How physics balloons fly. Research work "mystery of the balloon". Where is the balloon going?

There are several theories to explain the reason for the ability of balloons to fly. In a broad sense, this process is due to the ratio of the weight of air and gas. If a balloon filled...

There are several theories to explain the reason for the ability of balloons to fly. In a broad sense, this process is due to the ratio of the weight of air and gas. If the balloon is filled with gas, then it rises and does not fall to the ground. When it is filled with air, for example, when a person inflates a balloon on his own, his ability to fly is reduced. The gas is much lighter than air, which is why balloons filled with helium fly best.

Depending on the filling, balloons can perform different manipulations.:

• if the balloon is filled with carbon dioxide, air or argon, then it will fly worse;
• neon, methane, nitrogen, helium and hydrogen make the ball take off rapidly due to the minimum weight of these gases and the large difference with the mass of air.

Balloon flight from the point of view of physics

From the point of view of physics, any body placed in a gas or liquid is subject to a displacement force equal to the weight of the body. The balloon in this case is a body "placed" in the air. Because the gas filling the balloon makes it lighter than the air, then a buoyant force begins to be exerted. Due to this, the ball quickly rises up and begins to fly.

With the help of physics, one can also explain the reason for the not very good flying properties of balloons filled with air. The weight in this case is almost the same, so the ball can only hover in the air, but without force, it falls to the ground.

The flight of a balloon in the air is comparable to the navigation of ships on water. In both the first and second cases, the lighter body is pushed out by heavy water or air. Moreover, water and air possess almost the same degree of buoyancy.

Why balloons fly

Large balloons designed for aeronautics fly for the same reasons as small toy balloons. The explanation for the ability to fly in this case is also the laws of physics. The size of the ball, the weight of the basket and the passengers are in close relationship with each other. The ball rises by heating the air in it and the resulting gas. Due to this impact, the ball becomes lighter than air and a buoyant force is exerted on it.

Balloon control

It is impossible to control any balloons. The main driving force is always air or wind. If you let go of a small balloon and hold it by the thread, then, despite efforts, you will not be able to turn it in the right direction. A similar situation occurs with balls for aeronautics. The only thing passengers in the basket can do is lower the balloon to ground level or lift it higher into the air. Height is gained by reducing weight (special weights are dropped), and the ball is reduced by reducing the amount of gas by controlling the temperature of heating the air inside the rubberized material. The temperature is changed by changing the burner level.

Why are balloons and airships filled with hydrogen or helium

As children, everyone played with balloons. No one wondered why balloons are filled with hydrogen or helium. To answer this question, we should recall some questions from the school physics course.

A bit of physics

If the body is in the air, several forces act on it. The Archimedean force and weight have the greatest influence. Their difference is called lift. If they are equal, then the balloon hangs freely or moves through the air in intricate curves, the shape of which depends on the currents. If the Archimedean force is greater than the weight, there is a lifting force acting on the balloon upwards.

The weight of the aircraft is made up of the gas itself, the shell in which it is located, and the load being lifted.

If the shell is filled with ordinary air at ambient temperature, the balloon will not rise. The air needs to be heated. Therefore, the balloon must be equipped with a burner for constant heating of the air inside the shell.

The Archimedean force depends on the volume of the shell and the difference between the densities of the air and the gas in it.

As the altitude increases, the temperature decreases, the air pressure and its density in the closed shell decrease. Accordingly, the Archimedean force decreases, and the ball begins to descend. To prevent this from happening, a hole is made in the lower part of the shell, under which a burner is placed. By decreasing or increasing the amount of fuel burned, you can control the flight altitude.

AT aircraft closed-shell gases are used, which, at the same temperature, have a density less than the surrounding air.

Among the available gases, hydrogen has the lowest density. In industry, it is produced in large volumes, so its cost is relatively small.

Today, for safety reasons, the spherical shell of the balloon is filled with helium. This rare chemical element was first discovered using spectral analysis on the sun and got its name Helios, which means solar. Much later, this gas was discovered on earth.

