Ways to reduce the cost of production. The main ways to reduce the cost of production An example of calculating the reduction in the cost of production

07.05.2022

15. The factors of cost reduction (increase) are understood as such changes in the conditions of the enterprise's production activities that affect the absolute value of production costs and the level of costs per ruble of marketable output.

16. It is recommended to calculate the cost according to technical and economic factors according to the following scheme:

the costs of the base period per 1 ruble of marketable output are determined. The base level of costs are the costs of the previous period.

By multiplying the costs of the base period by the volume of marketable products of the planned period, its cost is calculated while maintaining the conditions of production and sale of products in the base period, i.e. the volume of marketable output of the planned period is taken at the prices and conditions of the base year (excluding the impact on individual and average (group) prices of improving product quality, changes in the location of production and other conditions);

the reduction (increase) of costs included in the cost of production, due to the influence of individual technical, economic and other factors, is determined.

17. When determining the savings due to the action of all technical and economic factors (except for changes in the volume of production and the use of fixed assets), only the reduction in variable costs directly proportional to the volume of production is taken into account. Relative (per 1 ruble of marketable output) savings in fixed costs and depreciation charges is considered as a result of an increase (decrease) in the volume of output and an improvement in the use of fixed assets. The influence of each of the technical and economic factors on the level of production costs is determined by calculations according to the method below.

18. Savings due to an increase in the level of technology and organization of production are determined taking into account the timing of the relevant activities. If the event planned in the plan is not carried out from the beginning of the year, then only a part of the effect obtained for the period from the beginning of the implementation of the event to the end of the year is reflected in the calculation. If the measure is implemented in the base period, then the carry-over savings from the implementation in the base period should be taken into account in the planning period.

This saving is equal to the difference between the value of conditionally variable costs per unit of output in the base period and their value after organizational and technical measures, multiplied by the volume of production of the corresponding types of products in the planned period.

Formula:

Eg \u003d (Zb - Z1) x Pp,

At the same time, it is necessary to ensure that the impact of changes in the structure and quality of the supplied material resources on their cost is not taken into account again, for example, by the factor "Increasing the technical level of production."

27. The impact on the cost of production of scrap reduction is calculated as a whole, regardless of what activities result in the reduction of scrap.

For the products of non-ferrous metal processing plants, carbide and carbon industries, where marriage is planned, the impact on the cost of reducing losses from marriage in the planned year is equal to the sum of savings from the elimination of excess marriage and from reducing the rate of planned marriage.

28. In calculating the impact of changes in the volume and structure of manufactured products, the following main factors are distinguished:

Relative change in semi-fixed costs (except for depreciation), due to changes in the volume of production;

The degree of use of fixed production assets and the related relative change in depreciation;

Changing the structure (nomenclature and range) of products.

A change in the volume of manufactured products leads to a relative (per 1 ruble or unit of marketable output) change in conditionally fixed costs.

Depreciation and the repair fund (where it is created) are part of the semi-fixed costs, but the relative change in these costs is determined by calculating individual factors.

The value of the relative reduction of semi-fixed costs is determined based on the proportion of these costs in the cost of marketable products of the base period.

Considering that the growth in the volume of manufactured products causes a slight increase in semi-fixed costs, for the calculations of the planned period, the share of semi-fixed costs of the base period is specified. To do this, semi-fixed costs are reduced to fully fixed using the following formula:

Y x (Tp - Tz) Yp = -----------------, Tp

where:

Yn - the share of the given semi-fixed costs in the cost of marketable products of the base period or in individual cost elements (expenditure items) in%;

Y - the share of semi-fixed costs in the cost of commercial products or in individual cost elements (expenditure items) in the base period in%;

Tp - the growth rate of the volume of marketable products in the planned period in comparison with the base in%;

Tz - the growth rate of this type of cost due to the increase in production volume in%.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Hosted at http://www.allbest.ru/

COURSE WORK

in the subject "Economics of the industry"

“Calculation of savings from cost reduction”

Introduction

1.2 Pricing

1.3 Profit, its economic content, types and methods of determination

1.4 Profitability and factors influencing its increase

1.5 Tax policy

1.6 Compensation of employees

1.7 Capital investment

II. Settlement part

1. Initial data

2. Calculation procedure

2.1 Drawing up a cost estimate for the production and sale of products

2.2 Compiling a cost estimate

2.3 Pricing

2.4 Profit generation

2.5 Distribution nailed

2.6 Investment in production development

2.7 Cost reduction

2.8 Economy

2.9 Payback period of investment

2.10 Self-supporting annual economic impact

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

In connection with the radical restructuring of the national economy of Russia, there have been significant changes in the work of the enterprises of the machine-building complex. For example, a transition was made from planned-distributive forms of management, when the functions of planning, providing raw materials and materials, and marketing of products were carried out by the state, to work in a market economy. Currently, these functions of the enterprise are performed independently, ensuring their livelihoods.

The result of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise is the amount of profit received, which depends on two indicators: the volume of products sold and production costs. The price of products is formed in the market as a result of the interaction of supply and demand. In conditions of free competition, it is little influenced by individual producers. The expenditure part of the financial result is the cost of production and sales of products. They directly depend on the efficiency of the production and economic activities of the organization and are one of the main objects of management in financial management.

The analysis of production cost reduction factors is carried out in two complementary directions: cost elements and cost items. In the process of cost estimate analysis, the nature of production is assessed (material-intensive, capital-intensive, labor-intensive) and the main directions for searching for reserves to reduce costs are determined. For analysis, production costs and the proportions of their components should be evaluated in dynamics and compared with planned values. Analysis of the cost by costing items allows you to identify deviations for each individual cost component relative to the basic and standard values. The identified deviations are subject to a detailed analysis in order of priority of the specific weights of costs in the cost structure.

The purpose of my course work is to learn how to make a cost estimate and costing and to study the issues of pricing, profit generation and profitability and production efficiency.

I. Calculation of savings from reducing the cost of production

1.1 The concept, structure, composition and classification of costs of the cost of industrial products

In the context of the transition to a market economy, many small and medium-sized enterprises use a reduced nomenclature of costing items, including:

material costs (raw materials, materials, fuel and energy for technological purposes);

labor costs;

other direct costs;

Production management and maintenance costs.
The cost of means and objects of labor consumed in the production process (depreciation, the cost of raw materials, materials, various types of energy, etc.), part of the cost of living labor (wages), the cost of purchased products and semi-finished products, production services of third-party organizations are reflected in the cost of production . The cost of industrial products is the current costs of the enterprise for the production and sale of products, expressed in monetary terms.

Additionally, the cost of industrial products includes:

deductions for social insurance of the payroll fund for key personnel (in proportion to wages);

interest on a bank loan;

contributions to the State Employment Fund;

contributions to maintain fixed capital in working order.

The cost price is the most important quality indicator that reflects the results of the economic activity of the enterprise, as well as a tool for assessing the technical and economic level of production and labor, the quality of management, etc. It acts as an initial base for pricing, and also has a direct impact on profits, profitability and the formation of a nationwide monetary fund - the budget. Depending on the place of origin of costs in the economic activity of an enterprise, a distinction is made between shop cost, factory or production cost and full cost.

Under the shop cost refers to the costs of the shop for the manufacture of manufactured products.

Factory cost is the sum of the production costs of the shop and general factory costs, which include the costs of managing the enterprise. Factory cost includes overhead costs as a percentage of shop cost.

The total cost of industrial products consists of the costs of production and sale of products, that is, it is the sum of the factory cost of non-production costs (the cost of packaging purchased on the side, deductions to sales organizations in accordance with established standards and contracts). Non-production costs are also taken into account (losses from marriage, shortage and damage to materials and finished products).

The cost of production reflects the current costs of producing the entire volume of products and each of its units. In the first case, a production cost estimate is compiled, in which the costs are grouped by elements in order to:

determine in living and materialized labor for the production of the planned volume of output;

allocate costs by economic content:

establish the share of one or another element in the total cost of production.

When grouping costs by elements, the degree of participation of the main elements of production (fixed capital, working capital and labor) is taken into account. Since not all stocks play the same role in the production process, for an objective assessment they are differentiated into smaller components (raw materials, basic and auxiliary materials, purchased products and semi-finished products, etc.).

The element-by-element classification provides for the distribution of costs according to the following elements:

element "Raw materials and basic materials" minus the moves, including purchased components and semi-finished products. The element "Raw materials and basic materials" includes the cost of all types of raw materials and basic materials minus returnable waste;

element "Purchased components and semi-finished products". Includes the cost of these products used in the production process, taking into account the services of cooperative enterprises;

element. "Auxiliary Materials". Takes into account the cost of materials that are not the basis of the finished product, but are used in the production process to maintain the continuity of the technological process;

fuel element. Includes the cost of purchasing all types of fuel for both production purposes and general plant needs;

element "Energy". Takes into account the cost of all types of purchased energy (electric, fuel, steam, compressed air, etc.) consumed for the production and economic purposes of the enterprise;

the payroll element. Includes the basic and additional wages of the industrial and production personnel of the enterprise, including bonuses to workers from the wage fund;

element "Social Security Contributions". Takes into account deductions according to established norms for social insurance;

element "Depreciation of fixed capital". It takes into account depreciation deductions, which are calculated on the basis of the initial cost of fixed capital for both production and non-production purposes, that is, for social and cultural needs;

Element "Costs of fixed capital to maintain it in working order". Includes costs associated with various repairs;

Element "Other costs". Takes into account expenses that were not taken into account in the cost elements listed above: travel expenses, rent, product warranty repairs, etc.

Thus, the sum of costs for all of the above elements includes the costs of producing the planned volume of output.

Grouping costs by elements allows you to determine the factory cost of gross and marketable output, coordinate the cost plan with other sections of the production plan, and develop the main directions for reducing it.

Expenses are grouped by calculation items when determining the cost of certain types of products, works and services, as well as when assessing the degree of influence of individual elements on its formation and development of a plan of organizational and technical measures to reduce costs.

