The most important structural component of scientific theory social work are her patterns. The effectiveness and efficiency of social work with the population is largely determined by the optimal level of development and functioning of social services, the scientific validity of the choice of content and technological methods when working with people, direct and indirect connections and mutual influences of needs, interests, aspirations, moods and motives of human behavior in various life circumstances. The laws of social work most fully in an integrated form express the nature and direction of the totality of social ties. Revealing and formulating regularities as the most significant, recurring connections on which the effectiveness of social work depends is the most important task of its scientific theory in general, scientists and practitioners in the field of social work in particular. It should be noted that the laws that objectively exist in reality often differ from the laws that take place in science. The point is that in reality regularities are manifested in a complex, and not in isolation from others, and only in theory, our thinking, thanks to the ability to abstract from cumulative connections, allows us to isolate and formulate regularities in<<чистом виде>>.

The laws of social work formulated in science, but with the development and deepening of knowledge of real processes, but with the improvement of the conceptual apparatus and research technology, change, transform, constantly approaching the model of objective regularity that takes place in the real practice of social work. It should also be noted that the laws of social work as logical forms of knowledge are inaccessible to sensory perception, they can only be comprehended on the basis of abstract thinking, analysis and synthesis of the manifestation of revealed trends and interdependencies in social processes.

The interdisciplinary, integrative nature of social work, the need for statistical processing of a huge amount of empirical material, practical data and observations - all this complicates the identification and formulation of patterns. As already noted, in social work there are managerial relations and relations of interaction between a specialist and a client, which make it possible to single out certain patterns inherent in management.

For governing bodies social protection federal and regional levels, which are a set of institutionalized groups of specialists, managerial relations are determined by the following patterns:

The dependence of the effectiveness of social protection on the structural completeness of the system of governing bodies and functioning;

The dependence of the effectiveness of social protection on the social orientation of consciousness and the activities of the personnel of government bodies;

The dependence of the effectiveness of social work on the compliance and consistency of the immediate and long-term goals of social protection of the population, etc.

Significant connections that affect the effectiveness of achieving the goals of social work at the direct contact level can be expressed by the following patterns:

General Interest social worker and the client in the final results of their interaction;

The integrity of the impact of a social work specialist on a client;

Compliance with the powers and responsibilities of a social work specialist;

Compliance with the general level of development of a specialist in social work and a client of social services, etc.

The world and domestic experience of social work shows that the patterns formulated and not yet formulated by scientists and practitioners are of an objective nature and manifest themselves regardless of the will, desire of specialists, their knowledge. A specialist in the field of social work, for various reasons, can ignore the objective nature of the laws of social work - this will not violate the action and influence of the pattern, but will lead to undesirable consequences, the elimination of which will require additional effort, time and resources. That is why the deeper the specialist realizes and more fully takes into account patterns in practice, the more effective his activity.

At the same time, it should be noted that the mere knowledge of these regularities does not guarantee their use in the daily practice of social work. A practitioner is not able in each case to correlate his actions with the patterns of social work, analyze and evaluate the manifestations of patterns in relations with a client. Therefore, in practice, he is guided only by the conclusions and rules arising from the laws formulated by science, which, expressing a very specific list of requirements, become principle, starting position and general rule of activity of a social worker.

The principles of social work are the most important structural component of the logical forms of scientific theory. It is through principles that theoretical propositions are directly related to the practice of social work. Social work is closely related to the problems of social development. Its character, content, forms and methods are inseparable from the economic, social, spiritual and moral state of society. Being a social institution operating in the system of social relations, including economic, social, political, ideological and other relations, social work is directly involved in their regulation, the implementation of functions that ensure the vital activity of both an individual and society as a whole.

Social workers are involved in the development and implementation of social policy, the implementation of social programs for the social protection of the population from degradation and social risks and the creation of decent conditions for the social functioning of a person. The role of social work in supporting vitality is especially significant.<<социально ослабленных>> members of society, helping people who find themselves in a difficult life situation.

The complexity and diversity of the interacting factors of social work, the manifestation of subordination, coordination and correlation links and relationships is reflected in the system of principles of social work, which can be divided into several groups:

Methodological;

Organizational and administrative;

Psychological and pedagogical;

Socio-political.

Methodological principles- these are the principles of epistemological, approach, determination, reflection, development.

Organizational and distribution principles- this:

Socio-technological competence of personnel;

stimulation;

Control and verification of execution;

Functional certainty;

Unity of rules and duties.

Psychological and pedagogical principles express requirements for the choice of technological means of psychological and pedagogical influence on clients of social services. The main principles of this group include:

Integrated and systems approach to the analysis and assessment of the client's living conditions and the choice of forms and methods of work;

Individual approach to the personality of the client of social services;

Purposefulness and targeting of social work;

Tact and tolerance when communicating with clients of social services, etc.

Socio-political principles express the requirements due to the dependence of the content and direction of social work on the social policy of the state, which determines the conceptual approaches to the choice of priorities in the social protection of the population, to the combination and conjugation of personal and state interests in social work. The main principles of this group:

State approach to the tasks solved in social work;

Humanism and democratism of the content and methods of social work;

Accounting for the specific conditions of a person's life, social group when choosing the content, forms and methods of social work;

The legality and justice of the actions of a social worker.

Knowledge about the reality around us is a tool for its transformation. That is why an important component of scientific theory is its logical forms, such as consequences, conclusions, technological algorithms and logical operations that are determined by laws, principles and postulates, contributing to the solution of problem situations and practical problems.

So, social work as a science, as an integrative, holistic theoretical knowledge system can be structurally represented as two interconnected subsystems: a subsystem that reflects the practical professional activities of bodies, institutions, services and specialists of social work in the form of systematizing, describing and generalizing knowledge, and a subsystem of logically transformed forms of this knowledge based on the movement of thought, from empirically concrete to abstract, and from abstract back to empirical, to practice.

