Presentation on the emergence of computers. The history of the development of personal computers. The PC hardware uses

slide number 1

slide number 2

Do you know how computers actually evolved before they became familiar to us. It was quite a long story with numerous discoveries, each of which gradually moved humanity towards the digital age.

slide number 3

2700 BC Accounts. Although the exact place and date of the creation of the abacus remains in question, it is likely that the abacus was invented by the Sumerians (a people of southern Mesopotamia) about 5,000 years ago. With the help of special knuckles, they made it possible to perform fast and rather complex calculations, so that the abacus can be called the first computer.

slide number 4

slide number 5

slide number 6

Blaise Pascal (1623 - 1662) The machine entered the history of the development of computer technology under the name "Pascaline". During his work on the device, Pascal made more than 50 different models of his machine, in which he experimented not only with materials, but also with the shape of machine parts. The first working machine was made already in 1842, but its final version appeared only in 1654.

slide number 7

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646 - 1716) The German philosopher, mathematician and physicist Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1670 gave the first description of his arithmetic tool, which allows adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing, extracting square roots, using the binary number system. The final version was completed in 1710. It was a more advanced device that used a moving part (a prototype of the carriage) and a handle with which the operator rotated the wheel.

slide number 8

Charles Babbage (1792 - 1871) In 1822, a trial model of the Difference Engine was built, capable of calculating and printing large mathematical tables

slide number 9

slide number 10

The development of computer technology, following the generally accepted classification, can be divided into the following stages: Manual - from the 5th millennium. Mechanical - from the middle of the 17th century. Electromechanical - from the 90s of the 19th century Electronic - from the 40s of the 20th century.

slide number 11

1801: Jacquard loom. Designed by Joseph Marie Jacquard, it was the first machine to use punched cards to control a series of sequences. In order to change the pattern of the fabric being made, the machine used a punched card. It was a kind of binary code: according to the principle "there is a hole - there is no hole." The Jacquard loom was a key step in the development of computer programming.

slide number 12

At the end of the 19th century, Herman Hollerith in America invented perforating machines. They used punched cards for storage. Each such machine could only execute one specific program by manipulating the punched cards and the numbers punched into them. Counting and perforating machines perforated, sorted, summed up, printed numerical tables. On these machines it was possible to solve many typical tasks statistical processing, accounting and others.

slide number 13

First computer - universal machine on vacuum tubes built in the USA in 1945. This machine was called ENIAC (stands for Electronic Digital Integrator and Computer). The designers of ENIAC were J. Mouchli and J. Eckert. The counting speed of this machine exceeded the speed of relay machines of that time by a thousand times.

slide number 14

In our country, the first computer was created in 1951. It was called MESM - a small electronic calculating machine. The MESM designer was Sergey Alekseevich Lebedev. Under the leadership of S.A. Lebedev in the 50s, serial tube computers BESM-1 (large electronic calculating machine), BESM-2, M-20 were built. At that time, these machines were among the best in the world.

slide number 15

Second-generation computers were made up of transistors, they took up less space, consumed less electricity, and were more reliable. The highest achievement of domestic computer technology created by the team of S.A. Lebedev was the development in 1966 of a semiconductor computer BESM-6 with a capacity of 1 million operations per second.

slide number 16

The third-generation computers owe the creation of an integrated circuit (IC) in the form of a single crystal, in a miniature case of which transistors, diodes, capacitors, and resistors were concentrated. The creation of processors was carried out on the basis of planar-diffusion technology.

slide number 17

The improvement of integrated circuits led to the emergence of microprocessors made in a single chip, including random access memory (LSI - large integrated circuits), which marked the transition to the fourth generation of computers. They have become smaller, more reliable and cheaper. The creation of fourth-generation computers led to the rapid development of mini- and especially micro-computers - personal computers (1968), which allowed the mass user to obtain a means to enhance their intellectual capabilities.

In the 1940s and 1950s, computers were very large devices. One computer required a large room filled with cabinets of electronic equipment. Computers ran on vacuum tubes, which were large and expensive. In those days, computers were only available large companies and institutions.

With the invention in 1948 of transistors - miniature electronic devices that could replace vacuum tubes in computers, it became possible to reduce the size. And since very cheap ways to manufacture transistors were found in the mid-1950s, computers based on transistors have appeared. They were hundreds of times smaller than tube computers of the same performance. The only part of the computer where transistors could not replace vacuum tubes was memory blocks, but instead of tubes they began to use magnetic core memory circuits invented by that time.

In the mid-60s, much more compact external devices for computers appeared, which allowed Digital Equipment to

the first mini-computer PDP-8.

