State support of innovation activity in tourism. Innovations in the hotel industry Features of innovation in the hotel business
FEDERAL STATE BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
"TOMSK STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY"(TSPU)
APPROVE
Dean of the Faculty
_______________________________
"____" _________________ 2011
DISCIPLINE PROGRAM
DC.01.06 Innovations in social and cultural services and tourism
1. Goals and objectives of the discipline
1.1. Goals of the discipline:
assimilation of basic knowledge about the essence of innovation processes;
training of specialists who have a system of knowledge about modern innovative technologies in hotel and restaurant services, resort business and tourism
acquaintance with innovative technologies in the activities of the tourism services sector, with a range of the latest technologies used in hotel and restaurant services, resort business and tourism;
familiarization with the basics of practical professional activity manager at SCS&T
systematization of ways of presenting data in international tourism;
development of ideas about the arsenal of computer tools information support based on the functional model of modern software;
development of the student's clear understanding of the relationship between the technology of providing services with technical means required for its implementation.
^ 2. Requirements for the level of mastering the content of the discipline
Know:
theoretical, practical foundations of information support;
mechanism and stages of work with modern software models.
in practice to implement the acquired knowledge in the field of tourism and hospitality;
determine the need and sequence of work with innovative processes in the field of professional activity.
work in the Internet environment;
work with automated tools of a modern office;
professional argumentation when discussing innovative methods of work in the hotel and restaurant service, resort business and tourism;
work with educational and methodical literature, periodicals.
^
3. Volume of discipline and types of educational work:
| Type of study work | Total hours | Semesters |
|||
| 9 | |||||
| The total complexity of the discipline | 120 | 120 | |||
| Auditory lessons | 52 | 52 | |||
| Lectures | 26 | 26 | |||
| Practical exercises (PZ) | 26 | 26 | |||
| Seminars (C) | |||||
| Laboratory work (LR) | |||||
| And (or) other types of classroom activities | |||||
| Independent work | 68 | 68 | |||
| Course project (work) | |||||
| Settlement and graphic works | |||||
| abstract | |||||
| And (or) other types of independent work | |||||
| Type of final control (test, exam) | exam | exam | |||
^ 4. The content of the discipline:
4.1. Sections of the discipline and types of classes:
| no./p. | Section of discipline | Lectures | Practical classes or seminars | Laboratory studies |
| 1. | Basic concepts and definitions of innovative technologies in the system SKS and T. | 2 | 2 | |
| 2. | Theory of innovation. | 2 | 1 | |
| 3. | Features of implementation and dissemination of innovations. | 2 | 2 | |
| 4. | Techniques for activating the innovation process. | 2 | 2 | |
| 5. | Basic models of innovation activity. | 1 | 2 | |
| 6. | Innovation in the production process of a tourism product | 1 | 1 | |
| 7. | | 2 | 1 | |
| 8. | Innovations in the structure and internal environment of a modern travel company | 2 | 1 | |
| 9. | Service life cycle. | 1 | 2 | |
| 10 | | 1 | 1 | |
| 11 | | 1 | 2 | |
| 12 | Types of innovation. | 1 | ||
| 13 | Elements of innovation policy. | 1 | ||
| 14 | Impact of technological innovation ^ on the efficiency of the tourism business. | 1 | 1 | |
| 15 | Innovations in the field of state regulation tourism market | 2 | 2 | |
| 16 | Business game "Associative row". | 2 | 2 | |
| 17 | Representation of data in international tourism. | 1 | 2 | |
| 18 | Tourism Marketing Innovations | 1 | 2 | |
| 19 | Total: | 26 | 26 |
^
Topic 1. Basic concepts and definitions of innovative technologies in the system of SCS and T.
The concept of innovation, diffusion of innovation. The specific content of I. Schumpeter's innovation: the use of new technology, new technological processes; new market support for production; introduction of products with new properties; use of new raw materials; change in the organization of production and its logistics; emergence of new markets. Properties of innovation: scientific and technical novelty; industrial applicability; commercial feasibility (ability to sell). Cyclic nature of the innovation process.
^ Topic 2. Theory of innovation.
Traditions and innovations in tourism. Communication, translation and transmutation as ways of transferring tradition and turning it into innovation. Innovation is the science of innovation. Life cycle of innovations. Kinds and types of innovations. Stages of innovation processes. Generation and reception of information. Coding and transmission of information. The concept of "operator". Information properties. Fixability of information. The invariance of information with respect to its carriers. Frailty of information. Broadcastability and multiplicativity. Validity of information. Semantics of information and the concept of "goal". Characteristics of information: quantity, quality, value, efficiency. Dynamics of information.
^ Topic 3. Features of implementation and dissemination of innovations Mechanisms for the dissemination of innovations. Innovative conflicts and possibilities of their solution. The main concepts and types of data used in international practice: the number of arrivals, tourist days, international tourism expenses, international tourism receipts, registration at the border, registration of arrivals in accommodation facilities, questionnaire surveys of tourists, banking method of accounting. Market research collections containing the latest information on the entire spectrum of tourism services. System of indicators of tourism statistics. Tourism demand statistics: Net Departure Percentage (TND), Gross Departure Percentage (TBD), Departure Frequency (FD), single trip cost.
^ Topic 4. Methods for activating the innovation process.
Activation Methods creative thinking. Stimulation of innovative activity in the organization.
^ Topic 5. Basic models of innovation activity. Foreign models of innovative activity. The role of the state in various models of the innovation process. Organization of innovation activity in Russia.
^ Topic 6. Innovation in the production process of a tourist product.
Tourism production factors. Means of production of tourism products. Tourism production technologies. Historical forms and causes of global trends in the world market. Transnationalization of the production process modern trend in the global tourism market.
^ Topic 7. Technological progress as a factor of innovation in the tourism business.
Automation and virtualization as characteristics of a new generation of tourism corporations. The main directions of automation and virtualization of modern tourism business. Global booking and reservation systems. Tourist resources Internet.
^ Topic 8. Innovations in the structure and internal environment of a modern travel company Modern transformations of the organizational structure of travel companies and corporate personnel management systems. An innovative model of the innovative structure of a travel corporation. Tour corporation as a network structure. Strategic planning and cooperation within the framework of tourism production.
^ Topic 9. Service life cycle.
The beginning of the life cycle of the SCS and T product. The innovation stage (or the development stage. The period of growth in sales and profits or the growth stage. The next stage of the service life cycle is the saturation stage. The process of an absolute decrease in sales and profits. The moment of transition from one stage - " turning point.” Two innovative periods Marketing techniques at the saturation stage: aggressive advertising campaign, commercial propaganda, use of sales promotion methods.
^ Topic 10. Innovations in the field of state regulation of the tourism market. Directions of state regulation of the tourism market. Innovations in the field of state regulation and self-regulation of the tourist market.
^ Topic 11. Innovations in the marketing sphere of tourism.
Topic 12. Types of innovations.