Our understanding of the structure of social work as a science would be incomplete if we ignored its functional aspect. The fact is that any systemic formation performs a number of functions, which, however, is not adequate to the sum of the functions of the components of this system. Social work theory is no exception. Thus, the practical activities of social services and institutions, the practice of social work are an experimental basis, a source of scientific theory; scientific language is a means of dressing subject-sensory practical social work in logical forms of reflecting the material into the ideal; logical forms of knowledge reflect the content of scientific theory; conclusions and consequences, which are the result of theoretical provisions, are a logical tool for transforming the ideal into material, transforming the social status of the client of social work.

However, the structural components of social work like science make a certain contribution to the implementation of functions common to scientific theory:

Informational, since the theory of social work contains information about actually occurring social processes, describes them in a generalized form using the conceptual apparatus, in the laws and principles inherent in the subject area of ​​social work;

Explanatory, since science is designed not only to describe processes and phenomena, but to explain complex cause-and-effect relationships, the main trends and direction of their development;

Heuristic, which consists in the fact that scientific theory does not simply describe reality, but carries innovations, new knowledge that expands our understanding of the problems of social work. The scientific theory of social work, like any other, is heuristic in its purpose, origin, forms and methods of its development, expression and use;

Practical, consisting in the fact that it is generated by the needs of practice, develops on its basis and finds confirmation of its truth again in practice. This is especially clearly seen in the applied sciences, which include the theory of social work;

Prognostic, which reveals trends, predicting the direction of development of social processes, objects of social work and providing a preventive impact on the development of social phenomena and processes.

The functions of social work as a system of scientific knowledge are the result of the synthesis of the functioning of its components, the integration of structural relationships. They act as a form and method of manifestation of the heuristic and creative activity of the system, having a reverse effect on the composition of the components in the system, taking into account emerging new goals.

In the complex interweaving of cause-and-effect relationships that are characteristic of interdisciplinary, integration sciences, there are both necessary and random connections. The onset of one or another consequence in social work is most often the result of a collision of necessary and random interactions, their disproportionate influence. In this regard, the use of methods of probability theory and statistics is of great importance for researchers of social processes, and for practitioners - the use of experience and intuition.

Thus, applying a systematic approach to the analysis of the theory of social work, we found out the significance of its structure. It is the knowledge of the structure, the internal interconnections of the components of the theory as a whole that makes it possible to single out among the variety of connections essential and insignificant, necessary and accidental, to confuse the most complex knot of causal dependencies inherent in interdisciplinary integrity.

Disclosure of the structure of social work as a science allows us to understand the place and role, the significance of integrated components in general, to understand how and why the theory of social work retains its qualitative certainty and specificity.

The knowledge of social work as a science is historically a process of movement of thought from the composition of a knowledge system to its structure, and then to functions, but sometimes knowledge begins with the awareness of functions. In this case, the structural components are the result of satisfying the needs of the system for new organs, the result of the materialization of newly emerging functions. In the process of cognition of the theory of social work as an integral system of scientific knowledge, as an applied science, the relationships and characteristics of its components are not revealed immediately, but gradually, but as they penetrate into nature, essence. Accumulating knowledge about some aspects of social work, scientific system creates favorable prerequisites for the knowledge of other aspects and a deeper insight into the essence of the subject of study as a whole. At the same time, it is important to comprehensively use the entire arsenal of scientific knowledge tools: observation and experiment, description and theoretical explanation, justification and logical evidence, comparison and analogy, generalization and abstraction, induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, hypothesis and scientific theory as a whole.

Social work, like other branches of knowledge and human activity, is characterized by certain regularities and principles. interpretation.

The relationship between the social policy of the state and the content of social work in society is distinguished as the main pattern. The formation of social work as a profession, the strengthening of social orientation economic activity in Belarus, the improvement of forms of social protection, etc. confirms the existence and fruitfulness of this pattern. An equally important regularity should be considered the relationship between the goals of social development and the level of development of social work. The complex nature of the latter, the inclusion of various services and departments in solving vital human problems naturally "works" for social development in general, and not just for individuals or their groups.

Having singled out two levels of social work (organizational and managerial and contact), we will also consider their specific patterns. For organizational and managerial relations in the system of administrative units or groups of specialists, the characteristic (determining the success of their activities) are:

• dependence of the effectiveness of social protection on the structural completeness and completeness of the organ system social management and social service institutions
• dependence of the effectiveness of social protection on the social orientation of the personnel corps of government bodies
• the interdependence between social work and the consistency of the immediate and long-term goals of social protection of the population, etc.

At the contact level, the following factors (patterns) that determine the success of an activity are distinguished:

• joint interest of the social worker and the client in the final results of their interaction
• integrity and complexity of the impact of a social work specialist on a client
• Compliance with the powers and responsibilities of a social work specialist
• correspondence between the developmental levels of the social worker and the client of social services, etc.

Regularities exist objectively, regardless of whether we know them, whether we recognize them. But successes in social work will be the best if these patterns are learned and taken into account in practical activities.

The basic principles of social work are also formulated. Several groups of principles are considered:

• general philosophical
• socio-political
• organizational and activity
• psychological and pedagogical, as well as specific ones related only to social work (basic rules for activities in the field of providing social services to the population)

The general philosophical principles underlying all the sciences of society include:

• principle of determinism
• reflection principle
• principle of development
• principle of unity of consciousness and activity
• historicism principle
• the principle of the inextricable relationship between the individual and his social environment

The following three groups of principles are narrower in content, but also cover various aspects of social work.

