Internal motivations of the personality to activity behavior. Personal professional motivation is the shortest path to success. Motivation - real or artificial

05.02.2021

Conditional, mobile, have a virtual character. The virtuality of needs lies in the fact that each of them contains its own other, a moment of self-negation. Due to the variety of conditions for implementation, age, environment, a biological need becomes material, social or spiritual, i.e. is transformed. In the parallelogram of needs (biological need-material-social-spiritual), the need that most corresponds to the personal meaning of human life, is better armed with the means of its satisfaction, becomes dominant. the one that is more motivated.

The transition from need to activity is the process of changing the direction of need from within to external environment. At the heart of any activity is a motive that induces a person to it, but not every activity can satisfy the motive. The mechanism of this transition includes: I) the choice and motivation of the object of need (motivation is the substantiation of the object to satisfy the need); 2) in the transition from need to activity, the need is transformed into a goal and interest (a conscious need).

Thus, need and motivation are closely related: a need stimulates a person to activity, and a motive is always a component of activity.

The motive of man and personality

motive- this is what prompts a person to activity, directing him to satisfy a certain need. A motive is a reflection of a need that acts as an objective regularity, an objective necessity.

For example, the motive can be both hard work with enthusiasm and enthusiasm, and avoidance of burdens in protest.

Needs, thoughts, feelings and other mental formations can act as motives. However, internal motives are not enough to carry out activities. It is necessary to have an object of activity and correlate the motives with the goals that the individual wants to achieve as a result of the activity. In the motivational-targeted sphere, the social conditionality of activity comes out with particular clarity.

Under [[Motivational-need sphere of personality|need-motivational sphere Personality refers to the totality of motives that are formed and developed during a person's life. In general, this sphere is dynamic, but some motives are relatively stable and, subordinating other motives, form, as it were, the core of the entire sphere. In these motives, the orientation of the individual is manifested.

Motivation of a person and personality

Motivation - it is a set of internal and external driving forces that prompt a person to act in a specific, purposeful way; the process of motivating oneself and others to act in order to achieve the goals of the organization or personal goals.

The concept of "motivation" is broader than the concept of "motive". A motive, in contrast to motivation, is something that belongs to the subject of behavior, is its stable personal property, which induces certain actions from within. The concept of “motivation” has a double meaning: firstly, it is a system of factors that influence human behavior (needs, motives, goals, intentions, etc.), and secondly, it is a characteristic of a process that stimulates and maintains behavioral activity at a certain level. level.

In the area of motivation stand out:

the motivational system of a personality is a general (holistic) organization of all the motivating forces of activity that underlie human behavior, which includes such components as needs, motives proper, interests, drives, beliefs, goals, attitudes, stereotypes, norms, values, etc. .;
achievement motivation - the need to achieve high results of behavior and satisfaction of all other needs;
self-actualization motivation is the highest level in the hierarchy of personality motives, consisting in the need of the person to realize his potential to the fullest extent, in the need for self-realization.

Worthy goals, long-term plans, good organization will be ineffective if the performers are not interested in their implementation, i.e. motivation. Motivation can compensate for many shortcomings of other functions, such as shortcomings in planning, but weak motivation is almost impossible to compensate for something.

Success in any activity depends not only on abilities and knowledge, but also on motivation (the desire to work and achieve high results). The higher the level of motivation and activity, the more factors (i.e. motives) induce a person to activity, the more effort he is inclined to apply.

Highly motivated individuals work harder and tend to achieve better results in their activities. Motivation is one of critical factors(along with abilities, knowledge, skills), which ensures success in activities.

It would be wrong to consider the motivational sphere of a person only as a reflection of the totality of her own individual needs. The needs of the individual are connected with the needs of society, they are formed and developed in the context of their development. Some needs of the individual can be considered as individualized social needs. In the motivational sphere of the individual, one way or another, both his individual and social needs are reflected. The form of reflection depends on the position the individual occupies in the system of social relations.

motivation

Motivation - it is a process of influencing a person in order to induce him to certain actions by activating certain motives.

There are two main types of motivation:

external influence on a person in order to induce him to perform certain actions leading to the desired result. This type is reminiscent of a trade deal: "I give you what you want, and you satisfy my desire";
the formation of a certain motivational structure of a person as a type of motivation has an educational and educational character. Its implementation requires great efforts, knowledge, abilities, but the results are superior to the results of the first type of motivation.

Basic human motives

The emerging needs force a person to actively look for ways to satisfy them, become internal incentives for activity, or motives. The motive (from Latin movero - set in motion, push) is what moves a living being, for which it spends its vital energy. Being an indispensable "fuse" of any actions and their "combustible material", the motive has always acted at the level of worldly wisdom in various ideas about feelings (pleasure or displeasure, etc.) - motives, inclinations, aspirations, desires, passions, willpower, etc. d.

Motives can be different: interest in the content and process of activity, duty to society, self-affirmation, etc. So, the scientist scientific activity the following motives can induce: self-realization, cognitive interest, self-affirmation, material incentives (monetary reward), social motives (responsibility, desire to benefit society).

If a person strives to perform a certain activity, we can say that he has motivation. For example, if a student is diligent in his studies, he is motivated to study; an athlete who strives to achieve high results has a high level of achievement motivation; the desire of the leader to subordinate everyone indicates the presence high level motivation for power.

Motives are relatively stable manifestations, attributes of a person. For example, arguing that a cognitive motive is inherent in a certain person, we mean that in many situations he manifests cognitive motivation.

The motive cannot be explained by itself. It can be understood in the system of those factors—images, relationships, and actions of the individual—that constitute the general structure of mental life. Its role is to give impulse and direction to the behavior towards the goal.

Motivating factors can be divided into two relatively independent classes:

needs and instincts as sources of activity;
motives as reasons that determine the direction of behavior or activity.

The need is a necessary condition for any activity, but the need itself is not yet able to set a clear direction for the activity. For example, the presence of an aesthetic need in a person creates a corresponding selectivity, but this does not yet indicate what exactly a person will do to satisfy this need. Perhaps he will listen to music, or perhaps he will try to compose a poem or paint a picture.

How are the concepts different? When analyzing the question of why an individual enters a state of activity at all, manifestations of needs are considered as sources of activity. If the question is studied, what is the activity aimed at, for the sake of which these actions, deeds are chosen, then, first of all, the manifestations of motives are studied (as motivating factors that determine the direction of activity or behavior). Thus, the need induces to activity, and the motive - to directed activity. It can be said that a motive is an incentive to activity associated with the satisfaction of the needs of the subject. The study of the motives of educational activity among schoolchildren revealed a system of various motives. Some motives are basic, leading, others are secondary, secondary, they do not have independent significance and are always subordinate to the leaders. For one student, the leading motive for learning may be the desire to gain authority in the class, for another, the desire to gain higher education, the third has an interest in knowledge itself.

How do new needs arise and develop? As a rule, each need is objectified (and concretized) on one or more objects that are able to satisfy this need, for example, an aesthetic need can be objectified in music, and in the process of its development it can also be objectified in poetry, i.e. already more items can satisfy her. Consequently, the need develops in the direction of increasing the number of objects that are able to satisfy it; the change and development of needs occurs through the change and development of objects that correspond to them and in which they are objectified and concretized.

To motivate a person means to affect his important interests, to create conditions for him to realize himself in the process of life. To do this, a person must at least: be familiar with success (success is the realization of a goal); to be able to see oneself in the results of one's work, to realize oneself in work, to feel one's significance.

But the meaning of human activity lies not only in obtaining a result. The activity itself can be attractive. A person may like the process of performing an activity, for example, the manifestation of physical and intellectual activity. Like physical activity, mental activity in itself brings a person pleasure and is a specific need. When the subject is motivated by the process of activity itself, and not by its result, this indicates the presence of a procedural component of motivation. The procedural component plays a very important role in the learning process. The desire to overcome difficulties in learning activities, to test one's strengths and abilities can become a personally significant motive for learning.

At the same time, a productive motivational attitude plays an organizing role in the determination of activity, especially if its procedural component (i.e., the process of activity) causes negative emotions. In this case, goals, intentions that mobilize a person's energy come to the fore. Setting goals, intermediate tasks is a significant motivational factor that should be used.

To understand the essence of the motivational sphere (its composition, structure, which has a multidimensional and multilevel character, dynamics), it is necessary first of all to consider the connections and relationships of a person with other people, given that this sphere is also formed under the influence of the life of society - its norms, rules, ideology, politicians and others.

One of the most important factors determining the motivational sphere of a personality is the person's belonging to a group. For example, teenagers who are interested in sports are different from their peers who are fond of music. Since any person is included in a number of groups and in the process of his development the number of such groups grows, naturally, his motivational sphere also changes. Therefore, the emergence of motives should not be considered as a process arising from inner sphere individual, but as a phenomenon associated with the development of his relations with other people. In other words, the change in motives is determined not by the laws of spontaneous development of the individual, but by the development of his relations and ties with people, with society as a whole.

Personality motives

Personality motives - this is the need (or system of needs) of the individual in the function of motivation. Internal mental urges to activity, behavior are due to the actualization of certain needs of the individual. Activity motives can be very different:

organic - aimed at meeting the natural needs of the body and are associated with the growth, self-preservation and development of the body;
functional - are satisfied with the help of various cultural forms of activity, for example, playing sports;
material - encourage a person to activities aimed at creating household items, various things and tools;
social - give rise to various activities aimed at taking a certain place in society, gaining recognition and respect;
spiritual - underlie those activities that are associated with self-improvement of a person.

