The concept of acculturation and participants in intercultural interactions. Foreign experience in solving the sociological problem of multiculturalism

Multiculturalism (multiculturalism) is a relatively recent phenomenon: it emerged in the 1970s. 20th century in Canada and the USA. He became third influential model solving the complex problem associated with the cultural, ethnic, racial and religious heterogeneity of the states that make up the absolute majority in the world: only 10% of countries can be considered as culturally homogeneous, monocultural. Some authors believe that this figure is too high. In particular, the English sociologist N. Glazer gave his book a remarkable title: "Now we are all multiculturalists." B. Parekh, an Indian philosopher who settled in England, also believes that "practically all developed societies are multicultural." Among the factors that cause cultural diversity, he identifies ethnic and religious differences, the rise of individualism and the decline of traditional moral consensus, immigration and globalization.

Socio-cultural, ethnic and other heterogeneity of society often gives rise to all sorts of tensions and conflicts that destroy the social unity of society and threaten its very existence. Therefore, all societies have always strived and searched for ways, methods and models of maximum homogeneity.

First such a model is assimilation. It involves the complete or near absorption of minorities into a larger, dominant cultural and ethnic community. The most striking example in this regard is France, which until recently was practically the only one among the major European countries as a civil monocultural nation, as a real nation-state. This became possible due to the fact that France for a long time, especially since the French Revolution, pursued a thoughtful and purposeful policy of cultural universalism, sought to level ethnic and linguistic differences, build a secular and civil republic.

Second the model is based on integration which assumes the preservation of each ethno-cultural community of its identity. At the same time, it relies on a strict separation between the public-political and private spheres. The first sphere rests on the principle of unconditional equality between all members of society as citizens, the second covers cultural, ethnic, religious and other dimensions, considering them a private affair of an individual. It should be noted that in this case, as a rule, there is a policy aimed at erasing cultural, ethnic and linguistic differences, although this is not always done openly. Those who adhere to the second model of the state are called ethnic nations. Germany can serve as an example.

Third model, multiculturalism, to a certain extent, can be defined as an attempt to overcome the previous ones, a third way to solve the cultural and national issue. Its emergence in Canada and the United States was not accidental.

Multiculturalism in Canada

As for Canada, this country is culturally, linguistically, religiously and ethnically diverse. The majority of the population is made up of Anglo Canadians and French Canadians. One of its major provinces, French-speaking Quebec, has become a source of separatism. Realizing the danger of this phenomenon, the federal authorities from the mid-60s. engaged in solving this problem, using not brute force, but modern civilized forms and methods.

In 1969, the equality of English and French was proclaimed. Since 1971, Canada has officially defined itself as a multicultural society based on Anglo-French bilingualism. In 1982, at the level of the constitution, Quebec was given the status of a province of Canada with linguistic and cultural specifics, and in 1988 it was adopted special law about multiculturalism. Thanks to these and other measures, the acuteness of the problem of separatism and intercultural tension has been significantly reduced, although the problem is still far from being fully resolved.

To an even greater extent, this applies to the problem of another minority - Canadian Indians, who make up about 1 million, or 3.3% of the population. Of these, Indian women are in the most difficult and disenfranchised position. They still do not have the rights that other women enjoy. In material terms, they are the poorest of the poor. Indian women are prohibited from marrying a non-Indian. In marriage, they are deprived of the right to half the property. In the case of leaving the family - due to beatings or other unbearable conditions, they are deprived of everything. They must leave the reservation and go with nothing to the city, where they end up in a ghetto where poverty, prostitution and racial violence flourish. AT recent times the Canadian authorities are taking more active steps to address the problems associated with the situation of the Indian minority. In particular, a representative of Indian women, S. Nicholas, recently entered the Ottawa Senate. Having gone through all the circles of hell in which most Indian women find themselves, she led their struggle for civil rights.

The rise of multiculturalism in the USA

In the case of the United States, the situation is much more complicated. The fact is that in terms of its ethno-cultural structure, America is one of the most complex societies. Its population historically consisted of at least five main elements: the indigenous population of the Indians; slaves imported en masse from Africa; religiously heterogeneous first wave of colonists; political and economic elite of Anglo-Saxon origin; subsequent waves of immigrants not only from European, but also Latin American and Asian countries.

In an attempt to create a unified and cohesive society and state, America was largely guided by the French path, officially choosing assimilation, which received the well-known name "melting crucible" ( meltingpot). The ultimate goal of the ongoing forced assimilation was to be 100% Americanization.

However, despite the efforts made, by the middle of the XX century. it became clear that the melting pot policy did not bring the desired results. The broad African American civil rights movement in the 1960s. various forms of feminism, the gay movement, etc. testified to the crisis of American identity that accompanies the entire history of the United States, periodically fading and then sharpening again.

The main reason for this state of affairs is that, in fact, the assimilation model was carried out mainly in relation to white immigrants from European countries, who had to break their historical roots and completely dissolve in their new American identity. With regard to other parts of the population, America pursued what can hardly be called an integration model, since the supposed principle of tolerance often turned out to be its opposite, embodying a policy of not inclusion, but exclusion: genocide and reservations against Indians, racism against African Americans, discrimination against other representatives of the colored population - Mexicans, Cubans, Puerto Ricans, Dominicans.

formed by the middle of the 20th century. the American community was neither civil, like France, nor ethnic, like Germany. It was rather ethnocivilian, although in this case it is again difficult to speak of any synthesis of the two characteristics, since one of them (civilian) referred to the white population, and the other (ethnic) to everything else. All this gave rise to tension and hostility in interethnic relations, xenophobia, and the constant danger of a social explosion.

The search for a way out of this situation led to the emergence of multiculturalism. The main reasons and contradictions that brought multiculturalism to life arose along with the formation of the American state and continued to exist until relatively recently. The physical extermination of the Indians, which was a direct continuation of the policy of genocide in the 17th-18th centuries, was stopped only in the 1930s. However, it took another 30 years for the Indian people and their rights to be officially recognized.

