed assets;

Conduct revaluation of foreign exchange assets and liabilities;

periodically monitor the results of accounting with the help of turnover sheets;

Create payment documents;

Forming books of purchases and sales;

Prepare regulatory reporting documentation, as well as reports of any form and content.

External information links applications "Accounting" are presented in Figure 1.

Rice. 1. "External information links of the application" Accounting "

The order for payment is the basis for the preparation of a bank or cash document, which, in turn, is worked out in the journal of business transactions. However, there is another option for working out, since the System does not require mandatory electronic registration of all documents. So, according to the "electronic" payment order, only a "paper" document can be generated. Then the basis for registration in the Business Transaction System is the payment order itself.

The commodity report allows avoiding the registration in the System of individual documents for each business transaction. For example, in the trading floors of a store, work can be carried out without issuing documents for each operation. In other cases, documents (invoices, waybills, etc.) are issued, but not immediately registered in the System. After the end of the working day (shift or other period), a commodity report is compiled, which is registered manually or automatically, for example, in the logistics application, and then processed in accounting using the accounting application of the System.

The incoming and outgoing advice note provides an automated process of transferring and working off in accounting data on business transactions of external divisions (branches) of your organization.

A financial statement is a selection from the journal of business transactions for a certain period of time, made according to certain rules and received by other applications of the PARUS System. Thus, the user of the application (for example, logistics) gets the opportunity to track the processing of his documents in accounting and transfer information from the financial statement to specialized accounting registers (for example, to the payment journal).

Accounting objects and accounting registers of the module

The objects of accounting are the property of the enterprise, its obligations and information about their movement.

Data in monetary terms on the balance of property and on the obligations of the enterprise are stored in the System in the register "Account balances". The information in this ledger is stored separately for each synthetic accounting account, analytical account, company code division, and also for each currency. Also in the System there are registers "Remainders of material values", "Accounts receivable/accounts payable" and "Inventory file". These registers keep records of balances: inventory items, liabilities to debtors/creditors, fixed assets. However, these registers are secondary to the register of account balances and allow you to detail the information stored in it.

The balances at the beginning of the first accounting period from the moment the System was put into operation are entered into the System manually. The balances at the end of the next period are calculated automatically when it is closed according to the data on the balances at the beginning of the period and on the turnover of funds, material assets and liabilities. These balances are then carried forward to the beginning of the next accounting period.

Information on the movement of funds, material assets and obligations with debtors / creditors is accumulated in a register called the "Journal of Business Transactions".

Journal of business transactions

Each fact of economic life is reflected in the corresponding document. Therefore, the process of filling out the journal of business transactions is reduced to transferring data from this document to the journal. Let's call this process working out the document in the accounting journal. Since the processing of a document in the journal of business transactions automatically leads to the reflection of its data in the accounts and in the financial statements, within the framework of the System, the concepts of "processing in the journal of business transactions" and "processing in accounting" actually coincide.

If a document has been generated or registered in any section of the System, its processing is largely automated. On the basis of such a document, according to a predetermined rule, an entry is formed in the journal of business transactions.

If the document has not been registered in the System and is available only on paper, the business transaction is generated manually. The system offers various ways to facilitate this process. For example, you can use a specially prepared sample or choose a previously registered similar business transaction as a sample. You can work out the document in accounting without leaving the corresponding section; as an alternative, the data can be put into a buffer for processing, and then, working directly with the journal of accounting for business transactions, the processing of data in accounting from this buffer can be carried out.

A business transaction registered in the accounting journal consists of a header that includes it General characteristics, and a specification consisting of an unlimited number of accounting entries, each of which describes the movement of funds from one account to another.

Figure 2 shows only the main parameters of the header and posting of a business transaction registered in the System. In fact, there are much more of them, for example, for wiring - more than forty! Of course, in the simplest cases, it is possible to form only a few necessary parameters.

The debit and credit accounts can be supplemented with analytical accounts (characteristics) up to the fifth order and the code of the company code division to which the posting belongs.

Additional characteristics are a set of user-defined characteristics by which the System can select transactions for reports and turnover sheets. These characteristics are not associated with accounting accounts, and therefore they can be used to obtain any slices of information.

The name and quantity of material assets, the movement of which is reflected in the posting, are set only in postings to the accounts assigned in the chart of accounts for material accounting. The posting amount is set according to the "accounting" and according to the "managerial" assessment. If the amount is indicated in a foreign currency, the equivalent amount in the national currency is additionally given, also according to the "accounting" and "management" estimates.

Rice. 2. “Basic parameters for the header and posting of a business transaction”

Processing and summarizing information

Collection and registration of information is only one of the aspects of accounting. Its other side is the generalization of information, its presentation in a form suitable for reporting to the tax authorities, founders, shareholders or a higher organization, as well as for analysis and management decisions.