The following nomenclature of costing items is used as a typical grouping:

Raw materials.

Purchased semi-finished products, component parts, services of cooperative enterprises.

Returnable waste.

Fuel and energy for technological purposes.

The basic wages of production workers.

Additional wages for production workers.

Social security contributions.

Costs for preparation and development of production.

Depreciation of special-purpose tools and fixtures and other special expenses.

Expenses for the maintenance and operation of equipment.

Shop expenses.

General factory expenses.

Marriage loss.

14.Other production costs.

15. Non-manufacturing expenses.

Costs for basic materials, purchased components and semi-finished products, fuel, energy for technological purposes are set at consumption rates and corresponding prices, taking into account transportation costs.

The costs of the direct wages of production workers are calculated on the basis of the normalized labor intensity of products and the established piece rates.

The amount of additional wages is established on the basis of a coefficient characterizing the ratio of the total additional wages to the tariff fund.

The deduction for insurance is set according to the tariff. The costs of maintaining and operating equipment are determined by various methods: in proportion to the basic wages of the main production workers, by direct recalculation, in proportion to the coefficient-machine-hours, that is, based on the cost of 1 hour of operation of the machine, conventionally taken as the base.

Workshop and general factory costs are set according to the cost estimate and by allocating costs per unit of output.

Other production costs are determined on the basis of special calculations and, as a rule, are included in the cost of the respective products. If it is difficult to use the direct valuation method, they are distributed among individual products in proportion to their production cost, without taking into account other production costs.

Shop expenses include wages of the shop management apparatus, depreciation, costs for maintenance and current repairs of buildings, structures, public inventory, rationalization and invention, labor protection, etc.

Between individual products, shop expenses are distributed, as a rule, in proportion to the sum of the basic wages of production workers and the costs of maintaining and operating equipment.

Factory-wide expenses are the costs of managing the enterprise (plant), the maintenance of general-factory personnel, the costs of general-factory needs of the enterprise. These include: wages of plant management personnel with social insurance contributions, travel expenses, office and postal and telegraph expenses, depreciation and repair of buildings and structures for general plant purposes.

Costs according to the method of attributing them to a unit of production can be direct and indirect.

Direct costs are strictly designated expenses. They are included in the unit cost of production using the direct valuation method.

Indirect costs cannot be attributed to the release of a particular product, since they are associated with the work of the workshop or the enterprise as a whole. They are distributed among various products in proportion to one or another conventional measure, most often in proportion to the wages of the main production workers.

In accordance with their economic content, the costs of the calculation items are divided into basic and overhead. The main costs directly related to the manufacture of products, overhead costs for organization, management, technical preparation of production, etc.

According to the degree of dependence on changes in the volume of production, costs are divided into proportional (conditionally variable) and non-proportional (conditionally fixed).

Conditionally variable costs change in proportion to the growth of production volume (raw materials, materials, fuel consumption, energy for technological purposes, etc.). Their value is affected not only by the volume of production, but also by the specific consumption of material and labor resources. Considering the influence of various factors on conditionally variable costs, the following possible situations are distinguished:

a) conditionally variable costs change in proportion to the increase or decrease in production volume;

b) when introducing the achievements of scientific and technological progress, a reduction in material and labor costs is ensured. For example, as a result of the introduction of more productive, but expensive equipment, savings in wages per unit of output are achieved, but specific depreciation increases. At the same time, the overspending on depreciation is covered by savings on wages and conditionally variable costs are reduced;

c) an increase in conditionally variable costs may be the result of an increase in the quality of products, an increase in the size of blanks, an increase in prices for material, fuel, energy, and wages.

Semi-fixed costs do not change significantly when the volume of production changes (expenses for lighting, heating, depreciation of buildings and structures, etc.).

The estimated level of costs is calculated on the basis of planned cost estimates, which are current and prospective. The current ones include normative and cost estimates. Normative costing is compiled for all types of products of the production program on the basis of current standards, estimated - for newly mastered types of products or products not provided for by the plan. Planned cost estimates include all product costs at planned rates that ensure the fulfillment of profit and profitability targets. They are important because they determine the total planned costs for marketable products.

Ways to reduce costs

The volume of production at a constant cost of material and labor resources increases only as a result of cost reduction. The development of a plan of organizational and technical measures for the use of intra-production reserves is based on the results of an analysis of their sources and factors affecting technical and economic indicators. The most important sources of reserves include a reduction in material costs and an increase in labor productivity. Of the whole variety of factors affecting technical and economic indicators, the enlarged groups include: lowering the technical level of production, improving the organization of production and labor, changing the volume and structure of the product range, increasing the share of cooperative deliveries, etc.

The reduction of material consumption, or material costs, is one of the most important sources of economic development. High-quality material, rolled products that meet the requirements of dimensional characteristics, professional growth of workers - all these factors contribute to reducing the cost of products and achieving savings, the value of which can be calculated by the formula:

E m \u003d (N o * C o / K mo - H 1 * C 1 / K m1) * Q

where E m - saving current production costs for raw materials, materials, fuel;

H 1 , H o - material consumption rates before and after the event;

C o, C 1 - the price of a unit of raw materials, material, fuel before and after the event;

K mo, K m1 - coefficient of use of material resources before and after the event;

Q - annual production volume.

Labor productivity, that is, its effectiveness and efficiency, is measured by labor intensity (the time spent on producing a unit of output) and output (the amount of products produced in a certain period of time). As a result of reducing labor intensity, savings are achieved by reducing labor costs, taking into account additional wages and social security contributions per unit of output.

Savings on depreciation charges can be achieved as a result of improved use of equipment working time.

Factors influencing technical and economic indicators are combined into enlarged groups.

1. Raising the technical level - the process of improving the technical base, the growth of which is achieved as a result of:

improving the means of labor (introduction of progressive technology, increasing the share of improved equipment), objects of labor (the use of progressive types of raw materials, materials, energy carriers);

rational use of raw materials, materials;

mechanization and automation of production processes.

The growth of production volume allows to reduce semi-fixed costs.

The cost is reduced due to the reduction of current production costs per unit of output before and after organizational and technical measures.

Saving material resources

Increasing the efficiency of industrial production largely depends on the level of use of material, labor and financial resources. An analysis of the structure of material costs shows that a decrease in the material intensity of industrial products can have a more significant impact on cost reduction compared to a decrease in capital intensity.

The material consumption of products is one of the most important indicators of the use of raw materials and materials. Material consumption is an economic category that reflects the costs of past labor and the efficiency of using material resources in the production process. Material costs can be presented both in kind and in value terms.

The consumption of raw materials and materials is one of the factors affecting the growth of production volume.

The cost of consumed material is reduced as a result of a reduction in the specific consumption of materials per unit of output, which is directly related to a decrease in the working capital ratio. The material consumption of products has a direct impact on the size of inventories and the cost of normalized working capital. This is of great importance for the financial condition of an industrial enterprise.

Organizational and technical measures for the rational use of material resources provide for increased requirements for the fleet of basic equipment, technology, skill level, quality, marketing service, etc.

The development of the regulatory framework is the most important direction in the planning of material resources. The basis of planning is the system of norms. The rate of consumption of material resources is understood as the maximum allowable cost of a certain range of material for the production of a unit of output under specific organizational and technical conditions, taking into account the implementation of the achievements of scientific and technical progress.

Rationing applies to all types of direct costs, including waste and the inevitable loss of raw materials and materials, as soon as scientifically based consumption rates in all areas of production consumption provide an increase in the efficiency of the use of material resources.

In a market economy, when developing a regulatory framework, a commodity producer should provide for the market reaction to a change in price, therefore, when forming norms, he focuses primarily on his own benefit, which can be achieved only if the savings from the introduction of more advanced materials in value terms will be more price difference before and after the event. In other words, the reduction in the consumption rate in physical terms when using more progressive material resources should not exceed their cost per unit of output before the event. Progressive consumption rates of material resources are formed taking into account the technical parameters of the product and are the basis for saving material resources. Savings are determined by comparing progressive norms with actual ones.

The norms for the consumption of material resources are constantly adjusted in accordance with changes in production conditions.

1.2 Pricing

cost profit profitability pricing

One of the most important economic levers for increasing production efficiency is the price, which has a direct impact on production, distribution, exchange and consumption.

Price is a monetary expression of the value of a commodity, an economic category that makes it possible to indirectly measure the socially necessary labor time spent on the production of a commodity.

In commodity relations, the price acts as a link between the producer and the consumer, that is, it is a mechanism that ensures the balance between supply and demand, and, consequently, between price and value.

Depending on the nature of the serviced turnover, there are three main types of prices for industrial products.

The wholesale price of the enterprise is the price that provides for the reimbursement of current production costs and profit. Based on this price, the following are determined: proceeds from the sale of products as the product of the price by the quantity and profit per unit of production as the difference between the wholesale price and its cost.

The selling price of the enterprise is formed on the basis of the wholesale price of the enterprise and the additional inclusion of value added tax in the price.

The retail price is the final price at which consumer goods and some tools and objects of labor are sold through the trading network, and reflects the process of increasing socially necessary costs at all stages of production and sale of goods.

Scheme 1. Formation of prices for industrial products

Price structure and price setting for the manufacturer's products

Prices for engineering products are set by the enterprise independently based on market conditions under the influence of demand, supply, quality and consumer properties of products, i.e. they are free.

The manufacturer's price is wholesale for industrial and technical products and selling for consumer products

(Ts pr) -- includes:

production and distribution costs excluding value added tax on purchased materials and services (3);

manufacturer's profit (P);

value added tax (VAT);

excise tax (A) for excisable products.

Thus,

C pr \u003d I + P + VAT + A.

The manufacturer agrees on a free selling (wholesale) price with the buyer on an equal basis in a separate protocol, contract. The consent of the buyer can also be expressed in a telephone message, fax, etc.

If the buyer is an intermediary, wholesaler and / or retailer, then the selling price of engineering products for the final consumer (P r) is increased by the value of the trade markup established by these intermediaries (N t):

C r \u003d C pr + H t.