Organic and functional motives together constitute the motivation for the behavior and activities of the individual in certain circumstances and can not only influence, but change each other.

They appear in specific forms. People may perceive their needs in different ways. Depending on this, motives are divided into emotional ones - desires, desires, inclinations, etc. and rational - aspirations, interests, ideals, beliefs.

There are two groups of interconnected motives of life, behavior and activity of the individual:

generalized, the content of which expresses the subject of needs and, accordingly, the direction of the aspirations of the individual. The strength of this motive is due to the importance for a person of the object of his needs;
instrumental - motives for choosing ways, means, ways to achieve or realize the goal, due not only to the need state of the individual, but also to its readiness, the availability of opportunities to successfully act to achieve the goals set in these conditions.

There are other approaches to the classification of motives. For example, according to the degree of social significance, motives of a broad social plan (ideological, ethnic, professional, religious, etc.), group plan and individual-personal nature are distinguished. There are also motives for achieving the goal, avoiding failures, motives for approval, affiliation (cooperation, partnership, love).

Motives not only encourage a person to act, but also give his actions and actions a personal, subjective meaning. In practice, it is important to take into account that people, performing actions that are identical in form and objective results, are often guided by different, sometimes opposite motives, attach different personal meanings to their behavior and actions. In accordance with this, the assessment of actions should be different: both moral and legal.

Types of personality motives

TO consciously justified motives should include values, beliefs, intentions.

Value

Value is a concept used in philosophy to indicate the personal, socio-cultural significance of certain objects and phenomena. Personal values form a system of its value orientations, elements of the internal structure of the personality, which are especially significant for it. These value orientations form the basis of the consciousness and activity of the individual. Value is a personally colored attitude to the world that arises not only on the basis of knowledge and information, but also on one's own life experience. Values give meaning to human life. Faith, will, doubt, ideal are of lasting importance in the world of human value orientations. Values are part of the culture, received from parents, family, religion, organizations, school and environment. Cultural values are widely held beliefs that define what is desirable and what is right. Values can be:

self-oriented, which concern the individual, reflect his goals and general approach to life;
oriented by others, which reflect the desires of society regarding the relationship between the individual and groups;
environmentally oriented, which embody society's ideas about the desired relationship of the individual with his economic and natural environment.

Beliefs

Beliefs - these are the motives of practical and theoretical activity substantiated by theoretical knowledge and the whole worldview of a person. For example, a person becomes a teacher not only because he is interested in passing on knowledge to children, not only because he loves working with children, but also because he knows very well how much in the creation of society depends on the education of consciousness. This means that he chose his profession not only out of interest and inclination to it, but also because of his convictions. Deeply grounded beliefs persist throughout a person's life. Beliefs are the most generalized motives. However, if generalization and stability are characteristic features of personality traits, then beliefs can no longer be called motives in the accepted sense of the word. The more generalized the motive becomes, the closer it is to a personality property.

Intention

Intention- a consciously made decision to achieve a certain goal with a clear idea of the means and methods of action. This is where motivation and planning come together. Intention organizes human behavior.

The considered types of motives cover only the main manifestations of the motivational sphere. In reality, there are as many different motives as there are possible human-environment relationships.

If we consider a person's life as his movement forward along the path of development, then we can say that life is a process of constantly overcoming new boundaries, achieving better results,. And in this process, one of the leading roles is played by the question of the meaning of all actions and deeds that a person performs. What influences human activity and behavior? Why is he doing anything at all? What motivates him? What motivates? After all, any action (and even inaction) almost always has its own motive.

So that we can better communicate with each other, so that it is easier for us to understand the people around us and ourselves, as well as other people's and our own actions, we should talk about what motivation is. This question is as important for psychology as, for example, its foundations or methods. For this reason, we devote a separate lesson to the topic of motivation, in the process of studying which we will get acquainted with the process of formation of motivation, the system of motivation, theories of motivation, its types (labor, educational, self-motivation). We will learn about the methods of managing the motivation of labor and staff, students, schoolchildren and ourselves; Let's talk in detail about ways to stimulate and increase motivation.

What is motivation?

And the conversation about motivation should begin with a clear definition of this concept. The concept of "motivation" comes from the Latin word "movere" to move. There are several definitions of motivation:

Motivation is a call to action.
Motivation- is the ability of a person to satisfy his needs through any activity.
Motivation is a dynamic psychophysiological process that controls human behavior and determines its organization, direction, stability and activity.

Currently, this concept is understood by different scientists in different ways. Someone is of the opinion that motivation is a set of processes responsible for motivation and activity. Others define motivation as a set of motives.

motive- this is an ideal or material object, the achievement of which is the meaning of activity. It is presented to a person in the form of specific experiences, which can be characterized by positive emotions from the achievement of this object, or by negative ones associated with dissatisfaction in the present position. To understand the motive, you need to do serious inner work.

Motive is often confused with a need or a goal, but a need is a subconscious desire to eliminate discomfort, and a goal is the result of a conscious goal-setting process. For example, hunger is a need, the desire to eat is a motive, and food, to which a person’s hands reach out, is a goal.

Motivation is a complex psychological phenomenon, which is the reason for its diversity.

Types of motivation

In psychology, it is customary to distinguish the following types of human motivation:

External motivation- this is a motivation that is not related to the content of some activity, but is due to external circumstances for a person (participation in competitions to receive an award, etc.).
intrinsic motivation- this is motivation associated with the content of the activity, but not with external circumstances (going in for sports, because it delivers positive emotions, etc.).
positive motivation- this is a motivation based on positive incentives (if I am not capricious, then my parents will let me play a computer game, etc.).
Negative motivation- this is a motivation based on negative incentives (if I do not act up, then my parents will not scold me, etc.).
sustainable motivation- this is a motivation based on the natural needs of a person (quenching thirst, hunger, etc.).
Unsustainable motivation is a motivation that requires constant external support (quit smoking, weight loss, etc.).

Stable and unstable motivation differs in types. There are two main types of motivation: "towards" or "from" (also often referred to as the "carrot and stick method"). But there is also additional types motivation:

Individual motivation aimed at maintaining self-regulation (thirst, hunger, pain avoidance, temperature maintenance, etc.);
Group motivation(caring for offspring, finding one's place in society, maintaining the structure of society, etc.);
cognitive motivation(game activity, research behavior).

In addition, there are separate motives that drive people's actions:

Self-affirmation motive- the desire to assert itself in society, to obtain a certain status, respect. Sometimes this desire is referred to as prestige motivation (the desire to achieve and maintain a higher status).
Identification motive- the desire to be like someone (authority, idol, father, etc.).
Power motive- the desire of a person to influence others, to lead them, to direct their actions.
Procedural and substantive motives- motivation for action through not external factors, but the process and content of the activity.
External motives- the factors inciting to action are outside the activity (prestige, material wealth, etc.).
The motive of self-development striving for personal growth, realization of one's potential.
achievement motive- the desire to achieve the best results and master the skill in something.
Prosocial motives (socially significant)- motives that are associated with a sense of duty, responsibility to people.
Motive of affiliation (accession)- the desire to establish and maintain contact with other people, to contact and pleasant communication with them.

Any kind of motivation plays a very important role in the study of human psychology and behavior. But what influences a person's motivation? What factors? It is to study these questions that motivation theories are applied.

Theories of motivation

Theories of motivation study and analyze the needs of a person, their content and how they are related to his motivation. They attempt to understand what motivates a person to a particular activity, what needs motivate his behavior. The study of these needs led to the emergence of three main directions:

Let's consider each direction in more detail.

Analyze the factors that influence motivation. For the most part, they focus on the analysis of human needs. Content theories describe the structure of needs and their content, as well as how all this is related to the motivation of the individual. The emphasis is on understanding what motivates a person to act from within. The main theories of this direction are: Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, Alderfer's ERG theory, McClelland's theory of acquired needs and Herzberg's theory of two factors.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory

Its main provisions are:

Man always feels the need for something;
Strongly expressed needs experienced by a person can be combined into groups;
Need groups are arranged hierarchically;
A person is driven to action by unsatisfied needs; Satisfied needs are not motivation;
The place of a satisfied need is occupied by an unsatisfied one;
In a normal state, a person feels several needs at once, which interact in a complex way;
First, a person satisfies the needs at the base of the pyramid, then the needs of a higher level begin to affect the person;
A person is able to satisfy the needs of a higher level in a greater number of ways than the needs of a lower level.

Maslow's pyramid of needs looks like this:

In his work “On the Psychology of Being”, Maslow after some time added a list of higher needs, calling them “growth needs” (existential values). But he also noted that they are difficult to describe, because all are closely related to each other. This list included: perfection, wholeness, justice, completeness, vitality, beauty, simplicity, richness of manifestations, goodness, truth, ease, honesty and some others. According to Maslow, the needs for growth are often the most powerful motive for human activity and are part of the structure of personal growth.

You yourself can find out how Maslow's studies correspond to reality. To do this, you just need to make a list of the most significant needs for you, divide them into groups according to Maslow's pyramid of needs, and try to determine which of the needs you satisfy in the first place, which in the second, etc. You can also find out what level of satisfaction of needs prevails in your behavior and the behavior of people you know.

