What is the difference between revenue and net income. Are revenue and turnover the same thing? We understand the financial performance of the company. What is the difference between the concepts

03.03.2020

Profit is one of the main performance indicators of a company. The receipt or absence of profit characterizes the activity of the company as successful or unprofitable. The more profit, the better. This means that the enterprise works perfectly, pays off the costs and, moreover, the entrepreneur who has received a profit can dispose of “free” money: direct it to the further development of the company or spend it on personal needs.

To determine profit, one must know and be able to find such related indicators as costs (otherwise expenses or costs) and revenue (income) of the company. People often do not see the difference between profit and revenue. In addition, profit is divided into types: balance sheet, net, taxable and others. In our article, we will understand the intricacies of this most important indicator for every businessman.

Before explaining what Profit is, it is necessary to distinguish between 2 concepts: revenue and profit.

Article 249 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and comments to it indicate that these are proceeds from the sale (sale or other alienation for compensation) of goods, services, property and property rights, both own and acquired for resale.

An individual entrepreneur (IP) Ivanov purchased a batch of mobile phones Xiaomi in the amount of 10 pieces, at a price of 12 thousand rubles for 1 phone. Within a month, he sold phones at a price of 20 thousand rubles apiece. REVENUE was: 10 * 20,000 = 200,000 rubles. That is, revenue is the income received from the sale and does not take into account expenses.

The entrepreneur spent 10 * 12,000 = 120,000 rubles on the purchase of phones. These are the COSTS that represent .

Now we subtract costs from revenue: 200,000 - 120,000 \u003d 80,000 rubles - this is the PROFIT received by Ivanov from the operation for the purchase and sale of phones.

This example "on the fingers" helps to understand how they find profit. But there are nuances. Profit is classified into different types and depends on the categories of costs, tax burden, and other factors. This will be discussed further.

The concept of "profit" is typical for entrepreneurial activity. This indicator is used in Civil Code of the Russian Federation, at his expense in article 50 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation there is a division legal entities for commercial and non-profit organizations.

Profit appears in federal activity laws production cooperatives, business companies, other business entities, is mentioned in the laws on, on the federal budget.

More precisely, this concept is disclosed in the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Article 247 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation states that the profit received as a result of the activities of the taxpayer is subject to the levy of income tax. Profit is recognized income received, which is reduced by the amount of expenses incurred. What relates to expenses is defined in articles 252-255 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, and is described in detail below.

To clarify: the expenses of the company, which generate profit and are recognized for tax purposes, must satisfy 3 principles:

Be directly related to commercial activities. For example, the Orion company purchased computers for accounting for 150 thousand rubles. This amount is rightly included in the firm's expenses. But 10 thousand rubles spent on an aquarium with fish in the same accounting department cannot be attributed to expenses aimed at implementing commercial activities.

Expediency of expenses from the economic point of view is necessary. So, if 3 full-time accountants work in the accounting department of Orion LLC, then the purchase of 5 computers will be an unjustified waste of financial resources.

Documentary evidence of expenses is required. If in the same LLC they lost the invoice for the purchase of 1 of 3 computers, and it is impossible to confirm the purchase, then the cost of such technical means will not be recognized in order to reduce the tax base.

What are the types of profit

Two main approaches to determining profit are used, they find:

book profit,
economic profit.

What is accounting profit

This view is based on the firm's actual accounting data. Accounting profit is the difference between the income and expenses of the enterprise for a specific period of time. Here accounting (explicit, or, in other words, external) expenses of the company are taken into account.

Accounting profit = Revenue - accounting (explicit) expenses

These expenses include:

the salary of the personnel of the enterprise;
funds spent on equipment, buildings, structures, machine tools;
depreciation of fixed assets;
payment of transport costs;
payment costs utilities, electricity;
payments to suppliers of raw materials, other material services;
payment for intermediary, insurance, banking services.

The difference from accounting is that alternative (implicit, or internal) costs are additionally included in the costs. These are the costs at which, presumably, the firm could make a large profit from its own resources.

When calculating this type of profit, those lost costs are taken into account, which, with more rational use the resources available to the firm would bring additional benefits.

Find economic profit using the following formula:

Economic Profit = Revenue - (External + Internal Costs)

You can also calculate in another way:

Economic profit = Accounting profit - internal (implicit) costs

Here's an example:

Businessman Petrov took a loan from a bank and opened a production workshop for the manufacture of sawn furniture. The premises are owned by the entrepreneur. Explicit costs include: wages for the designer and two workers, depreciation of the computer and 2 sawing machines, monthly utility bills, loan interest, and material purchases. For a month, these expenses amount to 200 thousand rubles. On average, Petrov receives orders for 300 thousand rubles a month.

Let's find profit indicators:

Accounting profit will be equal to: 300,000 - 200,000 \u003d 100,000 rubles.

If Petrov rented out the premises of the workshop, this would bring 40 thousand rubles a month. Working at the plant in his main specialty - a foreman in setting up machine equipment - he could receive 25 thousand rubles a month. These are implicit benefits, or internal costs.

Thus, the economic profit is: 300,000 - (200,000 + 40,000 + 25,000) = 35,000 thousand rubles.