Turnover statements

Turnover statements are used in the application as a means of operational control of the financial condition of the enterprise, as well as a convenient tool for finding and correcting errors in accounting. Such a statement is formed for any period of time between two arbitrary dates.

Without leaving the turnover sheet, you can get full list business transactions on the basis of which this or that line of the statement was formed, correct any of these business transactions or create a new business transaction to correct an error found in accounting.

The statement of cash flow on accounts for each synthetic account (separately for each division of the company code and type of currency) reflects debit and credit turnovers, incoming and outgoing balances, both according to accounting and management estimates.

In statements for analytical accounts, for offsetting accounts and for additional features, these turnovers are detailed. For the balance sheet for offsetting accounts, it is possible to group accounts by debit or credit, take into account all analytical accounts or only certain orders, draw up a statement in the context of certain accounts, currencies, company code divisions or special characteristics, etc.

And finally, the statement on the movement of material assets reflects the balances and turnovers on the accounts of material accounting in the context of materially responsible persons and names of inventory items.

Distribution of account balances and turnovers to other accounts

In practice, it is often necessary to allocate balances or turnovers in one account to several other accounts. Or spread the lump-sum costs incurred over different months. Or both. For example, the cost of utility or rent payments can be distributed among the divisions of the company, and large expenses for participation in the annual exhibition can be distributed by months and areas of activity.

To perform such an operation, it is enough to set distribution rules (accounts of generated transactions, distribution coefficients and posting by months), and at the user's command, the System will automatically generate one or more business transactions.

Reports

The application "Accounting" allows you to generate a wide variety of reports. First of all, we are talking about standard documents that the accounting department of any enterprise is obliged to prepare: the balance sheet of the enterprise, the balance sheet, main book, cash book, statements of analytical accounting (journals-warrants), etc.

If such reports are not enough, then you can generate reports of any type and content using Microsoft Excel or Seagate Cristal Reports, with which the System is integrated.

Consolidation

The "Consolidation" application is used for the accumulation and analysis of data on the financial and economic activities of the structural units of the enterprise, which may be legal entities or enter the enterprise as branches. The data source for the consolidated accounting application is the accounting data of structural units prepared using the "Accounting" application of the PARUS System.

The data is transmitted in the form of orders. An outgoing order is formed in the accounting application: it is a selection from the business transactions log for a certain period of time. The consolidation application installed in the parent organization accepts this order as incoming.

Let's list the main ways of exchanging orders between the above applications of the System.

If the consolidation and accounting applications are installed on computers connected by a local area network, and both applications use a common database, then you can use the fastest and most convenient transfer method using a special command in the Outgoing Orders section of the accounting application. If you then enter the "Incoming Orders" section of the consolidation application, a record of the received order will immediately appear there. It is the first option for transferring orders that is most convenient in the parent organization, where independent accounting and consolidation of accounting is maintained.

If the consolidation and accounting applications are installed on computers that are completely isolated from each other, then you need to use the standard System tool: file export / import. At the same time, a removable magnetic medium, for example, a floppy disk, must be specified as an intermediate "storage" of information. Note that using file export/import, you can quickly transfer orders between applications installed on computers that are connected to a LAN but do not use a common database. In this case, as an intermediate "storage" of information, you can specify the public directory of the hard disk of the LAN server.

Each order indicates which organization it came from. Moreover, during further processing, information is always stored that indicates the organization - the source of the information. Therefore, consolidated information can be obtained for each organization (branch) separately, for arbitrary groups and generalized for all organizations.

The Consolidation application (see Figure 3) is organized similarly to the Accounting application, which makes it easy for a user familiar with an accounting application to quickly master and provides similar functions in terms of financial accounting:

Maintaining consolidated journals of business transactions, balances of funds on accounts and receivables and payables.

Revaluation of currency assets and liabilities. Calculation of account balances and balances on mutual settlements with debtors/creditors that are carried over to the beginning of the next accounting period.

Formation of consolidated turnover sheets for accounts, analytical accounts, corresponding accounts, additional features.

Formation of a consolidated general ledger and statements of analytical accounting of the enterprise.

Preparation of a wide variety of consolidated reporting documents.

The Consolidation application also provides:

Mutual exclusion of settlements between branches of the company;

Reconciliation of data on the basis of the consolidated general ledger and reporting of accounting departments.

Modern system consolidation of accounting should provide flexible means of reconciling the charts of accounts of individual organizations (branches) with the chart of accounts of consolidation, which, generally speaking, can differ from each other in pairs. The SAIL system fully meets this requirement. It provides this consistency by using the mechanism of correspondence accounts, which establishes, in the simplest case, for each account of the consolidated accounting, the number of the corresponding account for each organization.

Rice. 3. "Application" Consolidation "

Logistics

In recent years, significant changes have taken place in the sphere of commodity circulation in a number of countries; new methods and technologies for the delivery of goods, which are based on the concept of logistics, have begun to be used in economic practice. The ideas of integrating supply-production-distribution systems, in which the functions of supplying materials and raw materials, production, storage and distribution would be linked, were transformed into an independent direction of scientific research and a form of economic practice - logistics.