But the production of transistors was a very labor-intensive process. They were made separately, and when assembling the circuits, they had to be connected and soldered by hand. In 1958, Jack Kilby figured out how to get several transistors on one semiconductor wafer. In 1959, Robert Noyce invented a more advanced method that made it possible to create both transistors and all the necessary connections between them on the same plate. Such electronic circuits became known as integrated circuits or chips.

The invention of integrated circuits was a major step towards the miniaturization of computers. Since then, the number of transistors that can be placed per unit area of ​​an integrated circuit has roughly doubled every year. In 1968, the company released the first

computer on integrated circuits, and in 1970, Intel began selling memory integrated circuits.

At the same time, another important step was taken on the path to a personal computer - Marshian Edward Hoff designed an integrated circuit, similar in its functions to the central processing unit of a large computer. This is how the first microprocessor Intel-4004 appeared, which was released for sale at the end of 1970.

Of course, the capabilities of the Intel-4004 were much more modest than that of the central processor of a mainframe computer, it worked much more slowly and could only process 4 bits of information at a time. But it continued to improve, and in 1973 Intel released the 8-bit microprocessor Intel-8008, and in 1974 its improved version Intel-8080, which until the end of the 70s became the standard for the microcomputer industry.

Initially, these microprocessors were used only by amateur electronics engineers and in various specialized devices. But in 1974, several companies announced the creation of a computer based on the Intel-8008 microprocessor, i.e. a device that performs the same functions as a mainframe computer. At the beginning of 1975, the first commercially distributed computer Altair-8800 appeared, built on the basis of

Despite such shortcomings as small RAM (only 256 bytes), lack of a keyboard and screen, its appearance was met with great enthusiasm. In the first months, several thousand sets of machines were sold. Buyers supplied it with additional devices: a monitor for displaying information, a keyboard, memory expansion units, etc. Soon these devices began to be produced by others.

At the end of 1975, Paul Allen and Bill Gates created a Basic language interpreter for the Altair computer, which allowed users to simply communicate with the computer and easily write programs for it. This made it easier to handle the computer and was another milestone on the way to the popularity of the PC.

Many firms are engaged in the production of personal computers. Periodicals have been published on computers. PCs began to be sold from

amounted to hundreds of thousands

Sales growth has been greatly facilitated by numerous useful programs designed for business applications.

Commercially distributed programs also appeared, for example, in 1978. There was a program for editing texts WordStar. With the help of such programs, it became possible to perform accounting calculations, draw up documents, etc. much more efficiently. As a result, it turned out that for many organizations it became possible to perform the calculations they needed not on main computers or minicomputers, but on personal computers, which made PCs a profitable and quickly payback capital investment, since they were much cheaper.

The growth in demand for personal computers by the end of the 70s led to some decrease in demand for main computers and minicomputers. This became a matter of serious concern to IBM (International Business Machines Corporation), a leading company in the production of mainframe computers, and in 1979 IBM decided to try to release a personal computer.

The company's management did not consider this as a serious project, but only as a small experiment, something like one of dozens to create new equipment. In order not to spend too much money on this experiment, the company's management allowed the department responsible for this project not to design a personal computer from scratch, but to use blocks made by other companies. And this unit made full use of the opportunity.

"Generations of computers" - 1959 S.A. Lebedev created such machines as: 1642 Pascal created a mechanical arithmetic machine. 1901 G. Marconi established radio communication between Europe and America. Placed on special printed circuit boards. 1938 K. Zuse built the first purely mechanical computer. 1876 ​​A. Bell invented the telephone.

"The Development of Computing Technology" - Biography of Leibniz. There are 8 round holes on the top cover, each one has a circular scale around it. Wires correspond to decimal places. Babbage's Analytical Engine is the first prototype of modern computers. Principle of operation. In ancient Rome, the abacus appeared, probably in the 5th-6th centuries AD, and was called calculi or abakuli.

"History of the development of technology" - The presentation of the material is of an overview nature. Project protection. Project planning. In fact, the history of the development of BT is instructive and worthy of a deeper study. Project work. The history of the development of computer technology. To reveal the above topic in detail, you can use the method of projects.

"History of the Computer" - In recent years, there has been a rapid development of computer technology. The dimensions of the machines are noticeably reduced. A new computer era has begun - computers of the second generation have appeared. The first set-top box Altair-8800. The computer processed approx. 200 million strokes per second. In 1959, chips were invented. In 1947, the Americans invented transistors. One transistor replaced 40 lamps.

"The development of computers" - The history of the development of computing technology. XX century. The first electronic computers appeared in the 30s of the last century. Invented the first mechanical abacus - adding machine. Blaise Pascal, creator of the first adding machine, 1641-1642. Ancient times. This is what the first computers looked like. Now the computer easily fits on the desk.