It is obvious from the example that the accounting profit in this case is greater than the economic one. This suggests that the entrepreneurial activity of IP Petrov brings more benefits and advantages than the absence of such.

If we assume that the prices for renting the workshop premises have risen from 40 to 80 thousand rubles a month, and Petrov received an offer from his previous job to become a foreman of equipment adjusters with an income of 50 thousand rubles, then the economic profit will be: 300,000 - (200 + 80 + 50) = - 30,000 thousand rubles.

A negative indicator reflects the inexpediency of the business, in which case Petrov should have rented out the premises and gone to work as a foreman at the plant.

With negative economic profit options are being considered for repurposing or closing their own business.

Complementing the analysis of accounting and economic profit is a closely related indicator called "normal profit". This type of profit is used in investment activities to assess the effectiveness of investing in specific business.

Normal profit

Normal profit is said to appear when the economic profit is zero. This equilibrium is reached when the company's total revenue equals total costs.

In the example with IP Petrov, a normal profit will be received with a number of orders in the amount of 265 thousand rubles, while the value of economic profit is zero, and the company's expenses are fully consistent with income. Everything that Petrov earned above this level, and this is 300 thousand - 265 thousand = 35 thousand rubles - is "surplus profit".

The excess over the level of normal profit reflects the positive dynamics of the enterprise. A value below the level of normal profit characterizes the profit as negative, and the company's activity as unprofitable.

What does this mean for the investor? The most direct. Achieving the level of normal profit characterizes the business as attractive enough for investment.

If the profit exceeds the normal rate, then investing in it makes sense and is beneficial for the investor.

If the return is less than normal, the investor loses income and may decide to withdraw the funds from the business and redirect them in another direction.

Video: Economic and accounting profit

Additional classification of the organization's profit

There is another gradation based on the inclusion in the calculation of various receipts and expenses of the company. Let's take a closer look at this classification:

Gross profit

It is an indicator of the return on the production or sale of goods, the provision of services and is directly related to the costs of such operations. This does not take into account the costs of management and marketing, advertising, sales of products (commercial expenses). That is, gross profit reflects the receipts that arose as a result of the turnover of goods or the production cycle of the production of products of the enterprise. It is most often used by the management of the enterprise when planning future revenues and costs. Production costs are not constant, they can change, so the estimate is made for a short period, for example, for a financial year.

Gross profit is calculated based on the financial results obtained by the enterprise and reflected in the financial statements, namely in the "Profit and Loss Statement".

It is determined by the following formula:

Gross profit \u003d Revenue - Cost

Revenue does not include other income, for example:

sale of fixed assets: equipment, buildings, structures;
from the sale of securities;
gratuitous receipt of property as a result of donation;
fines or penalties paid by counterparties for violations of contractual obligations.

There are exceptions when, for example, the sale of equipment is fixed in the accounting policy as one of the main activities, in which case such transactions will be included in the calculation of gross profit.

The cost price is also found only on the basis of production costs, or those that are aimed at selling goods or providing services.

So, in a manufacturing organization, to calculate gross profit, the following costs are included in the cost:

for raw materials, inventories, working tools;
fuel and energy costs;
for depreciation and maintenance of machine tools and equipment;
on the salary of the main personnel, taking into account the required contributions to the funds: pension, medical and social insurance.

AT trading company The cost is made up of the following expense items:

for the purchase of goods for subsequent resale;
for the salary of employees, with deductions to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, the Social Insurance Fund, the Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund;
rent payments for the rent of retail space, security.

For the 1st quarter of 2019, the Melange confectionery earned 650 thousand rubles. In addition to the owner of the business, the company employs 2 bakers and a salesperson, and a freelance accountant conducts bookkeeping. The accounting policy states that the purchase of raw materials and inventories, as well as the salary of employees, are included in the cost price.

During this period, the owner decided to sell 1 out of 2 dough mixers, due to the insufficient workload of two devices. The sale of the dough mixer brought in 300 thousand rubles, but this amount is not included in the calculation of gross profit, since such a transaction does not apply to the main activity of the company.

Let's find the cost of production: 175 + 15 + 110 + 24 + 60 + 25 = 409 thousand rubles.

The gross profit of Melange for the 1st quarter was: 650 - 409 = 241 thousand rubles.

The profit from the sale of products in production is the same as the profit received from sales in a trade enterprise or in the provision of services.

This is a more in-depth indicator than the balance sheet income, it allows the company's management to evaluate how effective the production or sale of products is, taking into account selling and management costs. The amount of profit from sales affects enterprises, that is, the ability to cover current and repay unforeseen expenses that may arise at any time.

It is found by the following formula:

Profit from sales (sales) = Gross profit - administrative and selling expenses

Selling and administrative costs are included in the general costs associated with the ordinary activities of the company. Some of them are related to the cost of goods produced or sold.

In fact, the tax legislation and other regulatory acts of the authorities do not give a specific concept of such expenses. There is a generally accepted norm, and each enterprise in its accounting policy, at its discretion, assigns part of the costs to managerial or commercial items of expenditure, then they are reflected in the necessary accounting accounts.

It is customary to attribute to management costs those costs of the enterprise that do not directly relate to the production or sale of goods, the provision of services.