The main direction in the definition of logistics is associated with a functional approach to the movement of goods, that is, the management of all physical operations that must be performed when goods are delivered from the supplier to the consumer.

Logistics is the planning, management and control of what enters the enterprise, processed there (if it is manufacturing enterprise) and the flow of material products (materials, raw materials, etc.) leaving this enterprise and the corresponding information flow in order to optimize, for example, from the point of view of making a profit, accelerate the movement of material resources and goods inside and outside the enterprise. The most important aspect of logistics is the ability to influence the strategy and tactics of the enterprise and the creation of new competitive advantage for the firm in the market, that is, for its ultimate goals.

Logistics has several functional areas or, in other words, there are several types of logistics: purchasing, stocks and marketing. Accordingly, in the logistics chain, that is, the path along which the commodity and information flows from the supplier to the consumer, the following main links are distinguished: the purchase of goods, their storage and sale.

The factors causing the rapid development of logistics at the present time are:

Complication (and for Russia - the establishment and development in a crisis) of the system of market relations and increased requirements for the qualitative characteristics of the distribution process.

Creation of flexible (reconfigurable) purchasing and marketing and production systems.

Unification of rules and norms for the supply of goods within the national framework and in foreign economic activity.

Technological progress in communications and automation. And, as a result, the use of electronic computers and economic software products (systems) in the management of economic practices of enterprises.

Procurement, warehouse, sales

In the process of managing the procurement and sale of goods in the System, two counter information flows are formed - about goods and finance. Each of these flows has a planned and actual component. The system provides plan-fact-control and analysis of the logistics flow.

For operational control and analysis of the resultant of these flows for each counterparty, they are brought together in a personal account. An important function of such an account is to control the receipt / release of goods, as well as the sending / receiving of funds in accordance with the established schedules for the receipt / release of goods and payments. This control is carried out in three groups of amounts, the totality of which reflects the complete picture of the state of mutual settlements with the counterparty:

Amounts according to the schedule - are formed on the basis of schedules for the receipt / release of goods and payments on the personal account. These amounts reflect the volumes and periods of receipt/release of goods and payments agreed in advance and agreed with the counterparty.

Planned amounts - are formed on the basis of planned commodity documents (orders for the shipment of goods, planned receipt orders, etc.) and planned payments, and actual amounts - on the basis of actual commodity documents (waybills for the release of goods, actual receipt orders, etc. .) and actual payments.

The planned and actual amounts reflect operational information on the personal account on the expected and completed receipts / shipments of goods, as well as on the expected and actual receipts / dispatches of funds. On the basis of these amounts, outgoing planned and actual balances on the personal account are automatically formed, the negative values ​​of which indicate the planned and actual debt of the counterparty in relation to your organization, and the positive values ​​indicate the debt of the organization to the counterparty.

The personal account also contains the amount of the credit limit , which is provided to the buyer to pay for the purchase of goods. If the buyer has exhausted the amount contributed to pay for the purchases (in this case, the outgoing balance becomes negative), then he can purchase goods against the credit limit. Exceeding the credit limit is allowed, but the System warns of such a situation.

The initial data of the personal account are generated manually or based on the stage of the contract. Accounting and control over the fulfillment of mutual obligations of the parties arising after the conclusion of contracts for the purchase and sale of goods is carried out using contracts , each of which contains a list of stages, which, in turn, are characterized by schedules for the receipt (release) of goods and payments. When registering a contract stage in the System, the personal account of the counterparty is automatically generated. In addition, on the basis of the stage of the contract, you can generate any of the documents related to its execution: a receipt order, an invoice for payment, an order for shipment to a consumer, an invoice for a vacation to a consumer, a planned payment and an actual payment, a receipt invoice, etc.

The agreement automatically generates three groups of amounts (similar to the amounts of a personal account), the totality of which reflects a complete picture of the state of mutual settlements with a counterparty under this agreement.

Thus, the functions of registration, control and analysis of the logistics flow are concentrated in the personal account (for a separate counterparty) and / or in the contract .

Functions of logistics applications

All logistics applications provide accounting of goods by batches with an accuracy of modifications and packages.

The "Purchases" application provides accounting (formation):

Applications for the purchase of goods from the divisions of the enterprise.

Plans for the purchase of goods and ordering works based on applications from departments.

Contracts with contractors, operational monitoring of the implementation of contracts.

Incoming invoices, incoming invoices and acts on the performance of work.

Orders for the acceptance of inventory items (commodities and materials), receipt orders and acts of mismatch.

Financial and material transactions for settlements with suppliers in the context of personal accounts and contracts.

Commodity reports on the purchase of goods and the performance of work.