The group of socio-political principles includes principles that indicate the dependence of social work on social policy. This:

• unity of the state approach in combination with regional features of social work
• democratism of its content and methods
• legitimacy and fairness of the activities of a social worker

The group of organizational and activity principles includes:

• socio-technological competence of personnel
• principle of functional certainty
• principle of unity of rights and duties, powers and responsibilities
• principle of control and verification of performance

Psychological and pedagogical principles express the requirements for the choice of means of influencing the client. This includes principles such as:

• a comprehensive analysis of the living conditions of clients and the choice of forms and methods of working with them
• individual hike
• purposefulness and targeting of social work

The specific principles of social work include the following:

• The principle of universality (social assistance is provided to everyone, regardless of nationality, race, beliefs, age of those in need).
• The principle of protecting social rights (providing assistance to a client cannot be conditioned by the requirement for him to renounce his social rights or part of them).
• The principle of social response (the need to take action according to specific circumstances, and not according to the standards of the “average” client).
• The principle of preventive orientation (prevention (prevention) of the occurrence social problems or burdens that have already arisen).
• The principle of client-centrism (recognition of the priority of the client's rights in all cases, except for those where it is contrary to the rights and interests of other people).
• The principle of self-reliance (the active position of the client in resolving their problems, the advisory role of the social worker).
• The principle of maximizing social resources (search for ways to increase the volume and forms of social assistance to the population).
• The principle of confidentiality (non-disclosure of information about the client's problems, except as provided by law and related to the possibility of violence, harm to any person or children).
• The principle of tolerance (recognition of the regularity of the diversity of customers and tolerance for manifestations of this diversity).

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

BELGOROD STATE UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WORK

Tkacheva Yulia Alexandrovna

Patterns and principles of social work

group student 120706

specialty "social work"

Discipline:

Social work theory

Scientific adviser:

CM. Batsanova

Belgorod 2009

Patterns and principles of social work

The most important structural component of the scientific theory of social work is its regularities. The effectiveness and efficiency of social work with the population is largely determined by the optimal level of development and functioning of social services, the scientific validity of the choice of content and technological methods when working with people, direct and indirect connections and mutual influences of needs, interests, aspirations, moods and motives of human behavior in various life circumstances. The laws of social work most fully in an integrated form express the nature and direction of the totality of social ties.

Revealing and formulating regularities as the most significant, recurring connections on which the effectiveness of social work depends is the most important task of its scientific theory in general, scientists and practitioners in the field of social work in particular. It should be noted that the laws that objectively exist in reality often differ from the laws that take place in science. The fact is that in reality, regularities appear in a complex, and not in isolation from others, and only in theory, our thinking, thanks to the ability to abstract from aggregate connections, allows us to isolate and formulate regularities in a “pure form”.

The laws of social work formulated in science, as the knowledge of real processes develops and deepens, as the conceptual apparatus and research technology improves, change, transform, constantly approaching the model of objective regularity that takes place in the real practice of social work. It should also be noted that the laws of social work as logical forms of knowledge are inaccessible to sensory perception, they can only be comprehended on the basis of abstract thinking, analysis and synthesis of the manifestation of revealed trends and interdependencies in social processes.

The interdisciplinary, integrative nature of social work, the need for statistical processing of a huge amount of empirical material, practical data and observations - all this complicates the identification and formulation of patterns. As already noted, in social work there are managerial relations and relations of interaction between a specialist and a client, which make it possible to single out certain patterns inherent in management.

For the administrative bodies of social protection of the federal and regional levels, which are a set of organizationally formed groups of specialists, managerial relations are determined by the following patterns:

The dependence of the effectiveness of social protection on the structural completeness of the system of governing bodies and functioning;

• the dependence of the effectiveness of social protection on the social orientation of consciousness and the activities of the personnel of government bodies;

The dependence of the effectiveness of social work on the compliance and consistency of the immediate and long-term goals of social protection of the population, etc.

Significant connections that affect the effectiveness of achieving the goals of social work at the direct contact level can be expressed by the following patterns:

The general interest of the social worker and the client in the final results of their interaction;

The integrity of the impact of a social work specialist on a client;

Compliance with the powers and responsibilities of a social work specialist;

Compliance with the general level of development of a social work specialist and a client of social services, etc.

The world and domestic experience of social work shows that the patterns formulated and not yet formulated by scientists and practitioners are of an objective nature and manifest themselves regardless of the will, desire of specialists, their knowledge. A specialist in the field of social work, for various reasons, can ignore the objective nature of the laws of social work - this will not violate the action and influence of the law, but will lead to undesirable consequences, the elimination of which will require additional effort, time and resources. That is why the deeper the specialist realizes and more fully takes into account the patterns in practice, the more effective his activity.

At the same time, it should be noted that, in itself, knowledge of these patterns does not guarantee their use in the daily practice of social work. A practitioner is not able in each case to correlate his actions with the patterns of social work, analyze and evaluate the manifestations of patterns in relations with a client. Therefore, in practice, he is guided only by the conclusions and rules arising from the laws formulated by science, which, expressing a very specific list of requirements, become the principle, starting position and general rule of the social worker's activity.

The principles of social work are the most important structural component of the logical forms of scientific theory. It is through principles that theoretical propositions are directly related to the practice of social work. Social work is closely related to the problems of social development. Its character, content, forms and methods are inseparable from the economic, social, spiritual and moral state of society. Being a social institution operating in the system of social relations, including economic, social, political, ideological and other relations, social work is directly involved in their regulation, the implementation of functions that ensure the vital activity of both an individual and society as a whole.

Social workers are involved in the development and implementation of social policy, the implementation of social programs for the social protection of the population from degradation and social risks and the creation of decent conditions for the social functioning of a person. Particularly significant is the role of social work in supporting the vitality of "socially weakened" members of society, helping people who find themselves in a difficult life situation.

The complexity and diversity of the interacting factors of social work, the manifestation of subordination, coordination and correlation links and relationships is reflected in the system of principles of social work, which can be divided into several groups:

Methodological;

Organizational and administrative;

• psychological and pedagogical;

Socio-political.

Methodological principles are the principles of the epistemological approach, determination, reflection, development. Organizational and distribution principles are:

Socio-technological competence of personnel;

• stimulation;

Control and verification of execution;

Functional certainty;

• unity of rules and duties.

Psychological and pedagogical principles express the requirements for the choice of technological means of psychological and pedagogical influence on clients of social services. The main principles of this group include:

A comprehensive and systematic approach to the analysis and assessment of the client's living conditions and the choice of forms and methods of work;

Individual approach to the personality of the client of social services;

Purposefulness and targeting of social work;

Tact and tolerance when dealing with social clients
services, etc.