This includes:

Commercial expenses include those that are included in the cost of production and are directly related to the main activities of the company, for example:

In continuation of our example, we will determine the profit from the sale of the Melange confectionery for the 1st quarter of 2019. To do this, we will subtract commercial (costs for the delivery of raw materials, packaging and advertising) and management costs from the gross profit received.

241 - (8 + 12 + 25 + 15) \u003d 241 - 60 \u003d 181 thousand rubles - amounted to profit from sales.

Profit before tax

This is the value that is the base, or the basis on which income tax is calculated. It represents an interim financial result, when all receipts and all expenditures of the enterprise's funds are taken into account before taxes are paid. It is found like this:

Profit before tax = Revenue + Other income - Cost of sales - Selling expenses - Administrative expenses - Other expenses

In the accounting standards specially developed by the Ministry of Finance and the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, namely in the “Accounting Regulations” 9/99 No. 32n and 10/99 No. 33n, other income and expenses include funds received or retired at the expense of:

provision of the company's assets for temporary disposal;
paid transfer of intellectual property rights;
sale or write-off of fixed assets, non-financial assets (except for goods);
interest on loans;
accrual of penalties, penalties for non-fulfillment of contractual obligations;
charity;
other than the main activity.

In our example, for the 1st quarter of 2019, the confectionery received other income from the sale of a dough mixer in the amount of 500 thousand rubles. There were no other miscellaneous expenses for this period in the company.

Profit before tax will be equal to: 650,000 + 300,000 - 175 - 15 - 110 - 24 - 60 - 25 - 8 - 12 - 25 - 15 = 481 thousand rubles - this amount serves as a tax base for paying income tax.

Net profit

This is free cash remaining at the disposal of the company after all taxes and deductions. Calculating net profit, the accountant summarizes the activities for the reporting period. The result obtained is evaluated by the management and the owner of the business in order to further channel the profits to the development and expansion of production, the purchase of modern machinery and equipment, and the introduction of new technologies. Investors assess their prospects for investing in the company by the amount of net profit. If the company is solvent, banks agree to issue loans. A good net profit of the company attracts business partners to mutually beneficial cooperation.

How to calculate net income? It is found from the total amount of income of the enterprise for a specific period, taking into account all expenses incurred. At this stage, extraordinary incomes or expenses are added to the previously considered receipts and disposals of funds. These are the consequences of force majeure situations (fires, floods, man-made disasters, terrorist acts), due to which the company incurs losses or receives insurance compensation.

The formula for net profit is:

Net income = Profit before tax + extraordinary income - extraordinary expenses - income tax

In 2020, legal entities pay tax at the basic rate of 20% (except for preferential categories), of which 3% goes to federal budget, and 17% - to the budget of the region at the location of the taxpayer-legal entity. Thus, the Melange confectionery is obliged to pay to the budget: 481,000 * 20% = 96,200 rubles.

The calculation of the net profit of the Melange company is as follows: 481,000 - 96,200 \u003d 384,800 rubles.

balance sheet profit

The balance sheet profit is reflected in the main documents of the organization's financial statements - Form No. 1 "Balance Sheet" and Form No. 2 "Financial Results Statement". It is determined by increasing for 1 quarter, half a year, 9 months, a year. This parameter is evaluated in dynamics, that is, for different periods of time, for example, the indicators of the previous and current years are compared. At the same time, various balance sheet items are analyzed, factors that influenced the decrease in profits are monitored. If the profit plan is not met, the business owner can assess the reasons for this and take measures to improve the financial and economic situation.

The balance sheet profit is found by the formula:

Balance sheet profit = Operating income + Other income – Operating expenses – Other expenses

Many enterprises - representatives of small businesses - use simplified reporting and are not required to draw up form No. 1, therefore they do not use the concept of balance sheet profit.

In our example, the balance sheet profit of the Melange confectionery will coincide with profit before taxes and will amount to 481 thousand rubles.

Operating profit

This indicator is used by companies in Europe and America, and is less common in Russian accounting practice.

In English, operating income is called EBIT - Earnings Before Interest and Taxes - literally: earnings before taxes and interest on borrowed funds. Find it like this:

Operating profit (EBIT) = Gross profit - Selling expenses - Management expenses - Other expenses + Other income + Interest payable

In other words:

Operating profit = Balance sheet profit + Interest payable

It makes sense to calculate this indicator if the interest on credit obligations is high. If there are none or the percentage of loan payments is insignificant, operating profit will be equal to the balance sheet or profit before tax. That is, the dependence of the enterprise on creditors is reflected. Mainly, operating income is of interest to investors and other stakeholders as an opportunity to assess the financial condition and value of the company.

Marginal profit

There is also such a thing as marginal profit. It is equivalent to gross or book profit, but there are differences in economic importance these quantities.

Marginal profit is found as the difference between the company's revenue from its core activities and part of the costs, called variables. These include expenses that directly depend on the volume of manufactured products and are not allocated in a separate category in Russian accounting, but are included in the cost price.

Profit margin = Revenue from core activities - Variable costs (Cost)

Marginal profit is good because it helps to calculate profit not only in relation to the total volume of goods produced, but also in the context of a particular type of goods or per unit of production.