Reports on various aspects of work related to purchases - summary or in sections by product, group of goods, counterparty, contracts, personal accounts, tax groups, etc.: on purchases for the period, balance of settlements with counterparties, on the receipt of goods; as well as on submitted applications, their approval and implementation (in the context of departments, goods, etc.), on procurement plans, their approval and implementation (in the context of funding areas, departments, goods, etc.).

Application "Warehouse" is:

Automation of all accounting operations for the arrival and release of goods.

Maintaining unified warehouse accounting cards.

Accounting for receipt orders and shortage acts.

Accounting for expenses.

Accounting for invoices for the internal movement of goods (between the warehouses of the enterprise and within the warehouse between materially responsible persons).

Support of sets of goods and accounting of invoices for picking / disassembling goods.

Accounting for write-offs.

Formation of commodity reports based on data on the movement of goods.

Accounting for inventory records and generation of acts of mismatch.

Formation of reports on commodity stocks (by warehouses, by goods, groups of goods, batches, modifications, etc.).

Application "Implementation" - a tool for managing trading operations for:

Keeping records of the nomenclature and prices for the sale of goods and services. The selling price depends on many factors, for example: warehouse, type of payment (cash, non-cash, etc.), type of shipment (pickup, seller's transport, etc.).

Recalculation of prices in price lists.

Issuing invoices for payment for goods and services, taking into account discounts, markups and taxes, and monitoring their payment.

Control of the quantity of free goods when issuing an invoice, taking into account previously issued invoices and invoices.

Reservation and removal of goods from the reserve.

Formation of invoices for the release of goods on the basis of invoices.

Formation of outgoing invoices for buyers.

Keeping records of settlements with buyers in the context of personal accounts in the journals of financial and material transactions.

Formation of commodity reports on the sale of services.

Formation of reports on activities related to the sale - in the context of counterparties, consumers, etc.: on the sale of goods and services, to consumers or to departments; on the return of goods - consolidated, from consumers, from departments; about profit and profitability and others.

Logistics applications also provide:

Forecasting the volume of purchases and sales;

Accounting for overhead costs in the movement of goods;

Carrying out mutual settlements between suppliers and consumers of goods;

Trade turnover analysis.

All logistics applications provide multi-currency accounting.

As part of logistics, the System has implemented a personal situational center, which serves as a tool for analyzing commodity flows (by groups and lots of goods with the ability to drill down to each product name) and is designed to assess the current state of the company. For the analysis, primary documents and aggregated data from various accounting registers are used.

Personnel Management

All work related to personnel is provided by the modules (AWP) "Personnel Accounting", "Timesheet" and "Payroll", which, in their own way, functionality fully satisfy the needs of the personnel service and the planning and economic department (in terms of personnel management) of the enterprise and its payroll departments.

The fundamental property of these modules is to ensure a close connection between the processes of personnel accounting, labor accounting and payroll, which are, as a rule, in the competence of different departments of the enterprise.

The module takes into account the industry specifics of self-supporting enterprises and budget institutions(medicine, education, science, culture, etc.) for personnel management.

In terms of personnel accounting, the following is provided:

Accounting for staffing - structural units and positions. Each position is charged - a payroll fund for the position is compiled, containing a salary (according to the ETS category, monthly, hourly) and allowances.

Accounting for information about employees - in the amount corresponding to the standard form T-2, as well as additional data.

Accounting for information about the performance of employees positions.
An employee can perform a position as a main, temporary, supernumerary employee, external or internal part-time worker. A payroll fund is formed (the payroll fund of a position is adjusted in accordance with individual features employee). The system monitors the compliance of the payroll fund with the information about the employee and the credentials of the position he holds.

Implementation of actions on personnel movements and changes in the staffing table, reporting. In the process of daily accounting, the following is performed: entry into staffing new divisions and positions, hiring, dismissal and personnel transfers of employees: transfer to another position, part-time job, substitution, combination of professions, performance of duties, etc.

Formation and accounting of orders for employees and staffing.

Timesheet accounting for the use of working time implies: separate maintenance of timesheets for internal structural divisions; automatic generation of timesheets in accordance with the individual work calendar of the employee and the grounds for payment (sick leaves, vacations, etc.).

The module "Payroll" provides calculations:

Salary for each position performed by the employee.

The calculation can be performed individually or in bulk, include an arbitrary set of payments and deductions due to an employee in his position. The calculation is carried out taking into account the norms of working hours specified in the work schedule of the position held, and the time sheet. Data from the time sheet can be filtered by selecting them according to classification criteria (night, overtime, etc.).

Salaries (hourly and tariff), allowances (percentage and in the form of an increase in the ETS categories to the salary). When calculating, tariff data from the payroll fund of the position held are used.

Advances, additional payments, bonuses, child benefits, etc. taking into account the indexation of the amount by the value of the district or other coefficient that determines the special nature of local conditions.

Payments from average earnings - vacations, temporary disability benefits, child care, etc.