Approximately the same was experienced by immigrants from Africa. Back in the early 1960s. millions of blacks in the southern states were under apartheid, which served as a direct continuation of slavery and dominated for more than two centuries. They lived in separate neighborhoods, their children went to separate schools, they were given separate seats on public transport, they could not go to restaurants for whites. Blacks did not have two basic rights: to education and to vote, which deprived them of citizenship and equal chances. The powerful civil rights movement ended the disenfranchisement of blacks and other people of color. It has also become one of the main reasons for the emergence of multiculturalism.

It should be noted that, despite the genocide against the Indians and the slavery of the black population, the Indian and African principles managed to become important components of the American nation. The Indians were able to do this at the biological level - thanks to mixed marriages, which became widespread precisely during the period of the genocide, especially in the 17th century. African influence has found tangible expression in American culture, especially in jazz. Therefore, C. Jung, not without reason, noted that an American is a European with the soul of an Indian and the manners of an African. However, the foundation or core of American society is White, Anglo-Saxon and Protestant (WASP). The Anglo-Saxon origin also determines the dominant American culture.

Another important reason for the emergence of multiculturalism is associated with the establishment of a mass consumer society, which also took place in the 60s. and the subsequent evolution of which, taking place under the sign of neoliberalism, led to a new stratification of society, to the marginalization of many social groups, which contributed to the strengthening of multicultural trends and identity requirements. The rise of individualism deserves special mention. accompanied by an exacerbation of reflections on issues of self-affirmation and self-identification. As for the strengthening of the feminist movement, it was due to the fact that in the post-war period a significant part of women received higher education and achieved economic independence, but in other areas they felt disadvantaged.

Multiculturalism and ethnocultural identity

American multiculturalism emphasizes identity. In philosophy, logic and mathematics, the equivalent of identity is identity. In psychology and sociology, the approach to identity seems to be more complex. The American psychologist E. Erickson, who developed and introduced the concept of identity into scientific circulation, defines it as a stable equality with oneself. By its very nature, identity is sociocultural. It is culture that forms the foundation of identity, determines its main qualities and features. Any identity is primarily cultural. It can be individual or collective. In the latter case, it acts as a group, racial, ethnic, national.

In relation to the individual, identity means that thanks to which he remains himself at various points in his life. It is the core, the core of the personality, its uniqueness and uniqueness. Thanks to identity, a person feels, feels and recognizes himself as an accomplished personality, experiences a sense of self-affirmation, self-sufficiency, self-satisfaction, self-identity, integrity. Collective identity indicates the belonging of an individual to a group or community. In a broader sense, it expresses a sense of belonging to an era, time, humanity. In relation to national culture, the equivalent of identity in our literature is often originality.

Identity simultaneously acts both as a process and as a result. It is formed in () a person, in the course of his assimilation of norms, customs, ideals and values, in interaction with other people. As a result, identity as a whole develops by the end of adolescence, although it does not remain frozen and its development continues throughout life, passing, according to Erickson, eight stages, between which identity crises are observed, the most acute of which takes place in adolescence.

The theme of identity was most widespread in the 1960s and 1980s. in the USA. Here, identification aspirations and demands multiplied continuously and on the rise. So, in ten years (1980-1990), the number of Americans who officially declare themselves Indians increased by 255%, and the number of French-speaking residents of Louisiana - 20 times. Therefore, some authors call this time the “epoch of identities”. At the same time, identity becomes more and more fluid and changeable, which can be exemplified by American Arabs: out of a total of 1.2 million, 2/3 consider themselves Catholics or Orthodox, and not Muslims. Since the second half of the 90s. interest in cultural identity is gradually declining. A. Ehrenber in the book "Tiredness of Being Oneself" (1998) shows how difficult and exhausting the search for one's identity can be. Self-assertion often comes at a high price. It should be noted that various kinds of speculation and manipulation of identities can and have led to serious and even tragic consequences.

Multiculturalism and higher education

In American multiculturalism, the topic of education occupies a special place, since education plays a truly crucial role in a person's life. Here, supporters of multiculturalism demand a revision of programs, the introduction of new subjects and disciplines related to the history and life of ethnic and other minorities, the writing of new textbooks, changes in the content of traditional education, and ensuring access for minorities to universities.

It should be noted that in accordance with the requirements put forward for schools and colleges, new textbooks on American history were written, in which the previous monocultural approach was corrected, the role and contribution of minorities were appreciated, their points of view were taken into account, etc. Experts rated these textbooks highly. However, the reaction of minority representatives was unexpected: after a heated debate, some of the new textbooks were rejected in favor of the old ones, which paid much less attention to the minority approach.

Similar paradoxical situations were observed in higher education. This area, of course, was in the center of attention on the part of minorities, since it was in this area that they experienced the greatest discrimination. Until the 1940s many American universities restricted the admission of Jews and denied entry to women. In the early 60s. the vast majority (94%) of students at American universities were white. Black Americans were among those most affected by discrimination. Therefore, the main goal of the reforms undertaken in this area was, first of all, to solve the problem of the African American minority, to smooth out the destructive consequences of racism. In this regard, multiculturalism acted as a policy of certain benefits when entering the university and some compensation for injustice in the past, called affirmativeaction- positive action or action. This approach also extended to employment, providing some benefits for members of minorities in employment. The Canadian philosopher C. Taylor defined this action as a "policy of recognition." The expression "discrimination in reverse" is sometimes used. The French gave it an unexpected and paradoxical translation: "positive discrimination", giving rise to the natural question, how can discrimination be positive?

The implementation of the new educational policy began in the 70s. Using financial subsidies and compensation, the government encouraged universities to allocate preferential places for blacks and other colors of the population in accordance with the proportional number of these minorities. However, the number of those who successfully passed the entrance competition did not cover the allocated quotas. At that time, many universities softened the selection criteria and accepted as students those who, under the conditions of a real competition, could not enter.

