5 main activities. Types of human activity and their forms. Types of human cognitive activity

26.01.2021

Nature has laid in us the main differences from animals - mind and activity. Constant inaction inevitably leads to the degradation of the individual, so activity is the most important tool for development. The types and forms of human activity today are quite diverse - this is a game, teaching and work. The game has the function of entertainment and recreation. Teaching helps in acquiring skills and knowledge. And work contributes to the formation and growth of personality. Activity plays a major role in human life. And in order to know where to direct our energy, let's figure out what types of activities exist in nature.

Types of human cognitive activity

Teaching or cognitive activity refers to the spiritual spheres of human life and society. There are four types of cognitive activity:

ordinary - consists in the exchange of experience and the images that people carry in themselves and share with the outside world;
scientific - is characterized by the study and use of various laws and patterns. The main goal of scientific cognitive activity is to create ideal system the material world;
artistic cognitive activity consists in the attempt of creators and artists to assess the surrounding reality and find in it shades of beauty and ugliness;
religious. Its subject is the man himself. His actions are judged from the point of view of pleasing God. This also includes moral norms and moral aspects of actions. Given that the whole life of a person consists of actions, spiritual activity plays an important role in their formation.

Types of human spiritual activity

The spiritual life of a person and society corresponds to such activities as religious, scientific and creative. Knowing the essence of scientific and religious activity, it is worth considering in more detail the types of human creative activity. This includes artistic or musical direction, literature and architecture, directing and acting. Every person has the makings of creativity, but in order to reveal them, you need to work long and hard.

Types of human labor activity

In the process of labor, a person's worldview and his life principles develop. Labor activity requires planning and discipline from the individual. Types of labor activity are both mental and physical. There is a stereotype in society that physical labor is much more difficult than mental work. Although outwardly the work of the intellect does not manifest itself, in fact these types of labor activity are almost equal. Once again, this fact proves the diversity of professions that exist today.

Kinds professional activity human

In a broad sense, the concept of a profession means a diverse form of activity performed for the benefit of society. Simply put, the essence of professional activity is that people work for people and for the benefit of the whole society. There are 5 types of professional activity.

Man-nature. The essence of this activity is in interaction with living beings: plants, animals and microorganisms.
Man is man. This type includes professions in one way or another related to interaction with people. The activity here is to educate, guide people, and provide them with information, trade and consumer services.
Technic man. A type of activity characterized by the interaction of a person and technical structures and mechanisms. This includes everything related to automatic and mechanical systems, materials and types of energy.
Man - sign systems. The activity of this type consists in interaction with numbers, signs, natural and artificial languages.
Man is an artistic image. This type includes all creative professions related to music, literature, acting, and visual arts.

Kinds economic activity of people

Human economic activity in recent times is fiercely contested by conservationists because it is based on natural reserves that will soon run out. The types of human economic activity include the extraction of minerals, such as oil, metals, stones, and everything that can benefit a person and cause damage not only to nature, but to the entire planet.

Types of human information activity

Information is an integral part of human interaction with the outside world. The types of information activities include the receipt, use, dissemination and storage of information. Information activity often becomes a threat to life, because there are always people who do not want third parties to know and disclose any facts. Also, this type of activity can be provocative in nature, and also be a means of manipulating the consciousness of society.

Mental activity affects the state of the individual and the productivity of his life. The simplest type of mental activity is a reflex. These are habits and skills established through constant repetition. They are almost imperceptible, in comparison with the most complex type of mental activity - creativity. It is distinguished by constant diversity and originality, originality and uniqueness. Therefore, creative people are so often emotionally unstable, and professions related to creativity are considered the most difficult. That is why creative people are called talents that can transform this world and instill cultural skills in society.

Culture includes all types of transformative human activity. There are only two kinds of this activity - creation and destruction. The latter, unfortunately, is more common. Many years of man's transforming activity in nature have led to troubles and catastrophes. Only creation can come to the rescue here, which means at least the restoration of natural resources.

Action distinguishes us from animals. Some of its types are beneficial for the development and formation of the personality, others are destructive. Knowing what qualities are inherent in us, we can avoid the deplorable consequences of our own activities. This will not only benefit the world around us, but will also allow us to do what we love with a clear conscience and consider ourselves people with a capital letter.