Classifications of innovation groups by area of application: scientific, technical, organizational, economic and socio-cultural; the nature of the needs satisfied: creating new needs and developing existing ones; on the subject of application: innovation - product, innovation - process, innovation - service, innovation - markets; according to the degree of radicalism: basic, systemic, improving, pseudo-innovations; by the depth of changes: regeneration of initial properties, quantitative changes, grouping of parts of the system, adaptive changes, new version, new generation, new species, new genus; by causes of occurrence: strategic and reactive (adaptive); by the nature of the impact on the market and technological capabilities of the company: architectural, revolutionary, niche-creating, regular; on the scale of distribution: used in one industry and used in all or many industries; by role in the production process: basic and complementary; by the nature of the connection with scientific knowledge: ascending and descending. The concept of basic innovations, systemic innovations improving innovations. Pseudo-innovations. Zero-order innovation. First order innovation. Second order innovation. Third order innovation. Fourth order innovation. Fifth order innovation. Innovation of the sixth order. Innovation of the seventh order. Influence of innovative implementations on the product-technological and market opportunities of the company. architectural innovations. Revolutionary innovation. Niche-creating innovations. Strategic innovations. Reactive innovation.
^ Topic 13. Elements of innovation policy.
The concept and essence of innovation policy.
Elements: innovation policy: search for the idea of a novelty service; design and organization of service production; introducing the service to the market; monitoring the progress and consequences of its implementation. Definition of innovation policy. The concept of "service-novelty" The process of developing a new service. 1st stage. Search for an idea for a new service. 2nd stage. Designing and organizing the production of a new service. 3rd stage. Organization of mass production of services.
^
Topic 14. The impact of technological innovations on the efficiency of the tourism business.
Modern computer technologies. Booking and reservation systems for hotels, air tickets, tickets for other vehicles, cruises, etc. The largest systems like Atadeus, Gabriel, Saber, Word Span, Apollo and others have their own representations on the Internet. Amadeus, Gabriel and Apollo systems in the Russian market. The Alean system is a project on the Russian Internet, the Worldhotel system as a way to book hotels around the world, and the ABC Travel Center system containing information about airlines, virtual ticket agencies, train schedules and metro maps of various cities around the world, as well as rental information cars, cruises, etc.
^ 4.3. The content of the practical lessons of the discipline
1. Theme of business games
1. Business game "Associative row".
During the passage of the business game, students get acquainted with the basic concepts of the discipline "Innovative technologies in the socio-cultural sphere and tourism", fill in the abstract-organizer for each term 10 associations. Data processing and drawing up graphs. Based on the results of the work.
2. ^ Innovative conflicts and possibilities for their solution .
Development, on the basis of the proposed material, ways to eliminate the main innovation conflicts.
^ 3. Innovation in the production process of the tourism product.
To develop, on the basis of the studied material, an innovative tour. Make his presentation.
^ 4. Innovations in the structure and internal environment of a modern travel company.
Offer innovative ways of managing a company as a factor that increases the efficiency of the company.
^ 5. Innovations in the field of state regulation of the tourism market.
On the basis of the material covered, to develop management methods that contribute to overcoming the crisis at the present stage.
^ 6.Representation of data in international tourism .
During this practical session, students answer quiz questions and learn how to interpret graphs and data tables.
7.Innovations in the marketing sphere of tourism.
^ 5. Laboratory workshop not provided.
6. Educational and methodological support of discipline.
a) basic literature:
Malakhova N.N. Ushakov D.S. Innovations in tourism and service.-M.: "Mart", 2008.-224 p.
Novikov, V. S. Innovations in tourism: tutorial/ V. S. Novikov. - M. : Academy, 2007. - 208 p.
Maklashina, Larisa Rudolfovna. Along the route of renewal: the role of innovation in the development of tourism / Larisa Rudolfovna Maklashina // Creative Economy. - 2011. - No. 12. - S. 130-136. - (Innovation). - Bibliography: p. 136 (7 titles).
Gulyaev, V. G. New Information Technology in tourism: textbook / V. G. Gulyaev. - M. : PRIOR, 1998. - 143 p.
Malakhova, N. N. Innovations in tourism and service / N. N. Malakhova, D. S. Ushakov. - m.: ITs March, 2008. - 224 p.
Melik-Gaykazyan, I. V. Information processes and reality / I. V. Melik-Gaykazyan. – M.: “Science. Fizmatlit", 1998. - 220 p.
Soboleva, E. A. Tourism statistics: statistical observation: textbook / E. A. Soboleva. - M. : Finance and statistics, 2004. - 156 p.
Information technologies in management and decision-making / Tarasenko, V. F. [and others]. - Tomsk: Publishing House of TSU, 1997 - 238 p.
Tarasenko, V.F. Analysis of the information systems market based on advertising materials of leading developers // Advertising Economics / V.F. Tarasenko. - Tomsk: Ed. TPU, 1999. - S. 98 - 113.
Innovation and ecology: cui prodest? / A. G. Zibarev [and others] // Ecology and industry of Russia. - 2011. - No. 12. - S. 36-41. - (Analysis. Methods. Forecasts). - Bibliography: p. 41 (12 titles).
Galiyeva, Gulnaz Fizratovna. Transition to an innovative path of development: the role of the state / Gulnaz Galiyeva // Man and labor. - 2012. - No. 1. - S. 55-57. - (Economics of innovation).
Development and decision-making in innovation management: a textbook for university students studying in the direction of bachelor's degree "Innovation" and the specialty "Innovation Management" / I. D. Tukkel [et al.]. - St. Petersburg: BHV-Petersburg, 2011. - 342 p. : ill. - (Educational literature for universities). - Bibliography: p. 344 (15 titles). (1\326149 001 R 17). Decisions XVI International Conference"Problems and prospects innovative development Economy" (Alushta, Crimea, September 12-16, 2011) // Science and Innovation. - 2011. - No. 6. - P. 91-93. - (Svit innovation).
Solovyov, V. P. Results of the XVI International Scientific and Practical Conference "Problems and Prospects of Innovative Development of the Economy" (Alushta, Crimea, September 12-16, 2011) / A. N. Kosinets // Science and Innovations. - 2011. - No. 6. - S. 74-76. - (Svit innovations).
Zubkova, M. L. The role of the innovation factor in ensuring the economic security of the Murmansk region / M. L. Zubkova // Regional economy: theory and practice. - 2012. - No. 4. - S. 35-41. - (Innovations and investments). - Bibliography: p. 41 (9 titles).
Kamenkov, Viktor Sergeevich. On the role of public-private partnership in innovative development / V. S. Kamenkov, D. P. Alexandrov // Problems of management. - 2011. - No. 4. - S. 44-49. - (Journal - 10 years). - Bibliography: p. 49 (28 titles).
Kopteva, Elena P. Contribution to innovation: profit as a source of financing for the innovative activity of an enterprise: methodological aspects/ Elena Petrovna Kopteva // Creative Economy. - 2011. - No. 12. - S. 67-71. - (Innovation).
Nechaeva Tatyana Georgievna Venture financing as a factor in the development of scientific, technical and innovative activities / Tatyana Georgievna Nechaeva, Sergei Anatolyevich Rynkevich, Anna Sergeevna Rynkevich // Bulletin of the Belarusian-Russian University. - 2011. - No. 4. - S. 170-179. - (Economics. Economic sciences). - Bibliography: p. 179 (8 titles).
