Signs of population groups of the social bottom. Social bottom groups and their signs Those who find themselves on the social bottom are called

Sections: History and social studies

Lesson Objectives:

• To give students an idea of ​​the nature, features and trends in the development of social relations in the modern world and, first of all, in our society.
• Continue to develop general educational skills: comparative analysis phenomena and processes, differences in facts and assessments, opinions and evidence, correlations between theoretical generalizations and real processes.
• To help schoolchildren realize their own social position and possible prospects for changing it.

Equipment: fiction, textbooks, magazines, illustrations.

Basic concepts: society, social structure, social status, outcasts, lumpen, social bottom, underclasses.

DURING THE CLASSES

Preliminary stage. In the previous lesson, the students were divided into groups. Each group was given a task: from fiction, films, as well as from real life, to select material about the lifestyle, forms of behavior that characterize the so-called social "bottom".

I. Beginning of the lesson

Motivation: Set up for the lesson. Wishing good luck to each other in solving a very difficult task.

Goal setting: Students must independently determine and set the objectives of the lesson.

Children should pay special attention to the attitude of society towards these people.

II. Working with terms and concepts

It is important that students remember or write down the concepts and terms with which they will work.

Writing on the board: society, social structure, social status, marginal, lumpen, social bottom.

1. Dive into the problem."Meetings" with representatives of the marginalized segments of the population. (Fragment of the film)

Groups of students introduce the class to the information they have collected and give verbal portraits of people who find themselves on the social "day"

2. Discussion: determination of positions. At this stage, the guys should determine what, in their opinion, should be the position of the state towards this group, as well as determine their own position in relation to it.

The discussion begins with the following questions:

• Who are these people - the "dregs" of society, who consciously chose such a way of life, or persons in need of help and special care?
• Is the state obliged to spend money to help such people?

In order to avoid semitones in the proposed assessments, the question should be posed in a rather rigid formulation "either" - "or".

3. Statements of students and their position on this problem

• In my opinion, the state should help socially unprotected segments of the population - pensioners, disabled children, large families.

• I believe that the state needs to take care of the development of education and medicine, and not spend the money of such people who are not even trying to get out of this "bottom".

• In today's society, everyone has an equal opportunity.

• Each person is the master of his own destiny, each must take care of himself, and not wait for "handouts" from the state.

• The people of the social "bottom" are the degraded, lazy, former prisoners, the homeless who live in basements, slums or garbage dumps - they most often do not try to get out of this "bottom".

• The homeless, vagrants, the unemployed are people first and foremost, and they also need help. There is no guarantee that trouble will not happen to you tomorrow and you will not end up on the street. The state is obliged to help its citizens in difficult circumstances. no one is immune from fire, war or other natural disasters. Some people, having lost their passport or become a victim of scammers, may become homeless. Those people who are in trouble need help.

III. Relaxation

IV. Problematization and group work

result previous work children should understand the very problem of the relationship of society and the state to representatives of the social “bottom”. The guys see that even in the classroom the attitude towards these people is different, their problems, the possibility and need to help them are different.

The topic of the social "bottom" raised in the lesson is very complex and ambiguous, there are many rhetorical questions that do not require immediate answers.

How to determine - who consciously chose such a life for himself, and who sank to the "bottom" due to difficult life circumstances, and is it even possible to determine this?

If the state serves a person, then should it divide people into those worthy of his care and those unworthy?

A person is always a person or only when he meets social standards, i.e. similar to others in their behavior and lifestyle?

And if you look at all this through the eyes of the people we are talking about today?

V. Health-saving pause

The children are encouraged to work again in groups.

Imagine yourself in the place of these very representatives of the marginalized strata of the population and try to reproduce their views on themselves, society, and the state.

The guys immediately note the wary attitude of these people to the state, to the authorities.

They characterize those around them as indifferent, callous people who do not understand their problems, do not show any sympathy for them, reject and despise them.

Students describe the self-perception of these people in the following terms: hopelessness, doom, abandonment, uncertainty, pessimism.

It should also be noted that, in addition to the moral side of the problem of attitudes towards the marginalized strata of society, there is also a political one.

It lies in the fact that the presence of a large stratum of such people in the social structure poses a certain danger to democracy.

As a rule, it is these people who dream of order and justice, who sincerely believe in all sorts of election promises, and then, disappointed in democratic principles that did not bring them real material benefits, begin to support extremist forces and aid terrorists.