Activity- a way of a person's relationship to the outside world, consisting in the transformation and subordination of his goals to a person.

Human activity has a certain similarity with the activity of an animal, but differs in a creative and transformative attitude to the world around.

Characteristic features of human activity:

Conscious character: a person consciously puts forward the goals of activity and foresees its results, thinks through the most expedient ways to achieve them.

Productive nature: aimed at obtaining a result (product).

Transformative character: a person changes the world around him (influences the environment with specially created means of labor that enhance the physical capabilities of a person) and himself (a person keeps his natural organization unchanged, at the same time changing his way of life).

Public character: a person in the process of activity, as a rule, enters into various relationships with other people.

At the heart of activity are human needs.

motive(from lat. movere- set in motion, push) - a set of internal and external conditions that cause the activity of the subject and determine the direction of activity (for example, needs, interests, social attitudes, beliefs, drives, emotions, ideals).

Purpose of activity- this is a conscious image of the result, to achieve which the action of a person is directed.

material activity- is the creation of material values and things that are necessary to meet human needs. It includes material and production activities, associated with the transformation of nature, and socially transformative activity, associated with the transformation of society.

Spiritualactivity associated with a change in people's consciousness, the creation of scientific, artistic, moral values and ideas. It includes cognitive, value-oriented and prognostic activity.

cognitive activity reflects reality in scientific and artistic form, as well as in myths, legends, religious teachings.

value orientation activity- this is the formation of a person's worldview and his relationship to the world around him.

predictive activity represents the foresight and conscious planning of changes in the existing reality.

There are various criteria for classifying activities:

by objects and results of activity- creation of wealth or cultural values;

by subject of activity- individual and collective;

by the nature of the activity- for example, reproductive or creative;

for legal compliance- legal and illegal;

according to moral standards- moral and immoral;

in relation to social progress- progressive and reactionary;

by areas of public life- economic, social, political, spiritual.

Main types of human activity:

A game- this is a special type of activity, the purpose of which is not the production of any material product, but the process itself - entertainment, recreation. The game, like art, offers a certain solution in the conditional sphere, which can be used in the future as a kind of model of the situation. The game makes it possible to simulate specific life situations.

Doctrine- a type of activity, the purpose of which is the acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities by a person. The peculiarity of the doctrine is that it serves as a means psychological development person. Teaching can be organized and unorganized (self-education).

Communication- this is a type of activity in which there is an exchange of ideas and emotions (joy, surprise, anger, suffering, fear, etc.). The means used are distinguished the following types communication: direct and indirect, direct and indirect, verbal and non-verbal.

Work - a type of activity that is aimed at achieving a practically useful result. Characteristic features of labor: expediency, focus on achieving a specific result, practical usefulness, transformation external environment habitat.

Creation - it is a type of activity that generates something qualitatively new, something that has never existed before. The most important mechanisms of creative activity are: 1) combining existing knowledge; 2) imagination, that is, the ability to create new sensory or mental images; 3) fantasy, which is characterized by the brightness and unusualness of the ideas and images created; 4) intuition - knowledge, the methods of obtaining which are not realized.

QUESTIONS:

1. Establish a correspondence between the types of activities and their characteristics: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

2. Read the text below with a number of words missing.

“The simplest, most accessible type of activity is _______________ (A). It wears a conditional __________________ (B) and fulfills the child's need for activity and knowledge of the world around him based on the assimilation of human forms of behavior. A more complex type of activity is ___________________ (B), aimed at mastering scientific knowledge and acquiring relevant skills and abilities. Most important view human activity is considered __________________ (D). It ensures not only the existence of human ___________________ (D), but is also a condition for its continuous _______________ (E). Among its types, one distinguishes between subject-practical and abstract-theoretical, or the first is often called physical, and the second - mental.

In the list below, the words are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can only be used once.

Choose sequentially one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the gaps.

1) culture

2) character

6) globalization

7) development

8) society

9) sign

3, 2, 4, 5, 8, 7

3. It is believed that the French enlighteners Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Diderot played a big role in preparing the Great French Revolution of the 18th century. What type of activity can be attributed to the "work" of the French Enlightenment? Describe this activity.