Kovalenko Anna Vladimirovna The wind of innovation blows in the sails of corporations: topical problems of forming an innovative climate for corporate structures / Anna Vladimirovna Kovalenko // Creative Economy. - 2011. - No. 11. - S. 106-110. - (Creative economy).
Oreshkov, Vyacheslav Igorevich. Knowledge is conditioned by intelligence: data mining as the most important tool for the formation of the intellectual capital of organizations / Vyacheslav Igorevich Oreshkov // Creative Economy. - 2011. - No. 12. - S. 84-89. - (Innovation). - Bibliography: p. 89 (6 titles).
Ohezina, Galina Mikhailovna Complexity requires precision: features of the innovative design process on industrial enterprise/ Galina Mikhailovna Ohezina // Creative Economy. - 2011. - No. 12. - S. 56-61. - (Innovation).
Podlozhenov, Ilya M. Final analysis: improving the evaluation of the effectiveness of innovative activities in commercial banks / Ilya Mikhailovich Podlozhenov // Creative Economy. - 2011. - No. 12. - S. 62-66. - (Innovation).
Chursin, A. A. Evaluation of the innovative potential of an organization / A. A. Chursin, A. A. Dranaeva // Economics and management in mechanical engineering. - 2011. - No. 6. - S. 25-29. - (Innovation and investment activity). - Bibliography: p. 29 (6 titles).
Internet electronic resources
1. Information system"PARK" - Access mode: http://is.park.ru/parknoframes/form.asp.
Full-text search system containing economic, economic-legal, socio-political, commercial and other types of information. News, analytics, directories, legislation, finance and much more.
2. "International Information Market" - Access mode: http://mir.glasnet.ru.
3. "Russian information network of business cooperation" - Access mode: http://www.rbcnet.ru. Russian business information from many suppliers and exclusive information from the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation. Russian and foreign companies, commercial offers, reference address databases on industries, electronic versions of various publications.
4. "Relis" - Access mode: http://www.relis.ru.
The RELIS system contains information supplied by news agencies and other organizations specializing in the information business. News, financial and legal information, goods and services, real estate and much more.
5. "Information server "SITEK" - Access mode: http://inform.sitek.ru.
Information provided by Russian information firms and agencies.
^ 6.2. Means of ensuring the development of discipline
Test tasks;
Electronic maps and atlases;
multimedia directories;
Specialized route schemes with the involvement of GIS technologies and Internet resources;
Collections of information spectrum of tourist services;
Booking and reservation systems for electronic stores of goods for tourism;
Tourism statistics.
^ 7. Logistics of discipline
TSPU Library Fund, computer class with Internet access, electronic maps and atlases, teaching materials teacher.
^ 8. Guidelines and instructions for organizing the study of the discipline
The study of the course assumes that the teacher gives lectures, conducts seminars and practical classes, organizes independent work of students, conducts consultations, supervises students' reports at scientific and practical conferences, carries out current, intermediate and final forms of control.
The lectures outline the basics of the discipline under study, give definitions of terminology, innovative types of data used in international tourism practice. Students get acquainted with the basic concepts of innovation processes.
^ 8.2. Methodical instructions for students
The discipline "Innovations in socio-cultural service and tourism" belongs to the block of disciplines of the specialty of the state educational standard.
In the course of studying this discipline, the student needs to master the concept of innovation and study the latest technologies used in hotel and restaurant services, resort business and tourism; to develop an idea of the arsenal of computer information support tools based on the functional model of modern software; to develop a clear understanding of the relationship between the technology for providing services and the technical means necessary for its implementation.
Current control implies a short seminar survey during practical classes and verification of the correctness of the tasks of practical classes.
As a result of studying this discipline, students should form a system of knowledge about modern innovative technologies in the hotel and restaurant service, resort business and tourism and develop an understanding of the relationship between the technology of providing services with the technical means necessary for its implementation.
^ 8.2.1. Approximate topics of abstracts.
Entrepreneurship and innovation in tourism
Theory of innovation processes. N.D. Kondratiev, J. Schumpeter.
Essence and functions of innovative activity.
Innovative activity in tourism.
State regulation of innovative development.
Strategy and planning of innovative activity.
Innovative projects.
Management of innovative activity in the company.
Intellectual property in innovation processes.
Protection and protection of intellectual property.
The impact of scientific and technological innovations on the development of tourism.
Innovation in hotel business.
Development of information technologies and their application in tourism.
Global distribution systems.
Influence of political, economic and social spheres on innovation processes in tourism.
Innovative processes in the promotion and commercialization of the tourist product.
The role of the World Tourism Organization in stimulating and disseminating innovation.
Principles of sustainable development of tourism.
^ 8.2.2. List of sample questions for the exam:
Theory of innovation. Basic concepts.
Innovation is the science of innovation.
Life cycle of innovations. Kinds and types of innovations.
Stages of innovation processes.
Characteristics
Mechanisms for the dissemination of innovations.
Innovative conflicts and possibilities of their solution.
Methods for activating creative thinking.
Stimulation of innovative activity in the organization.
Foreign models of innovative activity.
The role of the state in various models of the innovation process.
Organization of innovation activity in Russia.
Innovation in the production process of a tourist product.
Tourism production factors.
Means of production of tourism products.
Tourism production technologies.
Historical forms and causes of global trends in the world market.
Transnationalization of the production process as a modern trend in the global tourism market.
Technological progress as a factor of innovation in the tourism business.
Automation and virtualization as characteristics of a new generation of tourism corporations.
The main directions of automation and virtualization of modern tourism business. Global booking and reservation systems. Tourist resources Internet.
Innovations in the structure and internal environment of a modern travel company Modern transformations of the organizational structure of travel companies and corporate personnel management systems.
An innovative model of the innovative structure of a travel corporation.
Tour corporation as a network structure.
Strategic planning and cooperation within the framework of tourism production.
Innovations in the field of state regulation of the tourism market.
Directions of state regulation of the tourism market.
Innovations in the field of state regulation and self-regulation of the tourist market.
Innovations in the marketing sphere of tourism.
Branding as an innovative tool for promoting a tourism product.
Modern computer technologies.
Largest systems: Atadeus, Gabriel, Saber, Word Span, Apollo.
Basic concepts and definitions of innovative technologies with the SCS system and T. Types of innovations.
8.2.3. Tests
1. A purposeful change that introduces new stable elements into the implementation environment that causes the system to transition from one state to another is called:
but. modernization
b. innovation
in. innovation
2. Which of the first major theorists of innovation processes connected the wave-like process of economic development with the spasmodic nature of the implementation of innovations?
but. I. Schumpeter
b. Kondratiev
in. Taylor
3. The main goal of innovation?
but. achieve maximum results in minimum time
b. improve return on investment
in. reorganization of production
4. Who, according to I. Schumpter, is the driving force behind economic development?
but. entrepreneur
b. consumer
in. middle class
5. Which of the following answers does NOT apply to the approaches to the study of innovation identified in American psychology?
but. organization-oriented
b. individually oriented
in. product orientation
6. Stage of the life cycle of innovation, during which the creation of innovation, embodied in any object, material or spiritual product - a sample?
but. invention stage
b. innovation stage
in. development stage
7. The following signs do NOT belong to the stage of domination of innovation in a particular area and routinization:
but. becoming commonplace
b. loss of novelty
in. dissemination of innovations.