The results of the preferential approach were ambivalent, both positive and negative. In an attempt to correct or compensate for historical injustices, the quota policy actually led to a new injustice, since it ensured the entry of some at the expense of others, placing them in unequal conditions. Many students enrolled in preferential terms, but not having necessary knowledge and abilities, could not stand the difficulties of study and left the university already in the first courses. So the new racial policy has increased the number of graduates from the African American minority, but not by much. The benefit policy also had negative human and social consequences for some students. The facilitated way of entering gave rise to a lack of self-confidence, a loss of self-respect. In addition, other students could treat them condescendingly, not perceiving them as equals. The image of graduates of a special category spread in the labor market, which led to the devaluation of their diplomas, although these diplomas could be valid, of high quality.

The points raised, as well as other points, caused dissatisfaction in the American society with positive discrimination in the field of higher education. In the 90s. some universities are beginning to advocate for the abolition of benefit policies. However, when the University of California withdrew racial benefits in 1995, the consequences were severe: in a state where African Americans and Hispanics make up 38% of high school graduates, their share at the university fell from 21% to 15%, and in the law school, the number of African Americans students decreased by more than 40%. This circumstance testified in favor of the policy of privileges. Some authors, not without reason, believe that it would be more fair to give preference to the poor rather than racial minorities. However, the most vulnerable is that. that the measures taken are directed against the effects, not the causes. The existing unequal relations are only slightly corrected, remaining in their former quality.

As A. Semprini notes, the policy of benefits has shown "how difficult it is to find a solution to a common problem with the help of partial changes." The problems of education are historical and systemic. When applied to minorities, they accumulated over the centuries. Narrow administrative and financial measures are not enough to solve them. They demand systems approach and long time.

Multiculturalism and the feminist movement

The feminist movement is an equally important aspect of American multiculturalism. The essence of this movement lies in the problem of female identity (gender, or gender) and relations between women and men, which have received the name "war of the sexes" in the literature. The main claims and accusations of the feminist movement are related to the fact that the dominant male culture has created a society in which male values ​​prevail, which are declared common and uniform for the whole society, not associated with any gender. Historically, as male subjectivity asserted itself, women's point of view and their contribution to the development of society became increasingly marginalized, ignored or deliberately repressed. Therefore, the feminist movement requires the recognition of the specific features of women's contribution to history and culture, the change of relations between the sexes and the establishment of real equality in all spheres of public, professional and private life, as well as the study of the consequences caused by the influence of the dominant culture on women's identity.

In the 1970s feminism focused on issues of political and economic oppression of women. Then the problems of interpersonal relations come to the fore - between a man and a woman, sexual violence and specific features of female identity. The topic of sexual harassment is particularly acute.

The problem of sexual harassment is extremely complex and in many ways is one of the intractable. This is evidenced by the stormy debates on this topic that have been going on for more than a decade in American society, which have not yielded any tangible results. The fact is that in order to establish the very fact of sexual harassment, most often there is no necessary and even more sufficient factual base. Unlike other forms of sexual violence, harassment has a dual, implicit, vague, imperceptible character. It appears in the form of ambiguous allusions, ordinary words pronounced with a special intonation, some signs and gestures, unusual behavior. What one side, the victim, perceives as sexual harassment, the other side, the accused, defines it differently. He claims that there was nothing reprehensible in his behavior, that he did everything sincerely, with good intentions, showed the usual signs of courtesy and attention, etc.

It is extremely difficult to find a fair decision, an objective truth in such situations, since much depends on the subjective attitude and interpretation. Equally important is the cultural dimension, existing traditions, customs and values ​​that determine human behavior and which over time can be interpreted in different ways. All this also complicates the consideration of the problems involved. Nevertheless, the growing number of conflicts over sexual harassment contributed to the development of new norms and rules of conduct, a wider spread of legal laws in the field of interpersonal relations.

Multiculturalism and political correctness

No less difficult is the problem of political correctness, which has received considerable attention in American multiculturalism. The term "political correctness" originated in the 1950s. in politics, where it meant an attitude of intolerance towards other positions and values, restriction of freedom of speech, rejection of inconsistency and inconsistency in views and behavior. Later, political correctness began to be perceived as the embodiment of conformism, lack of will and passive agreement with the official point of view, and political incorrectness, on the contrary, as an expression of a personal and original point, a willingness to upset or even offend others for this.

Multiculturalism seeks to fill political correctness with positive meanings and meanings. To this end, he suggests avoiding the use of words and expressions that could offend the self-esteem of ethnic minorities or social groups, enhance the feeling of being marginalized, entice or belittle their opinions, attitudes, behaviors. In particular, multiculturalists consider it politically incorrect to use words that mean a person with disabilities (disabled, blind, deaf, etc.).

Unwanted words and expressions should not be used or replaced by others, introducing new terms into the language that would be more neutral and descriptive, less loaded with secondary meanings and connotations. So, in the 60s. The word "Negro" was replaced by the term "black", which then in turn - with "African American". In the same way, the words "Hispanic", "Native American", etc. appeared. The politically correct movement has become widespread among students and feminism. In 1991, it was reported that a "language code" was being developed at Stanford University, in which words such as « woman», "Ladies",« girls», are declared "sexist" and therefore banned from consumption. In one of the prestigious women's colleges, not only racism and sexism were banned, but also "lookism" (the desire to look beautiful with clothes and cosmetics), as it imposes standards of beauty and attractiveness and humiliates ugly people.

The political correctness movement has generated ambivalence. Opponents of this movement reproach it for being totalitarian in nature, acting as a kind of “language police”. They also point out that attempts to purify or improve language are essentially impossible and useless, because language cannot change reality, it performs an instrumental function, names and designates objects, and is a means of communication. Therefore, no improvement in language can eliminate or limit discrimination against women in the labor market.

Supporters of political correctness rely on other concepts of language, according to which language is not at all neutral in relation to reality. It plays a significant role in the knowledge of the world, which is manifested in a special way in the formation of ideas, concepts and theories that form the basis of our ideas about the world. Language does not simply register or describe the objects around us, but largely determines their perception. It organizes and structures thinking. Language changes historically, which in turn affects the change in the direction of knowledge, our approach, assessment, etc.