Withholdings on writ of execution and credit, income tax, pension, union and other contributions. The calculation is carried out taking into account the payments and deductions previously calculated for other executions. Income tax can be calculated in several positions performed at once (or several times, but with a different tax base). The setting allows you to set the correct interaction of such taxes. When calculating income tax and pension contribution, you can separately take into account the amounts subject to preferential taxation (northern allowances, regional coefficients, etc.). The calculation of alimony is carried out taking into account the district coefficient of the recipient.

As well as "carrying kopecks" and "debt by rounding off."

In the course of payroll accounting, bank transfers and depositors are accounted for.

At the same time, records of depositor cards and transfers are kept, with the possibility of working off the relevant business transactions in accounting and generating payment documents. A tool is provided for analyzing the status of settlements on depositors and transfers - a turnover sheet.

As a result of the payroll calculation, the following are formed and can be printed:

Settlement and payment and summary statements, as well as payment documents based on these statements.

The system shows the distribution of the amounts passing through the statement by a set of analytical features "subdivision - category of personnel - type of execution", by funds and items of targeted expenses.

Orders - arbitrarily customizable sets of postings for wages. Such orders can be worked out in accounting.

Personal accounts (current and archived) and pay slips; vacation sheets, sick leave and allowances; reporting forms and registers.

System Administration

The system has a set of special tools for general configuration and maintenance. Similar functions are carried out using the "Administrator" module, which provides:

Logical division of the database into independent parts;

Maintaining a list of users of the System, delimiting the access rights of these users to its resources;

Optimization of the System;

System-wide monitoring;

As well as performing other official functions.

The logical partitioning of the database allows you to "simulate" the existence of several independent physical databases. Thanks to this feature, you will be able to alternately work with the data of several enterprises, being at the same workstation, by simply restarting work sessions without leaving the application module, and for dictionaries with regulatory and reference information - without even leaving the System section! The information of certain dictionaries can be made common for several organizations at once, which is especially convenient when consolidating data.

A modern system, designed for simultaneous use by many users at once, cannot do without powerful means of differentiating access rights. The PARUS system fully meets this requirement, providing a multi-level differentiation of rights for access to:

Modules

Logical parts of the database,

Sections of the System,

Functions that can be performed in the section (for example, adding new information, correcting it, or deleting it),

Separate records of the database (for example, by the condition "forbid viewing documents whose amount exceeds the specified value, or documents with special marks").

The total set of user rights consists of the capabilities associated with certain roles registered in the System and separately assigned individual rights. The application of the concept of roles allows you to carry out a group change of the rights of all users associated with "correctable" roles at once.

Optimization tools allow you to increase the performance of the System during its operation by using special actions with statistics, indexes and secondary keys of database tables - this is much easier and more reliable to do in the "Administrator" module than using ORACLE tools.

System-wide monitoring (event tracking device) makes it possible to find out who performed this or that operation in the System without reducing work performance. Such monitoring is an effective tool for identifying a user who has performed an incorrect action.

Is automation needed?

Usage information systems for enterprise management makes any company more competitive by increasing its manageability and adaptability to changes in market conditions. Such automation allows:

To increase the efficiency of company management by providing managers and specialists with the most complete, prompt and reliable information based on a single data bank.

Improve office work by optimizing and standardizing workflow, automating its most labor-intensive procedures.

Reduce the cost of doing business by automating information processing processes, regulating and simplifying the access of company employees to the necessary information. Change the nature of the work of employees, relieving them of routine work and giving them the opportunity to focus on professionally important duties.

Ensure reliable accounting and control of receipts and expenditures of funds at all levels of management.

Managers of middle and lower levels analyze the activities of their departments and promptly prepare summary and analytical reports for management and related departments.

To increase the efficiency of data exchange between individual departments, branches and the central office.

Guarantee complete security and integrity of data at all stages of information processing. And much more.

Based on the experience gained by the PARUS Corporation, the following principles have been developed:

Automation is not an end in itself, but a purposeful permanent activity to rationalize and optimize the organizational structure of an enterprise and its business processes, Information support related activities.

The automation system should not impose its own rules for performing work. It is designed to provide support for the technology adopted by the enterprise and meeting its needs.

Automation gives a much greater effect with an integrated approach. Partial automation of individual jobs or functions can only solve another "burning" problem. However, in this case, there are also negative effects: they do not decrease, and sometimes even increase the labor intensity and costs of maintaining personnel; the inconsistency of the work of departments is not eliminated.

List of used literature:

1. http://www.parus.ru/main.htm

2. Financial newspaper No. 35, 1999 - "Automation and statistics", S. Zolotova

3. ComputerWorld No. 40, 1999 - “To arms. A powerful tool in the struggle for survival”, M. Zyryanov

4. PCWeek No. 41, 1999 - "It's better to be rich ...", Andrey Masalovich

5. PCWeek No. 40, 1999 - "Sail and BIG companies are arming financiers", Tatyana Bogatova

LECTURE 1

BASIC CONCEPTS OF CONTROL AUTOMATION

Automated enterprise management system

(ASUP) is a control system built on the basis of the use of computer technology, economic and mathematical methods and information technology. Automation of management is aimed primarily at integration, which is one of the most important features in modern production systems.