8. The downscaling phase associated with replacing it with a new product?
but. innovation stage
b. modernization stage
in. finishing stage
9. Which phase is NOT part of the implementation phase?
but. initial introduction
b. secondary introduction
in. implementation
10. Which phase is NOT the initiation phase?
but. formation of innovative attitudes
b. decision-making
in. experiment
11. Which phase in the product innovation life cycle is characterized by manufacturing, delivery and commissioning?
but. The "production" phase
b. The "consumption" phase
in. The "implementation" phase
but. radical
b. combinatorial
in. modifying
16. Innovation is....
but. the end result of intellectual activity in the form of some object that is qualitatively different from the previous analogue.
b. any innovation in the activity of the enterprise
in. new scientific achievements.
d. the result of the process of transformation of the specifics of any sphere of human activity.
17. What type of innovation does not exist?
but. integrating innovation
b basic innovation
in progressive innovation
d improving innovation
18. An innovation obtained through the use of an optimal set of achievements previously accumulated and tested in world practice is called:
but. integrating innovation
b. basic innovation
in. progressive innovation
d. improvement innovation
19. On what basis are innovations divided into evolutionary and radical?
but. scale
b.by scope of application
in. the nature
20. According to the scope of application, innovations are divided into:
but. global, national, regional, industry and local
b. scientific and technical, organizational and economic, socio-cultural and state-legal
in. evolutionary radical
21. Innovation in a broad sense is ....
but. process of creation
b. innovations in all areas
in. capital raising method
22. According to the nature of satisfaction of needs, innovations are classified according to (remove unnecessary):
but. essential needs oriented
b. needs suppression oriented
in. focused on the formation of new needs
23 The main features of innovation (remove unnecessary):
but. large investment in development
b. type of innovation
in. degree of novelty
24. Slow Life is literally understood as:
but. hotel chain;
b. slow life;
in. life position
25. Slow life service includes (eliminate unnecessary):
but. switch from emotion to logic
b. achieving balance
in. do nothing and do nothing
26. The innovation process is...
but. the process of successive transformation of an idea into a product, passing through the stages of fundamental and applied research, design development, marketing, production and sales.
b. innovative service delivery process
in. identification of shortcomings in the current innovation
27. What is innovation?
but. intellectual activity for the introduction of new
b. this is the end result of intellectual activity in the form of some object, this end result is qualitatively different from the previous analogue.
in. this is an implemented innovation that provides a qualitative increase in the efficiency of processes or products demanded by the market.
28. An innovation obtained through the use of an optimal set (complex) of achievements previously accumulated and tested in world practice is ...
but. basic innovation
b.improving innovation
c. integrating innovation
29. Relative novelty has the following types:
but. conditional novelty
b. modifying novelty
c. opening novelty
d. expedient novelty
30. What factors influence the practice of new tourism:
but. demographic characteristics
b. life style
c. population aging
d. political environment
31. What innovation allows you to create different combinations of a trip with a single price for the entire package of services?
but. package tour
b. all inclusive
c. "complex tour"
32. The most complex and multi-stage is the innovative implementation process:
but. product innovation
b.social management innovation
c.technological
economic
33. The innovation cycle for the development and implementation of a tourism product includes the following steps:
but. study
b. development
in. personnel training for the implementation of a new service
Diffusion
33. Life cycle innovative project includes the following stages:
but. formation of an innovative idea
b. development of a widespread service
in. customer use, provision of services and ensuring trouble-free and economical operation
d. completion of the project
34. The center (territory) with all kinds of amenities, facilities and services to meet the various needs of tourists, includes the most important and decisive elements of tourism necessary for tourists - this ...
but. sanatorium
b.tourist destination
in. tourist base
Tourism activity is not only the provision of travel services, but also a source of income for the state and many sectors of its economy.
Tourism has a huge impact on such key sectors of the economy as transport, hotel and restaurant services, trade, construction, production of consumer goods and many others, acting as a catalyst for socio-economic development.
Tourism is a complex intersectoral complex that requires a systematic approach to regulating the socio-economic interaction of many sectors of the economy at the state federal and regional levels.
The main tasks of the state are:
Definition and development of policy principles in the field of tourism, programs for their implementation, a mechanism for monitoring and researching the results of activities (organization of statistics, departmental studies);
Creation of favorable conditions for tourism, coordination of activities of various companies, organizations and societies to form an appropriate infrastructure, a friendly environment;
Support for tourism and marketing through the promotion of innovation and cooperation, the formation of an attractive image of the country.
Due to the fact that the creation and implementation of innovations require the combined efforts of various economic and social spheres, an innovative development path is impossible without state support. For this, three schemes are used, which are also currently used in the development of the tourism sector.
1. Direct participation of the state in the implementation of special targeted programs and allocations of regional and local authorities; the creation of large national centers (laboratories), which are funded by the state and provide free of charge the acquired knowledge to a wide range of potential users.
Implementation of regional targeted programs in the field of tourism.
In many regions of Russia, regional targeted programs in the field of tourism are being developed and implemented, including, as a rule, financing of the following main activities: the development of the tourism and transport infrastructure of the region, information promotion of the region's tourism, scientific and statistical research in the field of tourism, training and retraining of personnel for the sphere tourism. Thus, since 2004, the Vologda Oblast has been implementing the regional target program "Veliky Ustyug - Father Frost's homeland", and in September 2008 the long-term target program "Development of domestic and inbound tourism in the Vologda Oblast" for 2009-2012 was approved.
Creation of tourist information centers
Many states create special national organizations to promote various kinds of innovations in tourism. An example is Finland. The Finnish Tourist Board is state organization, marketing Finland as a tourist destination, has offices in 11 countries. The Finnish Tourist Board was one of the first to use information technology in the work of the national tourism organization. It carries out strategic cooperation with representatives of the tourism industry and other interested groups, the common goal of which is to maximize the presence and influence of the country in the international market. The most important tools to achieve this goal are electronic information and communication technologies. This advice attaches particular importance to "creating a unique image of national tourism, a clear segmentation of consumers and markets, and effective marketing."
In Russia, a single national organization for the promotion of Russian tourism product No, but Tourist Information Centers (TICs) have been established and are functioning in many regions. As a rule, these are either state institutions or organizations in the form of a non-profit partnership, which are financed from the funds of regional or district budgets, may be regional, city or district.
State Institution "Tourist Information Center" of the Republic of Karelia. It has been functioning since 2001, the founder is the Ministry of Economic Development of the Republic of Karelia. The tasks of the ITC are: creation of a unified information data bank on the tourism potential, programs and projects on tourism in the Republic of Karelia; organization of information and consulting support on the issues of tourism activities, recreation in Karelia; promotion of Karelian tourism products, attraction of extra-budgetary funds for the development of tourism in the republic. The ITC is a modern Internet technology that enables a potential tourist to receive comprehensive information on the issues of interest to him about the possibilities of the tourism infrastructure of the Republic of Karelia.