Although the replacement of the word “deaf” with “hard of hearing” will not make a person suffering from this disease hear better, our attitude towards him will be different, more supportive and humane. Even more important changes occur when the words "Negro" and "Black" are replaced by "African American". Although we are talking about the same person. in the latter case, the color of the skin is not its main and complete characteristic, now more important features come to the fore, indicating the origin of a person and the historical conditions of his appearance on a given continent. Approximately the same role of language is observed in relation to other ethnic minorities and social groups.

In the 70-80s. in the attitude of American society to multiculturalism, a positive beginning prevailed. However, then, as the demands from the African and other ethnic minorities grew, as well as the demands of various social groups were connected to them, the situation became more and more complicated and worsened. What has been called "the tyranny of the minorities" arose. Because of this, the 1990s took place under the sign of sharp discussions about multiculturalism, in which the critical principle prevailed. In particular, S. Huntington believes that "American identity is threatened by multiculturalism, which destroys it from below, and cosmopolitanism, which erodes it from above." In the new millennium, the policy of quotas in higher education comes under increasing criticism. Thus, in 2006, 58% of Michigan voters voted for the abolition of preferential admission to the university of representatives of racial minorities. Although most other states retain the right to preferential admission to the university, the general atmosphere in this regard is deteriorating.

In general, multiculturalism has received the most complete and comprehensive embodiment in the United States. Therefore, some authors believe that multiculturalism is a purely American phenomenon. Nevertheless, he went beyond the borders of North America and influenced other countries and continents. In particular, in Australia, Colombia. Paraguay and South Africa have adopted constitutions based on multiculturalism. In India positive discrimination is widely used. Europe did not escape its influence either.

Multiculturalism in European countries

In Germany, supporters of multiculturalism defend the position that the so-called guest workers, immigrant workers, are in the country not temporarily, but in order to stay forever, that the process of ethnicization of minorities has been going on in Germany for a long time, that it is actually a multicultural society. The city hall of Frankfurt am Main created a special department for multicultural affairs, headed by D. Cohn-Bendit, who in the 60-70s. led a radical movement of German students and youth and who now stands for "multicultural democracy", while relying on the ideas of J.-J. Rousseau.

Approximately the same situation is observed in the UK. Here, in 1976, a special law on race relations was adopted, the purpose of which is to combat manifestations of racism, eliminate any discrimination, ensure equality and establish good relations between different ethnic and racial groups. To affirm common values ​​and ensure social cohesion, education is proclaimed a common good, accessible to all. However, after the well-known terrorist attacks in London (July 7, 2005), the problem of integrating immigrants, especially Muslims, is becoming more acute in England.

As for France, which in terms of cultural and national issues was considered one of the most prosperous, in the 90s. she also encountered new phenomena and problems in culture. The main reason for this, as for other European countries, is immigration, which arose long ago, in the second half of the 19th century. it noticeably accelerated and continued to exist in this form over the next century, and only in the 1990s. it slowed down at first, and then almost stopped. Already in the 80s. there is a slow awareness of the cultural heterogeneity of the country, the cultural differences of immigrants begin to be taken into account, which is manifested in that some cultural and religious associations, with the aim of preserving identity, acquire a legal status. Even consistent supporters of the republican model of the French nation and French identity are forced to admit that under the influence of European integration, globalization, the Internet and other factors, many traditional French values ​​are changing.

At the same time, France restrains the influence and spread of multiculturalism, does not dare to call the society multicultural. She is critical of American recognition politics (affirmativeaction), although in school education some elements of positive discrimination "in the French manner" are used. In addition, the Council of Representatives of Black Associations of France is actively supporting it. France does not recognize cultural communities as subjects of law. For many, multicultural politics is dangerous because it can lead to the fragmentation of society into many ethnic, cultural and religious communities. The particular complexity of the problem of multiculturalism is indicated by the protracted discussion of the law adopted in 1994, which prohibits the wearing of the Muslim headscarf (hijab) in educational institutions.

Multiculturalism and art

To some extent, multiculturalism affects all aspects of public life, including art. Here an original example of multiculturalism can serve as a book published in 2003 in Athens, "The Novel of the World", written by fourteen authors from twelve countries. In 2005, the novel was published in Italy under the title "My name is nobody." Its edition is also being prepared in France. Netherlands, Portugal. Turkey. The English version is on the website of the Greek Ministry of Culture. The Chilean A. Scarmeta was honored to write the first chapter. The subsequent chapters were written in turn by F. Sisekuglu (Turkey), J. Khandra (Algeria), M. Faber (England), L. Divani, E. Skurtis and A. Assontis (Greece), P. Kohout (Czech Republic), A. Yapin (Netherlands), N. Ammanity (Italy), I. Schulz (Germany), A. Floretos (Sweden), E. Keret (Israel) and M. de Prado (Spain).

Each author was required to continue the intrigue, consistent with what was written by his predecessor, as well as follow the narrative thread and keep the reader interested. Since the idea of ​​the book originated in Greece, the authors in their work were inspired by Homer's Odyssey. The form of the novel began to take shape in the head of the Greek playwright E. Skurtis when he thought about the problems of globalization. The novel begins in a certain Latin American city, then covers almost the entire planet and ends in the expanses of Scotland. The created text is an adventure novel full of action, passion, bloody clashes, the most unexpected and incredible turns of intrigue, which makes the story exciting.

The modern Odyssey of the novel is a young woman, Maria Teresa Almendros, who leaves her Latin American Ithaca and goes in search of her father, a mysterious, famous and charismatic revolutionary who is easily guessed as Che Guevara. In her search, Maria makes a real trip around the world. The hero of Homer was haunted by the gods, who confronted him with endless obstacles. The heroine of the multicultural novel has countless earthly encounters as she finds herself in the midst of revolutionary events, facing coup d'état, dealing with the secret services.