Socio-political principles express the requirements due to the dependence of the content and direction of social work on the social policy of the state, which determines the conceptual approaches to the choice of priorities in the social protection of the population, to the combination and conjugation of personal and state interests in social work. The main principles of this group:

• state approach to the tasks solved in social work;
• humanism and democracy of the content and methods of social
  work;
• taking into account the specific conditions of the life of an individual, a social group when choosing content, forms and methods
  social work;
• legitimacy and fairness of the actions of a social worker.

Knowledge about the reality around us is a tool for its transformation. That is why an important component of scientific theory is its logical forms, such as consequences, conclusions, technological algorithms and logical operations that are determined by laws, principles and postulates, contributing to the solution of problem situations and practical problems.

So, social work as a science, as an integrative, holistic theoretical system of knowledge can be structurally represented in the form of two interrelated subsystems: a subsystem that reflects the practical professional activities of bodies, institutions, services and specialists of social work in the form of systematizing, describing and generalizing knowledge, and a subsystem logically transformed forms of this knowledge based on the movement of thought, from the empirically concrete to the abstract, and from the abstract back to empiricism, to practice.

Our understanding of the structure of social work as a science would be incomplete if we ignored its functional aspect. The fact is that any systemic formation performs a number of functions, which, however, is not adequate to the sum of the functions of the components of this system. Social work theory is no exception. Thus, the practical activities of social services and institutions, the practice of social work are an experimental basis, a source of scientific theory; scientific language is a means of dressing object-sensuous practical social work in logical forms of reflecting the material into the ideal; logical forms of knowledge reflect the content of scientific theory; conclusions and consequences, which are the result of theoretical provisions, are a logical tool for transforming the ideal into material, transforming the social status of the client of social work.

At the same time, the structural components of social work as a science make a certain contribution to the implementation of functions common to scientific theory:

Informational, since the theory of social work contains information about actually occurring social processes, describes them in a generalized form using the conceptual apparatus, in the laws and principles inherent in the subject area of ​​social work;

Explanatory, since science is designed not only to describe processes and phenomena, but to explain complex cause-and-effect relationships, the main trends and direction of their development;

Heuristic, which consists in the fact that the scientific theory
does not just describe reality, but carries innovations, new knowledge that expands our understanding of the problems of social work. The scientific theory of social work, like any other, is heuristic in its purpose, origin, forms and methods of its development, expression and use;

Practical, consisting in the fact that it is generated by the needs of practice, develops on its basis and finds
confirmation of its truth again in practice.
This is especially evident in the applied sciences, to
to which the theory of social work belongs;

Predictive, which identifies trends by predicting
direction of development of social processes, objects
social work and providing proactive impact
on the development of social phenomena and processes.

The functions of social work as a system of scientific knowledge are the result of the synthesis of the functioning of its components, the integration of structural relationships. They act as a form and method of manifestation of the heuristic and creative activity of the system, having a reverse effect on the composition of the components in the system, taking into account emerging new goals.

In the complex interweaving of cause-and-effect relationships that are characteristic of interdisciplinary, integration sciences, there are both necessary and random connections. The onset of one or another consequence in social work is most often the result of a collision of necessary and random interactions, their disproportionate influence. In this regard, the use of methods of probability theory and statistics is of great importance for researchers of social processes, and for practitioners, the use of experience and intuition.

Thus, applying a systematic approach to the analysis of the theory of social work, we found out the significance of its structure. It is the knowledge of the structure, the internal interconnections of the components of the theory as a whole that makes it possible to single out among the variety of connections essential and non-essential, necessary and accidental, to unravel the most complex knot of causal dependencies inherent in interdisciplinary integrity.

Disclosure of the structure of social work as a science allows us to understand the place and role, the significance of integrated components in general, to understand how and why the theory of social work retains its qualitative certainty and specificity.

The knowledge of social work as a science is historically a process of movement of thought from the composition of the knowledge system to its structure, and then to functions, but sometimes knowledge begins with the awareness of functions. In this case, the structural components are the result of satisfying the needs of the system for new organs, the result of the materialization of newly emerging functions. In the process of cognition of the theory of social work as an integral system of scientific knowledge, as an applied science, the relationships and characteristics of its components are not revealed immediately, but gradually, as they penetrate into nature, essence. By accumulating knowledge about some aspects of social work, the scientific system creates favorable conditions for learning about other aspects and deeper insight into the essence of the subject of study as a whole. At the same time, it is important to comprehensively use the entire arsenal of scientific knowledge tools: observation and experiment, description and theoretical explanation, justification and logical evidence, comparison and analogy, generalization and abstraction, induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, hypothesis and scientific theory as a whole.

Bibliography

1. Fundamentals of social work: Proc. allowance for students. higher textbook institutions / Ed. N.F. Basov. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2004. - 288 p.
2. Social work: theory and practice: Proc. allowance / Resp. ed. d.h.s., prof. E.I. Kholostova, Doctor of Historical Sciences, prof. A.S. Sorvin. - M.: INFRA-M, 2004. - 427 p.
3. www.bestreferat.ru/
4. Theory of social work: Educational and practical manual / Compiled by O.A. Gordilov. - Belgorod: BelGU Publishing House, 2006. - 132 p.

1.Principles of professional social work and their practical expression

2.Methods of social work, their types and national specifics

1. Principles of professional social work and their practical expression

The theory or methodology of social work is a system of principles and methods for organizing help and support for clients at the individual-personal and group levels, it forms the basis of a scientific understanding of the construction of social activity.

Principles and patterns are important methodological characteristics for any science, and even more so they are important for social work as a special type professional activity. In this case, the principles are the most important structure-forming elements of the logical forms of scientific theory and the fundamental rules of practical activity. Through their application, a direct correlation of theoretical provisions, embodied in categories and patterns, with practice is carried out.