State Institution "Tourist Information Center of the Vologda Region". It has been functioning since 2007, the founder is the Tourism Committee of the Vologda Oblast. The goals of the TIC: development of the tourist attractiveness of the Vologda Oblast, promotion of the project "Veliky Ustyug - the birthplace of Father Frost" in the funds mass media and promotion of the region in Russian and international tourist markets; consolidation of advertising and information work of various participants in the tourist market in order to provide information and reference, tourist and business services to visiting tourists, as well as conducting advertising and marketing activities; organization of work with hospitality industry enterprises, assistance in the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the field of tourism.
2. Providing subsidies and grants for the implementation of research work in the field of tourism and related industries.
A grant is government support or incentives for research and development with funds, property, or services.
To acquire the results of research and development, which can bring direct benefits to the state, a state contract is concluded. It gives the right to the representative of the state to control and correct the progress of the development.
Thus, the long-term target program "Development of domestic and inbound tourism in the Vologda Oblast" for 2009-2012 provides for funds for scientific research in the field of tourism in the amount of 1.5 million rubles.
3. Providing private enterprises and individuals with favorable conditions for scientific and technical developments, as well as the development of investment opportunities. Private businesses that invest in scientific research and the acquisition of the necessary equipment for this, as well as in the development of the tourist infrastructure of the regions, are provided with a variety of tax incentives, state loans and guarantees, as well as financing through state participation in equity capital.
Currently, a striking example is the creation in Russia in 2007 of seven tourist and recreational zones: Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories, Kaliningrad Region, Altai Territory, Altai Republic, Irkutsk Region and the Republic of Buryatia. This event symbolized the beginning of a period of active state support for the tourism industry, elevated to the rank of "locomotives" for the development of regions, and subsequently the Russian economy as a whole.
Tourist and recreational zone (an analogue of service zones or service zones in world practice) is a type of special economic zone created for the development and provision of services in the field of tourism. Tourist and recreational zones are not widely spread, and for Russia this is completely unique. Therefore, the creation of TRZ in Russia is innovative.
The creation of special economic zones of a tourist and recreational type in Russia is one of the main priorities in ensuring the dynamic development of the country's economy, transferring it to an innovative development model, and in uniting the efforts of the state and the business community. The SEZ mechanism has a number of advantages: tax benefits, reduction of administrative barriers, budget investments in infrastructure, image component. It creates opportunities for effective testing of new approaches in public administration.
The goals of creating tourist and recreational zones are: increasing the competitiveness of tourism activities, developing medical and health resorts, developing activities to organize treatment and prevent diseases. Field development can be carried out in tourist and recreational zones mineral waters, therapeutic mud and other natural healing resources.
The state, implementing the mechanism of public-private partnership, assumes the responsibility of creating the necessary engineering, transport and social infrastructure, and also provides a certain set of benefits and preferences for investors.
To stimulate the investment activity of residents of tourist and recreational zones, the following tax benefits are established:
* Residents have the right to: apply a multiplying factor of 2 when calculating depreciation; to transfer the loss of the previous tax period to the current year in full; recognize R&D expenses (including those that did not give a positive result) in the reporting (tax) period in which they were made, in the amount of actual costs; not to pay within 5 years property tax from the moment it is put into operation and land tax from the moment the right of ownership arises;
* Subjects of the Russian Federation have the right to establish for residents a reduced rate of income tax payable to regional budgets, but not less than 13.5%, and other tax benefits.
In addition, a simplified administrative regime will operate in the zones (the principle of a “single window” for registering residents and the possibility of conducting inspection activities - SES, fire service, trade inspection, labor inspection, etc. - only as part of a planned comprehensive inspection, the decision which will be adopted by the territorial body of RosSEZ) and the preferential procedure for land use.
These innovations in the Law of the Russian Federation "On special economic zones”should be recognized as positive, given how widely unique resort and recreational facilities are represented in Russia, the development of which is significantly hampered by insufficient budget funding and state support.
It is especially important to create zones of this type for small and medium-sized businesses, since the development of a tourist and recreational zone is associated with the expansion of the service sector, the functioning of a large number of hotels, enterprises Catering etc.
Thus, “points of growth” have been created on the territory of seven constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which in the future should have a stimulating effect on the development of business in the regions and the territory as a whole. At the same time, the creation of tourist and recreational zones not only brings a positive economic effect for the region in the form of a growing volume of investments and the cost of services provided, the introduction of advanced technologies and modern methods management, stimulating the development of territories with low industrial potential, but also of great social importance due to an increase in the number of jobs and an increase in the professional education of the population. In addition, as world experience shows, the territories adjacent to the zone are also beginning to develop more dynamically.
480 rub. | 150 UAH | $7.5 ", MOUSEOFF, FGCOLOR, "#FFFFCC",BGCOLOR, "#393939");" onMouseOut="return nd();"> Thesis - 480 rubles, shipping 10 minutes 24 hours a day, seven days a week and holidays
Olshanskaya Olga Grigorievna The mechanism of development of the world market of hotel services and the Russian hotel industry: dissertation ... candidate of economic sciences: 08.00.14 / Olshanskaya Olga Grigoryevna; [Place of protection: Diplomat. acad. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation].- Moscow, 2010.- 176 p.: ill. RSL OD, 61 10-8/2074
Introduction
Chapter I Theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of the world market of hotel services 8
1.1. Concept and economic entity hotel services 8
1.2. Structural analysis of the world market of hotel services 24
1.3. The role and place of hotel services in the tourism industry 40
Head I. The main trends in the development of the modern world market of hotel services 52
2.1. Factors determining the formation and development of the world market of hotel services 52
2.2. Problems of qualitative transformation of modern trade in hotel services 71
2.3. Innovations in the global hotel services market 82
Chapter III. Regulation and stimulation of the development of the hotel services market 96
3.1. Modern approaches to state regulation and stimulation of the development of the hotel industry 96
3.2. International economic cooperation in the field of tourism and hotel services 111
3.3. Main directions and development prospects Russian market hotel services 127
Conclusion 152
References 158
Applications 168
Introduction to work
The relevance of the dissertation research. At times Soviet Union when the hotel industry in the country was underdeveloped, and tourist and hotel services were overwhelmingly provided by state-owned enterprises; when the country's participation in international trade in tourism and hotel services was reduced mainly to serving foreign tourists, and the question of integrating the Russian hotel industry into the global hospitality industry was not raised, the approach to the development of the hotel industry and the provision of hotel services was reduced mainly to the provision of accommodation services and nutrition. The idea of developing the hotel industry in the Soviet era was based mainly on the idea of meeting the minimum needs of traveling people. Such an approach in the modern world, with its developed tourist flows, with a powerful and extensive hotel industry, has become impossible. Today, trade in tourism services is the most dynamically developing sector of the world economy, which predetermines interest in this industry both from a scientific and practical point of view. At the same time, the hotel industry is the material and technical base of the tourism industry, and without trade in hotel services, the full development of trade in tourist services is impossible. In addition, the development of the hotel services market, as well as tourism in general, has not only economic but also social significance, providing a basis for meeting the recreational needs of the population.