The authors are very critical of their work. In particular, M. Faber notes that the novel sins with its construction and lack of psychological persuasiveness. In addition, the work lacks coherence and integrity, some chapters look too heterogeneous, sometimes there is an excess of national specifics, an overload of unexpected plot twists that confuse the reader. In general, the novel is in line with postmodernism.

Summarizing, we can conclude that both multiculturalism itself and its consequences are contradictory and ambiguous. It means the denial of cultural universalism, the rejection of any significant integration, let alone assimilation. Multiculturalism continues and strengthens the line of cultural relativism, extending it to every national culture, preserving the principle of equality of all cultures and supplementing it with the principle of cultural pluralism.

In its maximalist form, it rejects any common, central core of society's values, often representing the culture of the dominant ethno-national community, and demands full equality for all cultural, linguistic, religious and other minorities, for all groups that have a difference. An English sociologist tends to this view. Etzioni. In a somewhat moderate form, multiculturalism emphasizes the equal dignity of all cultures that make up a society. This point of view is shared by the Canadian philosopher C. Taylor.

In all cases, multiculturalism absolutizes the role of culture to the detriment of socio-economic factors. However / the name of complete social equality recognition of the dignity of culture is not enough. The approach of multiculturalism is one-sided. He gives a clear preference for difference and ignores the common. However, in real life, a person, as a rule, thinks and acts in three dimensions: like everyone else, like some, like no one else. The same can be said about cultures. There are no pure cultures, especially in our time, the time of globalization. The pursuit of them is unrealistic and utopian. Such an approach is fraught with the danger of fragmentation and disintegration of society and the state. However, the preservation of cultural diversity is certainly necessary.

Lyausheva S.A.

Sociocultural integration of migrants into a foreign cultural environment

It is customary to say that the current increase in migration is expanding the ethno-cultural mosaic of societies and that this is fraught with social tension. Turning to the works of historians, for example, F. Braudel I, we can detect the diversity of the ethno-cultural composition of all the key cities of the world. These societies also suffered from religious, ethnic and cultural hostility (up to mass slaughter), but the modern world sets higher standards of attitude towards human life, so the problems of socio-cultural integration cannot be left to spontaneous regulation.

There are two most common models of sociocultural integration in the literature:

Assimilation integration model,

Multicultural integration model 1 .

The goals of these models are the same - the creation of an integrated society in which conflicts on the basis of other ethnicity and other cultures are absent or minimal. The ways to achieve goals and the principles of designing interaction are different, and in many respects they are opposite (see Table 1).

Table 1.

Comparative Characteristics of Multicultural and Assimilation Models of Sociocultural Integration

multiculturalism	Assimilation
integration of cultures on the basis of pluralism without their assimilation	exclusion of cultural pluralism for the formation of an integrated society
recognition of the equality of cultures, recognition of their rights to a full existence.	recognition of the dominant position of one culture
allowance for multiple ethnocultural identities	the dominant culture is the basis for the formation of an ethnically indifferent civil nation
allowing changes in the host society influenced by the culture of the newcomers	ban on changes in society under the influence of an immigrant with which culture.

Comparison of these two models, identification of positive or negative consequences is a rather popular topic in contemporary Russian literature 2 . Moreover, both concepts are criticized: the assimilation model - for a discriminatory attitude towards ethnic minorities, the multicultural one - in the first place, for promoting the erosion of national identity. On the other hand, multiculturalism is accused of trying to veil socio-political discrimination and reduce the problem to the existence of cultural differences. As A.G. Osipov, the concepts of "culture" and "multiculturalism" "made it possible to discuss immigration without encroaching on the ideological foundations of the nation state", multiculturalism can be a veiled means of excluding minorities that are artificially separated from the general discussion and are allowed to discuss only those issues "which can be interpreted in terms of ethno-cultural requests” 3 .

Benefits of cartoon and Culturalism is justified, as a rule, by the failure of assimilation models, primarily American and French.

Assimilation was the dominant integration strategy for many immigrant societies until the middle of the 20th century. American model"melting pot" was considered a model of national politics. The image of the "melting pot" explained the main program of the synthesis of immigrant society: by accepting citizens of other countries, representatives of various ethnic cultures, American society is able to turn them into citizens of one nation - the American people. The American state in this model appears to be ethnically and culturally neutral, declaring its commitment only to economic liberalism and American democracy.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of the American assimilation model is controversial. On the one hand, observers emphasize its amazing effectiveness. National-civil self-consciousness, patriotism and even nationalism in relation to one's own country are noted by all researchers. Even A. Tocqueville wrote that in a conversation about other countries, including Europe, Americans usually show a bias. “But talk to him about his own country, and you will see how the cloud that clouded his mind will immediately dissipate: his language will become as clear, precise and precise as his thought. He will tell you about his rights and about the means to which he must resort in order to use them, he will explain what determines the political life in his country. You will see that he knows the rules of government and the operation of laws. National tolerance towards various ethnic groups becomes a mandatory quality, is one of the elements of the so-called American "political correctness".

Nevertheless, researchers note the crisis of the "melting pot" model at the end of the 20th century, which is manifested in the following trends and phenomena:

1. The existence of tolerance at the level of language and state-controlled relations, while maintaining the trend of delimiting the sphere of everyday interactions (separate visits to cinemas, discos, sports, a wary attitude towards mixed marriages, etc.).

2. Preservation of ethnic identity in the second and third generation of Americans. Despite the fact that about 94% of modern Americans were born in the United States (compared to only 85% in 1910), when asked about their ethnic origin, only 5% indicated that they were simply "Americans." The rest noted that they were Irish, German, Mexican, African American, etc.

3. Loss of the dominant position of the unity of the territory and the English language as criteria for American identity.

4. Emergence of new demarcation lines dividing the single social space of the country into territories and zones of ethno-cultural, ethno-confessional regulation.