In this way, the principles of social work are the fundamental ideas, regulations, rules and norms of behavior of social work institutions, social workers, determined by the requirements of objective laws of development and functioning of social processes, the requirements of advanced social practice.

As follows from the definition, the principles of social work are closely interrelated, on the one hand, with the laws of social work, and on the other hand, with its practical experience, which gives sustainable results. Like any law of nature, social patterns do not exist as an independent entity, but only in the processes and phenomena of social life. As a result, they are inaccessible to direct perception, and can only be comprehended on the basis of abstract thinking, analysis and synthesis of the manifestation of some stable trend.

In the educational and methodological plan, it is considered possible and appropriate to combine and reduce all the principles of social work into several groups: general philosophical; socio-political; organizational; psychological and pedagogical; specific.

General philosophical principles underlie all sciences about society, man and the mechanisms of their interaction: the principle of determinism, reflection and development, historicism and social conditioning, social significance, epistemological approach, unity of consciousness and activity.

Socio-political principles express the requirements arising from the scientifically substantiated content, direction and dependence of social work on the nature of the social policy of the state. This dependence determines the conceptual approaches to the choice of priorities in the social protection of the population, to the combination of individual and public interests. These may include: the state approach to the tasks solved in social work; humanism and democratism of social work; connection of the content and forms of social work with the specific conditions of the life of an individual and a social group; legitimacy and justice of social work.

In this way , Social work is based on the social policy of the state, which adequately expresses in theory and practice the principles, requirements and interests of providing socially vulnerable groups of the population. Decrees and decisions of state administrative structures, being fundamental political and directive documents, determine the direction and content of social work, conceptual approaches to the analysis and evaluation of social processes, to the conjugation of personal and national interests in social work.

The principle of humanism social work involves the recognition of a person as the highest value, the protection of his dignity and civil rights, the creation of conditions for the free and comprehensive manifestation of the abilities of the individual. Humanism in social work requires bringing to the fore such criteria of human activity and interpersonal relations, which would express the unity of the tasks and interests of the individual and humanity as a whole, in which social equality, justice, humanity would be the norm of relations between people.

The principle of social work humanism is closely related to democracy relationship between a social worker and a client, their predominantly informal nature. Informal ties arise and are built mainly on the basis of psychological compatibility, personal qualities, common interests, likes and dislikes. The democracy of relationships opens up great opportunities for specialists to display their creative and professional abilities, to achieve trust and confidence in the correctness of recommendations in constantly changing circumstances.

Democracy requires the ability to establish psychological contact, compliance with the norms and rules of communication, respect and attention to the personality of a person, involving him in active search ways of solving personal problems and unobtrusive influence by the power of your mind, knowledge and moral experience.

Along with humanism, democracy, one of the most important principles of social work is close relationship with the specific conditions of human life . In this principle, the unity of the theory of the practice of social work is manifested, and its implementation ensures the realism and scientific validity of the forms and methods used for social support of the population, protection of their rights and interests.

As one of the main principle of legality involves the strict implementation of laws and legal acts based on them by all state structures, officials, public organizations and citizens. Normative legal acts are the form in which the policy of the state, including social policy, is clothed.

Organizational principles. The successful implementation of measures aimed at social protection of the population is largely determined by compliance with social work organizational principles, among which the socio-technological competence of social service management bodies should be highlighted.

Socio-technological competence- this is a deep awareness of a social worker about the conditions and technology for solving emerging problems, the ability to competently implement their knowledge in practical activities.

It involves systematic training and retraining of personnel, sufficiency of information, analytical and predictive activities at all levels of management, deep and comprehensive knowledge of the objects of social work, their typology and features.

Without influencing the interests and needs of participants in social work, without stimulating their activities, it is impossible to count on a positive effect. That is why one of the important principles of this group is the promotion of social work. Stimulation is an inducement of a person to a conscious, interested manifestation of activity in the realization of his energy, abilities, moral and volitional potential to achieve a specific goal.

Incentive principle in social work it presupposes the unity and combination of ideological, moral and material forms; the adequacy of the means and methods of stimulating individual, professional, educational, cultural and psychological characteristics of the individual; objectivity and publicity of assessment of a person's attitude to the cause, to the social values ​​of his life.

An important organizational principle of social work is control and verification of execution . The meaning of control and verification activities is to ensure the implementation of state-guaranteed measures for social protection. various groups population. The implementation of this principle in practice requires: a combination of administrative and public control, the regularity of its implementation; analysis and suggestions practical advice to eliminate deficiencies; promoting the rule of law and order.

One of the main organizational principles of social work is unity of authority and responsibility , rights and obligations of social service personnel. Their clear functioning is achieved on the basis of a clear understanding by each specialist of their functions, on the corresponding rights and opportunities for independent decision-making, a strict definition of the powers and responsibilities of each unit in relations "vertically" and "horizontally", the establishment of rational links and information flows between social services. protection of the population.

A significant place in the theory and practice of social work is given to psychological and pedagogical principles, which, in essence, express the requirements for the forms and methods of social work, for the methods of psychological and pedagogical influence.

Based on the knowledge of the principles of general and social pedagogy, as well as psychology, the social worker is called upon to see the relationship between various forms of methods of influencing people by means of pedagogy and psychology.

One of the founding principles of the social work of this group is A complex approach . Complexity ensures, on the one hand, the integrity and comprehensiveness of the impact on the object, on the other hand, it serves as a barrier against departmentalism in solving social problems. The practical implementation of the principle of complexity in social work involves:

- studying and taking into account the interests, needs and moods of people, predicting the nature of the influence on their behavior and well-being of socio-political, socio-psychological and material and domestic factors;

- the ability to see in people real individuals whose needs and desires are mediated by their professional affiliation, social status, living conditions and life experience, and take them into account in the practice of social work;

- consistent and rational use of all available means and methods of influencing a person to activate his physical and spiritual resources;

- monitoring during the implementation of tasks to analyze and evaluate the effectiveness and timely adjustments to the content and forms of social work.