How should the policy of the state manifest itself in these cases?

In the next lesson, students are invited to determine the policy of the state for themselves.

VI. Continuation of the discussion

In order to diversify the range of positions that the students developed at the beginning of the lesson, it is proposed to discuss the well-known formula of social assistance in the West: "it is better to give the needy not a fish, but a fishing rod".

Groups of students express their point of view, argue.

Then the guys offer their specific options for social assistance to marginalized groups of the population.

VII. Homework: To finally decide, formalize and draw up a program of state policy in relation to the social "bottom".

VIII. Reflection

A) Students at the end of the lesson in groups should fill out a table and evaluate (reflect) the dynamics of their own position on this issue: "Have you confirmed your initial opinion, have you added something different to it or changed it completely?"

B) I distribute sheets with clusters to the guys. I propose around this keyword or in this case the concept of "social "bottom", to prescribe a personal attitude and an idea about it. The result of filling in the cluster.

IX. Summarizing

N.M. Rimashevskaya
(The full article "Poverty and marginalization of the population (social bottom)" was published in the journal "Sociological Research" No. 4, 2004)

Survey of the "social bottom"

Poverty, unemployment, economic and social instability, unrealizable hopes, the collapse of plans intensify the process of marginalization of the population. As a result, a social stratum of paupers appears, as a result of increasing downward social mobility, which is growing in intensity. This is how the "social bottom" is formed and strengthened, which is actually rejected by a society that practically does not even know its true dimensions. A special study of this problem allows us to single out four groups of people who make up the "social bottom": 1) beggars who openly beg for alms; 2) "homeless" who lost their homes, as is well known, primarily as a result of the emergence of the housing market; 3) homeless children who lost their parents or ran away from home; 4) street prostitutes (including children) leading an asocial lifestyle. Representatives of the "social bottom" have similar features. These are people who are in a state of social exclusion, deprived of social resources, stable connections, who have lost elementary social skills and dominant values ​​of society. They have actually already stopped fighting for their social existence. At the same time, each of these groups has its own specifics, but there are no hard lines between them: a homeless person can be a beggar, and a homeless child can be a homeless person. Nevertheless, all representatives of the "social bottom" have their own characteristics, features of formation and socio-demographic properties of their identification.

The main feature of the poor is to beg for alms due to lack of income or its catastrophic decrease, when there is no help either from society or from loved ones, and there is no way to earn it. Obviously, the physical absence of a roof over their heads is the main characteristic of the homeless. They are deprived of their housing, as a rule, as a result of fraud, sale, when returning from penitentiary institutions. The main feature of the third group - homeless children - is age; it includes children from 6 to 17 years old who are rejected in one form or another by the family or their caregivers. The last group - street prostitutes - differ in the nature of their activities. Every fourth surveyed of them considers prostitution a "prestigious profession", every second considers it as the only opportunity to get a "good salary" capable of providing a normal standard of living. To a large extent, the activities of these women, and sometimes children, are determined by the hopelessness of living conditions.

The marginalization of the population in the process of its intensive downward mobility poses a particularly acute problem of analyzing and considering the current situation. Obviously, routine statistics and, above all, household surveys cannot answer the questions that arise in this regard, which was the main reason for organizing a special socio-economic study of the "social bottom" in Russia, conducted by ISEPN RAS.

The study was based on three sources of information. The first is a sample survey of the urban population. The sample was 1201 people. It was designed as a quota with representation by social status, education, sex and age. The second source was a survey of experts, among whom were: employees of law enforcement agencies, employment services, charity homes, services social protection, as well as journalists, public and religious figures. Their total number was 111 people, required condition selection - daily work with representatives of the "social bottom". The third source of information is in-depth interviews with representatives of all four groups of the "social bottom" (number of respondents - 96 people). The surveys were conducted in six major Russian cities: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Krasnoyarsk, Voronezh, Yekaterinburg.

74% of the population and 81% of experts consider the problem of the "social bottom" acute and most significant; 75% of the population and 85% of experts view it as a threatening (or simply dangerous) phenomenon in Russian life; 85% of the population and 87% of experts believe that the development of the "social bottom", its growth and increased aggressiveness are due to the policy of reforms.