Marginal profit per unit of production \u003d Selling price of goods (one trade item) - Cost of a unit of goods (one trade item)

For example, in the Melange confectionery they produce cakes and you need to find out which one is the most cost-effective.

The smallest marginal profit comes from the Brownie cake, knowing this allows the owner to confectionery shop re-plan production. You can remove this nomenclature from production or increase the final price for it.

Marginal profit is of interest to investors when planning new projects and investments in investment areas.

Factors affecting profit

Any enterprise constantly interacts with various phenomena that can positively or negatively affect the result of the company's activity - profit. This influence can be external, independent of the enterprise itself, and internal, when a change in the situation within the company can increase or, conversely, reduce business efficiency.

What can be external factors influencing profit

We list the main external factors:

Inflation.

In conditions of economic instability, high growth rates do not allow the enterprise to develop, the priorities are aimed only at “staying afloat”. Inflation "eats" all savings, the entrepreneur has no opportunity for capital investment in production.

Increasing tax rates, changing the preferential taxation policy.

In 2018, a single tax on imputed income was increased by 3.9%, which is actively used by small businesses. At the same time, at the regional level, privileges on the tax on movable property of legal entities were canceled. It is clear that such changes can negatively affect profitability, especially in small businesses.

Adoption at the state level of legislative acts relating to business issues.

For example, the law obliging all entrepreneurs (with some exceptions) to use online cash registers since July 2018. Thus transparency of payments is achieved and immediate receipt of information in tax office. On the other hand, many representatives of small businesses, especially in the regions and on the periphery of the Russian Federation, are not able to financially pull the introduction and maintenance of new technologies, so the small profit of such companies can go negative.

Change in the cost of raw materials and materials.

Obviously, the increase in the cost of production resources affects the increase in cost, and entails an increase in the cost of the final product. This, in turn, reduces the volume of sales, that is, it will negatively affect the size of the company's profit. Conversely, the conclusion of a contract for the supply of affordable raw materials (subject to the quality of resources) will expand production or change the pricing policy of the company. Such measures can attract buyers and increase profits.

market situation.

Profit is influenced by the number of producers and consumers in the market, the possibility of entering the market, high or low in the industry.

This is where creating a unique selling proposition can help. The buyer needs to offer a new interesting product that will be in demand. For example, in the Melange confectionery they bake personalized children's cakes. This idea attracted many mothers to order such cakes for the birthday of their child in this pastry shop.

No less than external factors, the size of profit is also influenced by the situation developing within the enterprise. There are the following internal factors:

Company turnover.

An increase in the number of products produced at a constant cost can lead to an increase in profits. But first you need to predict the demand for the product, or find additional distribution channels.

Expansion of the commodity nomenclature.

A wide range of products gives the buyer a choice. If you rely on the quality and prestige of certain types of goods, you can attract buyers with a high level of income.

High level professionalism and quality of service

This factor is very important. Personal qualities of service personnel in a trading company or managers manufacturing enterprises affect the attraction of customers or their departure due to the inept work of the firm's employees.

Technical equipment

Modern equipment helps to save time and speeds up the process of product development, which positively affects the company's turnover.

The business reputation of the firm.

If the company has made a name for itself, the owner values business reputation, business partners will be interested in cooperation with this particular company. When a company has proven itself from the best side, customers become regular and bring relatives and friends. This increases the demand for products and profits.

External and internal factors influencing profits must be analyzed at all stages of the company's activities.

Why you need to calculate and evaluate the company's profit

Various situations may arise when it is necessary to estimate profit:

1 To find out how the company has fulfilled the profit plan, whether the reality matches expectations. At the beginning of work or at the start of a project, a business plan is drawn up, in which a development forecast is made, costs and profits are calculated, and deadlines for the completion of work are assumed. In the business plan, they try to take into account all possible factors influencing the development of the enterprise.

Having calculated the real, after all the necessary deductions and payments, that is, net, profit, it is compared with the planned one, and conclusions are drawn. If the profit is less than originally expected, the manager or owner of the business can understand what was done wrong, what decisions are wrong.

2 Determine reserves for further profit growth. If during the calculation it became clear that the cost of production is high, then you need to look for new suppliers of raw materials. Reducing costs at a constant price will lead to an increase in profits. Development of marketing activities: advertising and promotions, product presentations will attract the attention of buyers to the company and products. Sometimes new packaging helps to increase interest in a product.

3 Adjust the company's development strategy (develop successful areas). The calculation and evaluation of profit indicators will help you decide in which direction to move forward in order to increase the profitability of the company. For example, if it is revealed that one of the types of products makes little or no profit, this is an occasion for management to think about whether it is necessary to produce this product, is it not better to remove it from production, and use the freed resources to produce more profitable and demanded products from buyers.

Profits and taxation

Any company operating in Russia is required to pay income tax. This is stated in Chapter 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

The object for paying tax is the profit received for a specific period as the difference between income and expenses.

Income is taken into account:

from product sales own production;
from the resale of purchased goods;
from the sale of property and securities;
costs not related to implementation (non-operating). They are spelled out in Article 250 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and they include, for example, income from the rental of property, property or work (services) received free of charge, exchange differences, and income from previous years.