The manufacturer can only influence the establishment of the selling price of engineering products for the end consumer (and hence the impact on the competitiveness of the product in terms of price and sales volume) if it organizes:

own distribution network;

sale of its products on consignment terms;

selection of intermediaries and stipulate the terms of delivery of products.

Restrictions in the freedom of pricing on engineering products are imposed by the legislation of the Russian Federation in order to reduce monopolistic activity in the commodity markets. These restrictions apply to those machine-building enterprises that have a share of more than 35% on the market for a certain product and conduct monopolistic activities. Such enterprises are recorded in a special register of the State Antimonopoly Committee. For them, state regulation of prices is applied by establishing:

fixed price;

limit price level;

marginal allowance (coefficient) of price changes;

the marginal level of profitability and the size of the trade allowance.

Only one of these methods can be used. The most common is the last of these methods.

Thus, the price set by the manufacturer depends on the following factors:

enterprise costs;

expected sales volumes, determined by the competitiveness of the company's products, market share and total demand;

the number of intermediaries and the size of their traditional trade margins;

desired profit margins for the manufacturer.

The complex mutually influencing and non-deterministic impact of these factors forces the machine-building enterprise to use a set of pricing methods for its products.

Pricing methods are divided into two groups: built taking into account the costs of development, production and marketing of products; built taking into account the demand for the company's products.

Setting the price for engineering products for the first group is carried out:

1) based on average costs and profits. Depending on the
the goals of the enterprise, the level of profit can be set to the minimum acceptable for the enterprise: at the industry average level or the level of the target profit from the expected sales volume;

2) based on the break-even production of specific engineering products with a known expected sales volume.

Both methods give an error in the inaccurate determination of the expected sales volume, but are widely used by enterprises to establish a minimum price level.

For the second group (taking into account demand), price setting is done by:

according to the demand volume curve for specific products of the final consumer, depending on the selling price. Install and
the desired sales volume for the enterprise, the selling price is determined from the demand curve. Excluding traditional
intermediary allowances, you can calculate the price of the enterprise
for this product;

based on the price of similar products available
in the market, the competitiveness of the enterprise's products and similar products, and the desired market share that the enterprise wants to obtain. Calculations are carried out in accordance with the methodology for assessing the competitiveness of products;

based on the economic efficiency of the use of the company's products by the end consumer. Efficiency is assessed by the size of the additional profit of the buyer when he uses the company's products instead of the existing one or by the payback period of the buyer's investments in the purchase of the company's products.

Methods of the second and third groups allow the company to set the maximum allowable price level for their products.

The complex use of the listed pricing methods allows the company to establish an acceptable price range for its product. Within this range, a specific price is set, based on the goals facing the enterprise: maximum profit, desired market share, or maintaining the status quo.

1.3 Profit, all economic content, types and methods of determination

The process of industrial production is based on the interaction of three main elements: fixed capital, working capital and labor. The use of the means of production by workers in the material sphere ensures the release of industrial products. Comparison of the final result of the economic activity of an industrial enterprise (effect) with the costs of living and social labor to achieve it reflects the efficiency of industrial production.

The effect, or the end result, is characterized by various cost and natural indicators, for example, the volume of production, profit, savings on individual cost elements, and overall savings from reducing the cost of production.

All costs associated with achieving the effect are divided into current and non-recurring. Current costs include payment for living labor, the cost of consumed material resources, depreciation, the cost of maintaining fixed capital in working condition (repair costs), and other expenses included in the full cost of industrial products. One-time costs are costs advanced for the expanded reproduction of fixed capital.

The level of production efficiency is established using a system of private and general indicators. Private indicators include labor productivity, capital intensity (capital intensity), material intensity of products, etc.

Labor productivity is estimated as the ratio of the cost of industrial production of the next year to the cost of production in the previous year. An increase in labor productivity will be observed when this ratio exceeds one.

The material consumption of products is the cost of material costs, referred to the cost or cost of gross output.

The capital intensity of production is the cost of fixed capital per 1 ruble of the value of gross output. The specific capital intensity of production is the cost of fixed capital per unit of production.

General indicators include profit and profitability.

Profit is the final financial result of entrepreneurial activity. In the conditions of market relations, this is a converted form of surplus value. Profit accounting allows you to establish how efficiently business activities are conducted. When forming profits, all aspects of the economic activity of an industrial enterprise are taken into account: the level of use of fixed capital, machinery, equipment, technologies, the organization of production and labor. The absolute value of profit reflects the results of cost reduction and growth in the volume of products sold.

The sale of products is one of the indicators of planning, evaluation of the economic activity of an industrial enterprise and the main source of income and budget. The funds received by the company for the sale of products are called sales proceeds. From the proceeds from the sale of the company's products, production costs for spent material assets are reimbursed, a depreciation fund is formed in accordance with the norms of depreciation. The rest is net profit, or gross income. If we exclude wages from net profit, taking into account social security contributions, as well as value added tax and excises, then we can determine the profit of the enterprise. Profit from the sale of marketable products is the main form of accumulation of an industrial enterprise.

An industrial enterprise mainly sells products at wholesale prices of the enterprise. All profits from the sale go to their disposal. When selling marketable products at wholesale prices to industry, enterprises contribute part of the profits to the state budget in the form of value added tax and excise tax (a type of indirect tax on goods mainly for mass consumption). Value added tax is defined as the product of the value of gross output by the excise rate. The results of economic activity are also evaluated by the balance sheet (total) and net profit.

The balance sheet profit includes, in addition to the profit from the sale, profit from auxiliary and service industries not directly related to the main production activity of an industrial enterprise, profit from equity participation in joint ventures, leasing property, various dividends, as well as income and losses from other business operations ( for example, penalties, fines, forfeits paid or received in connection with the violation of business contracts). The total amount of non-operating losses includes losses from the liquidation of incompletely depreciated fixed capital. Income tax benefits are also taken into account in the balance sheet profit.

Gross and net profits are allocated in the balance sheet of an industrial enterprise.

Gross profit is the difference between income and expenses before taxes. Gross profit takes into account proceeds from the sale of fixed capital and other property of an industrial enterprise. Proceeds from the sale of property is defined as the difference between its liquidation value P l and the residual value P o, adjusted for the inflation index K INF:

P SHAFT \u003d (C L - C O) K INF

Net profit (NP) is that part of the profit that remains at the disposal of the enterprise after the payment of taxes established by law. The company's net profit is used for its own economic purposes.

Gross profit (VP) is distributed in two directions: the main part is deducted to the budget, the rest is used by the enterprise to meet its own needs, provided for by the financial plan.

Priority payments to the budget include:

income tax in accordance with the law of the Russian Federation "On income tax of enterprises and organizations" - N pr,

value added tax - VAT;

excises - N excise,

Property tax - N im

Then net profit:

PE \u003d VP - (N pr + VAT + N akts + N im) - K

where K - interest on bank loans.

The profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise is distributed:

For an insurance stock or a reserve fund formed in case of unforeseen failures in the production process;

To the production development fund, which includes a depreciation fund and a part of net profit (advance of measures to expand, reconstruct and improve production, purchase of new equipment, introduction of advanced technology);

To the fund for the social development of production;

To the fund of material incentives (stimulation of employees of the enterprise);

On the interest of a bank loan, which is deducted from profits to repay bank loans, the implementation of measures for the development and release of new products, etc.

1.4 Profitability and factors influencing its increase

To assess the efficiency of the enterprise, it is necessary to compare the profit and production assets with which it was created. This is profitability.

Profitability - profitability, profitability of the enterprise is an indicator of economic efficiency of an arbitrary industrial enterprise, which reflects the final results of economic activity. It is calculated as the ratio of balance sheet profit to the average annual cost of fixed capital and normalized working capital. There are two types of profitability: profitability calculated on the basis of balance (total) profit, and profitability calculated on the basis of net profit.

When pricing industrial products, the profitability of individual products can be used, which is calculated as the ratio of profit to cost.

The indicator of profitability is interconnected with all indicators of production efficiency, in particular with the cost of production, capital intensity of production and the speed of turnover of working capital.

The value of profitability, calculated on the balance sheet profit, is influenced by three main factors: profit growth, the level of use of fixed capital and normalized working capital. The influence of each factor is expressed as follows:

Profit can increase as a result of an increase in the volume of production, an increase in the share of products with a higher profitability, a decrease in the cost of production, an increase in wholesale prices, and an increase in the quality of products.

The product range has a direct impact on profits. When changing the structure of the assortment in the direction of increasing the share of products with higher profitability, an additional increase in profit is provided.

Among the factors influencing the increase in profits, the leading role belongs to the reduction in the cost of production. The choice of ways to reduce current production costs is based on an analysis of the cost structure. For material-intensive industries, the most characteristic is the saving of material resources, for labor-intensive - poor labor productivity, for capital-intensive - improving the use of fixed capital, for energy-intensive - saving fuel and electricity.

In the production of higher quality products, operating costs often increase. However, as a result of the sale of these products at higher prices, profits may also increase.

Profitability is an indicator characterizing the use of fixed capital, therefore, its level is greatly influenced by the cost of fixed capital and the level of its use. A decrease in the average annual cost of fixed capital ensures an increase in profitability by increasing the specific profit per one ruble of fixed capital and reducing depreciation charges per unit of output.

In a market economy, the growth of the efficiency of an industrial enterprise is inextricably linked with increased intensification, which makes it possible to exclude the possibility of a declarative approach and focus on real mechanisms for organizing production.

In industry, in the planned regulation of production intensification, the following factors are taken into account:

growth in labor productivity;

improving the use of capital investments, fixed production assets and working capital;

reduction of material consumption of products;

Improving production management.

1.5 Tax policy

Tax policy is an integral part of the economic policy of the state, which is based on a set of legal legislative acts that establish the types of taxes, the procedure for their collection and regulation.

Taxes are mandatory payments that serve as the main source of budgetary funds for the state and local governments. The essence of the tax is manifested in the withdrawal of part of the gross domestic product in the form of a mandatory contribution.