The information obtained as a result of the study shows that the lower limit of the size of the "social bottom" is 10% of the urban population, or 10.8 million people, of which 3.4 million people are poor, 3.3 million are homeless , 2.8 million - street children and 1.3 million people - street prostitutes. These figures do not match the official statistics. So, according to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, there are from 100 to 350 thousand homeless people in Russia, and this is natural, because law enforcement agencies record only that part of the social bottom that falls into their orbit. And this is just the visible part of the iceberg.

External factors of downward mobility multiplied, including a reduced level of social support (single pensioners, the disabled, single mothers), social isolation (drug addicts, criminals, gypsies). The psychological state of paupers, as a rule, is characterized by despair and hopelessness. At the same time, the entire spectrum of human emotions can be traced among the categories of the population under consideration: the despair of people who have fallen to the “bottom” relatively recently and are not yet sufficiently socialized in a new environment for themselves (beggars), the hopeless calmness of the “old-timers” (homeless people, prostitutes) and “optimism” street children who, as they think, broke free.

Analysis of the data shows that the "social bottom" has a predominantly "male face". Among its inhabitants, two thirds are men and one third are women. "Dno" in Russia is young: the average age of beggars and the homeless is approaching 45; for homeless children it is 13 years, for prostitutes - 28. The minimum age for beggars is 12 years, and for prostitutes - 14 years; homeless people start from the age of 6. The majority of beggars and homeless people have secondary and specialized secondary education, and 6% of beggars, homeless people and prostitutes even have a higher education. In the eyes of the public appearance paupers is one of the main indicators of belonging to the "social bottom". They are perceived as "having an immoral appearance" (62% of experts), "unkempt, degraded" (60% of the population and 62% of experts). However, half of the paupers surveyed wash once a week, one third once a month. Almost three quarters (71%) of them are deprived of permanent housing, two thirds (62%) have no relatives and friends, one third (30%) are actually isolated from society.

About 14% of the representatives of the "social bottom" live in small groups or colonies, the rest live in families or singles. Their habitats are very diverse: in apartments (of their own or acquaintances), in basements and attics of houses, in abandoned houses and garden houses, at stations and ports, in heating mains and sewer collectors or wells, in landfills. The most unsettled are the homeless and homeless children. A significant part of the poor and the homeless worked as previously unskilled workers in dirty production. In addition, many had traveling work with a long separation from home. Prostitutes worked mainly in public catering and trade.

There is a high percentage of alcoholics and drug addicts among the poor and street children. Most representatives of the "bottom" have traces of severe beatings; two-thirds eat extremely irregular and poor quality food. But in general, their assessments of their own health are moderately optimistic. Many of them do not use drugs. Only a third of prostitutes resort to medical services; about half do not pay attention to diseases or treat them with vodka. Vagabonds and homeless children are almost completely not covered by medical care. Meanwhile, "everyone has the right to health protection and medical care" (from Article 41 of the Constitution Russian Federation). Of the outpatient facilities, the most accessible for the homeless are anti-tuberculosis and dermatological and venereal dispensaries.

The Russian "bottom" is socially dangerous, as it is prone to violence. According to representatives of the "bottom", 85% of homeless children and 34% of the homeless are armed with cold weapons, and 28% - firearms. There are practically no homeless children who do not have weapons. Many of them use or distribute toxic substances or drugs. Street prostitutes are often characterized by a criminal past and a violent criminal present. Even among the homeless, there are fewer people prone to violence.

The inhabitants of the "bottom" in Russia are a natural resource of the criminal world. According to the Moscow Social Security Committee, the average income of a homeless beggar is 1,000 rubles a day. This is the basis of their recruitment by criminal structures and various gangs. The collections of "professional" beggars alone are estimated at 1.5 billion rubles a year. Criminals control prostitution, involve representatives of the "bottom" in the drug business and for the execution of "dirty and dangerous work". Approximately 73% of prostitutes, 50% of homeless people and 48% of homeless children stated this. Homeless people are capable of any anti-social actions: they create a center of unsanitary conditions in their places of residence and reduce the level of epidemiological safety in society, threaten the welfare and property of citizens, initiate social unrest Homeless children are a breeding ground for the criminalization of society, a threat to public peace Street prostitutes undermine the moral foundations of society, are carriers of venereal diseases Drug addicts and alcoholics concentrate the most serious risk factors for society.