All of the above determines the relevance of the topic of dissertation research in scientific and practical terms, its goals, objectives and structure of the dissertation.
The degree of development of the topic. Trade in services, including international trade, today is devoted to quite a lot of works of economists, both foreign and domestic. A certain research base has also been formed in the field of tourism economics. At the same time, the issues of trade in hotel services, the development of the world market for these services and the problem of Russia's integration into this international market through the use of world experience in the development of the hospitality industry and the hotel industry, according to the author, have not been sufficiently developed in domestic economic science.
The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the main problems and trends in the development of the global hotel services market, to assess the world experience in regulating and stimulating the development of the hotel services market, as well as to substantiate the main directions for applying this experience in formulating the development strategy of the Russian hotel industry.
In accordance with the above purpose of the study, the following tasks were set and solved in the work: to clarify the essence, specifics and role of hotel services in the development of tourism and the economy; identify and evaluate the main factors influencing the development of the global hotel services market, analyze the structure, trends and development prospects of this market; explore the main tools for regulating and stimulating the development of the hotel services market at the state level, at the level of specific hotel enterprises, and at the level of international cooperation; analyze and assess the state of the Russian hotel industry and the hotel services market; determine the possibility of applying the world experience in the development of the hotel services market to the Russian market and give suggestions on the formation of a model and the main directions of state regulation and stimulation of the development of the Russian market of hotel services.
The object of the dissertation research is the world market of hotel services and the hotel industry in modern conditions.
The subject of the study is the main trends in the development of the world market of hotel services, as well as the main tools of the state and industry strategy for the development of trade in hotel services in their application to the improvement of the Russian hotel industry.
The methodological basis of the study was: systems approach to the investigated object and subject; methods of statistical research and dynamic data analysis; methods of critical analysis, empirical research and situational analysis.
The theoretical basis of the study was the work of foreign and domestic scientists: R. Adlunga, A.Yu. Alexandrova, C.B. Borrows, D. Bell, S. Bernstein, A.C. Bulatova, P.A. Brimer, E.V. Vavilova, Yu.F. Volkova, N.I. Garanin, D. Gebei, F.T. De Besa, P.F. Drucker, I.I. Dumoulin, M.A. Zhukova, I.V. Zorina, N.I. Kabushkina, V.A. Kvartalnova, M.Yu. Laiko, T., Levitta, H.H. Liventseva, R.V. Macintosh, V.D. Markova, B.C. Novikov, R. Paul, T.Ch. Paul, L. Solomon, E.D. Khalevinsky, G. Harris, K.D. Hoffman, A.D. Chudnovsky, D. Edgel, S. Elkington and others.
The information basis of the study was the official statistical and analytical data of international governmental economic organizations, in particular, the UN, UNWTO, WTO, EU, OECD, etc., while official statistical data of foreign and Russian ministries and agencies, guidelines and recommendations from international and national statistical agencies. The work also used analytical and statistical materials prepared by international non-governmental organizations in the field of tourism and hotel industry.
The normative base of the study was the documents of the UN, UNWTO, EU agreements and directives of EU bodies, international conventions and agreements on the regulation and development of trade, Russian regulations and regulations of foreign countries.
The scientific novelty of the dissertation work is based on an integrated approach to the study of the global hotel services market, identifying and summarizing the main approaches to regulating and stimulating the development of the global hotel services market and the hotel industry, as well as identifying the main problems in the development of the Russian hotel services market and substantiating the directions for applying world experience to solution of these problems.
The main results of the study, which redistribute its scientific novelty, are as follows: on the basis of an integrated interdisciplinary approach, the concept and essence of hotel services are clarified as a specific type of service that differs not only in economic, but also in social significance and close connection with the human factor, as well as their significance. as a material and technical base of the tourism industry and a necessary component for the formation of a tourism product; an assessment was made of the main factors influencing the formation and development of the global market for hotel services, and the main directions for the qualitative transformation of the modern world market for hotel services were identified, taking into account the influence of these factors, including sustainable development, improving the quality of services and the main directions for innovation in the hotel industry; the main models of state approaches to regulating and stimulating the development of the hotel services market and the hotel industry are identified, based on the degree of state participation in the economy and its interaction with the private sector, and aimed at ensuring the sustainable development of the hotel industry and maximizing its potential; the main problems in the development of the domestic market of hotel services are identified and the possibilities of applying world experience to solve problems in the development of the Russian market of hotel services and the hotel industry are determined, as well as recommendations are formulated on the formation of the main directions of state regulation and stimulation of the development of the Russian market of hotel services.
The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that its results, provisions and recommendations can be used in developing a strategy for the development of the hotel services market in Russia in order to make the most of the potential of the hotel industry as a material and technical base for tourism and a component of this one of the most dynamic and promising industries. National economy. The results, studies can also be of great theoretical and practical importance for government bodies, organizations and institutions related to the issue under study.
Approbation of the research results: the main provisions and results of the dissertation research are presented in 4 author's publications with a total volume of 2.8 p.p., including two works by the author with a volume of 1.4 p.p. published in a journal determined by the HAC.
Work structure. The dissertation consists of an introduction, 3 chapters, a conclusion, a list of references and applications.
Structural analysis of the world market of hotel services
The market is a complex social phenomenon, a set of economic relations between business entities, an economic space in which supply and demand are combined; a mechanism for regulating relations between the seller and buyers.
The constituent elements of the hotel services market, which should be understood as a complex of phenomena and processes that form the market mechanism and determine its functioning and self-regulation, are:
demand - solvent need for hotel services;
offer - these are the services that the hotel industry enterprises supply to the markets;
prices - monetary expression of the cost of hotel services;
competition - rivalry in the market for the best conditions for production, purchase, sale
It is these elements in their interconnection and mutual influence that predetermine the formation and further development market of hotel services and the entire hotel industry.
The market is not just a collection of elements, it is a system in which individual elements are united by certain relationships and which has a certain structure.
In economic science, there is an organizational (institutional) structure and a market structure. Under organizational structure Market refers to the totality of enterprises - suppliers of goods or services, their number, size, shape. Market structure refers to the conditions under which market competition, as well as the level of market accessibility (entry and exit barriers) and market information.
The theory of market structures, which originated on the basis of the economic theory of the firm, considered the behavior of suppliers of goods or services in the market for these goods or services. The first question in the theory of market structures: how many firms exist in the market - depends entirely on the technological and behavioral aspects that the theory of the firm studies.
In the theory of market structures, there are:
perfect competition - an ideal structure in which a large number of different enterprises compete with each other on an equal footing;
monopoly - a structure in which there is only one service provider on the market;
oligopoly - a structure in which the market is dominated by a small number of enterprises that occupy more than 40% of the market;
oligopsony - a structure in which there are many sellers in the market, but few buyers;
monopsony - a structure in which there is only one buyer in the market.
The structures of the hotel services markets vary by country and region. They can range from near-perfect competition to pure monopoly. A striking example of the latter was the hotel industry of the times of the Soviet Union. Monopsony and oligopsony are not characteristic of the hotel services market, as, indeed, of any market for services to the population due to the very nature of such services.