APCS consists, in turn, of subsystems. The purpose of dividing the automated control system into subsystems is to single out large heterogeneous elements to simplify the processes of designing, implementing and operating the automated control system. All subsystems are usually divided into two groups - functional and providing subsystems.

Functional subsystems are allocated in accordance with the management functions carried out at the enterprise. The automated control system for an industrial enterprise includes the following subsystems: management of technical preparation for production, main production, auxiliary production, logistics, technical and economic planning of production, accounting, sales, personnel, quality of products and services, finance.

Providing subsystems are designed to provide a solution to a complex of tasks of functional subsystems. The structure of providing includes subsystems of technical, informational, mathematical, software and organizational support.

Subsystem technical support is a complex technical means, which includes computer facilities, equipment for organizing local networks and connecting to global networks, devices for registering, accumulating and displaying information.

Subsystem information support includes external Information Support in the form of input and output documents (including in electronic form) used in solving functional problems, and internal, focused on the organization of the enterprise database.

Subsystem software includes mathematical methods, models, algorithms used in solving control problems.

Subsystem software includes system software, application programs for solving control problems, as well as other programs used in the enterprise.

Organizational support consists of a set of rules, instructions, regulations and other documents regulating the functioning of the automated control system.

The design, implementation and operation of automated control systems at the enterprise are carried out with the help of software tools. Modern software tools are complex multifunctional systems. They contain application software packages for solving control problems, tools for integrating tasks into the required configurations, tools for interfacing automated control systems with other systems, for example, with CAD, and much more. Such systems can be called basic. It should be emphasized that the base system is a means of creating an automated control system, but is not a complete automated control system or its fragment. It ultimately allows the creation of a flexible, modifiable automated control system for an enterprise, which combines standard approaches to solving management problems and the specific features of an enterprise.

Basic systems are usually focused on a certain class of enterprises. The structures and compositions of the basic systems differ from each other and from the required functional structure of the automated control system in the enterprise. These differences leave a serious imprint on the choice of the base system and the process of designing the process control system.

MANAGEMENT METHODS OF ENTERPRISES

Basic concepts of control theory

Using a cybernetic approach, in the very general view the process of enterprise management can be illustrated using the diagram shown in fig. one.

Applied to industrial enterprise The cybernetic approach assumes that the following principles should be used in enterprise management:

Enterprise management is considered within the framework of a system that includes, in addition to the enterprise and external environment;

The purpose of management is formulated in quantitative terms;

The communication and control mechanisms operating in the system are analyzed taking into account both determinism and stochastic changes.

Enterprise management is always subordinated to some goal, so you can always talk about management that is optimal in a certain sense, for example, the goal: maximizing profit for a given

Rice. one

Here t is time, X meas (t) is the vector of measured parameters characterizing the state of the controlled object (the measured part of the phase coordinate vector), Z meas (t) is the vector of measured parameters characterizing the state of the environment, U - control action, V- environmental impact, W - information disturbances. In general U, V, W may depend on X and t.

ny period of time, reducing production costs, etc.

Management has two components:

Software control actions that depend only on time;

Corrective control actions formed according to the feedback principle, i.e., depending on the mismatch between the current values ​​of the controlled parameters and the predicted software ones. The behavior of the controlled parameters of activity is shown in fig. 2.

Methods for the formation of the program component of control actions and forecasting the behavior of an enterprise during the implementation of these influences in the economy and in the field of enterprise management gave rise to the development of such a direction as planning methods. The addition of planning methods by methods of periodic formation of corrective components of control actions formed the basis of the direction - project management.

After the introduction of these simplifications, the enterprise management process can be represented as shown in Fig. 3.

Rice. 2

Here t- time; X pl (t) - program, planned value of the parameter; X f (t) - the actual value of the parameter.

Rice. 3

Planning consists in developing a planned "trajectory" of the process X(t) for the planning period t0 ,t pl) . Accounting, i.e. measurement, in production systems consists in determining at given times the true state of the process X f (t). Control allows you to determine the deviation X f (t) from X pl (t), and regulation consists in determining the adjusted plan X p (t), i.e., in essence, it is a solution of the planning problem under new initial conditions.

The control circuit shown in fig. 2 and fig. 3, is universal and applicable to all process manufacturing systems. Components of a vector function X(t) there may be indicators characterizing the course of production, the state of income, expenses, capacities, stocks, personnel, etc.

The following terms are used to describe the management process. Enterprise management is a set of influences designed to ensure the efficient flow of the production process from the point of view of the set goals.

The implementation of the enterprise management process takes place within the framework of enterprise management systems - structures that can be identified control object and control part. The object of control is the production process. In the role of the managing part of the enterprise are management services.