In the economic mechanism, taxes perform certain functions: regulatory, stimulating, distributive and fiscal.

The regulatory role is aimed at streamlining market relations and manifests itself in the economy in the form of a budgetary-credit and chain mechanism.

The incentive function is implemented through a system of benefits and is aimed at introducing the achievements of scientific and technical progress, developing production, selling goods abroad, importing a captain, etc.

The distributive function consists in the redistribution of taxes for the social equalization of the standard of living of the population.

The fiscal (budgetary) function ensures the collection of funds for the formation of the budget of the state's financial resources.

According to the method of establishing taxation can be direct and indirect, which makes it possible to transfer them to the consumer.

Direct taxes are divided into real and personal. Real taxes include taxes on land, fishing, and so on. Personal taxes include income tax, income tax, tax on income from money capital, resource payments, property tax.

Income tax is the main type of direct tax that is levied on the income or profit of an enterprise, organization, legal entity and goes to the revenue side of the budget.

Income tax is an integral part of the tax system of the Russian Federation. It is set as a percentage (tax rate), is part of the balance sheet profit and serves as a source of redistribution of national income.

The tax on the property of the enterprise, which is on the balance sheet, is a combination of fixed capital, intangible assets, inventories and costs. May not exceed 20% of the value of taxable property.

Indirect taxes are taxes on goods and services that are paid as surcharges on prices and tariffs. These include: excises, value added tax, customs duties, taxes on transactions with securities.

Excise taxes are applied mainly to consumer goods and services of private entrepreneurs and organizations.

Value added tax is the most acceptable for the conditions of market relations and is calculated on the basis of income received by the enterprise at all stages of the production process and circulation.

Proportional, progressive and regressive taxation

Taxation can be proportional, progressive or regressive. This means that the tax rate (i.e., the percentage that the tax is on income) does not change, rises or falls as income rises. Let's consider the first two cases on the example of income tax.

With proportional taxation, the tax rate for all levels of income is the same. This means that at a tax rate of 12%, a cleaner who receives 10,000 rubles a year pays 1,200 rubles. tax, and a bank employee who receives 100 thousand rubles - 12 thousand rubles. tax.

With progressive taxation, the higher the income level, the higher the tax rate. Suppose that in our previous example, the tax rates are defined as follows: from income below 20 thousand rubles. per year - 12%, and with income exceeding 20 thousand rubles. per year - 20%. Then the cleaner will pay the same 1200 rubles, but the bank employee will pay 20,000 x 0.12 + (100,000 - 20,000) x 0.20 = 2400 + 16,000 = 18,400 rubles.

The idea of progressive taxation is based on the fact that the marginal utility and, therefore, the value of money for a rich person is less than for a poor person, and therefore it is fair to take a larger percentage of tax from him.

Finally, oddly enough, taxes are regressive, that is, the higher a person's income, the smaller the percentage of his income he pays. True, this does not apply to direct, but to indirect taxes, which are paid not as a percentage of income, but in the form of the same sum of money for each buyer. Suppose that our cleaner and bank clerk are passionate dog lovers and buy ten cans of Chappie food for 20 rubles a month for their pets. for the bank. Suppose further that in the retail price of "Chappy" 10% (i.e. 2r.) is an excise tax. Then it turns out that for the year the cleaner pays an excise tax on dog food in the amount of 2 rubles * 10 * 12 \u003d 240 rubles. (2.4% of his income), and a bank employee also 240 rubles (0.24% of his income).

1.6 Compensation of employees

The remuneration of workers is the price of labor resources involved in the production process, to a greater extent it is determined by the quantity and quality of labor expended, but market factors play a significant role - labor supply and supply; the prevailing specific market conditions, territorial aspects, legislative norms, etc.

Tariff wage system

The tariff system is a set of state standards through which differentiation and regulation of wages for various groups of workers are carried out, depending on the complexity and working conditions, the characteristics and economic significance of individual industries and regions of the country. The main elements of the tariff system are the Unified Tariff and Qualification Guide, the tariff scale, tariff rates, tariff coefficients.

The Unified Tariff and Qualification Directory is intended for the tariffing of workers, the classification of work by categories and the distribution of workers by profession and category. It contains detailed production characteristics of various types of work, it is indicated what the worker should know and what he should be able to do.

The tariff rate determines the amount of wages of a worker per unit of time (hour, shift, month).

The wage scale is used to establish the ratio of workers' wages, depending on qualifications. Each category is assigned certain tariff coefficients, showing how many times the tariff rate of this category is higher than the rate of the 1st category.

The main characteristics of the tariff scale are shown in Scheme 2.

Scheme 2. Main characteristics of the tariff scale

K - tariff coefficients

The range shows how many times the remuneration for the highest category of this grid exceeds the level of remuneration for the 1st category.

Inter-distribution ratios characterize the degree of increase in wages with an increase in the tariff category.

Forms and systems of remuneration

There are two main forms of wages - time and piecework (piece).

With time wages, the amount of wages is set depending on the amount of time worked (in hours or days) and the tariff rate (hourly or daily) or the established salary.

With piecework wages, the amount of wages is determined depending on the quantity of products (works, services) produced and the prices per unit of production (works, services).

Prices are calculated in accordance with the tariff rate corresponding to the category of this type of work, and with the established norm of time (production):

R SD \u003d W T.ST N BP or R SD \u003d H T.ST. / N EXP

where H T.ST. - hourly tariff rate for the category of this type of work;

H BP - the norm of time to complete a unit of work, hours;

H VYR - the rate of output per unit of time.

Piecework and time-based wage systems are shown in Scheme 3.

There are a number of conditions under which it is advisable to apply one or another form of remuneration.

So, the piecework form of remuneration is applied if:

There are quantitative indicators that directly depend on a particular employee;

Accurate accounting of the volume of work performed is possible;

workers of a particular site can increase production or the amount of work performed;

there is the possibility of technical regulation of labor.

Piecework payment is not recommended if it leads to a deterioration in the quality of products and equipment maintenance, violation of technological regimes and safety requirements, excessive consumption of raw materials and materials.

The time-based form of remuneration is applied under the following conditions:

The production process is strictly regulated;

The functions of the worker are reduced to monitoring the progress of the technological process;

An increase in output can lead to marriage or deterioration in its quality;

Flow and conveyor types of production operate in a strictly defined rhythm.

1.7 Capital investment

Capital investments - investments in fixed capital (fixed assets), including the costs of new construction, expansion, reconstruction and technical re-equipment of existing enterprises, the purchase of machinery, equipment, tools, inventory, design and survey work and other costs.

The concept of "investment" is broader than the concept of "capital investment". Investments include both real and portfolio investments. Real investments - investments in fixed and working capital. Portfolio investments - investments in securities and assets of other enterprises.

The efficiency of using capital investments largely depends on their structure. There are the following types of capital investment structures: technological, reproductive, sectoral and territorial.

The technological structure of capital investments is the composition of the costs for the construction of an object and their share in the total estimated cost.

The technological structure of capital investments has the most significant impact on the efficiency of their use. The improvement of this structure is to increase the share of machinery and equipment in the estimated cost of the project to an optimal level. In fact, the technological structure of capital investments forms the ratio between the active and passive part of the fixed production assets of the future enterprise. An increase in the share of machinery and equipment, that is, the active part of the fixed production assets of the future enterprise, contributes to an increase in the production capacity of the enterprise, and, consequently, capital investments per unit of output are reduced. Economic efficiency is also achieved by increasing the level of mechanization of labor and work.

The reproductive structure of capital investments also has a significant impact on the efficiency of their use.

The reproduction structure of capital investments is understood as their distribution and ratio in the total estimated cost according to the forms of reproduction of fixed production assets. It is calculated what proportion of capital investments in their total amount is directed to: new construction, reconstruction and technical re-equipment of existing production, expansion of existing production, modernization.

Improving the reproductive structure is to increase the share of capital investments directed to the reconstruction and technical re-equipment of existing production. The theory and practice show that the reconstruction and technical re-equipment of production is much more profitable than new construction, for many reasons: firstly, the period for commissioning additional production capacities is reduced; secondly, specific capital investments are significantly reduced.

Capital investments play an extremely important role in the economy of the country and any enterprise, as they are the basis for:

Systematic renewal of the main production assets of the enterprise and the implementation of a policy of expanded reproduction;

Accelerating scientific and technological progress and improving product quality;

Structural restructuring of social production and balanced development of all sectors of the national economy;

Similar Documents

The concept, economic essence and types of cost. Estimated costs for the production and sale of products. Calculation and costing articles. The concept and indicators of labor productivity, profit and profitability of products. Cost reduction analysis.

term paper, added 11/19/2014

Economic content and types of cost. Estimate and costing. The cost component of the price. Planning the cost of production at the enterprise. Technical and economic factors and reserves for cost reduction. Marginal profit analysis.

thesis, added 12/02/2010

The concept, classification and role of the cost of production in the activities of the enterprise. Organizational structure of LLC "Portal". Factors affecting the level of cost reduction. Technical and economic factors and reserves to reduce the cost of production of the enterprise.

thesis, added 04/13/2016

The concept and economic content of the cost. Classification of the costs that form it. Methods of managing the cost of production. Analysis of production costs at OAO "Stroypolimerkeramika". Determination of reserves for cost reduction.

thesis, added 03/02/2012

The concept and economic content of the cost. The composition and classification of costs for the production and sale of products. Characteristics of CJSC PO Irkutskmebel. Assessment of the level and dynamics of the cost of production of the enterprise, identification of ways to reduce it.

term paper, added 06/29/2010

The essence of cost and its economic significance. Classification of costs that form the cost of production. The main economic indicators of activity of JSC "Luch". Analysis of cost estimates for production. Reserves for reducing the cost of production.

term paper, added 10/14/2014

The main methods of planning the cost of production in tactical planning. Cost reduction factors per unit of output, determination of average direct costs. The indicators necessary to calculate the plan for labor and personnel. Types of labor productivity.

control work, added 03/19/2011

The concept and economic content of the cost of production. Classification of costs that form the cost of production. Cost reduction as a factor of social and economic development of the enterprise. Classification of cost reduction reserves.

thesis, added 04/18/2012

Methods for calculating the cost of production, factors for its reduction and profitability. Calculation of the total cost of production, costs per ruble of manufactured products. Analysis of direct material costs, direct wages, indirect taxes.

term paper, added 05/13/2010

Registration of a limited liability company. Calculation of the number and composition of employees, funds for wages, production costs. Planned annual profit with the full sale of manufactured products. Return on production costs.