It is about value-oriented activity.

4. (1−4). Read the text and do tasks 1-4.

It seems to me that those who are horrified by the development of technology do not notice the difference between a means and an end. (…) the car is not the target. The plane is not a target, it is just a tool. The same tool as the plow.

(...) Reveling in our successes, we served progress - we laid railways, built factories, drilled oil wells. And somehow they forgot that all this was created in order to serve people. (…)

Even a machine, becoming more perfect, does its job more modestly and inconspicuously. It seems that all the labors of a man - the creator of machines, all his calculations, all his sleepless nights over the drawings only manifest themselves in external simplicity; as if the experience of many generations was needed in order for the column, the keel of the ship or the fuselage of the aircraft to become slimmer and more precise, until they finally gained their original purity and smoothness of lines (...). It seems as if the work of engineers, draftsmen, designers comes down to this, to grind and smooth, to lighten and simplify the attachment mechanism, to balance the wing, to make it invisible - no longer a wing attached to the fuselage, but some kind of perfection of forms, naturally developed from the kidney , mysteriously fused and harmonious unity, which is akin to a beautiful poem. As you can see, perfection is achieved not when there is nothing left to add, but when there is nothing left to take away. A machine at the limit of its development is almost no longer a machine.

So, according to an invention brought to perfection, it is not clear how it was created. In the simplest tools of labor, the visible signs of a mechanism were gradually erased, and in our hands we found an object, as if created by nature itself, like pebbles turned by the sea; the car is also remarkable in the same way - using it, you gradually forget about it.

(A. de Saint-Exupery. "Planet of people")

1) Find in the text any three examples of human transformational activity.

2) Indicate and illustrate with the help of this text any two distinctive features of human activity.

3) Is it possible to call the process of people's labor in creating machines imprinted in the document creative? Justify your answer with the text. Define creative activity.

4) What is the ultimate goal of the transformational activity of a person in the opinion of the author and in your opinion? Justify both answers.

1. Three examples of human transformational activity:

laying of railways;

construction of factories;

oil well drilling.

2. Two distinguishing features of human activity:

practical utility (“... a car is not a goal. An airplane is not a goal, it is just a tool. The same tool as a plow.”);

transformative character (“in the simplest tools, the visible signs of the mechanism were gradually erased, and in our hands we found an object, as if created by nature itself, like pebbles turned by the sea”).

3. 1) An affirmative answer is given.

Response reasoning:

2) The author describes the appearance of the results of a new, more perfect quality of objects as a result of human labor (“It seems that the work of engineers, draftsmen, designers boils down to grinding and smoothing, to facilitate and simplify the attachment mechanism, balance the wing, make it invisible - no longer a wing attached to the fuselage, but a certain perfection of forms, naturally developed from a kidney, a mysteriously fused and harmonious unity, which is akin to a beautiful poem.

3) Creative activity is an activity, as a result of which something new appears that did not previously exist in nature.

4. The ultimate goal of the transformational activity of a person, according to the author, is the pursuit of perfection: "As you can see, perfection is achieved not when there is nothing left to add, but when nothing can be taken away." Your opinion and your explanation.

03May

Hello! In this article we will talk about the types of activities of an individual entrepreneur.

Today you will learn:

What are the types of activities according to OKVED;
What type of activity to choose;
How to add and change the type of IP activity;
What is for activities.

What are the types of activities (OKVED) for individual entrepreneurs

The main reason for the impossibility of using a particular system is the type of activity in which the individual entrepreneur is engaged.

Taxation by type of activity is presented in the table:

Tax regime	Prohibited activities of IP
Basic system of taxation
Simplified taxation system	Banking; Insurance services; Non-state pension funds; Investment organizations; Work with securities; activity of pawnshops; Production of excisable goods; Extraction and sale of minerals; gambling establishments; Lawyer activity
Patent taxation system	Almost all types of activities that are aimed at the production of something other than: the production of business cards, pottery, the production of sausages, the production of clothes and shoes
A single tax on imputed income	Currency exchange; gambling establishments; Production and sale of excisable goods; Extraction, production and sale of precious metals and stones; Extraction and sale of minerals; Banking; Management activities; Communication services; Retail trade type of activity trade in objects of art, antiques; Tour organization
Agricultural tax	Everything except agricultural production

However, despite the variety of modes, you will need to take into account many conditions, such as the maximum number of staff members, maximum turnover, classifier restrictions.