"History of computer technology" - History. Completed by: 1st year of study Lakhiyalova M.K. Head: Vezirov T.G. Tasks. Small - computers. Introduction Theoretical part Practical part Tests Literature. Stored Program Computer: Von Neumann Principle 1949 Content. Classification. The machine invented by C. Babbage looked like a real factory for the production of calculations.

In total there are 44 presentations in the topic

slide 1

slide 2

In recent years, there has been a rapid development of computer technology. The computer is being introduced into almost all spheres of our life. But few people know where computer technology came from and who invented it. The purpose of my work is to study the history of one of the most important objects of modern life - the computer.

slide 3

The word computer comes from the English word computer, which means "computer". At first, counting was inseparable from curling fingers. Fingers became the first computing technology. The revolution came with the invention of the abacus. Even if you have not heard this word, you have met, and more than once, the Russian version of this device - the abacus.

slide 4

But computing became more complex with development, and people wanted to entrust the calculation to the machine. Around 1632, the German scientist Wilhelm Schickard invented the first counting mechanism in history. In 1642, the French scientist Blaise Pascal created a machine that could add and subtract. In 1672, Wilhelm Leibniz created an adding machine that could also multiply and divide.

slide 5

In the 19th century, the Englishman Charles Babbage developed the design of a machine that can be called the first computer. But he was never able to build it, because no one wanted to finance his project.

slide 6

In 1944, at the IBM enterprise, by order of the US Navy, the Mark-1 machine was created. It was a monster weighing about 35 tons.

Slide 7

But "Mark-1" did not work fast enough and in 1946 the first electronic machine ENIAC was built. Its weight was 30 tons, it required 170 m2 of space. ENIAC contained 18,000 lamps that emitted so much light that flying insects caused malfunctions.

Slide 8

In 1947, the Americans invented transistors. One transistor replaced 40 lamps. As a result, the speed increased by 10 times, the weight and size of the machines decreased. A new computer era has begun - computers of the second generation have appeared.

Slide 9

In 1959, chips were invented. The speed of the computer has increased tenfold. The dimensions of the machines are noticeably reduced. The appearance of the chip marked the birth of the third generation of computers. It was a hull box and a set of parts. To work with him, you had to solder yourself, assemble all the details, and master programming. The first set-top box Altair-8800.

slide 10

In the 1970s, the American company Apple (Apple) creates the first personal computer. In 1977, the Apple II was released, which already had a keyboard, monitor, sound, and a plastic case.

slide 11

The first computer that included a mouse was the Xerox 8010. The name “mouse” was given to the manipulator due to the similarity of the signal wire with the tail of a mouse (in early models it came out at the back).

slide 12

After that, computer technology began to develop rapidly. Every year there are new technologies and new models of computers.

Today, computers have become such an important and integral part of our lives that it seems impossible that they once could not exist at all. How exactly did these devices of various modifications, forms, configurations manage to enter into every sphere of our existence?

The word "computer" means "computer", that is, a device for computing. The history of the development of computer technology goes back centuries, to the times when our distant ancestors began to conduct commodity-money relations. Then they needed some kind of tool for doing calculations.

More than 1500 years ago, abacus began to be used to facilitate calculations. The first real calculating machine appeared only in 1642. It was invented by the French mathematician Pascal. Built on the basis of gears, it could sum up decimal numbers.

At the end of the 19th century, Herman Hollerith in America invented perforating machines. They used punched cards to store numerical information. Each such machine could execute only one specific program, manipulating with punched cards and numbers punched on them.

The first electronic computer "ENIAC" was created in the USA after the Second World War, in 1946. The creators of the first Eniac electronic machine were John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert.

At the end of 1975, Paul Allen and Bill Gates created a Basic language interpreter for the Altair computer, which allowed users to simply communicate with the computer and easily write programs for it. This made it easier to handle the computer and was another milestone on the way to the popularity of the PC.

The then latest 16-bit Intel microprocessor was chosen as the main microprocessor of the computer. Its use made it possible to increase the potential capabilities of the computer, since the new microprocessor made it possible to work with 1 MB of memory, unlike all computers then available, which were limited to 64 KB. Other components were used in the computer various firms, and its software was commissioned to develop a small firm Microsoft.

In 1993, Intel released the first microprocessor of the Pentium family, which allowed computers to process the attributes of the "real world": audio, video information, photographic images, etc. And during the following years and up to the present, this family is the basis for the development of subsequent computers.

A personal computer is a universal information processing and storage system, the configuration of which can be flexibly changed in accordance with the class of tasks being solved. Such computers are called computers with an open architecture. The basic PC configuration includes the following modules: system unit; Monitor · keyboard; · mouse.

Since the advent of the first computer, very little time has passed, and the computer industry has developed and become one of the main sectors of the economy in many countries. Can not imagine modern life without a computer. It serves a variety of purposes, from raising and educating children to controlling critical military installations.