This fact is also interesting: Abraham Maslow was of the opinion that only 2% of all people reach the “stage of self-realization”. Match your needs with your life outcomes and you'll see if you're one of those people or not.

You can get acquainted with Maslow's theory in more detail here.

Alderfer's ERG theory

He believes that all human needs can be grouped into three large groups:

Existence needs (security, physiological needs);
Communication needs (needs social character; desire to have friends, family, colleagues, enemies, etc. + part of the needs from Maslow's pyramid: recognition, self-affirmation);
Growth needs (needs of self-expression from Maslow's pyramid).

Maslow's theory differs from Alderfer's only in that, according to Maslow, the movement from needs to needs is possible only from the bottom up. Alderfer, on the other hand, believes that movement is possible in both directions. Up if the needs of the lower level are satisfied, and vice versa. Moreover, if the need of the higher level is not satisfied, the need of the lower one intensifies, and the person's attention switches to this lower level.

For clarity, you can take Maslow's pyramid of needs and trace how needs are met in your case. If you notice that you are moving up the levels, then this process, according to Alderfer, will be a process of satisfaction. If you go down the levels, then this is frustration (defeat in an effort to satisfy the need). If, for example, you cannot meet your growth needs, then your attention will shift to the needs of connection, which will be called frustration. In this case, in order to return to the satisfaction process, one should satisfy the need of the lower level, thereby rising to the upper one.

More details on Alderfer's theory can be found.

McClelland's acquired needs theory

His theory is connected with the study and description of the needs of achievement, complicity and domination. These needs are acquired during life and (subject to a strong presence) affect a person.

You can easily determine which of the needs have the greatest impact on your activities: if you strive to achieve your goals more efficiently than before, then you are dominated by the motivation to satisfy the need for achievement. If you strive for friendly relations, try to establish and maintain contacts, if the approval, support and opinion of others is important to you, then you strive to satisfy mainly the needs of complicity. If you notice in yourself the desire to control others, to influence them, to take responsibility for the actions and behaviors of others, then the desire to satisfy the need to rule prevails in you.

By the way, people with a predominant need for power are divided into 2 groups:

Group 1 - people striving for power for the sake of domination;
Group 2 - people striving for power for the sake of realizing some common cause.

Knowing what type of needs prevails in you or others, you can more deeply understand the motives of your own or others' actions, and use this knowledge to make life and relationships with others better.

For more information on McClelland's theory, see this.

Herzberg's two-factor theory

His theory owes its appearance to the growing need to elucidate the influence of material and non-material factors on human motivation.

Material factors (hygienic) are associated with the self-expression of a person, his internal needs, the environment in which a person operates (the amount of wages, living and working conditions, status, relationships with people, etc.).

Non-material factors (motivating) are associated with the nature and essence of human activity (achievements, public recognition, success, prospects, etc.).

Data about this theory is very effective for the heads of companies, firms and other organizations when analyzing the work of their employees. For example, the lack or absence of hygienic material factors can lead to the fact that the employee will experience dissatisfaction with his work. But if there are enough material factors, then in themselves they are not motivating. And the absence of non-material factors does not lead to dissatisfaction, but their presence causes satisfaction and is an effective motivator. It should also be noted that Frederick Herzberg made the paradoxical conclusion that wages are not a factor that motivates a person to act.

You can learn more about this theory in detail.

They analyze how a person distributes efforts to achieve new goals, and what type of behavior he will choose for this. In process theories, human behavior is determined not only by needs, but is a function of his perceptions and expectations associated with a particular situation, and the possible consequences of the type of behavior that a person has chosen. Today there are more than 50 procedural theories of motivation, but the main ones in this direction are: Vroom's theory, Adams's theory, Porter-Lawler's theory, Locke's theory and the concept of participatory management. Let's talk about them in more detail.

Vroom's expectancy theory

This theory is based on the position that the presence of a need is not the only condition for motivating a person to achieve something. A person must rely on the type of behavior that he has chosen to lead him to the satisfaction of his need. The behavior of an individual is always associated with a choice of two or more options. And what he chooses depends on what he does and how he does it. In other words, according to Vroom, motivation depends on how much a person wants to receive and how much it is possible for him, how much effort he is willing to make for this.

Vroom's Expectancy Theory is great to use in practice to increase the motivation of employees in organizations, and is very useful for managers at various levels. Because expectations theory is reduced to the goals and needs of specific employees, then managers must ensure that their subordinates satisfy their needs and at the same time achieve the goals of the organization. It is necessary to try to achieve the maximum correspondence between what the employee can do and what is required of him. To increase the motivation of subordinates, managers must determine their needs, the possible results of their work and make sure that they have the necessary resources for the quality performance of their duties (time, conditions, means of labor). Only with the right balance of these criteria can the maximum result be achieved, which will be useful for the employee and important for the organization.

You can learn more about Vroom's theory by going to this.

Adams' theory of equality (justice)

This theory says that a person evaluates the effectiveness of motivation not by certain factors, but by taking into account the estimates of rewards that were received by other people in similar conditions. Those. motivation is considered not from the point of view of the needs of the individual, but on the basis of his comparison of himself with others. We are talking about subjective assessments and people compare their efforts and the result obtained with the efforts and results of others. And here there are three options: underestimation, fair assessment, overestimation.

If we again take an employee of the organization, then we can say that he evaluates the amount of his remuneration with the amount of remuneration of other employees. This takes into account the conditions in which he and others work. And if it seems to the employee that, for example, he is underestimated and that he was treated unfairly, then he can act in the following way: deliberately misrepresent your own contributions and results, as well as the contributions and results of others; try to get others to change their input and results; change the contributions and results of others; choose other parameters to compare or just quit your job. Therefore, the leader must always be attentive as to whether his subordinates feel injustice towards themselves, seek from employees a clear understanding of the required results, encourage employees, taking into account the fact that they are interested not so much in how they will be evaluated in general, but in what how they are valued compared to others.

Porter-Lawler Model

Their comprehensive theory of motivation includes elements of Vroom's expectancy theory and Adams' theory of justice. There are five variables in this model: effort, perception, results, reward, and satisfaction.

According to this theory, the results depend on the efforts, abilities and characteristics of a person, and on his awareness of his role. The level of effort determines the value of the reward and the degree of confidence that the efforts made will actually bring a certain reward. It also establishes a correspondence between remuneration and results, i.e. a person satisfies his needs with the help of a reward for achieving a certain result.

If you study and analyze all the components of the Porter-Lawler theory in more detail, you can understand the mechanism of motivation at a deeper level. The effort that a person expends depends on how valuable the reward is to him and on the person’s belief in their relationship. Achievement by a person of certain results leads to the fact that he feels satisfaction and self-respect.

There are also links between results and rewards. On the one hand, for example, the results and remuneration may depend on the opportunities that the manager in the organization determines for his employee. On the other hand, the employee has his own opinion about how fair the remuneration for certain results is. The result of the fairness of internal and external rewards will be satisfaction, which is a qualitative indicator of the value of the reward for the employee. And the degree of this satisfaction in the future will influence the perception of other situations by the employee.

E. Locke's goal setting theory

The premise of this theory is that a person's behavior is determined by the goals that he sets for himself, because. it is to achieve them that he performs certain actions. It is important to note that goal setting is a conscious process, and intentions and goals conscious of a person determine his behavior. Guided by emotional experiences, a person evaluates the events taking place around. Based on this, he sets himself goals that he intends to achieve, and, already on the basis of these goals, he acts in a certain way. It turns out that the chosen strategy of action leads to certain results that bring satisfaction to a person.

In order, for example, to raise the level of motivation of personnel in an organization, according to Locke's theory, several important principles can be used. First, it is necessary to clearly set a goal for employees so that they understand exactly what is required of them. Secondly, the level of tasks assigned should be of medium or high complexity, because this results in better results. Thirdly, employees must express their consent to the fulfillment of the tasks set and the achievement of the set goals. Fourth, employees should receive feedback on their progress as they this connection is an indication that the right path has been chosen or that further efforts must be made to achieve the goal. And, fifthly, the employees themselves should be involved in setting goals. This has a better impact on a person than when other people set (impose) goals on him, and also contributes to a more accurate understanding of his tasks by the employee.

The concept of participatory management

The concepts of participatory management were developed in the United States through experiments to increase productivity. It follows from these concepts that a person in an organization manifests itself not only as a performer, but also shows interest in organizing his activities, working conditions, and the effectiveness of his actions. This suggests that the employee has an interest in participating in various processes that take place in his organization and are related to his activities, but go beyond the functions he performs.

In fact, it looks like this: if an employee takes an active part in various activities within the organization and receives satisfaction from this, then he will work better, better and more productively. If an employee is allowed to make decisions in matters related to his work in the organization, this will motivate him to better perform his duties. It also contributes to the fact that the contribution of the employee to the life of the organization will be much greater, because. its potential is maximized.

And another important direction in the study and analysis of human needs are theories, which are based on a specific picture of the worker.

Theories based on a specific picture of the worker, take as a basis a certain sample of the employee, his needs and motives. These theories include: McGregor's theory and Ouchi's theory.

McGregor's XY theory

His theory is based on two premises:

Authoritarian Worker Leadership - Theory X
Democratic Worker Leadership - Theory Y

These two theories imply completely different guidelines for motivating people and appeal to different needs and motives.