The "social bottom" in Russia is outside the framework of the laws and norms of the Constitution. "Big" society excludes him from the orbit of social ties; contacts with him are conducted only through law enforcement agencies, the process of exclusion is being implemented in the most complete form. More than two-thirds of its representatives have been to the police, almost a quarter have served time in prison. "Dno" accumulates criminal experience not only through the direct practice of criminal activity, but also through the experience of people who have served time in prison. The criminal activity of paupers is considered as a factor of political instability in the life of Russian society. The inhabitants of the "bottom" are capable of active social action, ready for a social explosion. In relation to the authorities, the homeless are embittered, the beggars are the most critical and demanding, the prostitutes are loyal and condescending.

For paupers, the most hated representatives of society are policemen and officials who are indifferent to the problems of the "social bottom" (36%), expel them (23%), beat them (22%). Homeless children especially suffer: 42% say they are beaten by policemen, 35% accuse them of bullying

The reasons for downward mobility can be external (loss of work, reforms in the country, unfavorable changes in life, criminal environment, forced migration, the war in Chechnya, the consequences of the war in Afghanistan - the Afghan syndrome) and internal (tendency to vices, inability to adapt to new conditions). life, personal qualities of character, homeless childhood, poor heredity, lack of education, absence of relatives and friends). The assessment of the impact of these factors on social exclusion is very different on the part of the population, experts, and the representatives of the “bottom” themselves. The society is dominated by a condescending and justifying attitude towards the problem of poverty. The nature of the reforms promotes the notion that work is not the source of success in life and poverty is disease of society, not vice, but rock. The most important reason that can bring people to the "social bottom" is the loss of a job. This is the opinion of 53% of the population and 61% of experts. In the minds of people, economic reforms in the country are associated with social degradation, with mass impoverishment, with life's deprivations. The influence of the criminal world, the war in Chechnya and forced resettlement (refugees) are perceived as less significant.

A study in Moscow shows that almost half (about 45%) of the homeless are not homeless. Among them, 24-26% are Muscovites, 54-56% - from other regions of Russia, 20% - citizens of the CIS. About 15% of the temporarily homeless are refugees. The third part of those who actually do not have a home are former prisoners. Every year, the police detain about 5,000 people for violating the rules of registration. a homeless person practically cannot legalize himself. This forms a large group of "illegal" residents in Moscow, which constitutes a large transit hub.

The positions of the population, experts and representatives of the "social bottom" in relation to the problems of pauperism are different. They are determined by their social status, social roles and socio-cultural attitudes. There are also obvious differences in the ways of counteracting the downward flow of the population relative to the social pyramid. Representatives of the "bottom" either blame the circumstances of life, society and the state, or consider the causes as a fatal result (fate, bad luck). For 38% of the poor, the main reason is fate, for 38% of the homeless it is drunkenness, for 33% of prostitutes and 55% of homeless children it is bad parents. People have resigned themselves to the fact that the reform is sucking into the social bottom ever wider sections of the population. They do not hope for help and believe that belonging to these social groups dooms them to poverty and degradation.

Analysis of the results of the study made it possible to identify five global factors of downward social mobility: political determinism - downward social mobility - the result of ongoing economic reforms, the consequences of the war in Afghanistan and Chechnya, as well as the collapse of the USSR; criminality - downward social mobility is associated with criminality, with criminal behavior (theft, extortion, violence, robbery); personal bad luck in life - getting to the "social bottom" is explained by illness, disability, fate, poor upbringing in the family; own fault, tendency to vices - the process of downward social mobility is intensified by drunkenness, drug addiction, substance abuse, prostitution; social isolation - downward mobility is due to refusal to obey social norms, homelessness, isolation from society, loss of ties with family and loved ones, lack of work, faith in God.

According to the citizens of Russian cities, the greatest likelihood of being on the “social bottom” is for lonely elderly people (the chances of falling to the “bottom” are 72%), pensioners (61%), the disabled (63%), families with many children (54%), unemployed (53%), single mothers (49%), refugees (44%), migrants (31%). Experts believe that teachers, engineering and technical workers, low-skilled workers are doomed to live in poverty (the chances of such a life are estimated at 24-32%). They do not have the opportunity to climb up the social ladder.