The influx of immigrants, which increased after the liberalization of immigration legislation in the 1960s, is usually cited as the reason for the loss of effectiveness of the assimilation integrating model. Apparently, there is a critical mass of immigration that the "melting pot" of this or that nation can process. But the reason that gives rise to problems of assimilation lies deeper than the quantitative overload of the "cauldron". Until the middle of the 20th century, the United States pursued a policy of supporting "ethnic balance", giving priority to migration flows from Europe. The opening of borders to immigrants from the Third World in the 1960s changed the ethnic composition of America. Now at the beginning of the XXI century. shrinking specific gravity White Anglo-Saxons are the core of the American assimilation model. Against the background of the predominance of Christians, there is an increase in the number of Muslims, who become more numerous than Jews complementary to Christians, Hispanic Americans, native speakers of Spanish - more than English-speaking African Americans 5 .

The same situation exacerbated the situation in Europe. The main flow of immigration to France, Germany were residents of the nearest European countries. Beginning in the 1970s, immigrants from North Africa and Turkey began to predominate, which made Europeans, primarily the French, doubt the possibilities of the assimilation model of integration.

But the failures and limited possibilities of the “melting pot” model are connected not only with the change in the migration situation, they are due to the essential contradictions of nation-building. “On the scale of mankind, the national question arises in the confrontation of two tendencies. Both of them are objective, both are realized in the will, in the actions of millions of people. The first is in the movement of nations towards self-determination and independence, the second, on the contrary, is in the desire to form large multi-ethnic communities, to form powerful “supernations”, where ethnic groups, various traditions and cultures would be organically united” 6 . Both tendencies manifest themselves not only “on the scale of mankind”, but also at the level of an individual state, leaving their mark on the formation of American identity. "Unlike other Western societies in the United States, racial-ethnic relations and conflicts at many stages played an independent, and even a leading role in the social environment, correlating, of course, with class divisions, but not submitting to them" 7 . In addition to racism against the black population, discriminatory behavior against Poles, Italians, Irish, Jews, and Japanese is noted at different stages. Suspicions of disloyalty almost always found strong justification in foreign policy. Overcoming racial divisions in politics, the formation of tolerance in relations is accompanied by an increase in the ethnic disunity of Americans (processes that exist simultaneously, but are not interconnected). It is currently possible to live in the US without owning English language without communicating with other ethnic groups, without participating in activities regulated by national regulations.

Disunity comes to the denial of a common history and a common concept of American civilization. Emphasizing the injustice-based difference between the history of American ethnic minorities and the history of American Anglo-Saxons destroys the unshakable basis of “remelting”, creates the basis for the adaptation of immigrants, first of all, as carriers of a different culture, which, perhaps, is not so committed to “democratic values”.

The adaptation of foreigners to the immigration society, mainly as carriers of a different culture, means a change in the integration model of the immigration society, a transition to a multicultural integration strategy. Taking into account the discussions generated by this transition and criticism of multiculturalism in its liberal interpretation, and in order to maximally operationalize this concept, to transfer multiculturalism from the field of narrative practices to the field of scientific and practical design, several points should be clarified: firstly, how are the typologies related immigration policy and forms of organization of ethnocultural interaction; secondly, to consider multiculturalism in the context of historical types of sociocultural transformation.

There are the following models of immigration policy:

1. Refusal to accept immigrants as the simplest form of solving the problem of ethno-cultural disunity and conflicts. But model of complete exclusion of immigration into the country practically unrealizable in the conditions of economic globalization, and taking into account the existing diversity of cultures, it requires the implementation of discriminatory measures. Moreover, the ban on legal immigration leads to an increase in illegal immigration, which increases the number of problems of a criminal nature. a exponentially: lack of opportunity (perhaps insert "for immigrants") legally employ b Xia translates their activity into a criminal plane, the lack of civil rights turns them into an object of criminal encroachment. Their human status is in doubt, therefore illegal migrants often become an object of trade, fall into slavery.

2. Model of differential exclusion or segregation mainly focuses on the temporary entry of migrants into the country if their permanent stay in the country is seen as a threat. This model involves the temporary inclusion of immigrants in certain subsystems of society (labor market), exclusion from other areas of social life (political life, social security, citizenship). Within the framework of this model, the reproduction of a situation of discrimination is inevitable.

3. Assimilation model involves the inclusion of a migrant in the host society on the basis of a one-way process of changing linguistic, cultural and social characteristics. Segregation is one of the mechanisms for inducing a migrant to assimilate. An alternative is clearly outlined before the migrant: the choice of ethnocultural identity and segregation - the loss of ethnocultural identity and full inclusion in the host community.

4. Integration model as gradual and a weaker form of assimilation (preservation of the goal - complete elimination of ethno-cultural otherness, absorption of the culture of immigrants by the dominant culture in a given society.

5. Pluralism Model based on the assumption of equal rights for immigrants in all spheres of society while maintaining their own culture, language and social behavior. In this model of pluralism, two options are possible - a policy of non-intervention and a policy of multiculturalism as "the willingness of the majority of society to accept cultural difference and, in accordance with this, change accordingly." social behavior in society, and even its social structures” 8 .

Such a model for constructing types of immigrant policy makes it possible to overcome the dichotomy of "assimilation or multiculturalism". A comparison of the experience of solving immigration problems shows that the measures taken by most European countries are located in the specified continuum, gravitating towards one model or another, but not limiting themselves in the choice of effective means. The success of the integration model also cannot be assessed dichotomously: the main indicators of social well-being are located on the same continuum: the spread of religious and cultural separatism, migrant phobia and racism in society, the degree of social marginalization of immigrants decreases as one moves along the continuum from isolation to pluralization, but this does not mean that that the introduction of pluralism acts as a guarantee against the escalation of conflicts. Thus, the assimilation policy of France is successful, providing a high degree of integration of second-generation immigrants into French society at the level of foreign cultural contacts and identification systems, but stigmatization through areas of residence, discrimination in the labor market generates frequent unrest among immigrants, especially young people 9 . The Netherlands encourages cultural differences by establishing equal rights for ethnic minorities, funding the construction of not only churches, but also mosques, allocating an equal amount of airtime on television, funding the national media. By creating more comfortable conditions for the existence of immigrant communities, providing a high degree of order and stability of society, the Netherlands is forced to significantly restrict the entry of new immigrants. At the same time, the experience of Great Britain gravitating towards the policy of multiculturalism turns out to be rather contradictory. On the one hand, multiculturalism, according to the British researcher Alibay-Brown, has already served the cause of creating a society of "equal opportunities, in which recognized cultural diversity and an atmosphere of mutual tolerance prevail", on the other hand, the ambiguity of this migration policy creates problems for the perception of ethnic diversity by the indigenous population Great Britain, in particular, the rejection of the system of preferences based on race and ethnicity 10 .