Expenses accepted for tax purposes include:

for raw materials and materials;
employee salaries;
depreciation deductions;
other expenses;
non-operating costs, for example: the cost of issuing securities, legal costs.

If the firm did not make a profit, but a loss, then the tax base is considered equal to zero.

Income tax is calculated at the basic rate of 20%.

Preferential rates are set at 0% - for medical, educational and social institutions, as well as for income from equity participation in other organizations, and when receiving dividends.

13% is paid by those Russian legal entities that received dividends (except in cases of taxation at a zero rate), and income from shares certified by depositary receipts.

Features of taxation at a rate of 0% are disclosed in article 284 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

15% is paid by foreign companies on dividends received on shares of Russian companies, in accordance with Article 275 of the Russian Tax Code.

Income tax is charged for a quarter, half a year, 9 months (these are reporting periods) and is displayed on an accrual basis for a year (this is a tax period).

Enterprises are required to make monthly or quarterly income tax payments to the budget, the tax for the year is transferred before the end of the 1st quarter of the year following the reporting year. Simultaneously with the payment of the tax, the corresponding tax declaration is also submitted.

Answers on questions

What is the difference between profit and profit

In a general sense, income is all the financial receipts of an enterprise from various operations, including non-production ones. Whereas revenue is cash received only from the production or sale of goods, that is, from the main activity. Both revenue and income reflect financial influences in the company, while profit is formed taking into account both receipts Money and their spending. Thus, income and revenue serve as the basis for calculating profit, this final measure of the firm's performance.

Is it possible to include in the income tax expenses the passage of a training session by an employee of the company?

Article 264 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation states that advanced training courses are included in expenses. At the same time, an agreement is concluded with the organization implementing the training program, and a certificate is issued upon completion of the training. If these conditions are not met, then training costs cannot be recognized for tax purposes.

Employees of the company spent the weekend resting at a recreation center outside the city; a bus was ordered for the trip on behalf of the organization. Can the money spent on transportation be included in the expenses?

The Tax Code of the Russian Federation unequivocally gives a negative answer, since such expenses are not related to the official activities of the company.

How to correctly attribute the payment for mobile communications to expenses?

Payments to mobile operators are included in the management costs of the enterprise. In order to prove to the tax authorities the validity of these costs, it is better to officially approve the list of employees who will use mobile communications in their work. To confirm the use not for personal purposes, but for commercial activities, order call details from the operator.

Remember

Profit is the main component of any business. Without it, the meaning of entrepreneurship is lost, if we do not keep in mind the first steps of the existence of commercial activity. A negative result is possible at the very beginning of the project, in the future it is an indicator of the adoption of incorrect management decisions, the inexpediency of spending material resources and financial assets of the company.
Each owner seeks to achieve economic solvency, freedom to dispose of profits. But for this, you first need to get it, and then learn how to count.
The calculation of business profitability indicators is based on revenue, that is, those incomes received from the sale or production of products, as well as related costs. These expenses must be directly related to the activities of the company, be justified and documented.
There can be a great variety of both income and expenses in a company. Based on these differences, gross, balance sheet, accounting, economic, operating, net and other types of profit are determined.
Each of them can be used by the head of the enterprise, its owners and investors, shareholders of the company. Inspecting and regulatory authorities, counterparties and partners of the company can understand how effective the business is, how to build a strategy further development whether the dividends will be high, whether the reporting is transparent and whether it is worth maintaining partnerships with this company.
Each entrepreneur is obliged to pay income tax deductions to the budget on time. This is usually 20%, but reduced rates apply.
The formation of profitability is influenced by various factors, both internal and external. The instability of the political or economic situation, high inflation, the introduction of legislative initiatives that restrict or support business development, competition, technological innovations - this is not a complete list of factors affecting the company's activities. Properly using the changes and fluctuations of the internal and external environment, the owner or manager of the business can maximize profits.

We recently conducted a study and found that more than 50% of our clients in small and micro businesses do their own bookkeeping. The advantages are obvious - savings. There may not be any cons if the entrepreneur understands financial and accounting. Sometimes this is critical.

Here is a real-life case that illustrates well the importance financial literacy entrepreneur. Once, when filling out the balance sheet, the business owner indicated the balance of funds in the account, the cost of goods, the amount of receivables and payables, and in fixed assets wrote the words: “Nissan”.

Do you think that the entrepreneur's assets and liabilities converged, and what would the tax authority say about this?

Confusion in terms can lead to overpayments or arrears, which threaten tax penalties. Everyone should understand well and be able to distinguish from each other the main indicators of financial activity: revenue, profit, income, turnover and turnover.

Revenue, income and gross margin

Revenue- the amount of money received from the sale of goods, works, services. It can be determined by the “on shipment” method, that is, at the time of actual shipment of the goods or the provision of services, or it can be by the “cash” method, that is, at the time of receipt of payment. In addition to funds received directly from the sale of goods and services, it may also include income from the sale of valuable assets and other receipts.

According to the accounting regulations income an organization recognizes an increase in economic benefits as a result of the receipt of assets (cash, other property) and (or) the repayment of liabilities, leading to an increase in the capital of this organization, with the exception of contributions from participants (property owners)”.

Revenue is an indicator of financial well-being and the starting point for calculating the profit of an enterprise. It can be zero or positive, but never negative.