There are differences in the causes of social exclusion in different categories. The beggars talk about fate, loneliness, illness, disability, on the other hand, they blame the government that started the reforms. Homeless people evaluate themselves most harshly: they talk about their drinking, cheating loved ones, losing their jobs, and the consequences of imprisonment. Prostitutes fall to the "bottom" due to bad company, lack of education and upbringing. Homeless children primarily blame bad parents, their fate, bad company and bad luck.

1 - Amirova N.Sh. Medical and social characteristics of the reproductive health of adolescent girls. Abstract. M., 1996, p.22.
2 - Study conducted in 1996; supervised by him except the author, Doctor of Economics. A.A. Ovsyannikov and Doctor of Economics A.A. Iudin
3 - This difference is a consequence of the fact that MIA estimates are formed on the basis of registration data, which are far from reality.

In the spring of 2002, a young Russian woman Tatyana Sapunova, driving along one of the busiest highways in the Moscow region - Kievskoe highway, saw on the side of the road

poster calling for the murder of Jews. Hundreds of cars passed him, but only Tatyana Sapunova stopped and tried to tear down the shameful poster. However, the poster was mined, and the woman was badly damaged by the explosion, but, fortunately, survived. Later, by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, she was awarded the Order of Courage. In some media, the installation of the poster was called a fascist sortie. How do you explain why Tatyana Sapunova did not drive past the poster? Express your assessment of: a) the actions and positions of those who installed the poster; b) those who calmly passed by; c) those who were responsible for order on this section of the road; d) statements made in the media.

HELP ME PLEASE)))

The modern information revolution leads to the formation of a new class in post-industrial societies, which we called the “class of intellectuals”.

Western sociologists drew attention to this as early as the late 1950s; moreover, it is quite characteristic that no negative consequences were visible at that time behind this process. Since, according to popular belief, “information is the most democratic source of power,” most researchers came to the conclusion that the formation of a dominant class that is non-capitalist in nature leads to overcoming the class nature of society, making it classless in the future. However, real socio-economic processes are increasingly contrary to such assumptions. With each new stage of the technological revolution, the “intellectual class” gains more and more power and redistributes an increasing part of social wealth in their favor. In the emerging new economic system, the process of self-increase in the cost of information goods turns out to be largely divorced from material production. As a result, the "intellectual class" is dependent on all other strata of society to a much lesser extent than the ruling classes of feudal or bourgeois societies were dependent on the activities of the peasants or proletarians they exploited. This creates the prerequisites for the emergence of another class on the historical stage, uniting in its ranks those who are unable to actively participate in high-tech production. His share in social wealth is steadily declining, leaving no room for advanced training and replenishment of the “class of intellectuals”. This social group, for the time being associated with the lower strata of the proletariat, by the beginning of the 90s acquired a pronounced class definition, and do not take it into account when analyzing problems modern society impossible. V.L. foreigners

C1. The formation of what new class of post-industrial society marks the second? What reason does he give for this class? What, according to most sociologists, should have been the result of the emergence of a new class?

C3. What other new class characterizes the author? Based on social science knowledge, name any two social groups that can be included in this class. Briefly explain your choice. Help with anything! please!

I did a test and ask you to check for errors, if any, thanks in advance. 1. Social community that is different

unstable character, is called:

2. A social community based on territorial unity is called:

3. Strat is:

group of qualified specialists

a group of people distinguished by their participation in the process of wealth creation

The social stratum of people with similar economic indicators

4. Prescriptions, requirements and wishes for appropriate behavior are called:

social norms

traditions

5. Social mobility is a phenomenon that has more to do with:

To an industrial society

towards a post-industrial society

to traditional society

6. Forms of social control are:

art and education

Norms and public opinion

education and norms

public opinion and art

7. Manifestation social inequality- This:

electoral qualification

The presence of class privileges

receiving a pension

difference in income

8. Moral standards:

backed by the power of the state

Regulate communication and behavior of people

9. Which of the following sanctions falls under the classification of informal positive ones?

10. Social differentiation involves:

immutability of social relations

Lack of social homogeneity

full equality in rights and property

11. The solution of interethnic conflicts in the modern world is facilitated by:

imposition of a state of emergency

Negotiation process with the involvement of intermediaries

timely use of force

12. An increase in people with deviations in behavior occurs during periods:

Radical social change

strengthening the state's fight against crime

evolutionary development of legal norms

13. The main social function of the family is:

mutual responsibility

material well-being

the moral support

Birth and upbringing of children

14. The main socio-economic indicators that are the basis for the division into strata:

power, income, worldview

Income, power, prestige, education

origin, income, marital status

15. Social Conflict:

undermines the foundations of society

hinders social progress

It is an inevitable condition for the development of society

1) a set of norms that determine human behavior in society and based on public opinion is called: 1) morality 2) law 3) cult 4) dogma

2) complete the sentence. a set of ethical values ​​based on certain norms and commandments is called ....