Enterprise management takes place over time, so it should be considered as management process. The structure of the production process determines, in turn, the structure of the management process. At each enterprise, several areas of activity can be distinguished (production, marketing, supply, finance, etc.), and within these areas - processes of deeper levels, which are also objects of management.

The enterprise management system is organizational type management system. In such systems, the role of organizing, coordinating and coordinating the behavior of groups of people is important.

Accordingly, three categories of decisions are made in the management process: strategic, tactical and operational. In accordance with this classification, the administrative apparatus usually has a three-level hierarchy: top, middle and operational levels.

The highest level (top management) determines the goals of management, foreign policy, material, financial and labor resources, develops long-term plans and a strategy for their implementation. His competence includes the analysis of the market, competition, conjuncture and the search for an enterprise development strategy.

At the intermediate level, the focus is on developing tactical plans, monitoring their implementation, tracking resources, and developing management directives.

At the operational level, plans are implemented and progress reports are made. The management here consists, as a rule, of middle managers who provide management of workshops, sections, departments, shifts. The main task of operational management is to coordinate all elements of the production process in time and space.

At each level, work is carried out that provides management in a complex. These activities are called functions.

All private production processes, down to elementary ones, are managed processes. Each process is managed by implementing management functions at separate discrete times. The management functions include: planning, accounting, control, regulation, analysis. Planning - it is a definition of the behavior of the controlled process in the future in a deterministic way. Planning- a function through which the goal of management is realized in an ideal form. Planning - consists in the development of short-term and long-term plans (forecasts) of the production and economic activities of the enterprise, based on social, economic and other patterns and is associated with the processing of large amounts of data, the performance of complex and time-consuming calculations. Planning occupies a significant place in the activities of top management, less - at the middle and minimal - at the operational level Accounting - determination of the actual state of the controlled process at discrete times. Accounting- a function aimed at obtaining information about the progress of the enterprise. Accounting is mainly carried out at the operational and middle levels of management. There is no accounting at the highest level of management, however, on its basis, the analysis of production results and its regulation are fully carried out. The control - this is the definition of deviations between the planned and actual state of the controlled process at discrete points in time. Regulation- ensuring the functioning of controlled processes within the specified parameters. Analysis - this is summarizing the results of the implementation of the managed process for the management period, identifying the factors that influenced the degree of achievement of the planned results. Analysis and regulation- comparison of actual indicators with normative ones, determination of deviations, establishment of the causes of deviations and finding ways to eliminate them. The relationship between the levels of management and the functions they perform in terms of the amount of work performed is shown in the table.

Interrelation of functions and levels of management

Management level	Planning and forecasting	Accounting and the control	Analysis and regulation
Top management	Significant	Is absent	Significant
Middle level	Moderate	Significant	Moderate
operational management	Minor	Significant	Is absent

There is another function of management - forecasting. Forecasting - this is a definition for the future of the probabilistic characteristics of the controlled process. Depending on the objectives of the study, the forecasting function is considered as an independent one or combined with planning.

Further progress in the field of formalization of enterprise management methods is related to:

1) with systematic approach, which involves the construction of a system of models. Typically, these models have a hierarchical structure that reflects various qualitative features of the behavior of such a complex object as an enterprise, for example, a process model, a representation of an enterprise as a composition of queuing systems, data models used in an enterprise, etc.;

2) with the creation of regular methods for determining control actions based on the hierarchical principle of decomposition and task aggregation. According to this principle, the result of solving the upper level control problem becomes the initial condition for solving the problem of constructing the control action of the lower level problem. Moreover, the result of solving the problem of the lower level does not lead to a revision of the result of solving the problem of the upper level.

The application of these approaches has led to the following results:

Isolate a number of simplified problems to which some methods of optimal control theory, finite automata, operations planning, etc. could be applied;

Create effective procedures for making managerial decisions using the empirical knowledge of decision makers (DM);

Use heuristic management strategies;

Determine the principles of formation of organizational structures of enterprises.

Methods of control theory used in automated control systems

When solving particular problems related to enterprise management, a number of formalized methods are widely used, which are sometimes called economic-mathematical in the literature. Some of them have found application in modern automated control systems. Under the economic-mathematical methods, it is customary to understand a set of formalized mathematical methods that make it possible to find optimal or close to them solutions to economic problems. The problem statement should reflect the existing constraints economic nature. For enterprises, these restrictions stem from limited resources or from the external conditions in which their economic activities are carried out. The optimization criterion is formalized as an objective function. This is an expression that, based on the task at hand, needs to be maximized or minimized. - The role of optimization criteria at various levels of the enterprise management system can be, for example, sales volumes, profit, total deviation of production time from the required ones, equipment utilization level, work planning period (month, year), total costs for production and work in progress, and etc. Variables in economic and mathematical models are controlled parameters. When solving optimization problems, variables can be the number of manufactured products, start / release times, lot sizes, inventory levels, start and end times of operations. Another important feature of economic and mathematical methods is that they can be a powerful tool for analyzing the economic situation. With their help, for example, one can quickly determine that, under given constraints, there is no feasible solution. Some methods are not limited to obtaining the optimal solution. When a plan is formed, they allow assessing the sensitivity of the optimal plan to changes in external conditions or internal characteristics of the enterprise.