Theory X assumes that people in an organization are inherently lazy and will try to avoid being active. Therefore, they must be supervised. For this, special control systems have been developed. Based on Theory X, without an attractive reward system, employees in an organization will be passive and will try to avoid responsibility.

So, for example, based on the provisions of theory X, it follows that the average worker feels dislike and unwillingness to work for work, he prefers to be led, to be guided, tries to avoid responsibility. To increase the motivation of employees, managers should pay special attention to various incentive programs, carefully monitor work, and direct the activities of employees. If necessary, methods of coercion and a system of punishments should be used in order to realize the goals set by the organization.

Theory Y takes as its starting point the initial ambition of workers and assumes their internal incentives. In this theory, workers themselves take the initiative to take responsibility, self-control and self-management, because receive emotional satisfaction from the fact that they perform their duties.

It follows from the premises of Theory Y that the average worker, under the right conditions, will learn to be responsible, to approach work creatively and creatively, and to control himself. Work in this case is akin to a pleasant pastime. It is much easier for managers to stimulate the motivation of their employees than in the first case, because. employees will independently strive to better perform their duties. Employees should be shown that they have free space for their activities, that they can express themselves and fulfill themselves. Thus, their potential will be fully utilized.

You can also use McGregor's theory in order to better understand what motivates you to carry out certain activities. Project the X and Y theory onto yourself. Knowing what motivates you and what approach you need to be more productive, you can find the most suitable place of work for you or even try to point out to your manager that you can change your management strategy to increase the efficiency of employees and the entire organization in in general.

Learn more about "XY-theory" in more detail.

Theory Z

In theory Z, Japanese experiments in psychology are taken as a basis and supplemented with premises from McGregor's XY-theory. The basis for the Z theory is the principle of collectivism, in which the organization is presented as a whole labor clan or a large family. The main task is to align the goals of employees with the goals of the enterprise.

To be guided by Theory Z when organizing the activities of employees, it must be borne in mind that most of them like to work in a team and want to have career prospects related, among other things, to their age. Also, employees believe that the employer will take care of them, and they themselves are responsible for the work performed. The company must provide its employees with training and advanced training programs. The term for which the employee is hired plays a big role. It's best if the lease is for life. To increase the motivation of employees, managers must achieve their belief in common goals, pay great attention their well-being.

Motivation Methods

All methods of motivation that are successfully used today in human life can be divided into three main categories:

Staff motivation
self-motivation

We'll look at each category separately below.

Staff motivation

Staff motivation It is a system of moral and material incentives for workers. It implies a set of measures to increase labor activity and labor efficiency. These measures can be very different and depend on what kind of incentive system is provided for in the organization, what is the general management system and what are the features of the organization's activities.

Methods of staff motivation can be divided into economic, organizational and administrative and socio-psychological.

Economic Methods imply material motivation, i.e. the fulfillment by employees of their duties and the achievement of certain results for the provision of material benefits.
Organizational and administrative methods based on power, obedience to regulations, laws, charter, subordination, etc. They can also rely on the possibility of coercion.
Socio-psychological methods are used to increase the social activity of employees. Here, the impact on the consciousness of people, their aesthetic, religious, social and other interests is carried out, as well as social stimulation of labor activity.

Considering that all people are different, it seems ineffective to apply any one method for motivation, therefore, in management practice, in most cases, all three methods and their combinations should be present. For example, the use of only organizational-administrative or economic methods will not allow to activate the creative potential of employees. And only a socio-psychological or organizational-administrative method (control, instructions, instructions) will not “hook” those people who are motivated by material incentives (salary increases, bonuses, bonuses, etc.). The success of measures that increase motivation depends on their competent and comprehensive implementation, as well as on the systematic monitoring of employees and the skillful identification of the needs of each employee individually.

You can learn more about staff motivation here.

- this is a very important stage in the formation of students' motives that can give meaning to learning, and make the very fact of learning activity an important goal for a student. Otherwise, successful learning will become impossible. Motivation for learning, unfortunately, by itself is quite rare. This is the reason why you should use various methods its formation so that it can provide and maintain fruitful learning activities over an extended period of time. There are quite a lot of methods / techniques for the formation of motivation for educational activities. Below are the most common.

Creating entertaining situations this is the process of introducing interesting and entertaining experiences, life examples, paradoxical facts, unusual analogies into the classroom that will attract the attention of students and arouse their interest in the subject of study.
emotional experiences- these are experiences that are created by bringing unusual facts and conducting experiments during classes, and also caused by the scale and uniqueness of the material presented.
Comparison of scientific and everyday interpretations of natural phenomena- this is a technique in which some scientific facts are given and compared with changes in the way of life of people, which appeals to students' interest and desire to learn more, because. it reflects reality.
Creating situations of cognitive dispute- this technique is based on the fact that the dispute always causes an increased interest in the topic. Attracting students to scientific disputes contributes to the deepening of their knowledge, attracts their attention, causes a wave of interest and a desire to understand the disputed issue.
Creating Success Situations in Learning This technique is used mainly in relation to students who experience certain difficulties in learning. The reception is based on the fact that joyful experiences contribute to overcoming learning difficulties.

In addition to these methods, there are other methods to increase motivation for learning. Such methods are considered to be approximations of the content educational material to important discoveries and achievements, creating situations of novelty and relevance. There is also positive and negative cognitive motivation (see above (positive or negative motivation).

Some scientists point out that the content of educational activities and the content of educational material have a huge impact on the motivation of students. It follows that the more interesting the educational material and the more the pupil/student is involved in the active learning process, the more his motivation for this process increases.

Often, social motives also influence the increase in motivation. For example, the desire to be useful or to occupy a certain position in society, the desire to earn authority, etc.

As you can see, in order to increase the motivation of schoolchildren and university students for learning, you can use completely different ways, but it is important to understand that these methods will always be different. In some cases, emphasis should be placed on collective motivation. For example, ask each of the group to express their subjective opinion on a particular issue, involve students in discussions, thereby arousing interest and activity. In other cases, it is necessary to take into account the individuality of each student, to study their behavior and needs. Someone may like to do their own research and then give a talk, and this will satisfy the need for self-actualization. Someone needs to realize their progress on the path of teaching, then one should praise the student, point out his progress, even if it is very small, cheer him up. This will create a feeling of success and a desire to advance in this direction. In another case, you need to give as many analogies as possible between the material being studied and real life, so that students have the opportunity to realize the importance of what they are studying, thereby arousing their interest. The main conditions for the formation of cognitive activity will always be reliance on the active thought process of students, the conduct of the educational process in accordance with their level of development and the emotional atmosphere during classes.

Several useful tips about student motivation you can find in.

Last but not least, we need to consider the question of self-motivation. Indeed, often what a person strives for and what he achieves in the end depends not so much on how he is motivated by employers, teachers and other people around him, but on how much he is able to motivate himself on his own.

self-motivation

self-motivation- this is a desire or aspiration of a person for something, based on his inner convictions; incentive for the action he wants to take.

If we talk about self-motivation in a slightly different way, then we can characterize it as follows:

Self-motivation is the impact of a person on his state, when motivation from the outside ceases to influence him properly. For example, when something doesn’t work out for you and things go from bad to worse, you want to give up everything, give up, but you yourself find reasons to continue acting.

Self-motivation is very individual, because Every person chooses different ways to motivate themselves. But there are certain methods that have a positive effect on most people. Let's talk about them more specifically.

affirmations

affirmations- these are special small texts or expressions that influence a person mainly on a psychological level.

Lots of successful people uses affirmations in his daily life in order to constantly have internal incentives for something. Very often they are used by people in order to change their attitude towards something, to remove psychological and subconscious blocks. In order to compose the most effective affirmations for yourself, you should use the following technique: you need to take a blank sheet of paper and divide it with a line into two parts. On the left side are the beliefs and blocks that you think have a negative impact on your performance. On the right are positive affirmations. For example, you know that you have a fear of communicating with your boss at work, but you often have to talk with him, and because of this you constantly feel stress, discomfort and reluctance to go to work. Write "I'm afraid to talk to my boss" on one side of the paper and "I like talking to my boss" on the other side of the paper. This will be your affirmation. Affirmations, as a rule, are used not singly, but in a complex way, i.e., in addition to the fact that you are afraid of communicating with your boss, you must determine some of your other fears and weaknesses. There can be quite a few of them. To reveal them to the maximum, you need to do some pretty thorough work on yourself: take the time, create a comfortable environment so that nothing distracts you, and think carefully about what you would like to change about yourself and what you are afraid of. After you write everything down on a piece of paper, write affirmations for all this, cut the sheet into two parts with scissors and leave only the part with affirmations. In order for them to begin to act and influence you and your life, read your affirmations every day. It is best if it is right after you wake up and before going to bed. Make reading affirmations a daily practice. After a while, you will begin to notice changes in yourself and your life. Remember that affirmations work on a subconscious level.

You can find more information about affirmations here.

self-hypnosis

self-hypnosis- this is the process of a person's influence on his psyche in order to change his behavior, i.e. a method of forming new behavior, previously uncharacteristic.