1. Absolute savings from reducing the cost of production ES.

a) savings from reducing the cost of comparable marketable products in the reporting period compared to the base period is calculated as the difference: Es = С1q1-Cпq1

b) the amount of the planned target to reduce the cost of production compared to the baseline is calculated by the formula: Es = Spqp-Coqp,

where Co and C1 are the cost of a unit of a certain type of product in the base and reporting periods, Sp is the planned cost of a unit of a certain type of product, q1 and qp are the number of units of a certain type of product actually produced in the reporting period and according to the plan.

The main reserve for reducing the cost of production is the increase in social productivity of labor. The growth in the productivity of social labor causes a decrease in the number of workers and the wage bill. At enterprises that ensure the growth of labor productivity at rates exceeding the growth of average wages, the costs per unit of output are reduced.

C \u003d (Iz / Ip) * Dzp, where C is the relative cost reduction in percent, Dzp is the share of wages and social insurance contributions in total costs, Iz is the index of the average monthly wage of one employee, Ip is the labor productivity index.

The most important sources of reducing the cost of production include the rational use of raw materials, materials, fuel and energy; improved use of equipment; reducing maintenance costs; management of production and marketing of products. These sources are constant and their significance increases under the influence, first of all, of the intensification of production based on the acceleration of scientific and technical progress, the improvement of the organization of production and labor, the growth of production volumes, etc.

2. Relative savings on depreciation charges due to improved use of fixed assets Ea. Improving the use of fixed production assets, achieved by increasing the operating time of equipment, increasing the shift ratio, reducing the number of uninstalled and unused equipment, intensifying production processes, and more fully developing production capacities, ensures an increase in output and a relative decrease in depreciation charges, the amount of which is determined by formula: Ea \u003d (Ao / To - A1 / T1) * T1, where Ao is the amount of depreciation in the base period without taking into account the commissioning of new industries, A1 is the amount of depreciation in the planning period, taking into account the commissioning of new industries, To is the actual volume of gross products in the base period, excluding the commissioning of new industries, premiums for quality improvement, changes in prices for finished products, T1 - the volume of marketable products in the reporting period, taking into account the commissioning of new industries, premiums for quality improvement, changes in prices for finished products.

3. Relative savings on conditionally fixed (independent) costs Epp, with an increase in production volume, is determined by the formula: Epp \u003d (It * Co * Dpp) / 100, where It is the growth rate of marketable output in the planned year compared to the base year, Co - the cost of commercial products or individual cost elements, Epp - the sum of the reduced semi-fixed costs (without depreciation) in the base year, Dpp - the share of the reduced semi-fixed costs in the cost of commercial products or individual cost elements in the base year. Dп=(Dп*(It-Iп))/It, where Dп is the share of the given semi-fixed costs in the cost of marketable products in the base year compared to the year preceding the base year, Iт is the growth rate of marketable output in the planned year compared to base, Iup - the growth rate of conditionally fixed costs in the base year compared to the previous one.

4. Transitional savings from organizational and technical measures Eq. Due to the fact that certain organizational and technical measures are not implemented from the beginning of the year, it is not possible to fully realize the effect of implementation during the first year. However, this effect must be taken into account when calculating the reserves for reducing the cost of production by factors in the next year. For this, data on the average annual cost of production in the base year are used, and the calculation of the amount of expenses in the planned year due to the full use of the results of activities is carried out according to the formula: Eq \u003d (Cxo * No + Cx1N1) / (No + N1) - Cx1Np, where Cx1 - variable costs per unit of production before and after this organizational and technical event, No and N1 - the volume of output of this type of product in the base year, respectively, before and after the organizational and technical event, in physical terms, Np - the volume of output of this type products for the planned year.

5. Reducing the cost of production (in percent) with an increase in the volume of production of Cdn. Due to the increase in production, the cost of production decreases due to the relative change in variable costs. The percentage of cost reduction due to this factor is calculated according to the formula: Cdn=100*Dnn/(100+Yb)-Dnn, where Dnn is the share of variable costs in the cost of production in the base period, Yb is the increase in production volume in the planned year as a percentage of base level.

6. Decrease (increase) in the cost of production when prices for materials (fuel, raw materials, etc.) change. Savings due to the influence of this factor is calculated by the formula: Ec \u003d (No * C1 - NoCo) * N or as a percentage Ec \u003d No * C1 / No * Tso * 100%, where No - the rate of consumption of this type of material per unit of production, Tso and P1 - unit prices of materials in the base and reporting periods, N - the number of products produced in the reporting period.

7. Percentage of production cost reduction С. The influence of this factor on production cost reduction can be determined by the formula: С=(Ji*Di)/100%, or average cost reduction by the sum of all factors С=Ji*Di/100% or С \u003d E / Co * 100%, where Ji is the change in costs for the i-th item of the cost of production in this period, Di is the share of the i-th item of costs in the cost of the base period, E is the total amount of conditional annual savings received due to implementation of all organizational and technical measures for the planned period, Co - the cost of annual production in the base period before the events.

8. Cost savings on wages and social security contributions to Eze. It can be achieved in terms of the wages of workers through the implementation of various organizational and technical measures that reduce the labor intensity of production. Ez \u003d (to * Zo-t1 * Z1) * (1 + Zn / 100) 2 * N, where to and t1 - the labor intensity of a unit of production before and after the events, Zo and Z1 - the average hourly wage of workers before and after the events , Зн - the established coefficient for social insurance, N - the number of products for which labor intensity is reduced due to the implementation of measures in the reporting year. Similarly, labor savings are calculated for all products, and then the total amount of savings for the year is determined. If this organizational and technical measure is not implemented from the beginning of the year, when calculating the reduction in the cost of production, a part of the amount of savings that should be received in this period is taken into account. When carrying out organizational and technical measures that ensure the release of workers with time wages, the savings are determined by the formula this category of workers, Zn - the established coefficient of contributions to social insurance, n - the number of months from the moment of the event until the end of the year.

Conclusion

After reading the above text, you can come to a number of conclusions. Firstly, accounting for production costs is not possible without knowledge of the classification of costs both by economic elements and by costing items. However, knowledge of only these two classifications will not be able to provide an impeccable accounting for production costs; for this, other types of classifications of production costs are given here, as well as a specific list of costs included in one or another classification. Secondly, accounting for production costs is feasible in accordance with the Accounting Regulations, and is carried out according to the chart of accounts of accounting, without the ability to handle this accounting is also not feasible. Thirdly, accounting for production costs can be carried out by several methods, the choice of which depends on the industry in which the enterprise is engaged, the organization of production at this enterprise, the opinion of the administration, market conditions and a number of other factors. Moreover, as it turned out, their joint use is also possible, if circumstances so require, or the use of a mixed method of accounting is a variant of a more profitable business activity of an enterprise. Fourth, keeping records of production costs is a part of accounting, which is mandatory for all legal entities engaged in any type of activity in accordance with the laws of the Russian Federation, which means that the development of industrial relations will push enterprises to keep records more carefully, because it will be all more and more controlled by the state. Fifthly, the production capacity of the enterprise is not always limited by the demand for finished products or any other external factors, but, as a rule, is set by the administration of the enterprise, in accordance with its opinions about the work of this production unit. Sixth, enterprises are constantly forced to look for factors and reserves to reduce the cost of their products in order to get the maximum profit from their activities. All these factors and reserves, as a rule, underlie the planning of the further activities of the enterprise, and their calculations are necessary to build diagrams that clearly demonstrate the prospects for the development of the enterprise.

Obviously, production cost accounting has the most unlimited development prospects, since the modern market economy, with its ever-increasing degree of competition, obliges enterprises to think about their production costs, as well as methods for keeping records of these costs in order to more freely maneuver their products on the market.

A powerful influx of new firms and, as a result, increased competition makes existing enterprises seriously think about how not to lose part of their market share and reduce their profits. This leads them to consider the costs of production and sales of products, without analyzing which the existence of a company in modern market conditions becomes not only problematic, but in my opinion even impossible (especially since the laws of the Russian Federation oblige enterprises to keep accounting records). This is obvious, because any analysis of the results of the economic activity of an enterprise is based on data on the costs of production and sales of products.

To date, the topic proposed for consideration is not completely new, although most textbooks do not provide complete and detailed information about it, but contain only parts of it. In my work, I relied mainly on such scientists as: Nikolaeva S. A., Shim J. K. and Abashina A. M. Nevertheless, in my opinion, it is one of the most relevant topics for consideration related to the activities enterprises today and tomorrow too.

The main goal of this course work is to gain knowledge about: production costs, the principles of accounting and control of production costs, the methodology for accounting for production costs and calculating the cost of manufactured products, as well as compiling a support base for further research of the proposed problem in subsequent training courses. The basis of the study was mainly textbooks and workshops on cost accounting at the present stage of market development, a set of regulations and recommendations, as well as a number of journal articles from the main economic periodicals on accounting.

In this paper, an attempt is made to systematize the costs of production, a detailed list of costs included in the cost of manufactured products is given. Also in this work all the main methods of accounting for production costs and calculating the cost of production are presented. A set of formulas for analyzing economic results and calculating the cost of production is given.