In the modern world, the completeness of self-realization of the individual is a criterion for the well-being and development of society and depends on the completeness of the rights granted to the individual. These models are arranged in sequence from the situation of deprivation of most rights based on the criterion of another citizenship or registration to the completeness of social and cultural rights granted, including the right to ethnocultural otherness. The assimilation model occupies an intermediate position, linking the completeness of legal implementation with the limitations of ethnocultural identity. The assessment of society's progress along the path of implementing the policy of multiculturalism is related to the answers to the following questions:

1) whether there are obstacles to obtaining education related to ethnic and cultural affiliation, immigrant status,

2) whether there are restrictions in the field of labor and entrepreneurial activity related to ethnic and cultural affiliation, immigrant status,

3) what is the degree of involvement of immigrants in the political process, are there any restrictions on political self-realization, explained by immigrant origin, ethnic and cultural differences,

4) whether there are restrictions on social contacts (including the choice of a spouse) , determined by ethno-cultural affiliation, whether the breadth of social contacts, including neighbors, family, friends, differs among different ethnic groups, immigrants and indigenous people,

5) assessment of the linguistic practices of various ethnic and cultural groups through the prism of the socio-cultural integration of society,

6) whether there is a conflict in the system of self-identification of representatives of various ethno-cultural formations.

One of the most important problems in constituting a multicultural policy is to extend to multiculturalism the unitary ideas about the nation, born of the Enlightenment: one country - one nation - one national culture. Accordingly, multiculturalism seems to be the implementation of the principle of one country - many cultures occupying the same position in society. Such a view is based on a simplified model of the equality of cultures and the opposition of multiculturalism to assimilation as a model of inequality and discrimination of cultures. Conceptually, one should distinguish between multiculturalism as a model of an immigrant with which policy and multiculturalism as a principle public organization. Multiculturalism as a principle of social organization should be based not on a multitude of different cultures, but on the cultural diversity of society and the individual, which is conceptually not the same thing.

Cultural diversity includes the idea of ​​many cultures coexisting side by side, but not only. V. Tishkov writes that "cultural diversity" includes recognition

1) cultural diversity and complexity of society,

2) the diverse forms of the cultural communities and groups themselves,

3) cultural complexity at the individual level,

4) "sponsoring not only differences, but also similarities, sameness, which most often prevail over differences" 11 .

The cultural diversity of modern society is provided by many forms of interaction and transformation of cultures. Previously, we have identified the following forms of interaction between cultures as ways to resolve the socio-cultural conflict that arose as a result of immigration of representatives of other cultures:

1) "closed" existence of cultures without changes,

2) the destruction of one of the interacting cultures, including by turning one of the cultures (migrant or host society) into its counterpart,

3) mutual change in the cultures of immigrants and the host society in the course of constant cross-cultural contacts and the formation of a new type of personality-society.

Historically, these types of culture transformation have been implemented in the following forms: assimilation, reservation, enclavization (encapsulation), acculturation, proculturation, neoculturation, genocide, and crossbreeding. S. Gradirovsky and T. Lopukhina call these forms of culture transformation historical types of socio-cultural processing, inscribing them, along with the socio-cultural transformation of the territory, space, landscape, into the program of the process of socio-cultural development of control spaces 12 . The work of these authors is more of a sketch than a description of the developed typology. In our interpretation, these types are refined and structured depending on the methods and nature of sociocultural transformation 13 .

1. "Closed" existence of cultures without change possible in limited cases. There are cases in history when the population, as a rule, it is the indigenous population living in a certain territory, is deprived of any sources of development. In this case, the ethno-cultural features of the people are being preserved. This situation rarely occurs naturally, due to natural landscape features. Most often, the conquerors assign a limited territory to the indigenous population, as was the case with the North American Indians.

Sometimes the isolation of ethnic culture occurs due to the closure of intercultural contacts by the ethnos itself. The state policy of segregation, racial discrimination closes the possibility of a full-fledged social and economic existence of any ethnic group. The group forcedly or purposefully limits contacts with the social environment, preserving its own cultural identity, cultivating ethno-cultural otherness. One of the most common reasons for enclave existence is the religious factor. Believers are forbidden or recommended to limit physical contact with non-Christians, children are forbidden to go to schools sponsored by another religious denomination, indirect communication through literature, the media, etc. is prohibited. Since absolute isolation cannot be achieved, cultures continue to develop, but in their development there is a significant slowdown in the rate of change. As a rule, reservations and enclaves form centers of a pre-modernized type of value-normative regulation in modern society.

A variant of preserving the national-cultural identity without enclavization is pro-culturation - the inscribing of one culture into another, a framework one. Since proculturation provides inculturant cultures with a powerful impetus for their own development, this type should be attributed to the forms of interaction between cultures.

2. Extreme shape destruction of one of the cultures genocide is the physical destruction of certain groups of the population on racial, national grounds. At present, such a form of resolving a sociocultural conflict is recognized as a crime, but in historical times such a method of resolving a conflict was not only allowed, but also considered quite effective. The usual way to destroy one of the cultures is its assimilation of another, the destruction of the otherness of culture, the acceptance by people of the values ​​and norms of the dominant culture. But, despite the desire of the dominant ethnic group to preserve its cultural identity, the clash of cultures most often leads to their mutual change. Even intolerance to other cultures as a factor in the assimilation or isolation of cultures introduces changes in the original culture. But there are models of sociocultural transformation that are directly aimed at mutual change.