In order to inspire yourself with some things, you need to make a list of correct statements and attitudes for yourself. For example, if you feel at some point a breakdown and a depressed state, you can use the statement: “I am full of energy and strength!”. Repeat it as often as possible: both in moments of decline and in moments of a normal state. From the first time you may not notice the effect of such self-hypnosis, but with practice you will come to the fact that you will begin to notice its effect. For affirmations and attitudes to have the greatest effect, you need to follow a few rules: statements should reflect what you want, and not what you are trying to get rid of. Do not use the "not" particle. For example, instead of saying, "I don't feel bad," say, "I feel good." Any installation should be short and have a specific meaning. It is important to form an attitude in the present tense. And most importantly - repeat the settings meaningfully, and not just by memorizing the text. And try to do it as often as possible.

Biographies of famous personalities

This method is one of the most effective for self-motivation. It consists in getting to know the lives of successful people who have achieved outstanding results in any area.

If you feel that you have lost the motivation to work, achieve success, continue working on some project, or even work on yourself, do the following: think about which famous people you are interested in and admire. It can be a businessman, a founder of a company, a personal growth coach, a scientist, an athlete, a movie star, etc. Find a biography of this person, articles about him, his statements or any other information. Start studying the found material. Surely, you will find in the life of this person many motivating moments, examples of perseverance and the desire to move forward no matter what. While reading, you will begin to feel the desire to pull yourself together, continue to strive for the intended goal, your motivation will increase many times over. Read books, articles, watch movies about the lives of prominent people whenever you feel that your motivation is weak and needs to be recharged. This practice will allow you to always be in good shape and have the strongest motivation, because you will have a clear example of how people stay true to their dreams and continue to believe in themselves and their success.

We wrote about what will is in one of our last lessons. The influence of willpower on human life cannot be overestimated. It is a strong will that helps a person develop, improve himself and reach new heights. It helps to always keep oneself in control, not to bend under the pressure of problems and circumstances, to be strong, persistent and resolute.

The simplest, and at the same time, the most difficult way to develop willpower is to do what you don’t want to do. It is “doing through I don’t want”, overcoming difficulties, that makes a person stronger. If you don’t feel like doing something, then the easiest thing to do is just put it off, leave it for later. And for this reason, many people do not achieve their goals, give up in difficult moments, succumb to their weaknesses and go on about their laziness. Getting rid of bad habits is also an exercise in willpower. If you feel that some kind of habit dominates you, then just give it up. At first it will be difficult, because. bad habits take away your energy. But then you will notice that you have become stronger and the habit has ceased to control your actions. Start your willpower workout small and gradually increase the bar. And on your to-do list, on the contrary, always choose the most difficult and do it first. Simple things will be easier to do. Regular training of your willpower will begin to give results over time, and you will see how easier it has become for you to cope with your weaknesses, unwillingness to do something, and laziness. And this, in turn, will make you stronger and better.

Visualization

Visualization- This is another very effective method to increase your motivation. It consists in the mental representation of the desired.

This is done very simply: try to choose a time so that no one distracts you, sit back, relax and close your eyes. For a while, just sit and watch your breath. Breathe evenly, calmly, measuredly. Gradually start imagining pictures of what you want to achieve. Don't just think about it, but imagine it as if you already have it. If you really want a new car, then imagine that you are sitting in it, turning the ignition key, taking the wheel, pressing the gas pedal and pulling away. If you want to be in some important place for you, then imagine that you are already there, try to describe all the details, the environment, your feelings. Spend 15-20 minutes visualizing. After you finish, you will feel that you have a strong desire to quickly start doing something to achieve your goal. Get started right away. Daily visualization practice will help you always remember what you want most. And most importantly, you will always have a boost of energy to do something, and your motivation will always be at a high level, which means that what you want will become closer and closer to you.

Concluding the conversation about self-motivation, we can say that it is the most important stage on the path of self-development and personal growth. After all, people who are nearby are not always able to awaken in us the desire to act. And it is much better when a person is able to make himself, find an approach to himself, study his strengths and weaknesses and learn in any situation to awaken in himself the desire to move forward, reach new heights, achieve his goals.

In conclusion, it is worth noting that knowledge of motivation and its application in your daily life is an opportunity to understand yourself and others at a deep level, find an approach to people, make your relationship with them more effective and enjoyable. This is an opportunity to make life better. It doesn’t matter whether you are the head of a large company or just its employee, whether you teach other people something or study yourself, help someone achieve something or strive to achieve outstanding results yourself, but if you know what others need and yourself, then this is the key to development, growth and success.

Literature

If you have a desire to get acquainted with the topic of motivation in more detail and understand the intricacies of this issue, you can use the sources listed below:

Babansky Yu. K. Intensification of the learning process. M., 1989
Vinogradova M. D. Collective cognitive activity. M., 1987
Vikhansky O.S., Naumov A.I. Management. M.: Gardika, 1999
Gonoblin FN Attention and its upbringing. M., 1982
Dyatlov V.A., Kibanov A.Ya., Pikhalo V.T. Personnel Management. M.: PRIOR, 1998
Egorshin A.P. Personnel Management. Nizhny Novgorod: NIMB, 1999.
Ermolaev B. A. Teaching to learn. M., 1988
Eretsky MN Improving education in the technical school. M., 1987
Ilyin E.P. Motivation and motives. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2000
Knorring V.I. Theory, practice and art of management: A textbook for universities in the specialty "Management". M: NORMA INFRA, 1999
Lipatov V.S. Personnel management of enterprises and organizations. Moscow: Lux, 1996
Fields MN How to encourage students to study and work. Chisinau 1989
Skatkin M.N. Improving learning processes. M., 1981
Strakhov IV Education of attention in students. M., 1988
Shamova T. I. Activation of student learning. M., 1982.
Shchukina G. I. Activation cognitive activity students in educational process. M., 1989

Test your knowledge

If you want to test your knowledge on the topic of this lesson, you can take a short test consisting of several questions. Only 1 option can be correct for each question. After you select one of the options, the system automatically moves on to the next question. The points you receive are affected by the correctness of your answers and the time spent on passing. Please note that the questions are different each time, and the options are shuffled.

Motivation: a source of strength for action

04.08.2015

Snezhana Ivanova

Motivation (motivatio) - a system of incentives that encourage a person to perform actions.

Happiness is not in always doing what you want, but in always wanting what you do (Leo Tolstoy).

Motivation (motivatio) - a system of incentives that encourage a person to perform actions. It is a dynamic process of a physiological nature, controlled by the psyche of the individual and manifested at the emotional and behavioral levels. For the first time the concept of "motivation" was used in the work of A. Schopenhauer.

Concepts of motivation

Despite the fact that the study of motivation is one of the topical issues of research by psychologists, sociologists, teachers, to date there has not been a single definition of this phenomenon. There are many rather contradictory hypotheses that try to scientifically explain the phenomenon of motivation, to answer the questions:

why and because of what a person acts;
what needs the activity of the individual is aimed at satisfying;
why and how a person chooses a certain strategy of action;
what results the individual expects to get, their subjective significance for the person;
why some people who are more motivated than others manage to succeed in those areas in which those endowed with similar abilities and having the same opportunities fail.

One group of psychologists defends the theory of the predominant role of intrinsic motivation - innate, acquired mechanisms that control human behavior. Other scientists believe that the leading cause of motivation is significant external factors affecting the personality from the environment. The attention of the third group is directed to the study of fundamental motives and attempts to systematize them into congenital and acquired factors. The fourth direction of research is the study of the question of the essence of motivation: as the main reason for orienting a person's behavioral reactions in order to achieve a specific goal, or as a source of energy for activities controlled by other factors, such as habit.

Most scientists define the concept of motivation as a system based on the unity of internal factors and external incentives that determine human behavior:

action vector;
composure, purposefulness, consistency, actions;
activity and assertiveness;
sustainability of the chosen goals.

Need, motive, purpose

The term motive is one of key concepts psychology, understood by scientists in different ways within the framework of various theories. Motive (moveo) is a conditionally ideal object, not necessarily of a material nature, towards the achievement of which the activity of the individual is oriented. The motive is perceived by the individual as peculiar, specific experiences that can be characterized as positive feelings from the anticipation of achieving the object of needs, or negative emotions that arose against the background of dissatisfaction, or incomplete satisfaction from the present situation. To isolate and realize a specific motive, a person needs to carry out internal purposeful work.

The simplest definition of motive is presented by A. N. Leontiev and S. L. Rubinshtein in the theory of activity. According to the conclusion of leading scientists: the mentally outlined, “objectified” need of the subject acts as a motive. The motive is essentially a different phenomenon from the concepts of need and goal. A need is an unconscious desire of a person to get rid of the existing discomfort ( read about). The goal is the desired result of conscious purposeful actions ( read about). For example: hunger is a natural need, the desire to eat is a motive, and a delicious schnitzel is a goal.

Types of motivation

IN modern psychology use different ways to classify motivation.

extrinsic and intrusive

Extraordinary motivation(external) - a group of motives due to the action of external factors on the object: circumstances, conditions, incentives that are not related to the content of a particular activity.

Intense motivation(internal) has internal causes associated with the life position of the individual: needs, desires, aspirations, inclinations, interests, attitudes. With internal motivation, a person acts and acts "voluntarily", not guided by external circumstances.