After reading the course text itself, you can come to a number of conclusions. Firstly, accounting for production costs is not possible without knowledge of the classification of costs both by economic elements and by costing items. However, knowledge of only these two classifications will not be able to provide an impeccable accounting for production costs; for this, other types of classifications of production costs are given here, as well as a specific list of costs included in one or another classification. Secondly, accounting for production costs is feasible in accordance with the Accounting Regulations, and is carried out according to the chart of accounts of accounting, without the ability to handle this accounting is also not feasible. Thirdly, accounting for production costs can be carried out by several methods, the choice of which depends on the industry in which the enterprise is engaged, the organization of production at this enterprise, the opinion of the administration, market conditions and a number of other factors. Moreover, as it turned out, their joint use is also possible, if circumstances so require, i.e., the use of a mixed method of accounting is a variant of a more profitable business activity of an enterprise. Fourth, keeping records of production costs is a part of accounting, which is mandatory for all legal entities engaged in any type of activity in accordance with the laws of the Russian Federation, which means that the development of industrial relations will push enterprises to keep records more carefully, because it will be all more and more controlled by the state. Fifthly, the production capacity of the enterprise is not always limited by the demand for finished products or any other external factors, but, as a rule, is set by the administration of the enterprise, in accordance with its opinions about the work of this production unit. Sixth, enterprises are constantly forced to look for factors and reserves to reduce the cost of their products in order to get the maximum profit from their activities. All these factors and reserves, as a rule, underlie the planning of the further activities of the enterprise, and their calculations are necessary to build diagrams that clearly demonstrate the prospects for the development of the enterprise. And, finally, it was found that accounting for production costs can only be based on the basic principles of its organization.

List of used literature

1. Androsov A.M. Accounting and reporting in Russia: Prakt. management. - M.: JSC "MENATEP-INFORM", 1994.-576p.

2. Aksenenko A. F. Cost in the industry management system: Accounting and analysis. – M.: Economics, 1984.-167p.

3. Balabanov I. T. Analysis and planning of finances of an economic entity. – M.: Finance and statistics, 1998.-112p.

4. E. V. Barunina, Accounting for costs under market conditions, Bukh. Accounting. - 1992. - No. 4. - with. 24-26

5. Accounting: Textbook. / Ed. A. D. Larionova. -M.: "Prospect", 1999.-392s.

6. Accounting in production, A. M. Abashina, A. A. Makovsky, M. N. Simonova, I. K. Tal’e. - 2nd ed., revised. – M.: Filin, 1998.-374p.

7. Glushkov I. E. Accounting at a modern enterprise. - Novosibirsk: EKOR, 1993.-202p.

8. Zhideleva VV, Kaptein Yu. N. Economics of the enterprise: Textbook / ed. S. B. Svigzova; Syktyvkar state. un-t. - Syktyvkar: Syktyvkar University, 1996.-132p.

9. Kozlova E. P. Accounting in small business: Accountant's workshop / E. P. Kozlova, T. N. Babchenko, E. N. Galanina. - M .: Finance and statistics, 1997.-208s.

10. Kondrakov N. P. Accounting: Textbook. – M.: INFRA-M, 1997.-558s.

11. A. N. Kotaev, “On cost grouping in production accounting,” Bukh. Accounting. – 1994.-№9.-p.15-20

12. Makarieva V. I. Accounting in market conditions: Consultation. – Ed. 2nd, revised. - M .: Finance and statistics, 1993.-80s.

13. Nikolaeva S. A. Features of cost accounting in market conditions: Theory and practice. – M.: Finance and statistics, 1993.-123p.

14. Nikolaeva S. A. Principles of formation and costing. – M.: Analytics-Press, 1997.-144p.

15. Savitskaya GV Analysis of economic activity of the enterprise. - 3rd ed. – Minsk: Ecoperspective, 1999.-498p.

16. Shim D. K. Siegel D. G. Methods of cost management and cost analysis: translation from English. – M.: Filin, 1996.-344p.

When firms went to certain temporary losses in order to somehow break into the market. Then they significantly changed their production, reducing the cost of manufacturing and marketing products.) 2. Accounting for the costs of production and output. The main task of accountants of manufacturing enterprises working in this area of accounting is to calculate the actually spent ...

Management in agricultural organizations for each industry is formed by a specific nomenclature of cost items. Chapter 2 Formation of the costs of auxiliary production by their types of income in the agroindustrial complex system 2.1. Features of technology and cost accounting for crop production Crop production - one of the main and specific branches of agriculture - differs ...

The volume of production at a constant cost of material and labor resources increases only as a result of cost reduction. The development of a plan of organizational and technical measures for the use of intra-production reserves is based on the results of an analysis of their sources and factors affecting technical and economic indicators. The most important sources of reserves include a reduction in material costs and an increase in labor productivity. Of the whole variety of factors affecting technical and economic indicators, the enlarged groups include: increasing the technical level of production, improving the organization of production and labor, changing the volume and structure of the product range, increasing the share of cooperative deliveries, etc.

The reduction of material consumption, or material costs, is one of the most important sources of economic development. High-quality material, rolled products that meet the requirements of dimensional characteristics, professional growth of machine operators - all these factors directly affect the level of metal utilization, which helps to reduce the cost of manufactured products and achieve savings, the amount of which can be calculated using the following formula:

E m \u003d (N o C o / K mo - N 1 C 1 / K m1) Q,

where E m - saving current production costs for raw materials, materials, fuel;

H o, H 1 - material consumption rates before and after the event;

P o, P 1 - the price of a unit of raw materials, material, fuel before and after the event;

K mo, K m1 - coefficient of use of material resources before and after the event;

Q - annual production volume.

Labor productivity, i.e. its effectiveness and efficiency is measured by labor intensity (the time spent on the production of a unit of output) and output (the amount of products produced in a certain period of time). As a result of reducing labor intensity, savings are achieved by reducing labor costs, taking into account additional wages and social security contributions per unit of output, adjusted for the new production volume:

E zn \u003d (t o Ch o / K out - t 1 H 1 / K vn1) K d K str Q 1,

where t o, t 1 is the labor intensity of a product unit before and after the event in standard hours;

P o, P 1 - average hourly tariff rate before and after the event;

K d, K str - coefficients that take into account additional wages and social security contributions;

Q 1 - new production volume.

Savings on depreciation charges as a result of improved use of equipment operating time can be determined by the formula:

E am \u003d [CN a (Q n - Q st)] / Q st,

where C is the initial cost of the equipment;

N a - depreciation rate;

Q n, Q st - the volume of output at the new and old level of use of the operating time of the equipment.

Savings on semi-fixed costs is calculated by the formula:

E up \u003d Z up / Q st (? Q tr +? Q isp)

where Z yn - conditionally fixed costs;

Q st - the volume of production before the implementation of measures to increase labor productivity and improve the use of equipment;

Q tr - increase in production as a result of growth in labor productivity;

Q isp - the increase in production as a result of an increase in the level of use of the operating time of the equipment.

When developing long-term plans to reduce costs, the index method is widely used. In this case, the cost reduction as a result of the use of internal production sources is defined as the sum of the shares of the reduction in the cost of production or costs per 1 ruble. commodity output provided by each source:

cc = 1 + 2 + … + i = i

where i is the share of reducing the cost of production or costs per 1 rub. commercial products of the i-th source;

k - the number of internal production sources, i = 1, 2, 3 ... k.

For example, reducing the cost or cost of 1 rub. marketable output as a result of growth in labor productivity can be calculated by the formula:

s = (1 - J s / J pr) q s,

where s is the share of cost reduction per 1 rub. marketable products or cost;

J s, J pr - index of wage growth and labor productivity (the ratio of wages and labor productivity in the next year to wages and labor productivity in the previous year);

q s - the share of wages in the cost (or costs per 1 rub.) Marketable products.

The savings in absolute terms is equal to:

E \u003d C cc or E \u003d Z tp ss,

where C - the cost of commercial products;

З tp - costs per 1 rub. commodity products.

Example. Let's consider the index method for calculating the cost reduction for internal production sources. For three years, the output of marketable products at the enterprise increased 1.6 times, the share of comparable products amounted to 78.1%, labor productivity increased by an average of 40%, average wages - by 30%, the share of the constant part of shop expenses p. h - by 25%, general factory costs - by 80%, conditionally fixed costs - by 20%, conditionally variable - by 40%, losses from marriage are completely eliminated.

It is necessary to determine the total percentage of cost reduction of comparable marketable products in t + 3rd year according to the norms of the tth and t + 3rd years.

Let's make an auxiliary table 1.

Table 1

Calculation of cost reduction of comparable products

Expenditures	The cost of commercial products at the prices of the t-th year, thousand rubles.	Cost structure in year t, %	Comparable marketable output in year t+3 according to norms and prices, thousand rubles	Savings, thousand rubles	Reducing the cost of comparable commercial products, %

Basic materials
Auxiliary materials
Process fuel
Technological energy
Basic and additional wages of production workers
shop expenses
Factory overhead
Loss from marriage

Comparable commercial output (column 4) in the t-th year is calculated by multiplying the cost of commercial products at the prices of the t-th year (column 2) by the volume of output and the share of comparable commercial products. For example, for basic materials, their cost in the tth year at prices t + 3rd year will be:

Z mt \u003d (Z mt tpPT a cf) / 100 \u003d (100 * 1 * 6 * 78.1) / 100 \u003d 125 thousand rubles.

Other cost items are calculated in the same way. Cost reduction and wage savings are determined by the formula:

s \u003d (1 - J s / J pr) q \u003d (1 - 1.3 / 1.4) 0.1 \u003d 0.714%,

Ez \u003d 37.5 * 0.00714 \u003d 2.7 thousand rubles.

Workshop costs: conditionally fixed - Z c.ps = Z workshop p.h = 100 * 0.25 = 25 thousand rubles; conditional variables - Z c.pr \u003d Z shop (1 - p.h) \u003d 100 - (1 - 0.25) \u003d 75 thousand rubles.

General factory expenses: conditionally fixed - Z z.ps \u003d Z z pz \u003d 40 * 0.8 \u003d 32 thousand rubles; conditional variables - Z c.pr \u003d Z c (1 - pz) \u003d 40 (1 - 0.8) \u003d 8 thousand.