At the same temperature, the density of helium is 10 times less than air. Hydrogen has an even better indicator - 20. Therefore, initially the balls were filled with hydrogen. But, unlike helium, it is a flammable and explosive gas. Using this element is safe, but a balloon filled with helium has much less lift.

A bit of history

Large balloons are called aerostats, and in the past they were mainly used for scientific research. Most of them were spheres of various diameters.

The largest balloon with a sphere volume of more than 4000 m³ took off in the autumn of 2010. 36 people traveled in its gondola.

The maximum height to which the balloon has risen is more than 21 km. The record flight was made by Indian citizen Vijaypat Singhania in 2005. The balloon was filled with warm air.

At the beginning and middle of the last century, cigar-shaped airships were used to transport people and goods.

The largest airship in the history of mankind, the Hindenburg, was designed in Nazi Germany in the late 30s. He made 21 flights across the Atlantic and died in 1937. At that time there was no helium in Germany and all the Hindenburg tanks were filled with hydrogen. The cause of the accident is unknown. After the tragedy, hydrogen-filled balloons and airships are not used to transport passengers. They are used for scientific purposes only.

Zarechina Kristina

Purpose of the study: find out why a balloon flies away if it is not tied and on what factors the range of its flight depends.

Subject of study: balloons of different sizes and thicknesses of rubber.

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Balloon riddle

I love my birthday very much. Every year we decorate our house for the holiday with the whole family. And, of course, balloons are an important element of decoration. After all, they are so beautiful! Multi-colored, with beautiful drawings and inscriptions. Usually with my brother we compete in who will inflate the balloon faster with our mouths. We are in a hurry, everyone wants to win, and suddenly, an almost inflated balloon, breaks out of our hands and quickly flies away, rushing around the room until it is completely blown away. I've always wondered why he flies away? After all, it has no engine, no wings ... And what does the range of its flight depend on?

Purpose of the study:find out why a balloon flies away if it is not tied and on what factors the range of its flight depends.

Subject of study:balloons of different sizes and thicknesses of rubber.

Research objectives:

1. Conduct experiments showing the movement of the ball.
2. Find out how the size of the ball and the thickness of the rubber affect the flight range.
3. Find out if there are representatives in the plant and animal world who move like a balloon.

Research hypotheses:

1. Suppose the balloon is helped by the wind.
2. Assume that the gas in the balloon is lighter than air.
3. Perhaps the balloon is helped by the air coming out of it.

Research methods:

1. The study of literature.
2. Search on the Internet.
3. Conducting experiments.
4. observation.
5. The opinion of other people.
6. Comparison and comparison of facts.

A bit of history...

Looking at modern balloons, many people think that this bright, pleasant toy has only recently become available. Some, more knowledgeable, believe that balloons appeared somewhere in the middle of the last century.

And in fact - no! The history of balloons filled with air began much earlier. In former times, painted balls made from animal intestines decorated the squares where sacrifices and festivities were held by noble people of the Roman Empire. After the balloons began to be used by wandering artists, creating decorations with balloons to attract new spectators. The topic of balloons is also touched upon in Russian chronicles - buffoons, speaking for Prince Vladimir, used balloons made from bull bladders.

First balls modern type created the famous English researcher of electricity, professor at Queen's UniversityMichael Faraday. But he did not create them in order to distribute them to children or trade at a fair. He just experimented with hydrogen.

The way in which Faraday created his balloons is interesting. He cut out two pieces of rubber, laid them on top of each other, glued the contour, and poured flour in the middle so that the sides did not stick to each other.

Faraday's idea was taken up by rubber toy pioneer Thomas Hancock. He created his balloons in the form of a do-it-yourself kit consisting of a bottle of liquid rubber and a syringe. In 1847, vulcanized balls were introduced in London by J. G. Ingram. Even then, he used them as toys to sell to children. In fact, it is they who can be called the prototype of modern balls.

About 80 years after that, the scientific hydrogen bag turned into a popular pastime: rubber balloons were widely used in Europe during city holidays. Due to the gas that filled them, they could rise up - and this was very popular with the public, which had not yet been spoiled by either air flights or other miracles of technology.