The subject of discussion about the expediency of such a division of motivations is consecrated in the work of H. Hekhausen, although from the point of view of modern psychology, such debates are groundless and unpromising. A person, being an active member of society, cannot be completely independent of the influence of the surrounding society in choosing decisions and actions.

positive and negative

Distinguish between positive and negative motivation. The first type is based on incentives and expectations of a positive nature, the second - negative. Examples of positive motivation are constructions: “if I perform some action, I will receive some kind of reward”, “if I do not take these actions, then I will be rewarded”. Examples of negative motivation would be statements; "if I do this, I will not be punished", "if I do not act in this way, I will not be punished." In other words, the main difference is the expectation of positive reinforcement in the first cases, and negative reinforcement in the second.

Steady and unstable

The foundations of sustainable motivation are the needs and needs of the individual, to satisfy which the individual performs conscious actions without needing additional reinforcements. For example: to satisfy hunger, to warm up after hypothermia. With unstable motivation, a person needs constant support, incentives from outside. For example: to lose interfering kilograms, to get rid of smoking.

Psychologists also distinguish between two subspecies of sustainable and unstable motivation, conventionally referred to as "from carrot to stick", the differences between which are illustrated by an example: I strive to lose weight and achieve attractive forms.

Additional classification

There is a division of motivations into subspecies: individual, group, cognitive.

Individual motivation combines needs, incentives and goals aimed at ensuring the vital activity of the human body and maintaining homeostasis. Examples are: hunger, thirst, the desire to avoid pain, to provide an optimum temperature.

To phenomena group motivation include: parental care for children, choosing the type of activity to gain social recognition, maintaining the state system.

Examples cognitive motivation perform: research activities, the acquisition of knowledge by the child through the game process.

Motives: the driving force behind people's behavior

Psychologists, sociologists, philosophers have been trying for centuries to define and classify motives - incentives that potentiate certain activities of the individual. Scientists distinguish the following types of motivation.

Motive 1. Self-affirmation

Self-affirmation is a person's need to be recognized and valued by society. Motivation is based on ambition, self-esteem, pride. Guided by the desire to assert himself, the individual tries to prove to society that he is a worthwhile person. A person seeks to occupy a certain position in society, to obtain social status, to achieve respect, recognition, reverence. This type is essentially similar to the prestige motivation – the desire to achieve and subsequently maintain a formally high status in society. The motive of self-affirmation is a significant factor in the motivation of a person's vigorous activity, which encourages personal development and intensive work on oneself.

Motive 2. Identification

Identification is the desire of a person to be like an idol, which can act as a real authoritative person (for example: father, teacher, famous scientist) or a fictional character (for example: the hero of a book, film). Identification motive is a strong incentive for development, improvement, application of strong-willed efforts for the formation of certain character traits. The motivation to be like an idol is often present in the juvenile period, under the influence of which a teenager acquires a high energy potential. The presence of an ideal “sample” with which a young person would like to identify himself gives him a special “borrowed” power, gives inspiration, forms a sense of purpose and responsibility, develops. The presence of an identification motive is an important component for the effective socialization of a teenager.

Motive 3. Power

Power motivation is the need of an individual to have a meaningful influence on other people. At certain points in the development of both the individual and society as a whole, the motive is one of the essential driving factors of human activity. The desire to play a leading role in the team, the desire to occupy leadership positions motivates the individual to take consistent action. In order to fulfill the need to lead and manage people, to establish and regulate their sphere of activity, a person is ready to make great strong-willed efforts and overcome significant obstacles. The motivation of power occupies an important position in the hierarchy of incentives for activity. The desire to dominate in society is a different phenomenon from the motive of self-affirmation. With this motivation, a person acts for the sake of gaining influence over others, and not in order to obtain confirmation of his own importance.

Motive 4. Procedural and substantive

Procedural-content motivation encourages a person to take action not because of the influence of external stimuli, but due to the personal interest of the individual in the very content of the activity. It is an internal motivation that has a strong effect on the activity of the individual. The essence of the phenomenon: a person is interested in and enjoys the process itself, he likes to be physically active, to use intellectual capabilities. For example, a girl is engaged in dancing, because she really likes the process itself: the manifestation of her creative potential, physical abilities and intellectual abilities. She enjoys the very process of dancing, and not external motives, such as: the expectation of popularity, the achievement of material well-being.

Motive 5. Self-development

Motivation for self-development is based on a person's desire to develop existing natural abilities, improve existing positive qualities. According to the eminent psychologist Abraham Maslow, this motivation encourages a person to exert maximum volitional efforts for the full development and realization of abilities, guided by the need to feel competence in a certain area. Self-development gives a person a sense of his own significance, requires self-exposing - the ability to be himself and implies the presence of the courage of "being".

Motivation for self-development requires courage, courage, determination to overcome the fear of the risk of losing the conditional stability achieved in the past, to abandon comfortable peace. It is human nature to hold on to and exalt past achievements, and such reverence for personal history is the main obstacle to self-development. This motivation prompts the individual to make an unequivocal decision, making a choice between the desire to move forward and the desire to remain safe. According to Maslow, self-development is possible only when steps forward bring a person more satisfaction than past achievements that have become commonplace. Although during self-development there is often an internal conflict of motives, moving forward does not require violence against oneself.

Motive 6. Achievement

Achievement motivation implies the desire of a person to achieve the best results in the activities performed, to master the heights of skill in an attractive field. The high efficiency of such motivation is based on the individual's conscious choice of difficult tasks, the desire to solve complex problems. This motive is the driving factor for achieving success in any sphere of life, because victory depends not only on the natural gift, developed abilities, mastered skills and acquired knowledge. The success of any undertaking is based on a high level of achievement motivation, which determines the purposefulness, perseverance, perseverance, determination of a person to achieve the goal.

Motive 7. Prosocial

Prosocial - socially significant motivation, based on the existing sense of a person's duty to society, personal responsibility to a social group. If a person is guided by pro-social motivation, the person is identified with a certain unit of society. Under the influence of socially significant motives, a person not only identifies himself with a particular group, but also has common interests and goals, takes an active part in solving common problems, overcoming problems.

A person driven by prosocial motivation has a special inner core, he has a certain set of qualities:

normative behavior: responsibility, conscientiousness, balance, constancy, conscientiousness;
loyalty to the standards adopted in the group;
acceptance, recognition and protection of the values of the team;
a sincere desire to achieve the goal set by the unit of society.

Motive 8. Affiliation

The motivation for affiliation (joining) is based on the desire of the individual to establish new contacts and maintain relationships with significant people for him. The essence of motive: the high value of communication as a process that captures, attracts and brings pleasure to a person. Unlike making contacts purely for selfish purposes, affiliative motivation is a means of satisfying spiritual needs, for example: a desire for love or sympathy from a friend.

Factors that determine the level of motivation

Regardless of the type of stimulus that drives a person's activity - the motive he has, the level of motivation is not always the same and constant in a person. Much depends on the type of activity performed, the circumstances and expectations of the person. For example, in the professional environment of psychologists, some specialists choose to study the most difficult tasks, while others limit themselves to “modest” problems in science, planning to achieve significant achievements in their chosen field. The factors that determine the level of motivation are the following criteria:

the significance for the individual of the prospective fact of achieving success;
faith and hope for outstanding achievement;
subjective assessment by a person of the existing probability of obtaining high results;
subjective understanding by the personality of standards, standards of success.

Ways of motivation

To date, various methods of motivation have been successfully used, which can be conditionally divided into three large groups:

Social - staff motivation;
Motivation for learning;

Here is a brief description of the individual categories.

Staff motivation

Social motivation is a specially developed complex system of measures, including moral, professional and material stimulation of the employee's activity. Staff motivation is aimed at increasing the activity of the worker and achieving maximum efficiency of his work. The measures used to encourage the activity of personnel depend on various factors:

incentive system provided for at the enterprise;
the management system of the organization as a whole, and personnel management in particular;
features of the institution: field of activity, number of staff, experience and chosen management style of the management.

Ways to motivate staff are conditionally divided into subgroups:

economic methods (material motivation);
organizational and administrative measures based on power (the need to obey the regulations, observe subordination, follow the letter of the law with the possible use of coercion);
socio-psychological factors (impact on the consciousness of workers, activating their aesthetic beliefs, religious values, social interests).

Student motivation

Motivation of schoolchildren and students is an important link for successful learning. Correctly formed motives, a clearly realized goal of the activity give meaning to the educational process and allow you to obtain the required knowledge and skills, achieve the necessary results. The spontaneous emergence of motivation to study is a rather rare phenomenon in childhood and adolescence. That is why psychologists and teachers have developed many techniques for the formation of motivation, which makes it possible to fruitfully engage in educational activities. Among the most common methods:

creating situations that attract attention, interest students in the subject (entertaining experiments, non-standard analogies, instructive examples from life, unusual facts);
emotional experience of the submitted material due to its uniqueness and scale;
comparative analysis of scientific facts and their everyday interpretation;
imitation of a scientific dispute, creation of a situation of cognitive debate;
positive assessment of success through the joyful experience of achievements;
giving facts elements of novelty;
actualization of educational material, its approximation to the level of achievements;
use of positive and negative motivation;
social motives (the desire to gain authority, the desire to be a useful member of the group).

self-motivation

Self-motivation - individual methods of motivation based on the inner convictions of the individual: desires and aspirations, purposefulness and consistency, determination and stability. An example of successful self-motivation is the situation when, with intense external interference, a person continues to act to achieve the goal. There are various ways to motivate yourself, including:

affirmations - specially selected positive statements that affect the individual at a subconscious level;
- a process that implies an independent influence of the individual on the mental sphere, aimed at the formation of a new model of behavior;
biographies of famous people effective method based on the study of the life of successful individuals;
development of the volitional sphere - the performance of activities "through I do not want";
visualization is an effective technique based on mental representation, experience of the results achieved.