The concepts of "revenue" and "turnover" are generally identical. At the same time, “turnover” can often be used to refer to the non-cash turnover of the company, that is, the receipt of funds to the current account for goods, works and services sold.

In any case, both revenue, and income, and turnover are "gross" characteristics that do not take into account the costs (expenses) of the company.

Gross profit equal to the difference between revenue and expenses (costs) for the main activity (cost of goods or services sold). The financial result, which takes into account expenses in all areas of the company's activities, is called net profit (positive financial results) or net loss (negative).

Company turnover, trade turnover and revenue

Often confusion arises in the concepts of "turnover" and "turnover". We have already found out that turnover companies are the money that an enterprise has, this term refers to the economy. Turnover is a concept from the field of accounting, it denotes the amount of funds received from the sale of goods or services.

Trade turnover should be distinguished from proceeds - in addition to direct income from trade, it may include other types of income and income from the sale of property. Thus, the revenue can be either greater than the turnover, or equal to it.

In addition, it is important whether you calculate revenue on an accrual basis or on a cash basis. As mentioned earlier, in the first case, income or expenses are taken into account in the period to which they relate, in the second - when they are directly paid. If the sale is made in installments or deferred payment, then, in the case of cash settlement, revenue and turnover may also differ.

The difference between profit and turnover

If there is nothing wrong with calling revenue turnover, then it is very important to distinguish profit from turnover, for example, in order not to overpay income tax.

Thus, the concept of "turnover" characterizes how much money the company has in principle, and profit is how much money the company can invest in its own development.

The difference between expense and loss

Expenses are all the money a company spends to produce and sell its product. These include material costs, salaries and other payments to employees, the cost of repairing equipment and premises, rent, taxes.

When expenses exceed the income of the company, there is a loss.

Many people think that "profit" and "revenue" is the same thing. However, there are many differences between these two financial concepts. Both "profit" and "revenue" are financial and business terms. Their meanings are close to each other because they are often used in the same context. Both of these terms are used in accounting and economic disciplines.

Revenue is the total amount of money that a business receives as a result of its activities, such as the sale of a product or service, but can also be received indirectly. A business can receive indirect income by investing money in something.

Profit

On the other hand, profit or net income is the money that remains in the business after deducting all costs and expenses from the revenue. Litigation and expenses include operating costs (salary, maintenance of equipment, safety, raw materials costs and many others), depreciation and capital. Costs can be divided into different types (usually in tandem) and include fixed and variable costs, direct and indirect costs, etc. Profits can be classified as positive or negative (plus or minus).

The difference between revenue and profit

For an ordinary employee, profit and revenue are one and the same. If an employee received a salary, this is his profit and revenue, because all taxes and pension payments are automatically deducted from wages employees, so what the employee receives in his hands is the balance after all deductions.

They are also calculated differently. Profit is calculated by subtracting costs and expenses from total revenue. Revenue is calculated by multiplying the price by the number of units sold.

In economics, profit and revenue have a broader meaning. Economics looks at the profits and income of an entire industry or an entire country. This perspective allows a country or industry to evaluate growth or decline.

basic information

“Profit” and “revenue” are concepts used in business, finance and economics, it is money or its equivalent received by an economic entity (business, company or government) or individual(workers).
Both concepts are used for different levels: personal, business and national. Accounting generally uses the personal and business levels to calculate profits and revenues. The economy counts nationally or globally.
“Revenue” is generated after a business produces and sells goods and services. Revenue is calculated by multiplying the price by the number of units sold. Profit is calculated after all deductions and expenses are calculated.
Profit and revenue are constantly involved in the production cycle. "Revenue" is the starting point for profit, and profit provides cash for the next cycle of production and increase in revenue.

Income - cash or material values received by the company as a result of economic activity (production and sale of goods and services) for a certain period of time.

Firm income- an increase in economic benefits as a result of the receipt of assets (cash, other property) and (or) the repayment of obligations, leading to an increase in the capital of this organization, with the exception of contributions from participants (property owners). Income from ordinary activities is revenue from the sale of goods and services.

There are 3 forms of cash income of the enterprise:

wages as an employee's income;

profit- as an entrepreneur's income;

percent as income on money capital (borrowed or granted credit).

Each of these forms of income rewards the productive efforts of the corresponding economic entity, ensures the reproduction of the system of economic needs and interests, and together they act in market economy a material source, an incentive economic motive for the effective use of abilities for work, means of production (fixed capital), money capital.

Income there is a monetary assessment of the results of the company (or individual) in the form of a sum of money coming into its direct disposal. Income reflects the economic performance of the company's economic activities and is the main source of financial resources. The income of the company consists of two parts:

from proceeds from the sale of products (goods or services). It represents a certain amount of cash from the main activities of the company, the end result of which is manufactured and sold products or services rendered (work performed), paid by the buyer or customer;

from non-operating income , which are side financial receipts of the firm. They are not directly related to the main production activity. Their sources are: dividends on invested shares or acquired shares and other securities; fines received from counterparties; penalties, forfeits, interest for keeping money in a bank and other income.

Distinguish general,average and ultimate income.

Total (cumulative, or gross) income - is the total amount of money received from the sale of a certain amount of goods. It is determined by multiplying the price of a product by the number of units sold.