3) a form of public consciousness in which the views and ideas, norms and assessments of the behavior of individuals, social groups and society as a whole are reflected: 1) ethics 2) law 3) morality 4) mores

4) a specific property of religion as a cultural phenomenon is: 1 faith 2 belief in the supernatural 3 connection with the world of human experience 4 special measures

5) specific for religion, as a cultural phenomenon, is: .appeal to human emotions 2. use of base symbols 3. hope for a better future 4 belief in the reality of a miracle

6) education in the modern world is distinguished by: 1 an exclusively secular nature 2 general accessibility 3 a variety of ways to obtain 4 an exclusively state character

7) modern education in our country implies: 1. obligatory education in a public school 2 obligatory uniform education programs 3 obligatory higher education 4 variance (presence of different types and types of schools)

8) the diversity of the cultural life of society consists in the presence of: 1. different social groups 2. different views on politics 3. different incomes of people 4 different subcultures

9) science as a system of knowledge does not include: 1. theories 2. facts 3. judgments 4. rumors

10) for science as a type of spiritual production is not typical: 1. the creation of material values ​​2. connection with mental labor 3. the presence of a goal 4 the creation of spiritual values

11) statements A and B are true: 1. only A 2. only B 3. A and B 4 not A not B
A. the scientific picture of the world is a specific form of systematization of scientific knowledge, corresponding to a certain stage in the development of science
B. the scientific picture of the world is its emotionally-figurative model

12) a form of culture associated with the creative activity of a person to create an imaginary world, reproducing the world in images and symbols is called: 1. science 2. religion 3. art 4. morality

13) art as a form of culture is characterized by: 1. accuracy and certainty 2. imagery and creativity 3. creativity and conceptual thinking

Please help answer 2 questions

The social structure of modern Russian society

T. I. Zaslavskaya is a modern Russian economist and sociologist.

Russian society consists of four social strata:
top, middle, base and bottom, as well as ... "social bottom". The upper stratum is understood, first of all, as the real ruling stratum... It includes the elite... groups occupying the most important positions in the system of state administration, in economic and power structures. They are united by the fact of being in power and the ability to directly influence the reform process.
The second layer is called the middle one... While this layer is too small... These are small entrepreneurs... the management of medium and small enterprises, the middle link of the bureaucracy, senior officers, the most qualified... specialists and workers.
The basic social stratum is very massive. It covers more than two thirds of Russian society. Its representatives have an average professionally qualified potential and a relatively limited labor potential.
The base stratum includes part of the intelligentsia (specialists), semi-intelligentsia (assistant specialists), employees from the technical staff, workers in the mass professions of trade and service, as well as a large part of the peasantry. Although the social status ... the interests and behavior of these groups are different, their role in the transition process is quite similar. This is primarily an adaptation to changing conditions in order to survive and, if possible, maintain the achieved status.
The structure and functions of the lower layer appear to be the least clear. Distinctive features of its representatives are low activity potential and inability to adapt to the harsh socio-economic conditions of the transition period. Basically, this layer consists either of elderly, poorly educated, not very healthy and strong people who have not earned sufficient pensions, or of those who do not have professions, and often have no permanent employment, the unemployed, refugees and forced migrants from areas of interethnic conflicts. This layer can be defined on the basis of such characteristics as very low personal and family income, low level of education, unskilled work or lack of permanent job.
... Representatives of the social bottom are criminals and semi-criminal elements - thieves, bandits, drug dealers, keepers of brothels, small and large swindlers, hired killers, as well as degraded people - alcoholics, drug addicts, prostitutes, vagrants, homeless people, etc.

Sociology in questions and answers / Ed. prof. V. A. Chulanova. -
Rostov-on-Don, 2000. - S. 167-168.

Questions and tasks for the text:
1. Based on what criteria, in your opinion, is this structure of modern Russian society formed? Justify your answer.
2. Is it possible in modern Russia to change one's affiliation to one or another social group? Give an example to support your answer.