In 1931, Neil Tylotson produced the first modern latex balloon. And since then, balloons have finally been able to change! Before that, they could only be round - and with the advent of latex, for the first time, it became possible to create long, narrow balls.

This innovation immediately found application: designers decorating the holidays began to create compositions from balloons in the form of dogs, giraffes, airplanes, hats. Clowns began to use them, inventing unusual figures.

Research.

To begin with, I decided to get the opinion of my classmates and students of other first grades. What do they think makes an untied balloon fly away? For this purpose, I conducted a survey. I gave them three answers:

1) The wind helps the balloon to fly.

2) The gas in the balloon is lighter than air, so the balloon flies.

3) The air coming out of it helps the balloon to fly.

1. Find out what makes the balloon move.

Hypothesis 1. Suppose the wind helps him.

Let's inflate two balls. We will tie one of them with a thread. Let's go outside on a windy day. Let's release the balls. They fly. A tied balloon flies from gusts of wind. And the one that is not tied flies faster. And then they both fall to the ground. In an apartment where there is no wind, the knotted balloon slowly falls to the floor. And untied - flies, although slower than on the street. And then it falls.

Still, the wind helps the balloon fly. But he flies without wind. So my hypothesis was partially confirmed.

Hypothesis 2. Suppose that the gas in the balloon is lighter than air, so it flies.

I know that the warmer the air, the lighter it is, so the balloon rises. Maybe. Is carbon dioxide lighter than air?

Let's do the following experiment. Take two identical balls. We will inflate one ourselves with carbon dioxide, and the other with the help of a pump with air. We tie them with a thread and throw them over a stick. We see that the balloon, inflated with carbon dioxide, sank lower. So it's heavier. In the reference book, I found confirmation of my conclusion. It turned out that carbon dioxide is 1.5 times heavier than air.

This hypothesis turned out to be false.

Hypothesis 3. Perhaps the balloon pushes the air coming out of it.

When we inflate the balloon, the rubber shell expands and fills with air. When we release the inlet, the air bursts out with force. The ball is then reduced. The air from the balloon flies in one direction, and the shell of the balloon in the other. They repel each other. The path of the ball is unpredictable. When all the air is out of the balloon, it stops.

I asked the physics teacher Sergei Vyacheslavovich about this. He said that the ball flies away under the action of a reactive force. Jet motion occurs when a part of it is separated from the body at a certain speed.

This means that the balloon pushes the air that comes out of it. My balloon is reactive.

1. Conduct experiments showing jet propulsion.

Let's do a few more experiments showing the reactive motion of the ball.

1. Inflate a balloon, insert a bent tube and tie. We attach the ball to a small typewriter. The tube should look back. Release the tube. Air comes out backwards. The car moves forward under the action of reactive force.
2. We lower the same ball with a tube into a bowl of water. The tube should look to the side. Release the tube. The ball begins to rotate on the water under the action of the reactive force.

1. Find out how the shape of the ball and the thickness of the rubber affect the flight range.

I wonder what factors determine the range of the ball?

Let's take balls of different size and thickness of rubber and conduct an experiment.

Take the fishing line and pull it around the room. We will put a part of the straw on the fishing line. We will inflate the balloons with a pump with the same amount of air (10 strokes). We attach the balls to the straw with tape and release. The ball will fly some distance along the line and stop. Let's measure the distance travelled.

For clarity, we will fill in the table of results.

Conclusion A: The thicker the rubber and the larger the balloon, the farther it flies.

1. Are there representatives in the plant and animal world who move like a balloon.

Reactive motion can be observed in wildlife.

Jet propulsionused by many shellfish.

Octopuses, squids and cuttlefish have a special pouch. They collect water into it and release it with a strong stream outward. This jet pushes the animal back. Squid can reach speeds of up to 60–70 km / h.

The sea scallop mollusk, sharply compresses the shell valves, jerkily moves forward due to the jet stream of water ejected from the shell.The jump of a large scallop can reach half a meter or even more in length.

Salpa - a marine animal with a transparent body, when moving, it takes water through the front hole and pushes it out through the back hole. So she moves forward.