In addition to taxes, there is also an obligation to pay contributions to off-budget funds for oneself, and this must be taken into account when choosing a favorable tax regime.

What are IP contributions for yourself? These are your contributions to medical and pension funds. That is, regardless of whether you worked this year, made a profit or not, you will be required to pay these contributions to the state in a fixed amount.

In 2019, the amount of contributions will be 36,238 rubles. And if, for example, income for the whole year was more than 300,000 rubles, contributions to the pension fund will be calculated additionally, at the rate of 1% of income in excess of the limit.

Summing up the choice of the most favorable taxation regime, it is best to make an individual tax calculation for individual entrepreneurs within each system.

The following parameters will need to be taken into account:

If there are workers, then their number;
To which region Russian Federation you relate;
The taxation system used by your future partners and clients;
The area of the trading floor;
The use of transport in transportation, etc.

Considering the issue of taxes, it is impossible not to touch on the topic of the so-called “tax holidays”, which have come into effect since 2015. For many, this innovation is very useful and applicable. “ tax holidays” involve the exemption of individual entrepreneurs from paying any tax, lowering the percentage on other taxes. However, not all individual entrepreneurs can take advantage of the benefit.

Conditions for granting "tax holidays":

Your activity is to produce goods, scientific papers or in social activity;
You are registering an IP for the first time;
IP exists no more than two years;
Your region is included in the list of regions of the Russian Federation where this benefit has been introduced and your IP was registered after the adoption of the law in your region on “tax holidays”;
You are using USN or a patent.

It should be borne in mind that regional authorities have the right to introduce certain restrictions regarding the number of employees, maximum income per year, areas of activity of IP.

Do they confirm the type of activity of the IP

We will not torment you and immediately say that. The main activity of the IP is fixed during its registration, when the businessman enters the activity number in the EGRIP, after which this information comes to the FSS.

However, if you decide to change the main direction of the enterprise, then you need to contact tax office with a change of direction statement to secure the change.

Why do it? You must receive payment for services rendered and manufactured products strictly according to the code entrepreneurial activity declared in the IFTS. Otherwise, this income will be considered as received outside the declared OKVED code, and will be taxed at 13% of personal income tax.

Also, the amount of insurance premiums for injuries depends on the code of the main activity. Now experts identify 32 points, which determine the amount of contributions in various areas of activity. The amount of payments depends on the degree of danger and complexity of work.

Thus, we can conclude that it is necessary to confirm the main type of activity in order to correctly make deductions for injuries to the FSS in the current year without overpaying if the percentage differs from the previous year.

How to change and add an IP activity type

The enterprise develops along with the market, and now you are no longer doing what you used to, which means that you need to think about changing OKVED. It's easy, now we'll take a closer look at how to do it.

To begin with, you will have to generate a number for a new type of activity, and then fill out an application for a change in the direction of activity.

To do this, follow these steps in sequence:

Go to the subsection “Registration of individual entrepreneurs” on the resource of the Federal Tax Service;
Download the form, this is your application, and fill in the fields with information (virtual or paper format, in the second case it will need to be printed after filling).

The application consists of four pages. The first page is the title page, here we write our first name, last name and patronymic, indicate the OGRNIP and. The second sheet is for recording a new line of business. On the third sheet, it is necessary to cancel the old direction of the enterprise. All three pages of the document are mandatory.

Now you need to collect the missing documents for the tax.

These include:

Passport;

If you are sending a trustee to the tax office, then attach a notarized power of attorney and your representative's passport.

And the last stage is to deliver all this wealth to the tax office. You can do this yourself, through a representative (do not forget about the power of attorney), using mail or the Internet. But remember that you need to contact the same tax office in which you registered the IP.

But that is not all. If you are an entrepreneur with employees, you need to confirm the main type of activity of the individual entrepreneur by submitting a certificate to the FSS. If your individual entrepreneur does not have employees, then such a certificate is not needed.