The reduction in the cost of the constant part of shop and general factory expenses will be:

c.z \u003d 1 - J y / J o \u003d 1 - 1.2 / 16 \u003d 0.25%

where J y is the index of growth in the costs of managing a workshop or plant;

J o - index of growth in production volume.

The reduction in the cost of the variable part of workshop and general factory expenses is equal to:

h \u003d 1 - 14 / 16 \u003d 0.25 \u003d 12.5%

Then the amount of savings in shop costs for the constant part:

E c.ps \u003d (Z c.ps c) / 100 \u003d (25 * 25) / 100 \u003d 6.25 thousand rubles.

And the amount of savings in workshop costs for the variable part:

E c.pr \u003d (Z c.pr s) / 100 \u003d (7.5 * 1.25) / 100 \u003d 9.375 thousand rubles.

Total Savings:

E c \u003d E c.ps + E c.pr \u003d 6.25 + 9.375 \u003d 15.625 thousand rubles.

Amount of savings in general factory costs:

for the permanent part:

E z.ps \u003d (Z z.ps z) / 100 \u003d (32 * 25) / 100 \u003d 8.0 thousand rubles.

by variable part:

E s.pr \u003d (Z s.pr s) / 100 \u003d (8 * 12.5) / 100 \u003d 1.0 thousand rubles.

Total Savings:

E o.z \u003d E s.ps + E s.pr \u003d 8.0 + 1.0 \u003d 9.0 thousand rubles.

Gr. 5 + gr.6 = gr. 4; gr.4 * gr. 7/100 = gr. 6.

Factors influencing technical and economic indicators can be combined into the following enlarged groups.

1. Raising the technical level - the process of improving the technical base, the growth of which is achieved as a result of:

Improving the means of labor (the introduction of progressive technology, increasing the share of improved equipment), objects of labor (the use of progressive types of raw materials, materials, energy carriers);

rational use of raw materials, materials;

· mechanization and automation of production processes.

The use of more productive equipment allows you to save wages (live labor) while increasing depreciation (past labor).

Savings from the introduction of productive equipment can be calculated using the following formula:

E pr \u003d [(Z t.s / P st - Z t.s / P n) P n] - [C n A n / P n - C st A st / P st) P n],

where Z t.s - the salary of a machine operator for the year;

P st, P n - performance of old and new equipment;

C st, C n - the initial cost of old and new equipment;

A st, A n - the rate of depreciation when using old and new equipment.

2. Improving the organization of production and labor. This group of factors affects the cost reduction as a result of the specialization of production, the improvement of labor organization and production management, the improvement of logistics and life, the efficient use of the time of machine operators, and the reduction of unnecessary costs. The growth of production volume allows to reduce semi-fixed costs. The cost price is reduced by reducing the current production costs per unit of output before and after organizational and technical measures.

Reducing production costs is a complex process that requires compliance with the planned norms for the expenditure of labor, material and energy resources, efficient use of equipment, and search for reserves to save resources.

The reduction in production costs is achieved as a result of the implementation of measures in the following areas:

The use of resource-saving technologies that ensure the saving of materials and energy, the release of workers;

Strict observance of technological discipline, leading to a reduction in losses from marriage;

Use of technological equipment in cost-effective modes;

Balanced use of production capacities;

Development of an optimal strategy for the technical development of the enterprise, providing a rational level of costs for creating the technical potential of the enterprise;

Increasing the organizational level of production, which entails a reduction in the loss of working time, the duration of the production cycle and, as a result, a reduction in the cost of production and the size of the working capital of the enterprise;

Implementation of effective product quality management systems that enhance competitiveness;

Rationalization of the organizational structure of the production management system, and consequently, reducing management costs, increasing its efficiency.

Reserves for cost reduction are available in all parts of the enterprise, therefore, it is necessary to develop appropriate organizational and technical measures, the implementation of which will make it possible to identify these reserves, reduce the cost of production and, consequently, increase the profit of the enterprise.

The development of a plan of organizational and technical measures for the use of internal production reserves is based on the results of the analysis of their sources, on the relevant engineering solutions, and technical and economic factors. From the whole variety of technical and economic factors, the following enlarged groups can be distinguished:

Raising the technical level of production is a process of changing the technical base of an enterprise. The growth of the technical level can be achieved by improving: the means of labor (the introduction of progressive technology), the objects of labor (the introduction of progressive types of raw materials, materials, energy carriers); introduction of progressive technology, mechanization and automation of production processes.

Improving the organization of production and labor. This group of factors affects the cost reduction as a result of specialization of production, improvement of labor organization, improvement of the organization of production management, improvement of logistics and sales, better use of workers' time, and reduction of unnecessary costs.

The change in production volumes affects the share of semi-fixed costs in the cost of production.

Cost reduction can be achieved through:

Reducing the consumption of materials

where E m is the saving of current production costs for raw materials, materials, fuel; H 0 and H 1 - material consumption rate before and after the implementation of the measure; P 0 and P 1 - the price of a unit of raw materials, material, fuel before and after the implementation of the measure; K M0 and K M1 - the coefficient of use of material resources before and after the implementation of the measure; Q is the annual production volume.

Decrease in wages due to the growth of labor productivity (labor intensity):

where E zp - wage savings; t 0 and t 1 - the labor intensity of a unit of product before and after the implementation of the measure in the standard hour; To ext. , K d. , K p. - coefficients that take into account the implementation of norms, additional wages, social insurance contributions.

Savings on depreciation charges as a result of improved use of equipment operating time:

E am \u003d [F 0 N a (Q n -Q ss)]  Q st,

where Ф 0 - the initial cost of the equipment; H a - depreciation rate; Q n, Q s. - the volume of output at the new and old level of equipment use over time.

Savings on semi-fixed costs (E pack):

where З up - the value of conditionally fixed costs; Q сС is the volume of production before the introduction of measures to increase labor productivity and improve the use of equipment; Q tr - increase in production volume as a result of productivity growth, i.e. Q tr \u003d Q 1 - Q 0, where Q 0 is the volume of production before the implementation of the measure; Q app - growth in production as a result of an increase in the level of use of equipment over time; those. Q app \u003d Q n - Q s.

First of all, engineering personnel should be involved in the search for a reserve for reducing costs.

Profit planning.

Profit is the main factor of economic and social development not only for the enterprise, but also for the country's economy as a whole. Therefore, economically sound profit planning in enterprises is of great importance.

Profit is planned separately by type, namely:

income from the sale of products and goods;

profit from the sale of other products and services of a non-commodity nature;

profit from the sale of fixed assets;

income from the sale of other property and property rights;

profit from payment for work performed and services rendered, etc.;

Profit (loss) from non-operating transactions.

The main methods of profit planning are:

the method of direct counting;

the analytical method;

The method of combined calculation.

Direct Count Method

This method is most common in enterprises in modern business conditions. It is used, as a rule, with a small assortment of products. Its essence is that profit is calculated as the difference between the proceeds from the sale of products in the relevant prices, excluding VAT and excises, and its full cost. The calculation of the planned profit (P) is carried out according to the formula:

P \u003d (O × C) - (O × C),

where O is the volume of output in the planned period in physical terms; C - price per unit of production (net of VAT and excises); C is the total cost of a unit of production.

Profit on commodity output (P TP) is planned on the basis of the cost estimate for the production and sale of products, which determines the cost of commodity output of the planned period:

P tp \u003d C tp - C tp,

where C tp - the cost of commodity output of the planned period in current selling prices (excluding VAT, excises, trade and sales discounts); C tp - the full cost of marketable products of the planned period.

It is necessary to distinguish the planned amount of profit based on commodity output from the profit planned for the volume of products sold. Profit on products sold (P rp) in general terms is calculated by the formula:

P rp \u003d V rp - C rp,

where B rp is the planned proceeds from the sale of products in current prices (excluding VAT, excises, trade and marketing discounts); C rp - the full cost of products sold in the coming period.

In more detail, profit from the volume of products sold in the planned period

P rp \u003d P he + P tp - P ok,

where P he - the amount of profit of the balance of unsold products at the beginning of the planning period; P TP - profit from the volume of output of marketable products in the planned period; P ok - profit from the balance of unsold products at the end of the planning period.

This calculation method is applicable to the enlarged direct method of profit planning, when it is easy to determine the volume of products sold in prices and at cost.

A variation of the direct counting method is the assortment-wise profit planning method. With this method, the profit is summed up for all assortment positions. To the result obtained, profit is added in the balance of finished products that were not sold at the beginning of the planning period.

Analytical Method

This method is used with a large assortment of products, and also as an addition to the direct method, since it allows you to identify the influence of individual factors on the planned profit. With the analytical method, profit is calculated not for each type of product manufactured in the planned year, but for all comparable products as a whole. Profit on incomparable products is determined separately. The calculation of profit by the analytical method includes three successive stages:

1) determination of the basic profitability as a quotient of the expected profit for the reporting year divided by the full cost of comparable marketable products for the same period;

2) calculation of the volume of marketable products in the planning period at the cost of the reporting year and the determination of profit on marketable products based on the basic profitability;

3) taking into account the impact on the planned profit of various factors: reducing the cost of comparable products, improving its quality and grade, changing the assortment, prices, etc.

After performing the calculations for all three stages, the profit from the sale of marketable products is determined.

In addition to profit from the sale of marketable products, profit, as noted earlier, takes into account profit from the sale of other products and services of a non-commodity nature, profit from the sale of fixed assets and other property, as well as planned non-operating income and expenses.

Profit from other sales (products and services of auxiliary agriculture, car fleets, non-industrial services for capital construction, overhaul, etc.) is planned using the direct account method. The result from other implementation can be both positive and negative.

Profit (loss) from traditional items of non-operating income and expenses (fines, penalties, forfeits, etc.) is determined, as a rule, based on the experience of past years.

After calculating the profit (loss) for other activities, as well as non-operating income and expenses, and taking into account the profit from the sale of marketable products, the gross (total) profit of the enterprise is determined.