Average income - this is the proceeds from the sale of a unit of production, i.e., the gross income per unit of products sold. It acts as the price per unit for the buyer and as income per unit for the seller. Average income is the quotient of total income divided by the number of products sold. At a constant price, the average income is equal to the selling price.

Marginal (additional) income is the additional income to the total income of the firm, received from the production and sale of an additional unit of goods. Marginal revenue is defined as the difference between the total revenue from the sale of n+1 units of a product and the total revenue from the sale of n products.

Marginal revenue makes it possible to judge the efficiency of production, as it shows the change in income as a result of an increase in output and sales of products by an additional unit. It also allows you to assess the possibility of payback for each additional unit of output. In combination with the indicator of marginal cost, it serves as a cost guide for the possibility and expediency of expanding the volume of production of a given firm.

Looking at the total, average, and marginal revenues of a firm tells us nothing about the profits the firm is hoping for. Meanwhile, any firm not only expects to make a profit, but also seeks it. maximize. But profit maximization is not based on the principle "the greater the output, the greater the profit." To maximize profits, a firm must produce and sell optimum production volume.

Profit - a positive difference between total income (which includes proceeds from the sale of goods and services, received fines and compensation, interest income, etc.) and the costs of production or acquisition, storage, transportation, marketing of goods and services.

The profit of any firm can be calculated on the basis of two indicators:

1) total income (total revenue) received by the firm from the sale of its products;

2) total costs , which the company bears in the process of production of these products.

Profit = Revenue − Costs (in monetary terms).

According to the volume of distribution costs, there are:

accounting profit - the difference between the amount of income taken into account and what is considered expenses (current costs); then. it is equal to the total revenue minus external (explicit, actual) costs;

economic profit - a more informal indicator - is the remainder of total income after deducting all (including opportunity) costs (external, internal and entrepreneur's normal profit– a minimum wage for remuneration of entrepreneurial functions as an element of internal costs along with internal rent and internal wages); the difference between accounting profit and additional costs, such as: uncompensated own costs of the entrepreneur, not included in the cost, sometimes even “lost profits”, the cost of “stimulating” officials in corruption conditions, additional bonuses to employees, etc.

They also count gross (balance sheet, total) profit and clean profit - remaining after payment of taxes and deductions from gross profit. Economic profit is also sometimes referred to as clean , meaning by this income minus absolutely all costs.

Economic profit differs from accounting profit in that its calculation takes into account the cost of using all long-term and other interest-bearing liabilities, and not just the cost of paying interest on borrowed funds, as is the case when calculating accounting profit. That is, accounting profit exceeds economic profit by the value of opportunity costs or the costs of rejected opportunities.

Economic profit makes it possible to compare the profitability of the invested capital of an enterprise with the minimum return required to justify the expectations of investors, and also to express the resulting difference in monetary units.

Economic profit serves as a criterion for the efficiency of resource use. Its positive value shows that the company has earned more than is required to cover the cost of the resources used, therefore, additional value has been created for investors, founders. In the case of the opposite situation, this indicates that the organization was unable to cover the cost of using the attracted resources. The lack of economic profit can cause capital outflow from the enterprise, and the option of leaving the enterprise from the market is also being considered.

The essence of profit is most fully manifested in its functions .

Profit accounting function comp. that profit is the most important criterion for the effectiveness of a firm's entrepreneurial activity.

Incentive profit function is that profit is a powerful generator of the economy, because the increase in profit depends on the number of products produced, the technical organization of production, sales volume, and the rate of capital turnover.

essence distribution function of profit consists in the fact that it serves as a source of accumulation and development of production, a source of material incentives for workers. In a market economy, profit is the basis for the development of an entrepreneurial firm.

The amount of profit characterizes the success of doing business, making a profit is usually the main goal and driving motive of all types of entrepreneurship.

Profit is a source of financing for an enterprise, as well as a source of formation of budgets of different levels and a condition for the company to engage in charity work.

Profit is calculated as the difference between income and production costs, where income is an indicator of the financial performance of the enterprise, which reflects all financial receipts of the company, including manufactured and sold products paid for by the customer.

Costs are the costs of producing and selling products.

The profit indicator consists of three components:

profit from the sale of products is calculated as the difference between the funds received from the sale of goods (revenue) and the full cost of production;
profit from the sale of various property and material assets;
profit from non-realization of operations - funds received from the non-core activities of the company (securities, dividends, proceeds from the lease of property and other activities).

If the profit of the enterprise is reduced to zero, then the result economic activity are costs.

Marginal profit is obtained by selling an additional copy of the product.

A high rate of such profit may not always show a really high profit.

Profit can be effectively managed only when not only accounting for funds by increasing the total cost of sales with a stable level of costs, but the maximum amount of profit that can be achieved under the prevailing conditions.

It should be remembered that setting a low price can undermine the profitability of a product or service. It is recommended to practice lowering the price policy for a short time and in a small amount of goods, otherwise in great demand the profitability of the enterprise as a whole will fall on such a product.

In order for a product or service not to fall in price, it is recommended to offer customers simpler analogues. Such a step helps to maintain the price distance and the attractiveness of products.