Medusa pushes water out from under her bell-shaped body, receiving a push in the opposite direction.

Examples of jet propulsion can also be found in the plant world.The ripened fruits of the “mad” cucumber, with a light touch, bounce off the stalk, and liquid with seeds is ejected with force from the hole formed; the cucumbers themselves fly off in the opposite direction. Shoots "mad" cucumber more than 12 meters.

1. Find out how scientists used knowledge about such a movement.

One of the most important inventions of mankind in the 20th century is the invention of a jet engine, which allowed a person to rise into space. This is how rockets appeared, and then jet aircraft. Later andThe engineers created an engine similar to a squid engine. They called him a water jet. Such an engine is found on some speedboats.

Fun and helpful!

Studying this topic, I found information that blowing up balloons is not only fun, but also useful! It turns out that they "give" health to our lungs. Inflating balloons has a positive effect on our throat (even serves as a means of preventing sore throats), and also helps to strengthen our voice. Singers often use this aid, as such training helps them breathe properly while singing.

Conclusion

So, let's summarize... In the course of studying this topic, I found out that, firstly, the wind still helps the balloon fly, but when it is not tied, it also flies in a buried room without wind. My second hypothesis was not confirmed, the carbon dioxide that we exhale is not lighter, but heavier than air, therefore it cannot help the balloon fly away. My third hypothesis was fully confirmed, that the air coming out of it helps the balloon to fly. I found out that in this case, the balloon moves under the action of a reactive force. I also conducted experiments and found that the flight range of a balloon is affected by its size and the thickness of the rubber from which it is made.

Thanks to the study of this topic, I learned a lot of new and interesting things. I got acquainted with the history of the creation of the modern balloon and its predecessors. I learned that the gas we exhale is called carbon dioxide and that it is one and a half times heavier than the air we breathe. I learned to do various interesting experiments myself, to observe, compare the results and draw conclusions. I was introduced to jet propulsion, although I won't be studying physics anytime soon. I learned that in nature there are animals and plants that use jet propulsion. It also turned out that inflating balloons is not only fun, but also good for health.

I think that this work can be used in the classroom to demonstrate the action of reactive force in a simple and colorful way, to clearly show that carbon dioxide is heavier than air. Indeed, when we ourselves conduct various experiments or observe them, it is easier for us to understand the principle of operation of something, especially if these experiments are so bright and cheerful!

Chernyshova Ekaterina, student 1 "A" class MBOU secondary school No. 18

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Project on the topic: "Why does a balloon fly?" Completed by: student of grade 1 "A" MBOU secondary school No. 18 Chernyshova Ekaterina Aleksandrovna Supervisor: Didenko Olga Nailevna

Relevance: balloons can be found at any holiday Purpose: to determine the reason why the balloon rises. Hypothesis: Different properties of the gas inside the balloon and the air outside push the balloon up.

Tasks to find out what substance the balloon is filled with consider the concept of density through mass explore various methods density of substances available in the house Methods and methods: experiments in accessible conditions.

The balloon was filled with helium. It takes off because the density of helium is less than the density of air (the condition for bodies to float).

Density shows how much of a substance is contained in a unit of volume. The greater the mass, the greater the density of the substance. ρ (ro) - kg/m³

Mass of water – Mw Mass of oil – Mm Mw > Mm => ρw > ρm Density of water – ρw Density of water – ρm Mw =114 g Mm=108 g

ρ in > ρ m

Based on the condition of floating bodies ρ d - the density of the tree from which the cube is made ρ in > ρ d

Conclusion: a balloon filled with helium tends to rise, since its density is less than the density of air. I proved by density determination that the density of oil is less than the density of water. She also conducted experiments and compared the density of various available substances.

Civil aviation once began with balloons: before airplanes and helicopters, it was like walking to the moon, and people began to fly on balloons back in the 18th century. Today we will tell you how it happens on the 21st: I went to Cappadocia - a region in central Turkey - where mass flights are carried out almost every day; balloons in the air - several dozen at the same time, and passengers, respectively, several hundred.