Adepts of modern psychology are convinced that in order to become a successful person and achieve career heights, it is not enough to have good knowledge and many years of work experience. Yes, and the stories of famous people confirm that professional growth largely depends on our ability to force ourselves to move towards a certain goal. In other words, it is personal motivation that is the first step towards success in life.

What influences self-motivation?

From the point of view of psychology, the motivation of a person is a vital energy, inner desire a person to achieve a certain goal in life. Each person chooses his own path: someone goes into sports and conquers the top of Olympus, and someone becomes an ordinary bus driver. And although many factors influence the formation of a person's life position, self-motivation in this case plays no less a role.

The formation of the motivation of a person's behavior is influenced by:

external factors: environment, type of activity, family, friends;
internal factors: upbringing, education, character of a person.

In modern psychology, it has been proven that the formation of self-motivation is a key link on the way to the realization of a person as a person. It is needed in order to achieve what you want, realize your personal characteristics and achieve success in all areas of life.

How to increase personal efficiency?

In our world, which is overflowing with innovative technologies (gadgets, phones, instant messengers) and other distractions, it is very difficult to remain productive. And if it so happened that you gave up and lost the incentive to move on, you should think about how to increase personal motivation.

In modern psychology, there are many ways and techniques that have a positive effect on human behavior. The most effective of the methods of forming personal motivation:

daily planning;
priority;
concentration on achieving goals;
encouragement;
competition;
exemplar;
Good deed;
Life is not forever.

Daily planning

As you know, work without a specific goal is meaningless, it is ineffective and does not bring the desired result. That is why daily planning is considered one of the most effective techniques in psychology, which allows you to increase personal motivation, focus on work and improve its productivity.

The daily planning method will help you get through the day more efficiently and save a lot of time that you can always spend on entertainment, reading any book or talking with your family.

To use this method:

buy yourself a diary (notebook) or use modern technologies planning (phone, laptop, tablet);
every evening make a plan of action for the next day;
daily work on your mistakes and edit the action plan;
include in your plan not only work, but also rest;
Set aside time for all areas of your life, including spending time with friends and family.

Priority

The ability to set the right priorities is another important aspect in life. successful person. No matter how much you want to fulfill all the plans, there is too little time in the day to do everything. Therefore, learn to highlight and perform urgent and main tasks in the first place, and then you will see how quickly your efficiency will increase.

Focus on achieving your goals

When a person knows what he wants to achieve in his life, it is very difficult to lead him astray. Only purposeful people who clearly see their goal can reach it. To achieve success, psychologists recommend constantly reminding yourself of the task, visualize and say it out loud every day, focusing on the ways and methods of achieving it.

promotion

As in pedagogy, so in psychology, the method of encouragement is one of the most effective and effective ways formation of motivation of human behavior. Praise is considered an excellent stimulus that can inspire new achievements.

It does not necessarily have to wait for encouragement from other people. It is very important to learn to praise yourself. This is easy to do - make it a rule to thank yourself for any achievement on the way to your dream. For example, for every win, no matter how small, encourage and indulge yourself with new things, going to the movies, the park, bowling, or just a tasty and healthy lunch. Learn to self-assess your own breakthrough, no matter how small it may seem to some. The main thing is that it becomes an achievement for you.

Competition

If you consider yourself a gambler, then you can increase your personal motivation through competitions. Any business, including work, can be turned into a game with your colleagues or yourself. From the point of view of psychology, an element of gambling can positively influence the formation of a person's motivation, because, you see, victory always brings satisfaction.

Exemplar

Nothing stimulates the formation and increase of motivation and performance as much as the stories of successful people. Adepts of modern psychology note that most citizens tend to strive to repeat the victories of other people. Therefore, choose a role model for yourself and inherit it. And it is not at all necessary that the world celebrity becomes an idol. Believe me, in your social circle there are also many successful people who, despite all life circumstances, were able to fulfill their dream.

Good deed

Even the strongest and most optimistic people can lose their self-motivation. Very often this happens in connection with a tragedy, illness or some other trouble. Whatever happens in your life, never forget that there are people in the world who have a much harder and worse time than you. Help such categories of people with money or a warm word. You will see that a good deed will inspire you to new exploits and positively influence the formation of personal motivation.

life is not forever

High motivation of a person's behavior is an integral element of the inner harmony of a person. A person who is not interested in self-development lives like a robot, works monotonously and hard, but does not enjoy it and does not have happiness in life. Such a daily routine often leads to depression and nervous disorders.

Psychologists recommend that people who have lost their love for life and work remember that our life ends sooner or later. The idea that our existence is fleeting has a very strong influence on the formation of personal motivation, makes us move further towards our goal, work better and better in order to realize all our plans and make our dreams come true.

Thus, the motivation of a person's behavior is one of the main concepts in psychology, which plays an important role in our life. And if it happens that you have lost it, choose several ways to form and increase personal effectiveness that are known to science, and move forward, not forgetting that the path to success is in your hands.

Human needs are conditional, mobile, have a virtual character. The virtuality of needs lies in the fact that each of them also contains another, a moment of self-negation. Due to the variety of conditions for implementation, age, environment, a biological need becomes material, social or spiritual, i.e. is transformed. In the parallelogram of needs (biological need-material-social-spiritual), the dominant need becomes the one that most ϲᴏᴏᴛʙᴇᴛϲᴛʙ corresponds to the personal meaning of human life, is better armed with the means of ϲʙᴏ to satisfy it, i. the one that is better motivated.

The transition from need to activity is the process of changing the direction of need from within to the external environment. At the heart of any activity is a motive that induces a person to it, but not every activity can satisfy the motive. The mechanism of the ϶ᴛᴏth transition includes: I) the choice and motivation of the object of need (motivation is the substantiation of the object to satisfy the need); 2) in the transition from need to activity, the need is transformed into a goal and interest (a conscious need)

Based on all of the above, we come to the conclusion that need and motivation are closely related: a need stimulates a person to activity, and a motive will always be a component of activity.

The motive of man and personality

motive- ϶ᴛᴏ that which induces a person to activity, directing him to satisfy a certain need. A motive is a reflection of a need, which acts as an objective regularity, an objective necessity.

For example, the motive can be both hard work with enthusiasm and enthusiasm, and avoidance of burdens in protest.

Needs, thoughts, feelings and other mental formations can act as motives. At the same time, internal motives are not enough to carry out activities. It is necessary to have an object of activity and correlate motives with the goals that the individual wants to achieve as a result of the activity.
In the motivational-targeted sphere, the social conditionality of activity comes out with particular clarity. Material published on http: // site

Under [[Motivational-need sphere of personality|need-motivational sphere personality is understood as the whole set of motives, which are formed and developed during a person's life. In general, this sphere is dynamic, but some motives are relatively stable and, subordinating other motives, form, as it were, the core of the entire sphere. In these motives, the orientation of the personality will awaken.

Motivation of a person and personality

Motivation -϶ᴛᴏ a set of internal and external driving forces that prompt a person to act in a specific, purposeful way; the process of motivating oneself and others to act in order to achieve the goals of the organization or personal goals.

The concept of "motivation" is broader than the concept of "motive". A motive, in contrast to motivation - ϶ᴛᴏ what belongs to the subject of behavior will be his stable personal ϲʙᴏ property, which from the inside encourages him to perform certain actions. The concept of “motivation” has a double meaning: firstly, it is a system of factors influencing human behavior (needs, motives, goals, intentions, etc.), and secondly, a characteristic of the process that stimulates and supports behavioral activity on a certain level.

In the area of motivation stand out:

the motivational system of a personality is a general (holistic) organization of all the motivating forces of activity that underlie human behavior, which contains such components as needs, motives proper, interests, drives, beliefs, goals, attitudes, stereotypes, norms, values, etc. .;
achievement motivation - the need to achieve high results of behavior and satisfaction of all other needs;
self-actualization motivation is the highest level in the hierarchy of personality motives, consisting in the personality's need for the fullest realization of its potential, in the need for self-realization.

Success in any activity depends not only on abilities and knowledge, but also on motivation (the desire to work and achieve high results). The higher the level of motivation and activity, the more factors (i.e. motives) encourage a person to work, the more effort inclined to apply.

Highly motivated individuals work harder and traditionally achieve better results in their activities. Material published on http: // site
Motivation is one of the most important factors (along with abilities, knowledge, skills) that ensures success in activities. Material published on http: // site

motivation

Motivation -϶ᴛᴏ the process of influencing a person in order to induce him to certain actions by activating certain motives.

There are two main types of motivation:

external influence on a person in order to induce him to perform certain actions leading to the desired result. This type is reminiscent of a trade deal: "I give you what you want, and you satisfy my desire";
the formation of a certain motivational structure of a person as a type of motivation has an educational and educational character. Its implementation requires great efforts, knowledge, abilities, but the results are superior to the results of the first type of motivation.

Basic human motives

The emerging needs force a person to actively look for ways to satisfy them, become internal incentives for activity, or motives. Motive (from lat. movero - set in motion, push) - ϶ᴛᴏ what moves a living being, for which it spends ϲʙᴏu life energy. Being an indispensable "fuse" of any actions and their "combustible material", the motive has always acted at the level of worldly wisdom in various ideas about feelings (pleasure or displeasure, etc.) - motives, inclinations, aspirations, desires, passions, willpower, etc. d.