Among the psychological and pedagogical principles, it is worth highlighting differentiated approach to people. It is due to the natural nature of the development of specific views and attitudes towards material and spiritual values ​​among representatives of various strata, groups, professions and ages, without taking into account which it is impossible to purposefully influence the consciousness, feelings, will and behavior of people.

The following principles should also be included in this group:

–consistency and permanence , which defines the approach to social work as a continuous, systematic and purposeful activity;

– attractions, involving the use of the maximum variety of ways of communication aimed at achieving social community between the social worker and the client while maintaining their individuality;

–justice , providing conditions for the implementation of social work and contributing to the sustainability, viability and flexibility of social activities;

– competence involving deep knowledge theoretical foundations social work and the ability to apply them in practice;

–altruism, based on the recognition of the good of another person as more significant than the interests of one's "I";

–personal and individual approach , suggesting the vision behind each social problem of the interests of a particular individual;

–optimality , guided by which the social worker must find the most adequate solution for his client's problem;

–universality , involving the provision of assistance to everyone in need of it;

– mediation , which determines the relationship and continuity of social work and social policy of the state.

In addition to those discussed above, the group of psychological and pedagogical ones should also include purposefulness principle . The purpose of the impact determines the method and nature of actions, the content and forms of social work. Achieving the goal is the standard of efficiency and effectiveness of the efforts undertaken by the social worker. It also performs a system-forming function, combining all the principles into one whole, giving social work a scientific character when choosing forms and methods of work.

Specific Principles social work determine the basic rules of activity in the field of providing social services to the population.

The principle of universality requires the exclusion of discrimination in the provision of assistance on any grounds of an ideological, political, religious and age nature.

The principle of social response implies an awareness of the need to take action on identified social problems, to act in accordance with the specific circumstances of the social situation of the individual client, and not be limited only standard set events.

The principle of preventive orientation implies the need to take constant care to prevent social problems and life difficulties of clients or to prevent the aggravation of problems that have already arisen.

The principle of client-centrism means the recognition of the priority of the rights of the individual in all cases, except for those where it is contrary to the rights and interests of other people.

Self-reliance principle emphasizes the subjective role of a person, his active position in resolving his problems.

The principle of maximizing social resources proceeds from the fact that every social system inevitably allocates a minimum of funds for the provision of social assistance. And the point is to attract additional opportunities to provide assistance in addition to the guaranteed minimum by contacting non-governmental, voluntary, charitable, self-help and mutual aid organizations, using other methods not prohibited by law.

The principle of tolerance defines tolerance for a wide variety of individuals and categories of the population.

In regulatory legal acts Russian Federation formulated some principles arising from the generalization of the experience of social work in the country, among them the principles:

accessibility social services;

privacy in work;

continuity all types and forms of social services;

targeting and assistance priority citizens who are in a situation that threatens their health or life;

observance of human and civil rights in the field of social services and ensuring their state guarantees;

equal opportunities when receiving social services;

preventive focus;

promoting social rehabilitation and adaptation;

interdepartmental and interdisciplinarity;

territorial organization social service;

state support voluntary social activities to provide social services and assistance to the population.

Thus, the main components of the system of elements of scientific theory are the consequences arising from the laws and principles, which are implemented in methods, technological algorithms and specific techniques.

2. Patterns of social work

The most important structural element of social work, like any other branch of social knowledge, is its patterns.

The laws of social work most fully express in an integrated form the nature and direction of the totality of social connections and phenomena related to the social situation of the client.

As basic h regularities it is possible to single out the relationship between the social policy of the state and the content of social work in society. Indeed, the very fact of introducing social work as a special professional activity is associated with a reorientation of social policy. Russian state from large groups of the population, classes, strata to assist the individual, family, all citizens who find themselves in a difficult life situation. In this regard, the relationship between the goals of social development and the level of development of social work is also natural. Although these goals are formulated in the fundamental state documents

For the management elements of the system of social protection of the population of the Russian Federation at the federal, regional and municipal levels, which is a set of institutionalized groups of specialists endowed with certain powers, as well as having fixed rights and obligations, the activity is determined by the following patterns:

The dependence of the effectiveness of social protection on the structural completeness and completeness of the system of social administration and social service institutions;

The dependence of the effectiveness of social protection on the social orientation of consciousness and the activities of the personnel corps of government bodies;

The interdependence between social work and the consistency of the immediate and long-term goals of social protection of the population, etc.

The effectiveness of the implementation of the goals of social work in practice or directly at the contact level will depend on such factors (patterns) as: the joint interest of the social worker and the client in the final results of their interaction; integrity and complexity of the impact of a social work specialist on a client; compliance with the powers and responsibilities of a social work specialist; correspondence between the developmental levels of the social worker and the client of social services, etc.

World and domestic experience in providing social assistance shows that the laws of social work, both mentioned above and not yet formulated, are objective and manifest themselves regardless of the will and desire of people, knowledge or ignorance of their specialists.

An employee of a social service or a social administration body, for various reasons, may ignore the presence of these patterns, but this does not cancel their actions and influence.

Elimination of the negative consequences caused by the neglect of the action of objective factors of social functioning will require additional effort, time and resources, which are always in short supply. That is why, the deeper the social work specialist realizes and the more fully he takes into account its laws in his practical activity, the more effective are its results.

It should be noted that the theoretical knowledge of regularities in itself does not guarantee their systematic use in the daily practice of social work specialists. A specialist practitioner is not able to conduct a detailed theoretical analysis of the social situation in each specific case, purposefully correlate his actions with stable connections and patterns of social reality, and reflect on his relationship with the client. Therefore, in practice, he often proceeds from the typicality of clients' problems, uses, first of all, those conclusions and rules that are formulated by science and practice on the basis of open patterns and express a certain list of requirements for a social worker.

3. Methods of social work, their types and national specifics

Under method means a method, a means of practical implementation of the task, a way to achieve the goal.