Combined calculation method

In this case, elements of the first and second methods are applied. Thus, the cost of marketable products in the prices of the planned year and at the cost of the reporting year is determined by the direct calculation method, and the impact on the planned profit of such factors as changes in cost, quality improvement, changes in assortment, prices, etc., is revealed using the analytical method.

Getting a certain amount of profit determines the efficiency of production, but the amount of profit itself does not characterize how efficiently the enterprise works. To do this, it is necessary to “weigh” the mass of profits against the costs of the enterprise. These goals are met by the indicator of profitability.

Profitability is a relative indicator of production efficiency that characterizes the level of return on costs and the degree of use of resources, expressed as a percentage. The basis for constructing profitability ratios is the ratio of profit (most often, net profit is included in the calculation of profitability indicators) either to the funds spent, or to sales proceeds, or to the assets of the enterprise. Thus, the profitability ratios show the degree of efficiency of the company.

The main groups into which profitability indicators can be divided are shown in the table.

The main groups of profitability indicators

Profitability indicators	Calculation formulas	Purpose
Profitability of individual types of products, all marketable products and production	Profit per unit of production / Cost of a unit of Products × 100% Profit per commercial output / Cost of commercial products × 100% Balance sheet (net) profit / Sum of fixed production assets and inventories × 100%	It characterizes the profitability of various types of products, all commercial products and the profitability (profitability) of the enterprise. Serves as the basis for setting prices
Return on sales (sales)	Profit from the sale of products / Revenue from sales × 100% Balance sheet profit / (Net revenue from sales of products + Income from other sales and non-operating operations) × 100%	Shows what percentage of profit the company receives from each ruble of sales. Serves as the basis for the choice of the range of products
Return on assets (capital) Return on current assets Return on net assets	Profit / Total Assets × 100% Profit / Current Assets × 100% Profit / Net Assets × 100%	These comprehensive indicators characterize the return that falls on the ruble of the respective assets. Reflects the effectiveness of the funds invested in the enterprise
Return on equity	Net Income / Equity × 100%	It characterizes the profit that falls on the ruble of equity after paying interest on loans and taxes. Characterizes the return or profitability of own funds

The most commonly used indicators are return on assets (capital), return on net assets, return on equity and return on sales.

In analytical work, the total amount of assets is also often replaced by the value of current assets and the profitability of using the latter is analyzed.

As an indicator of profit, depending on the specific conditions of activity, indicators of profit before tax, profit from ordinary activities or net profit are used.

In foreign practice, profit before tax is most often used as a numerator, and some organizations take net profit into account.

The following indicators are used as assets (the denominator of the formula):

the value of assets on the balance sheet;

· the value of assets on the balance sheet plus depreciation amounts on depreciable assets;

operating assets;

working capital plus non-current assets.

41. Methodology for drawing up a financial plan for an economic entity (balance of income and expenses).

Financial planning is the planning of all its income and directions for spending money to ensure the development of the enterprise. Financial planning is carried out by drawing up financial plans of different content and purpose, depending on the tasks and objects of planning.

Based on this, financial plans can be divided into long-term, current and operational.

An example of a combination of long-term and current planning is a business plan, which is usually developed in developed capitalist countries when creating a new enterprise or justifying the production of new types of products. It is compiled for a period of three to five years, since planned developments for longer periods cannot be reliable.

A business plan is not only a financial plan, it is necessary to develop a financing strategy and attract a specific investor, under certain conditions, to participate in the creation of a new enterprise or financing a new production program.

Drawing up a business plan, of course, contributes to the internal management of the enterprise, as it is developed on the basis of setting goals, methods for their practical implementation, linking financial, material and labor resources.

A professional business plan saves investors' money and reduces the likelihood of bankruptcy. The management of the enterprise is always faced with the need to make a choice. It must select the optimal selling price, make decisions in the field of credit and investment policy, and much more.

It is necessary to achieve such a situation that all the activities of the enterprise as a whole would be profitable and would provide cash receipts in an amount that satisfies the group of persons interested in the results of the enterprise's work (owners, creditors, etc.). The description of the expected results of economic activity for the future period takes place in the preparation of budgets (plans) of the enterprise.

Distinguish between short-term and long-term planning. The significance of some of the decisions that are made extends over the very long term. This applies, for example, to decisions in areas such as the acquisition of fixed capital elements, personnel policy, and the definition of a product range. Such decisions determine the activities of the enterprise for many years to come and should be reflected in long-term plans (budgets), where the level of detail is usually quite low. Long-term plans should be a kind of framework, the constituent elements of which are short-term plans.

Basically, enterprises use short-term planning and deal with a planning period equal to one year. It is impossible to develop general rules that establish the level of detail of the budget. First of all, they depend on how high the level of reliability of the calculations is. In addition, at each particular enterprise, it is necessary to assess the degree of necessary detailing of budgets to ensure coordination of individual planned actions.

Planning occupies an important place in the financial management system. It is in the course of planning that any business entity comprehensively assesses the state of its finances, identifies opportunities for increasing financial resources, and directions for their most effective use.

The object of financial planning is the financial activities of business entities and the state, and the final result is the preparation of financial plans, from the estimate of an individual institution to the consolidated financial balance of the state. Each plan defines income and expenses for a certain period, links with the links of the financial and credit systems (contributions to social insurance contributions, payments to the budget, payment for a bank loan, etc.). All links of the financial system have financial plans, and the form of the financial plan, the composition of its indicators reflect the specifics of the corresponding link in the financial system.

When compiling a balance of income and expenses, the financial department of an enterprise should be guided by some general principles, the observance of which is mandatory in a market economy. Thus, when determining specific directions for the use of financial resources, one should take into account differences in the level of returns received and choose costs that ensure the highest possible profitability; at the same time, financial costs must be correlated with their payback periods. When choosing long-term costs, it is necessary to provide for the most economical methods of financing them. In the course of financial planning, a balance of risks should be ensured, for which costs with a high financial return, but increased risk, should be reasonably combined with investment, and costs, although less profitable, with a guaranteed income. When choosing directions for investing funds and methods for attracting additional financial resources, one should remember about solvency and liquidity in order to prevent the bankruptcy of the enterprise.

When drawing up a balance of income and expenses, it is necessary to take into account inflationary processes that have a strong impact on the activities of the enterprise. Profit from production and economic activities, receipts of depreciation deductions, the cost of capital investments in the production sector and social infrastructure, payments for work performed for the enterprise and services rendered, contributions to the reserve fund are affected by inflation, and therefore the balance of income and expenses must include their corresponding adjustment taking into account the inflation growth index. This is currently not being done for two reasons. Firstly, there are no relevant methodological materials, the only exception is the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation on the recalculation of depreciation charges. Secondly, there are no official statistics and forecasts on the value of inflation coefficients necessary to adjust the financial indicators of the balance of income and expenses of the enterprise.

The financial plan of the enterprise reflects the final results of forecast calculations for the entire range of indicators characterizing the receipt of various types of financial resources and the direction of their use. The balance of income and expenses of an enterprise reflects the content of financial processes that mediate all areas of activity of a business entity, and structurally consists of four sections:

Section 1. "Income and receipts of funds."

Section 2. "Expenses and deductions of funds"

Section 3. "Credit relations of the enterprise with banking institutions".

Section 4. “The relationship of the enterprise with the budget and extra-budgetary funds.

Organizations and institutions engaged in non-commercial activities independently develop their financial plans. At the same time, institutions financed only from budgetary funds draw up cost estimates, and organizations and institutions that meet their needs not only with budget allocations, but also with other types of financial resources, develop cost and income estimates. The main difference between the estimates and the financial plans of enterprises operating on a commercial basis is that the estimates substantiate expenses in more detail, while incomes are reflected only in the context of various sources.

For the preparation of estimates, control figures and economic standards are used as initial data. Check digits may include:

The number and composition of the population served by the institution (contingents);

· the volume and quality of services performed by the institution (for example, the number of patients admitted to polyclinics, the number of graduates from schools, etc.);

· Indicators of technical equipment of institutions and provision of transport;

· indicators of social development of labor collectives of relevant institutions.

The economic standards used in financial planning include the following standards:

budgetary financing of the existing institution;

formation of the wage fund;

· Formation of a fund for industrial and social development;

· Formation of a fund of foreign exchange deductions at the expense of foreign exchange earnings.

The value of the standard of budget financing is determined taking into account scientifically based social norms and standards, the increase in the needs of the population in the appropriate type of social services and should ensure the reimbursement of material and equivalent costs, the formation of funds for the payment of wages, the creation of the necessary material and technical base, social development and material incentives for the workforce. The norms of budget financing of costs serve as the basis for calculating the total amount of financial resources necessary to ensure the activities of the institution, which are associated with the provision of free services to legal entities.

The compiled estimate, in addition to the mandatory details (reflecting the name of the institution; indications of the budget from which the financing comes; signatures of the person who approved the estimate; etc.), includes three major sections:

1 - summary of expenses and incomes;

2 - production indicators;

3 - calculations and justification of expenses and incomes.

The first section on expenses includes:

· Material and equivalent costs.

· Salary fund.

· Fund for industrial and social development.

· Fund of material encouragement.

· Other funds and reserves.

The first income section includes:

· Financing from the budget.

· Additional paid services to the population.

· Provision of services under contracts with organizations and enterprises.

· Other supply.

· Proceeds from the lease of premises, equipment.

The economic and financial activities of public associations combine commercial calculation and estimated financing. This feature is reflected in their financial plans.

42. Methodology for compiling a financial plan for an economic entity

(cash flow plan, credit plan, cash plan).

The final section of the business plan is the financial plan. The financial aspect of the business plan is intended to summarize the materials of the previous sections in cost form. It includes the development of five documents: Balance of income and expenses; Cash flow plan; Credit plan; Payment schedule; cash plan

Ways to reduce the cost of production. The main ways to reduce the cost of production An example of calculating the reduction in the cost of production

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar Documents

Interesting articles

Interesting articles