Motives can be different: interest in the content and process of activity, duty to society, self-affirmation, etc. So, the following motives can encourage a scientist to scientific activity: self-realization, cognitive interest, self-affirmation, material incentives (monetary reward), social motives (responsibility, desire to benefit society)

Motives are ϶ᴛᴏ relatively stable manifestations, attributes of a person. For example, arguing that a cognitive motive is inherent in a certain person, we mean that in many situations he will have a cognitive motivation.

The motive cannot be explained by itself. It is worth noting that it can be understood in the system of those factors - images, relationships, actions of the individual, which constitute the general structure of mental life. Its role is to give impulse and direction to the behavior towards the goal.

Motivating factors can be divided into two relatively independent classes:

needs and instincts as sources of activity;
motives as reasons that determine the direction of behavior or activity. Material published on http: // site

Need is a necessary condition for any activity, but the need itself is not yet able to give a clear direction to the activity. For example, the presence of an aesthetic need in a person creates a ϲᴏᴏᴛʙᴇᴛϲᴛʙdiving selectivity, but ϶ᴛᴏ does not yet indicate what exactly a person will do to satisfy the ϶ᴛᴏth need. Perhaps he will listen to music, or perhaps he will try to compose a poem or paint a picture.

What is the difference between need and motive? When analyzing the question of why an individual enters a state of activity at all, manifestations of needs are considered as sources of activity. If the question is being studied, what is the activity aimed at, for the sake of which exactly these actions, deeds are chosen, then, first of all, the manifestations of motives are studied (as motivating factors that determine the direction of activity or behavior) Based on all of the above, we come to the conclusion that that the need induces to activity, and the motive - to directed activity. Material published on http: // site
It can be said that a motive is a motive for activity associated with the satisfaction of the needs of the subject. The study of the motives of educational activity among schoolchildren revealed a system of various motives. It is important to note that some motives will be the main, leading ones, while others will be secondary, secondary, they do not have independent significance and are always subordinate to the leading ones. For one student, the leading motive for learning may be the desire to gain authority in the class, for another - the desire to get a higher education, for the third - an interest in knowledge itself.

How do new needs arise and develop? As a rule, each need is objectified (and concretized) on one or several objects that are able to satisfy this need, for example, an aesthetic need can be objectified in music, and in the process of its development it can also be objectified in poetry, i.e. already more items can satisfy her. Consequently, the need develops in the direction of increasing the number of objects that are able to satisfy it; the change and development of needs occurs through the change and development of objects that correspond to them and in which they are objectified and concretized.

To motivate a person means to affect his important interests, to create conditions for him to realize himself in the process of life. Material published on http: // site
It is worth saying that for the ϶ᴛᴏgo, a person should at least: be familiar with success (success is ϶ᴛᴏ realization of the goal); to be able to see oneself in the results of one's work, to realize oneself in work, to feel one's significance.

But the meaning of human activity lies not only in obtaining a result. The activity itself can be attractive. A person may like the process of performing an activity, for example, the manifestation of physical and intellectual activity. Like physical activity, mental activity in itself brings pleasure to a person and will be a specific need. When the subject is motivated by the process of activity itself, and not by its result, then ϶ᴛᴏ indicates the presence of a procedural component of motivation. The procedural component plays a very important role in the learning process. The desire to overcome difficulties in educational activities, to test ϲʙᴏ and strengths and abilities can become a personally significant motive for learning.

With all this, the effective motivational attitude plays an organizing role in the determination of activity, especially if its procedural component (i.e., the process of activity) causes negative emotions. In this case, goals, intentions come to the fore, which mobilize the energy of a person. Setting goals, intermediate tasks is a significant motivational factor that is worth using.

To understand the essence of the motivational sphere (its composition, structure, which has a multidimensional and multilevel character, dynamics), it is extremely important to first of all consider the connections and relationships of a person with other people, given that this sphere is also formed under the influence of the life of society - its norms, rules, ideology , politicians, etc.

It is important to note that one of the most important factors determining the motivational sphere of an individual is a person's belonging to any group. For example, teenagers who are interested in sports are different from their peers who are fond of music. Since any person is included in a number of groups and in the process of his development the number of such groups grows, naturally, his motivational sphere also changes. Therefore, the emergence of motives should be considered not as a process arising from the inner sphere of the individual, but as a phenomenon associated with the development of his relations with other people. In other words, the change in motives is determined not by the laws of spontaneous development of the individual, but by the development of his relations and ties with people, with society as a whole.

Personality motives

Personality motives -϶ᴛᴏ the need (or system of needs) of the individual in the function of motivation. Internal mental urges to activity, behavior are due to the actualization of certain needs of the individual. Activity motives can be very different:

organic - aimed at meeting the natural needs of the body and are associated with the growth, self-preservation and development of the body;
functional - are satisfied with the help of various cultural forms of activity, for example, playing sports;
material - encourage a person to activities aimed at creating household items, various things and tools;
social - give rise to various types of activities aimed at taking a certain place in society, gaining recognition and respect;
spiritual - underlie those activities that are associated with self-improvement of a person.

Organic and functional motives together constitute the motivation for the behavior and activities of the individual in certain circumstances and can not only influence, but change each other.

Human needs will awaken in concrete forms. People can be aware of ϲʙᴏ and needs in different ways. Given the dependence on ϶ᴛᴏgo, motives are divided into emotional ones - desires, desires, inclinations, etc. and rational - aspirations, interests, ideals, beliefs.

There are two groups of interconnected motives of life, behavior and activity of the individual:

generalized, the content of which expresses the subject of needs and, in turn, the direction of the aspirations of the individual. The strength of the ϶ᴛᴏth motive is due to the importance for a person of the object of his needs;
instrumental - motives for choosing ways, means, ways to achieve or realize the goal, due not only to the need state of the individual, but also to its readiness, the availability of opportunities to successfully act to achieve the goals set in these conditions.

Motives not only encourage a person to act, but also give his actions and actions a personal, subjective meaning. In practice, it is important to take into account that people, committing actions identical in form and objective results, are often guided by different, sometimes opposite motives, attach different personal meanings to their behavior and actions. In ϲᴏᴏᴛʙᴇᴛϲᴛʙ and with the data, the assessment of actions should be different: both moral and legal.

Types of personality motives

TO consciously justified motives should include values, beliefs, intentions.

Value

Value- ϶ᴛᴏ is a concept used in philosophy to indicate the personal, socio-cultural significance of certain objects and phenomena. Personal values form a system of its value orientations, elements of the internal structure of the personality, which are especially significant for it. These value orientations form the basis of the consciousness and activity of the individual. Value is a personally colored attitude to the world that arises on the basis of not only knowledge and information, but also one's own life experience. Values give meaning to human life. Faith, will, doubt, ideal are of lasting importance in the world of human value orientations. Values are part of the culture, received from parents, family, religion, organizations, school and environment. Cultural values are widely held beliefs that determine what is desirable and what is right. Values can be:

self-oriented, which concern the individual, reflect his goals and general approach to life;
oriented by others, which reflect the desires of society regarding the relationship between the individual and groups;
oriented by the environment, which embody society's ideas about the desired relationship of the individual with his economic and natural environment.

Beliefs

Beliefs -϶ᴛᴏ the motives of practical and theoretical activity, justified by theoretical knowledge and the whole worldview of a person. For example, a person becomes a teacher not only because he is interested in passing on knowledge to children, not only because he loves working with children, but also because he knows very well how much in the creation of society depends on the education of consciousness. Material published on http: // site
This means that he chose his profession not only out of interest and inclination to it, but also because of his convictions. Deeply grounded beliefs persist throughout a person's life. Beliefs are the most generalized motives. Moreover, if generalization and stability are characteristic features of personality traits, then beliefs can no longer be called motives in the accepted sense of the word. The more generalized the motive becomes, the closer it is to the personality.

Intention

The considered types of motives cover only the main manifestations of the motivational sphere. In reality, there are as many different motives as there are possible human-environment relationships.

The motive of man and personality

Motivation of a person and personality

motivation

Basic human motives

Personality motives

Types of personality motives

Value

Beliefs

Intention

What is motivation?

Types of motivation

Theories of motivation

Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory

Alderfer's ERG theory

McClelland's acquired needs theory

Herzberg's two-factor theory

Vroom's expectancy theory

Adams' theory of equality (justice)

Porter-Lawler Model

E. Locke's goal setting theory

The concept of participatory management

McGregor's XY theory

Theory Z

Motivation Methods

Staff motivation

self-motivation

affirmations

self-hypnosis

Biographies of famous personalities

Visualization

Literature

Test your knowledge

Concepts of motivation

Need, motive, purpose

Types of motivation

extrinsic and intrusive

positive and negative

Steady and unstable

Additional classification

Motives: the driving force behind people's behavior

Factors that determine the level of motivation

Ways of motivation

Staff motivation

Student motivation

self-motivation

What influences self-motivation?

How to increase personal efficiency?

Daily planning

Priority

Focus on achieving your goals

promotion

Competition

Exemplar

Good deed

life is not forever

The motive of man and personality

Motivation of a person and personality

motivation

Basic human motives

Personality motives

Types of personality motives

Value

Beliefs

Intention

Interesting articles

Interesting articles