The variety of economic and mathematical methods is quite large. This brief analysis is based on the nature of the mathematical apparatus.

Linear programming is to find the optimal solution for a linear objective function under linear constraints and constraints on the non-negativity of variables.

In terms of linear programming, a wide range of problems of production planning, financial activity, technical and economic planning, R&D planning can be formulated.

The peculiarity of linear programming is that it can be used not only to obtain the optimal solution, but also to successfully investigate the sensitivity of the resulting solution to changes in the initial data. The results of the sensitivity analysis have a clear economic interpretation.

A special case of linear programming is transport model. It is obtained in a natural way when formalizing the problem of transportation planning, however, it can also be used to solve other tasks of the automated control system (assigning personnel to jobs, compiling shift schedules and etc.). The specific structure of the constraints of the problem allowed us to develop effective solution methods.

An important place in the automated control system belongs to the methods discrete programming, which are focused on solving optimization problems with integer (partially or completely) variables. The requirement of integers in many problems of production management comes to the fore, if we are talking, for example, about determining the optimal program for the production of products, the number of which must be an integer. A special case of discrete programming problems are problems with Boolean variables (0 or 1), i.e., problems of choosing one of two solutions for each object (the number of objects can be large). As an example, you can specify the tasks of placing equipment, forming a portfolio of orders, etc.

To solve discrete programming problems, various algorithms have been developed, including combinatorial and random search.

Models stochastic programming describe situations in which model elements are random variables with known distribution functions. For linear programming problems, the approach to solving is to reduce the original problem to a deterministic form.

Network models and methods are used where it is possible to clearly structure a controlled process in the form of a graph that describes the relationship of work, resources, time costs, etc. A number of methods have been developed for solving problems on network models to determine the critical path and allocate resources.

Dynamic programming is a multi-step process of obtaining a solution to the optimal problem. The formalization of dynamic problems looks the most natural, but this method can also be successfully applied to static problems if it is possible to break the solution of the original problem into stages. A serious limitation of the application of the dynamic programming method is the dimension of problems. If the dimension is large, then it is necessary to memorize a large amount of intermediate information. In practice, the solution of optimization problems is possible for systems with a dimension not exceeding three.

Multicriteria models reflect one of the types of uncertainty in the problems of finding optimal solutions - the uncertainty of goals. These models and methods are extremely promising, since many planning tasks in APCS can and should be considered as multicriteria. This approach makes it possible to optimize the resulting solutions according to a set of criteria that reflect the economic, technological, social, environmental and other aspects of enterprises' activities.

Math statistics in automated control systems it is used to solve problems of analysis and forecasting of economic and social processes at enterprises, creation and adjustment of the regulatory framework. The most commonly used methods are: calculation of static characteristics, correlation, regression and dispersion analysis.

Inventory Management Theory allows you to determine the levels of stocks of materials, semi-finished products, production capacity and other resources, depending on the demand for them.

Schedule theory is a methodological basis for solving problems of streamlining the sequence of work. This takes into account the structure and parameters technological process. To solve problems formulated in terms of scheduling theory, priority-based modeling methods are used.

Heuristic methods have become quite widespread in the automated control system, and further progress in this direction is associated with the development and implementation of expert systems. Expert systems make it possible to accumulate knowledge bases about the production process, about effective management decisions and, on this basis, offer rational solutions to problems that are difficult to formalize.

The range of economic-mathematical models and methods is extremely wide. Their use is constrained by the difficulty of adequately describing the production process, obtaining solutions in conditions of high-dimensional problems, and also by the lack of managerial staff qualifications necessary for this case.

Below are the models and methods for solving particular problems of enterprise management, included in the basic systems of the ERP type:

To solve the problems of strategic planning, linear programming models are used;

Operational planning is built, as a rule, on the basis of network models. In this case, methods for calculating the critical path and PERT are used;

To solve the problems of forecasting demand and other economic processes, methods of regression analysis, time series analysis, procedures for processing expert estimates are used;

When solving problems of planning sales and production, linear programming methods are used;

The task of generating a production schedule can be formulated as the task of minimizing the total production cycle under capacity constraints, where the launch (release) dates act as variables. In basic systems such as ERP, there are procedures to solve this problem by generating, analyzing and screening options while reducing the number of variables at each iteration;

The task of calculating the material requirements to ensure the production schedule is solved on the basis of the explosion model, during which the calculation of the network structure describing the composition of the product is performed.

Operational production management in ERP is based on the use of priorities and heuristic methods for building work schedules.

Normative base can be formed using statistical methods.