In the practice of social work, consistent ways of behavior, actions, communication of social workers regarding clients, called methods , grouped in the following way:

- individual work with a specific case;

- working with a group

- work in a microsocial environment INDIVIDUAL SOCIAL WORK

Method of individual social work, or social work with an individual case, is carried out in a one-on-one situation, when the social worker, together with the client, solves his personal and social problems. Typical individual problems in the practice of social work are emotional problems, family and personality crises, family conflicts, problems at work and at school, job loss, etc.

According to the concept of L. Johnson, the context of work that contributes to success can be represented as an active system, represented by a social worker and a client, each with its own specific qualities and properties.

General model actions of a social worker in individual work with a case can be represented in the following form:

1. Establishing the primary connection and the client's need for change.

At this stage, the social worker may find that the client does not understand what his problem is and is unwilling to make the effort to make the necessary changes. The social worker can draw the client's attention to why he is denying the existence of a problem and, during the discussion, tactfully demonstrate to the client that it exists. The client must be put before this proof. In the event that after that the client does not realize the need for changes, the social worker leaves the client the opportunity to return to his problem in the future, when the client considers it necessary to discuss it.

2. Research and clarification of the problem. The next stage of the process begins when the client realizes that the social worker can really be useful to him in the current situation. At this stage, a relationship is established between the social worker and the client, which makes it possible to determine approaches to solving the problem.

3. Motivation

Evaluation by the social worker together with the client of his situation. Establishing a social diagnosis. Work on the client's motivation, because if the client is not aware of the motivation to change, constructive change will not occur.

4. Conceptualization of the problem

The social worker and the client agree on the definition of the goal to be achieved, the methods to be used, and the tasks to be solved to achieve the goal. They jointly evaluate various options for solving the problem, determine objectively necessary changes and interventions.

5. Researching Decision Strategies

Engaging the client in relevant activities to help them generate objective impacts towards the desired change. In the process of recommendations between the client and the social worker, joint strategies for solving the problem are developed. Each client is as unique as their problems.

6. Choosing a strategy

Evaluation of the process and results of the joint work of a social worker with a client, generalization of ongoing changes and stabilization of the situation. If the client is indecisive or internally resists changing the situation, only imitates the action, then constructive changes will not occur.

7. Implementation of the strategy

Interactions will be successful if the client fulfills his obligations.

8. Evolution

With a constructive change, which must be long and permanent, the client must achieve the necessary changes, and the relationship between him and the social worker must be terminated.

Social individual work with a case has undergone significant changes in the course of its evolution. Today there are a number of different models under this common name. Social individual work is the provision of professional methods of helping individuals and families to resolve their social problems and achieve an adequate level of social functioning.

Problem Solving Method was developed by H. Perlman. It is based on the basic postulate of the psychodynamic concept, the basic postulate that all human life is a "problem-solvable process". The person is unable to cope with the problem as a result of the following reasons:

due to lack of motivation

due to the inability or inability to work on a solution to the problem,

because of the inability to solve the problem in the right way.

The task of the social worker is to help the client in these circumstances.

Psychosocial Method proposed by F. Hollis. Its theoretical basis was the further development of diagnostic and psychoanalytic schools. In relation to individual work, the essential side of the method is the penetration into the causes of the subject's deviation or maladaptive behavior, the reconstruction of the "client's medical history". The psychosocial method involves a complex diagnosis of the “person in the situation”, with the interested participation of the client himself. In addition to methods of direct, immediate treatment, F. Hollis develops such models of intervention, where significant attention is paid to the client's environment. The psychosocial method is used intensively in cases where the client understands his individual and social problems, for example, problems related to health.

Task centered approach or task-centered intervention is a set of procedures to facilitate the client's perception of target problems. The problem, according to this method, is formulated by the client in consultation with the social worker, and is also determined by the goals and capabilities of the social agency.

The model consists of elements of crisis interventions, problem-oriented and functional approaches.

The interaction is clearly structured, directive and limited in time. This method was proposed in 1970 by Reid and Epstein and tested as a result of extensive empirical practice in social agencies.

behavioral approach. The first practical steps in the field of individual social assistance were associated with the theoretical principles of behavioral psychology, until it was supplanted by the practice of psychoanalysis. However, in the 60s and 70s interest in behaviorism is revived again, and on its basis new techniques of assistance are formed in social work.

Ed. J. Thomas in the 60s introduces behavioral methods into the practice of social work in the field of education. Practitioners of social work, using behavioral concepts, received empirical information, opening up the possibility of managing and quickly evaluating the intervention (intervention). The behavioral approach is compatible with the social work approach to the personality-environment system, it focuses on the personal resources of the environment that can be mobilized to stimulate and maintain changed behavior.

In the process of helping the client, behavior modification is carried out in two directions: operant behavior change and respondent behavior change.

Operant Behavior Change Techniques include such types of interventions as positive and negative behavior change, differential change, correction of negative consequences, formation of positive behavior stereotypes, blocking of adverse incentives.

Techniques for respondent behavior change include rational discussions (verbal instructions), behavioral role-playing games, teaching positive structuring and models of behavioral representations.

Ecological approach involves improving the interaction between man and the environment on the basis of positive interchange. "Man - environment" are considered as complementary systems, where a person has such an environment that he forms in appropriate ways. When applying the methods of an ecological approach to intervention, requirements of dual attention are put forward:

To increase the client's competence regarding the surrounding living space, to teach him "life skills";

To the formation of a favorable environment through various forms of assistance and protection.

The basis functional individual work is based on the psychological approach of Otto Rank. Based on the ideas of Z. Freud, he believed that the crisis states that arise in the process of development of each personality are caused by birth trauma(obtained at birth). Therefore, the meeting of the individual and the social worker is inevitable, regardless of different social conditions.

Representatives this direction concentrate their attention on the process of helping, showing much less interest than psychoanalysts in the client's childhood experiences. The will and ability to change are the dominants that underlie the theory and practice of this approach.