The organizational (institutional) structure of the hotel services market consists of hotels and other means of collective accommodation.
It should be noted that accommodation facilities as such are not limited to hotels. Tourist accommodation facilities are "any facility that provides tourists occasionally or regularly with a place to stay overnight (usually indoors)" . As additional conditions accepted:
a) the total number of overnight stays exceeds a certain minimum,
b) the accommodation has a management,
c) management of the facility is built on a commercial basis and other features.
So, for example, in accordance with the definition given in the order of Rostourism dated July 21, 2005 No. 86 “On approval of the classification system for hotels and other accommodation facilities”, accommodation facilities are premises with at least 5 rooms and used by organizations of various organizational and legal forms and individual entrepreneurs for temporary accommodation of tourists.
Accommodation facilities in general, and hotels in particular, can be classified on various grounds. There is no single established and rigidly fixed classification of accommodation facilities either in economic theory or in the practice of statistics. Attempts to develop internationally comparable criteria and consolidate the classification of accommodation facilities are being made at the level of international organizations, in particular with the participation of the UN, the UN World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the World Trade Organization, and a number of international non-governmental organizations in the field of tourism and hotel industry.
The problem of classifying accommodation facilities and, in general, statistical analysis of the hospitality and hotel industry is exacerbated by the fact that the terminology used to define and classify accommodation facilities and other economically and statistically significant parameters varies from country to country, from language to language. An analysis of world practice in the field of tourist accommodation, for example, shows that the same services can be provided by enterprises belonging to different categories in different countries, and, conversely, the same names can be applied by different countries to different enterprises. providing various services and in various forms.
Due to the lack of uniform world standards in the classification of accommodation facilities, the development of such standards is carried out at the national level and at the level of international non-governmental organizations that are self-governing in the industry.
Factors determining the formation and development of the world market of hotel services
In addition to the interaction of market elements, the formation and development of the world market for hotel services is influenced by a number of factors, both internal and external, that form the environment in which enterprises providing hotel services operate. These factors are not a static category, but are constantly changing and developing along with the development of the world economy and the world community as a whole. Social development, in itself being a basic factor influencing the economy as a whole and individual industries and markets, predetermines both the change and development of other factors, as well as changes in the relationships between them. That is why, in order to analyze the transformations taking place in the modern world market of hotel services and determine the prospects and directions for its further development, it is necessary, first of all, to study the factors that determine its development and identify the mechanism of their influence on the world market of hotel services and the development of the hotel industry. Within the framework of this section, the author analyzes the system and composition of factors influencing the global hotel services market, and actively considers the most important of these factors.
Factors that in one way or another have an impact on the formation and development of the global market for hotel services can be classified on various grounds.
First of all, among such factors one can single out permanent, periodic (seasonal, cyclical, etc.) and one-time effects. For example, demographic factors act as permanent factors, geographical (climatic) factors act seasonally, and such, for example, as the terrorist attacks of September 2001 in New York, are an example of a single action factor. At the same time, the strength of the influence of one or another factor may not depend on the constancy or inconstancy of the action. An example of this is all the same terrorist attacks on September 11, which had a sharp negative impact on the entire tourism industry, not only in the United States, but also at the global level. A one-time event has generated a fairly stable decline in demand for tourism services. Their influence was felt even after two years. It was the tourism industry and the hotel industry, along with air transport companies, that suffered the most significant losses from the consequences of this event. Other examples include the Asian tsunami, which severely affected the demand for tourism and hotel services in the region for several subsequent seasons, the war in Iraq, and epidemics of mad cow disease, SARS and swine flu. In particular, the SARS epidemic at the end of 2003 practically paralyzed a significant segment of the global tourism industry, in particular the industries of North America and Asia.
In other words, according to the speed of impact on the market, factors can be divided into factors of gradual action (for example, such a demographic factor as the aging of the population in Europe), and factors of immediate action (the most striking examples in this case are the terrorist attacks of September 11 and the tsunami mentioned above). in Southeast Asia).
According to the degree of "proximity" or "remoteness" from the hotel industry and the ability of the latter to influence them, factors can be divided into external factors in relation to the hotel industry - a supplier of hotel services and internal factors. Accordingly, the market environment for each service provider can be divided into external and internal.
It should be noted that economists involved in the problems of marketing analysis of markets (Philip Kotler, Fernando de Bes, John Bowen, E.P. Golubkov, A.P. Afanasiev, etc.) proposed to subdivide the market environment into different levels, from two to four. In particular, Kotler and a number of other American economists, the founders of marketing analysis, propose to single out two levels in the market environment: the macro environment and the micro environment. This division is most actively used both in theory and in practice of economic and marketing analysis of markets. Some economists suggest increasing the number of levels to three or even four. For example, Timofeeva proposes to consider the market environment at four levels:
at the global (global) level (mega level);
at the national level (macro level);
at the sectoral and regional levels (meso level);
at the intra-company level (micro level).
However, in the author's opinion, such a division is nothing more than a further subdivision of the market environment external to the hotel industry enterprise. Indeed, whatever the strengthening of the importance of the international or, according to Timofeeva's classification, global (global) level, this level still remains external in relation to a particular enterprise. And the factors included in it, which will be analyzed below, despite the greater geographical coverage and significance, do not have fundamental differences from the factors of the national (state) level.
Therefore, the author proposes to confine ourselves to highlighting two types of factors influencing the formation and development of the market: internal and external, and external factors, in turn, can be divided into micro-level, meso-level, macro-level and mega-level factors.
The external environment and the internal environment, and within the framework of the analysis external environment it is quite possible to single out sublevels: microlevel, mesolevel, macrolevel, megalevel - see fig. 2.1. At the same time, the author considers it appropriate to refer to the mesoenvironment only factors of the regional level, and not of the industry level, since industry factors, for example, the presence and number of other enterprises in the industry, the level of competition, the provision of the industry with resources, etc. are more likely to be microenvironmental factors.
Modern approaches to state regulation and stimulation of the development of the hotel industry
The well-being of society is created through the productivity of national companies, and national competitiveness - through the creation of competitive advantage on the world market. However, market self-regulation mechanisms are far from perfect and cannot solve some socio-economic problems. It is in these cases that government intervention is needed to stimulate and supplement market mechanisms. In particular, according to the theory of M. Porter, the role of the state is precisely to strengthen factor conditions, influence the state of demand, promote the organizational forms of related and supporting industries, and also form a competitive environment.
At the same time, the degree of "participation" of the state in the development of a particular industry, a particular market should be thought out and limited to the necessary framework. The question of what this framework should be has been debatable for almost the entire time of the existence of economics as a science. The opinions of economists vary from the almost complete denial of the state in the economy, to the ideas of full-scale and detailed regulation by the state economic activity in the country. In the author's opinion, however, intervention in the economy should take place only in order to supplement market mechanisms where they do not operate or operate inefficiently, but not in order to replace them. And the hotel services market is no exception.