And what to do if OKVED has not changed, but only new areas of doing business have been added. We simply add side lines of business to the existing list. To do this, fill in only the lines for the auxiliary areas of activity of the IP on the second page in the P24001 form. The third page should be completed only if you want to exclude any type of activity.

Human activities- a rather subjective concept, since, if desired, they can be described on more than one page, but most psychologists and sociologists have decided on three main specific types: learning, play and work. Each age has its own main activity, but this does not mean that adults do not play, and schoolchildren do not work.

Labor activity.

Labor activity ( work) is the transformation by a person of both material and intangible objects, in order to use them in the future to meet their needs. By the nature of the applied actions, labor activity is divided into:

practical activities(or productive activity - changing objects of nature, or changing society);
spiritual activity(intellectual, creativity, etc.).

It is this type of activity, according to most anthropologists, that is the driving force behind the evolution of people. Thus, in the process of labor, the purpose of which is the production of a product, the worker himself is formed. Perhaps labor is one of the main types of activity, but there would be no effective labor activity without one more of its types - teaching, or training.

Educational activity.

Learning activities ( training, education) is an activity aimed at obtaining knowledge, skills and abilities. The value of this type of activity is that it prepares a person for work. Teaching is a broad concept that has many varieties. This is not necessarily sitting out your pants at school at your desk. This includes sports training, and reading books, and movies, and TV shows (not all TV shows, of course). Self-education as a type of learning can take place in a passive, unconscious form throughout a person's life. For example, you were flipping through channels on TV and accidentally heard a recipe on a cooking show, and then it suddenly came in handy for you.

Game activity.

Game activity ( a game) - a type of activity, the purpose of which is the activity itself, and not the result. The case when the main thing is participation, that is, the process itself is important. This is the classic definition. Nevertheless, the game, in my opinion, is, if not a kind of training, then its offshoot, because it, like training, is a preparation for work. A sort of spin-off of study, if you will. A game of dice, Cossack robbers, "Call of Duty" or "Who wants to become a millionaire" - all these games, to one degree or another, teach some kind of mental or physical activity, bring some skills, knowledge, abilities. Develop logic, erudition, reaction, physical condition of the body and so on. There are many types of games: individual and group, subject and story, role-playing, intellectual, etc.

Variety of activities.

The above classification of human activity is generally accepted, but not the only one. Sociologists single out some types of activity as the main ones, psychologists others, historians the third, and culturologists the fourth. They characterize activity in terms of its usefulness/uselessness, morality/immorality, creation/destruction, etc. Human activity can be labor and leisure, creative and consumer, creative and destructive, cognitive and value-oriented, and so on.

The main, historically the first type of human activity is labor. In the process of ontogenesis, there are play and learning activities associated with labor and its derivatives. Each of these types of activity has its own structure, its own psychological characteristics, its purpose and is realized in specific types of human activity: artistic, productive, sports, engineering, pedagogical, scientific, practical, in the field of morality, religion, etc.
All the main activities - play, learning, work - are present in the life of every person, in the depths of these activities, the development of the psyche and personality takes place. All these main types of activity are not isolated from each other, they interact, enrich each other, thereby creating new prospects for the development of the person who carries them out. But at each age stage, a special correlation of these activities is required both in terms of their representation and in terms of their content. Some activities are more important at this stage of ontogeny.
1 Warm B.M. The mind of a commander // Selected works: In 2 volumes - M., 1985. -T. 1.-S. 253. value for personal development, others - less. A.N.Leontiev introduced the concept of leading activity.
Leading is the activity that most contributes to the development of the psyche and personality of the child at this age stage. Leading activity determines major changes in the mental processes and psychological characteristics of the child's personality at a given stage of his development.
For a child preschool age the leading activity is the game, for the student - educational activity, for the adult - work. Playing and learning activities create conditions for the development of the abilities and personality of the child, providing him with the opportunity for a worthy entry into the work activity of adults.
Questions and tasks
1. What is an activity?
2. What activity is called leading and why?
3. How is activity related to knowledge and skills?
4. Does the experience of success in any activity always correspond to its result?
5. In what ways can a teacher support a student's success?