Crisis-oriented short-term method of individual work, is a combined method that uses elements of psychotherapy, practical psychology and rational discussions in social work. It is applicable in cases of such crisis conditions as anxiety, feelings of shame, guilt, hostility, etc.

The social worker, weakening the psychological and social tension of the client, helps him make appropriate decisions, look for an adequate role in the situation that disturbs him.

Rational method of individual work. This method was proposed by G. Werner and M. Kindi as an alternative to psychoanalytic models of individual work. It is based on the provisions of cognitive theory and the assumption that the intensity of change actions depends on willpower. Created on the principle of "here and now", the assessment of the state of the client focuses on thinking, feelings, behavior in real time. The purpose of the method is to change the consciousness of the client, which is understood as a set of manifestations of emotions, ideas and behavior of the client. The interaction focuses on solving problems, the client is offered analysis models and ways to modify behavior in a real situation. This method is used when the client is looking for help in understanding their problem situation. .

reality therapy . This method of individual work was proposed by V. Glasser. It is based on the position that people need to be loved and feel valued, and this requires appropriate behavior. The purpose of the method is to help people understand and take responsibility for their own behavior. Interaction strategies are aimed at identifying the client's behavior, teaching him productive communication without confrontation and aggression, which does not infringe on the interests of other people.

Methods of social work with a group

Social group work is a direction of practical activity, the functions of which extend to various areas of human life - from welfare and education to adaptation and recovery. The clients of social group work are individuals with different origins of problems.

According to the approach of G. Konopka, social group work is a practical method social work that helps the individual to expand his social functioning and, through the purposeful experience of the group, to deal more effectively with his individual, group or problems in the mycosociety.

The term " social group work”was proposed by G. Konopka and other researchers to emphasize its specificity and difference from group psychotherapeutic work. If in social group work the emphasis is on problems associated with social functioning, then in group psychotherapy the focus is on emotional and psychological processes in sick people.

The term "group therapy" is used in two senses. The first meaning, traditional, is associated with practical activities social worker, called upon to reduce the suffering of the client, to increase the degree of his individual and social functioning through the controlled interaction of the group. The second meaning is used in approaches to the classification of social group work, it determines type of social group work, based on group dynamics and the therapeutic impact of the group on the client.

The term "group work" is used in relation to group activities, requiring certain professional knowledge and qualifications, when social group work is understood as a special form of individual work. In this context, social work at this level is characterized by:

Problem-oriented approaches, where the specificity of clients' problems brings to life certain group work techniques;

Orientation of group work to work with the case through the establishment of subject-subject relations with the group, where the social worker is assigned the role of mediator and facilitator;

Orientation to the techniques and methods of group work adopted in related disciplinary areas focused on working with pathologies;

Appropriation and rethinking in theoretical and practical approaches of the conceptual apparatus, methods and principles from the practice of work of psychotherapists and practical psychologists;

Creation of individual approaches, activity principles and values ​​in working with various cases.

developmental approaches, based on existential concepts and aimed at overcoming stresses and crises in individual development. Rehabilitation approaches are based on ego psychology with a focus on behavioral theories. Small group dynamics are used therapeutically to solve individual problems.

Organizational and developmental approaches focused on systemic interaction between individuals in a group process.

Papel and Rothman developed their own approach to the classification of social group work. The classification is based on generic and specific features of group work models, where the delimiting criteria were: the type of services provided, the features of the roles and interactions of a social worker, the theoretical paradigm of the group work method, and the typology of the client. This approach allowed them to identify the following models in all the variety of group work: the model of social goals, the clinical model, the model of interaction (mutual assistance).

Model of social goals represents the traditional activity paradigm adopted in the practice of voluntary assistants, however, it has been refined in accordance with the level of development of social work practice.

Clinical Model group social work was based on two dominants used in group work: means and context. This model is characterized by a certain technological approach, which includes such elements as the contract, treatment plan, group formation, group development, evaluation and completion.

Interaction model consists of elements of mutual assistance provided by members of the group in the process of group dynamics.

Under the influence of scientific achievements in the field of social medicine in Europe and America, colleges were opened to train social educators, social lawyers, and social doctors. In the United States, this profession began to be called social work, in countries Western Europe- social medicine. Thus, the infrastructure of medical and social assistance to the population was created everywhere, by the middle of the 20th century. completed the formation of medical and social work.

The analysis of literary sources on the topic allows us to identify the main historical stages in the development of medical and social work:

I stage- assistance to the elderly, children and the weak in primitive society (from 1 million years ago - to X-V thousand. BC.);

II stage- formation of social structure in states ancient world(from the 4th millennium BC - to the 5th century AD);

Stage III- philanthropic, charitable, monastic-charitable assistance during the Middle Ages (from the 5th-10th centuries - the 11th-15th centuries);

IV stage- creation of a system of medical and social assistance to the population during the period of technical and industrial progress (from the 17th century to the 18th-20th centuries);

Stage V- development of the medical and social institute in modern society(XX century - present).

In all countries of the world, systems of state assistance to the population have been formed, consisting of social legislation; special medical and social bodies and institutions; educational institutions for the training of specialists in the provision of medical and social assistance.

Classification of patterns of social work

The main laws of social work:

The relationship of social processes in society, social policy and social work;

The conditionality of the content, forms and methods of social work by the specific circumstances of the life of various groups, individuals, communities;

Solving social problems through personal needs and interests of clients;

The dependence of the effectiveness of social work on the professionalism and moral qualities of specialists, opportunities social system states and societies.

The patterns of social work can be divided into:

Objective regularities- inherent in social work as a process and reflect the links between independent processes, systems, phenomena . As objective regularities allocate regularities reflecting the dependence of the content of social work on the goals of the social policy of the state. The relationship between the level of development of social work and the level of social development of society is also logical.

Subjective patterns- manifested depending on the activities, means undertaken by the social worker and the client (i.e. reflect the links between the individual components within the system).

As subjective patterns allocate regularities reflecting the dependence of the effectiveness of social work on the level of preparedness of a specialist; from the joint interest of the social worker and the client in solving the problem.