First of all, the state is able to strengthen the factor conditions necessary for the normal development of the hotel industry, as well as tourism, which, in turn, is the main supplier of hotel services to consumers. The state is able both directly and indirectly to influence the increase in demand, to promote the organizational forms of related and supporting industries, to form a competitive environment. The state plays a special role in the formation and development of the institutional structure of the national economy. The institutional structure includes:
efficiency of the administrative apparatus;
credit and financial (insurance, banks, etc.) system;
the effectiveness of the judicial and law enforcement system;
the level of bureaucratization;
the level of corruption;
shadow economy;
institutions of property and intellectual property;
crime;
legal awareness, etc.
All of the above and a number of other institutions play an important role in the development of the economy in general, and in the development of the hotel services market in particular. For example, one cannot ignore high level crime in the development of tourism in a particular country or area. A high crime rate, poor quality work of law enforcement and law enforcement agencies reduce the attractiveness of a country or area in the eyes of tourists, reducing the demand for the services of hotel enterprises.
It is impossible to ignore the degree of development of the banking system, the presence of corruption and the level of bureaucratization, which directly affect the development of the hotel services market, since a poorly developed banking system and a high level of corruption and bureaucratization increase entry barriers to the hotel services market and adversely affect competition in it.
Moreover, as studies, including those conducted by the World Economic Forum, show, not only the presence and condition of certain institutions are important, but also the flexibility and variability of institutions, as well as culture. Culture in this particular case is taken not in its usual sense, but rather in its correspondence. modern conditions development of technology, economics and social life, its ability to promote or hinder positive changes in the economy and the well-being of the population”. The state, leveling the shortcomings of market mechanisms, supports (and in particular, directly or indirectly finances) such areas as education, health, science, creates an environment conducive to innovative activities of enterprises hotel industry, stimulates the demand for hotel services (in particular, by developing health tourism), provides highly qualified personnel for hospitality enterprises and state and public organizations responsible for implementing policies in the field of development of the tourism and hotel services market. This role of the state is of particular fundamental importance, since tourism and the hospitality sector belong to the socio-cultural sphere, in which not only private economic, but also nationwide recreational, socio-psychological, cultural, psychological and pedagogical tasks that have an impact on the level and quality of life of the population.
Models of state regulation of the hotel industry and the market of hotel services
If we consider the mechanism of state intervention (regulating and stimulating) in the development of the hotel services market, then in world practice we can distinguish several models according to which such intervention is carried out.
The first model is reduced to building a centralized regulation of the hotel services market. Within the framework of this model, a central state body is created, whose functions include regulating the activities of hotel enterprises and other accommodation facilities, as well as strict control over this activity, infrastructure development, etc. As a rule, this is a state body, which is entrusted with the functions of regulating and controlling the activities of the entire tourism industry. Such a rigid, centralized model is typical for countries for which tourism is, if not the main, then one of the fundamental sectors of the national economy and the main source of revenue for the state budget. Among such countries are, for example, Egypt, Turkey, Tunisia and a number of others. This model usually also involves significant direct and indirect financial support by the state for tourism industry enterprises, including hotels and other accommodation facilities, government programs to stimulate inbound tourism, advertising campaigns and other marketing activities aimed at creating a favorable image of the country or area in the global market for tourism and hotel services.
Another model is that the issues of regulation and development of the hotel services market are included in the competence of a diversified ministry or other state institution, whose functions are reduced mainly to the general regulation of the hotel and tourism services market and the activities of tourism industry enterprises. This general regulation includes the development regulatory framework, coordinating functions, monitoring the compliance of the quality and safety of services with common standards, collecting and processing statistical information, supporting innovation, tax incentives and similar functions. This model is typical for the countries of Western Europe. The main functions of regulating and developing the hotel services market have been transferred to the level of local authorities and the industry itself, represented by non-governmental organizations and associations on tourism and hospitality industry issues.
The third model is reduced to the absence of any centralized function of regulation and development of the hotel services market. All issues are resolved at the regional, local and industry levels on the basis of industry self-regulation. This model is typical for countries for which tourism is not the main source of income and / or in which market mechanisms are so developed that they are able to ensure the sustainable development of the tourism industry and the hotel industry on their own. In addition to developed market mechanisms, the effective functioning of this model also requires a developed regulatory framework and judicial system.
International economic cooperation in the field of tourism and hotel services
International cooperation in the field of tourism and hotel services is carried out in several organizational planes:
cooperation between countries within the framework of international governmental organizations;
cooperation between representatives of the tourism industry and the hotel industry within the framework of international non-governmental organizations;
international cooperation in the field of tourism development and the market of hotel services between states, public organizations and business.
Among the most significant international organizations that have a direct impact on the development of the hotel services market, one can single out such large intergovernmental organizations as the International Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the World trade Organization(WTO), as well as a number of non-governmental international organizations, including the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTCC), the United Federation of Travel Agents Associations (UFTAA), the International Travel Agents Association (WATA).
Of course, this list can be supplemented by numerous regional intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations that influence the formation and development of regional markets for hotel services. Today, there are more than a hundred international organizations in the world that, to one degree or another, participate in the regulation and development of international economic relations, including the regulation international trade hotel services and the development of hotel services markets. However, within the framework of this section, the author analyzes only international organizations and international agreements that are of a universal nature.
World Tourism Organization in the system of international economic relations.
The United Nations Organization (UN) has a complex branched structure, which, among other things, includes a number of specialized institutions, the specificity of which lies in the narrow focus of their activities on the development of a certain area of the world economy and international economic relations. Such institutions include the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO).
Established in 1925 as the International Congress of Official Tourism Organizations and transformed in 1970 into an intergovernmental organization with the status of a specialized agency of the United Nations, the UNWTO is today the leading international organization in the field of tourism and travel and plays a central and decisive role in the promotion and development of a responsible, sustainable and inclusive tourism designed to promote economic development, international understanding, peace, prosperity, as well as mutual respect, unconditional observance of civil rights and fundamental freedoms.
Among the main functions of the UNWTO are the following:
UNWTO serves as a global forum for tourism policy and the development of regulations governing the development of international tourism;
UNWTO serves as a practical source of tourism know-how and a catalyst for the development of technical exchanges in tourism;
UNWTO serves as a center for the development of international cooperation in the field of tourism and the expansion of public-private partnerships in this area;
UNWTO serves as an instrument for implementing the provisions of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, which aims to enable member countries, destinations and businesses to maximize the economic, social and cultural impacts of tourism and to fully enjoy its benefits, while minimizing the negative social impacts of tourism. spheres and ecology.
Currently, 161 states and territories are members of the UNWTO. UNWTO also has over 390 affiliated members representing private sector, educational institutions, tourism associations and local tourism authorities and institutions.
Tourism today is becoming one of the main driving forces of the economy of many countries of the world. For some countries, especially developing ones, tourism is the main source of national income and, as such, serves as a powerful means of combating poverty in these countries. It is this importance of tourism that has led the UNWTO to commit itself to contributing to the achievement of the UN Millennium Development Goals through the launch of a new initiative to promote sustainable tourism as a means to eradicate poverty. Known as ST-EP (Sustainable Tourism - Poverty Eradication), the program incorporates the two organizations' years of work to promote sustainable tourism to eradicate poverty. This program was introduced in 2003.