A little physics. How a hot air balloon flies

A modern passenger balloon is correctly called a hot air balloon, or a hot air balloon - by the name of the Montgolfier brothers, who in 1783 made the first flight on an aircraft of this type. As part of import substitution, the story has become popular that in fact the first hot air balloon was built half a century before by the Russian inventor Kryakutnoy, but this is just a hoax created after the French flight and promoted in Soviet times.

The principle of flight of a hot air balloon is very simple: inside its shell there is air whose temperature is higher than the temperature of the surrounding air. Since the density of warm air is lower, it, according to the law of Archimedes, tends upward under the action of a buoyant force. At the same time, the shell itself and the payload are attracted to the Earth (the shell is approximately 25x15 m in size with a basket and all equipment weighs 400-500 kg, plus passengers: there were twenty people in our basket). The equality of these forces allows the balloon to "hover" in the air at a certain height.

How a balloon is flown

The main control element of a hot air balloon is a gas burner located under the shell and directed upwards. It burns a mixture of propane and butane, which is taken on board in cylinders similar to those that many summer residents have in the kitchen. With the help of fire, the air in the shell is heated; the temperature rises, the ball rises. Depending on the volume of the shell (2-5 thousand cubic meters of air), payload and ambient temperature, the temperature inside is 50-130 degrees Celsius. The air in the shell is constantly cooling down and the ball begins to decline, so you need to periodically “turn on the heat” to maintain a constant height. In general, everything is simple: more fire - we rise, less fire - we maintain altitude, little-little-little-little-little fire - we descend.

However, in order to descend, you can not wait until the air cools down: in the upper part of the shell there is a valve that can be opened and closed with ropes. If you open it, some of the warm air will come out and the ball will fly down.

They take at least two gas cylinders with them (one main, the other spare) - this is enough for about one hour of flight, a variometer for measuring vertical speed and a walkie-talkie for communicating with pilots of other balls and escort vehicles (more on them below). And, most importantly, there are no sandbags. They are used as ballast on gas balloons (with helium and other similar gases inside), and a hot air balloon is not needed.

The top valve is open, the balloon is deflating. Pay attention to the number. In Turkey, balloons are registered as TC-Bxx, for example, TC-BUM. In Russia, they are registered in the General Aviation Register and have numbers RA-xxxxG. Each balloon has a certificate of airworthiness, everything is as it should be.

Where is the balloon going?

We can only control the vertical speed of the balloon. It flies horizontally wherever the wind takes it. That is why, as a complete vehicle the balloon is unusable: it is still a pleasure aircraft. Despite this, flights on balloons are regulated by the aviation authorities no less than on airplanes. Each ball has a registration in the registry aircraft and the corresponding number on board, and the pilots (there are two of them) - a license. Flights are carried out according to the rules of visual flight, that is, in good visibility, prerequisite is also the absence of strong winds. The problem is that you can only fly early in the morning at dawn or, conversely, at sunset: during the day, ascending air currents from the earth’s surface heated by the sun make flights unsafe (and there are up and down flows in the morning, just not so strong). So you can easily run into a situation where you arrived, but did not fly anywhere - plan just in case for several days at once!

Each balloon has its own escort vehicle: a jeep with a flatbed trailer the size of a basket. Jeep - because the ball will land, most likely not on the road. Aerobatics is landing directly on the platform; much cooler than putting a fighter on an aircraft carrier.

If the balls collide with each other in the air, then ... nothing happens, they just repel each other and fly further. In general, it is quite difficult for the balls to collide: after all, the wind carries them in the same direction.

How is a hot air balloon flight

First, you are brought to your hot air balloon. At this moment, he is still lying on the ground, the basket is on its side, and with the help of a powerful fan, the shell is filled with air, while simultaneously heating it with a burner. At some point, the limp ball becomes elastic and soars up. The basket is turned over, passengers sit in it, climbing over the side. Inside there are two-point harnesses, which, however, few people use, as well as ropes that you will need to hold on to when landing. The pre-flight briefing, in fact, lies in the fact that when landing, you must definitely sit down and hold on to the ropes, since there is a high probability of the basket tipping over: this will avoid injury.