Types of profit

Profit is classified depending on the conditions of its formation. There are several types of profit.

Depending on the distribution costs:

accounting- profit received as the difference between the income from the sale and expenses (costs);
economic- profit received as the difference between accounting profit and additional costs (including costs that are not taken into account in the cost of production).

According to the final result of the company's economic activity:

normative(provided) - the minimum profit that allows you to ensure financial stability enterprises;
maximum possible(or the minimum allowable) - the profit received when minimal cost and maximum revenue
unreceived(lost profit) or loss - income that is not received due to violations of an obligation by the other party.

By the nature of taxation:

taxable- profit, which is subject to taxation in accordance with the law, is the difference between the total income from the sale of goods and non-sales operations, excluding losses of the previous period.

Tax free income- income received as a result of operations regulated by Article 251 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

What is income?

Income represents the revenue received for a certain period as a result of the sale of goods and services, excluding material costs. Taxes are also deducted from this amount in accordance with the law.

Under the material costs refers to the amount spent on the production of products. Depreciation of fixed assets, social contributions and other costs, with the exception of wages, are also equated to such costs.

The constituent elements of income are profits and labor costs. The amount of income directly depends on market value product and market conditions.

Income does not include receipts from individuals and legal entities. If the income is taxable, then the amount that remains after paying the tax is divided into the following components:

consumption funds - costs for the social sphere (remuneration of employees);
investment income - the amount received as a result of investment activities;
insurance income - the cost of insurance premiums.

Income is classified according to costs.

Marginal revenue is calculated as the amount by which the total income of an enterprise changes after the sale of one unit of a good or service.

The resulting figure reflects the payback of the enterprise.

On its basis, in combination with marginal cost, management decides whether it is rational to expand the firm.

Average revenue shows the level of income received from the sale of one unit of goods. As a rule, this amount is equal to the price of the product. By controlling pricing, a company can regulate its own revenues.

Gross income is the result of a firm's economic activities, calculated as the difference between the cost of goods or services sold and the total cost of production.

What is revenue?

Revenue is the total amount of money received as a result of the sale of goods and services for a certain period of time.

The total revenue consists of the amounts received by the enterprise as a result of its core activities (sales of goods or services), investment activities (sales of non-current assets and securities) and financial activities of the enterprise.

Sales revenue is cash received from the sale of goods and services. It is divided into two types:

gross proceeds- represents the total amount of proceeds from the sale of goods, services, income from non-sales operations and property;
net proceeds- cash received after deducting VAT, taxes, discounts and the cost of returned products from gross revenue. It is from these funds that the calculation of dividends and amounts for the development of the enterprise is then carried out.

EBIT profit

Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT) is an intermediate value between gross and net income, it is income from which interest and taxes have not yet been deducted.

This is also referred to as operating income.

But it's not right. Unlike operating income, EBIT also includes non-operating income. If there are no non-operating income and expenses in EBIT, the indicator will be equal to operating profit.

EBIT is calculated from the income statement and is the sum of profit or loss before taxes and interest payable. A positive EBIT is considered normal.

EBITDA profit

Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization (EBITDA) depends on the depreciation method. This is the amount of earnings before interest, taxes and depreciation, which shows cash inflows.

Based on EBITDA, the company's debt burden is calculated. To do this, the total liabilities (long-term and short-term debt) are divided by the nominal value of EBITDA.

The value of total liabilities is available for calculations from the Liabilities section of the balance sheet. The normal value of the indicator should not exceed 3. If the value is 4 or more, then the company has a strong debt burden.

When calculating the debt burden indicator, it is necessary to take into account the degree of repayment of receivables. If the accounts receivable are not repaid by the buyers, the company loses its solvency, but this fact is not reflected in the indicator itself.

Video on the topic: “Profit and gross income, what is the difference?”

Revenue, income and profit: what is what

It is difficult to assess the effectiveness of an enterprise, the criteria are chosen differently in each case. But always, both in planning and in the analysis of current activities, financial indicators are used. Among the mandatory - revenue, income and net profit. These concepts are often confused.

Revenue

Revenue refers to the funds received for the sale of products or services rendered. There are 2 ways to report revenue:

cash method;
revenue accounting.

The cash method assumes that only the money actually received is included in revenue. It shows how much the company already manages. But revenue also includes advances for which the company has not yet fulfilled its obligations.

In accrual accounting, revenue is recorded at the time the goods are shipped or the service is provided. In this case, the indicator shows the volume of sales, but does not take into account the fact that the buyer may be dishonest and will not pay for the purchase.

From the point of view of accounting, the company's revenue is divided into 2 types:

gross;
clean.

Gross revenue - payment received for goods sold or a service. Net revenue is gross revenue minus excises, taxes, fees and duties directly included in the cost of goods. It is reflected in a mandatory document - a profit and loss statement.

The revenue indicator does not reflect the efficiency of the company's work, because revenue can also be found in unprofitable enterprises, but it characterizes the company's market share. To calculate this share, you need to know the sales volumes in the industry for the reporting period.

Income

Income includes all receipts, not just those related to the main activities of the company. This includes interest on deposits or fines and penalties charged.

If the revenue is strictly planned, then the income is unplanned, for example, if the partner violated the terms of the contract and paid a penalty.