Flight preparation

The pilot gives more fire, and ... the ball soars smoothly up and to the side. It feels like riding a Ferris wheel, only much higher. And at the same time, there is no noise or vibration, so even seasoned aerophobes are not afraid. And even those who are afraid of heights (and the balloon rises to 1500 m with an average flight altitude of about 500) are not afraid: because of the high (about 1.5 meters) side of the basket, it is impossible to fall out of it, and standing posture provokes to look not down, but to the sides. Indescribable beauty! The real Tatooine! Turkish pilots try to fly in such a way as to get closer to the rocks, "chimneys" and give them the opportunity to see them, descend almost to the roofs of the houses of ancient villages - of course, everything can be photographed and filmed, the main thing is not to drop the camera.

Flight altitude reaches 1500 m

By the way, there is no wind at a height - or rather, it is not felt, because you are flying along with this very wind!

How to fly in a hot air balloon

Cappadocia, as you already understood, is a place where balloon flights are a developed and popular form of recreation. You will need to get to the city of Urgup, which is 70 km from Kayseri, where the nearest civil airport (ASR) is located. There are several daily flights to Kayseri from Istanbul (IST and SAW) by local airlines: Turkish Airlines, Anadolujet, Pegasus Airlines, etc. The flight takes about an hour and a half. Of course, many different airlines fly to Istanbul itself - from Aeroflot and Turkish Airlines to Onur Air and Pobeda. Buying two separate tickets to Istanbul and to Kayseri can help you save a lot (and at the same time spend a couple of days in Istanbul).

Low pass over the mountain - one of the aerobatics in balloons

There are more than a dozen airlines with balloons in Urgup; You can also purchase a flight through their Russian partners by simply typing the appropriate request on Google - it’s convenient if you don’t know Turkish and want to plan everything in advance, or you can directly at the hotel in Urgup, but everything depends on the hotel. Be guided by the fact that the cost of an hour-long flight is 13,000 rubles per person, including transfer from your hotel and back and a modest breakfast in the immediate vicinity of the starting point (tea, coffee, buns).

Video (pre-flight briefing, low-altitude passage, landing on an aircraft carrier, balloon cleaning).

Every adult in the depths of his soul has a memory of a bright balloon bursting into the sky. Perhaps that is why even now the donated ball gives a good mood and a smile.

The balloon is an indispensable attribute of birthdays, weddings and any other celebrations. And children's holiday it is absolutely impossible to imagine without it. What is its magic? Maybe in the aspiration to rise, in the ease with which he rises to the sky?

balloon magic

Modern balloons that can fly are filled with gas. Its density is much less than the density of air, which allows it to fly higher and higher. A gas with a lower density fills inner space ball and the buoyant force of the air acts on it.

The most common balloons can be inflated by mouth. But such balls cannot fly upward, since the density of carbon dioxide exhaled by a person is lower than the density of air. They need wind to fly. But light gas allows the ball to rush up on its own.

How the balloon learned to fly

The history of the appearance of balloons has more than one hundred years. There are references to sacks made of the skin of bulls dressed by Karelian craftsmen, filled with warm gas, with the help of which they moved over short distances. These testimonies date back to the 12th century, but scientists have not found exact confirmation of their truth.

And here is the documented chronicle of the birth of balloons:

1. The great-grandfathers of balloons were the results of an experiment by Michael Faraday, as a result of which he created rubber bags filled with hydrogen. It was they who began to be used as holiday decorations, flying in the air to the delight of people.
2. A year later, DIY kits appeared on sale, which are a tube of liquid rubber and a can of gas. Children received their first inflatable toys.
3. In 1922, a misfortune occurred, which, nevertheless, contributed to the development of the "ball" industry. During a city holiday balloons filled with hydrogen exploded. Since then, dangerous combustible gas has ceased to be used and absolutely safe helium has been connected to entertainment.
4. 1931 was the year of the birth of latex balloons. Now it has become possible to create balls of various shapes for the delight of children.

Now balls are produced not only from latex, but also from foil - of various shapes and sizes. For inflation, helium or a mixture of helium and air is used, which guarantees complete safety and gives the balloons the ability to fly far into the sky.