3. Mutual change of cultures as a result of their collision occurs in such forms as acculturation, proculturation, neoculturation, miscegenation.

Metization is an unstable transitional cultural form that includes both the old traditions of different cultures and new forms that act as a reaction to a new situation. A mixture of two or more cultures according to the type of acculturation has a greater degree of stability. Studying in another country, as a rule, gives rise to complementary forms of existence of cultures. The carriers of one culture accept, absorb the values ​​and norms of another culture without assimilation of the original one. In the Russian socio-cultural space, Russian became the framework culture. In the British Empire - Anglo-Saxon he is with kaya. Proculturation helps to fit into a larger social whole without the assimilation of cultures. Historically, this type developed on the basis of vassal relations. The empirical difference between acculturation and proculturation can be established on the basis of identifying the nature of language practices. For the acculturant, both languages ​​have equal use, while the enculturant uses his native language in family and friends circles, for informal communication. Official practices are carried out by the inculturant based on the language of the dominant culture. The interaction of cultures can generate a new sociocultural formation based on neoculturation without the assimilation of cultures. The original cultural material is preserved, being included in a transformed form in a new formation. Examples of such neoculturation are the formation of a "new social community - the Soviet people", the formation of the Cossacks as a Russian sub-ethnos or the American people.

The considered processes of mutual influence of cultures represent their real existence in one socio-cultural space. Therefore, a real multi-ethnic society, including Russian, ceases to be an abstraction of multiculturalism, but turns into a “complex cultural community” (V. Tishkov), the complexity of which is determined not by the number of ethnic groups and cultures that make up it, but by the special nature of interactions and relations of cultures at the level of society, groups and individuals. A manifestation of such complexity is a complex identity.

Studies of the problem of socio-cultural integration of ethnic minorities in France have shown the complexity of self-identification of French citizens of foreign origin. Revealing the degree of identification with the country of residence or country of origin, sociologists noted that among the children and grandchildren of immigrants, they increasingly receive answers, for example, “French-Algerian”, etc. This is how 67% of young people of immigrant origin in France and 75% in the UK described their own identity. Such self-identification is not evidence of marginality in the traditional sociological sense. Young people, who have characterized themselves as a complex identity, are inscribed in the social structures and relations of French society: they prefer to receive a secular French rather than an ethno-confessional education, have friends of a different origin (46% versus 26% for first-generation immigrants), enter into mixed marriages (about 50% versus 25%), etc. fourteen .

Diverse and complex forms of human identification have long represented the socio-cultural reality of Russian society, although they are not represented in identification studies. A Russian Ukrainian or a Russian Jew more accurately conveys the feeling of a person than a contradictory and conflicting comparative identification. The formation of such a complex identity is the result of intermarriage and internal migration, as well as regional and historical development.

Cultural diversity finds expression not only in the formation of ethnically complex identifications, cultural complexity also includes other forms of identifications - gender, citizenship, etc. “The modern identity of the population of Russia,” writes L. Drobizheva, “is a complex conglomeration of new Russian, nostalgic Soviet, social, regional, local, ethno-cultural, and religious identities” 15 . Particularly relevant is the formation of civic identity in the structure of multiple and multi-level forms of the identity of the people. L. Drobizheva connects the prospects for the integration of Russian society with the formation of a national-civil identity.

In Russian society, a conflicting interpretation of civil and ethno-cultural identity is widespread. The conflict manifests itself in opposing them as two types of mutually exclusive group identities, although the experience of Spain, Belgium, India and many other countries proves the successful existence of such identities as complementary.

The definition of a "complex cultural society" as the goal of the socio-cultural integration of an immigrant society complicates the process of communicative interaction between ethnic cultures. The key term defining the principles of intercultural communication is tolerance and intercultural competence. The most common understanding of this term includes tolerance, willingness to put up with other people's opinions, respect for other people's views, condescension to human actions. As a category of intercultural communication, tolerance includes the following empirically fixed manifestations:

willingness to actively communicate with people of other cultures,

interest in other cultures

respect or recognition of the equality of others,

rejection of dominance or violence.

In this understanding, tolerance becomes a condition for competent intercultural communication and an element of intercultural competence, understood as "a complex of analytical and strategic abilities that expands the interpretive spectrum of an individual in the process of interpersonal interaction with representatives of another culture" 16 . The content of intercultural competence includes affective, cognitive and procedural components.

The "horizontal" nature of multiculturalism, the proximity and equality of cultures, allows us to confine ourselves to the principles of tolerance and the main components of intercultural competence. The "complex culture" of society, based on the heterarchy of the elements of cultural systems and the environmental friendliness of connections that allow regrouping and "additional structuring", the formation of complex associations, requires the same complex communicative process - a dialogue of cultures. Dialogue is the true essence of communication, because it always involves " necessary attitude to others participants of verbal communication” 17 . Unlike tolerant intercultural communication, dialogue does not simply consist of mutually oriented statements, acceptance and recognition of the other. Dialogical communication implies a response, in the form of another statement or action, which opens the way for the formation of new dialogues, i.e. creating and overcoming cultural diversity.

Thus, the integration of multi-ethnic societies is the result of purposeful activity within the framework of the policy and practice of multiculturalism, and a spontaneous process of interaction and transformation of cultures of a complex multi-ethnic formation. The program for promoting socio-cultural integration should include at least:

elimination of social, economic, political barriers and obstacles associated with ethnic and cultural affiliation, immigrant status,

creation of conditions for establishing interethnic contact and cultural dialogue,

promotion of consolidation of intercultural and interethnic communication, support for numerous, multi-type and multi-level contacts of various ethnic groups,

constituting mutual interest in the difference of ethnic cultures, accentuation and support of moments of their unity.

Lyausheva Svetlana Aslanovna, Head of the Department of Postgraduate Studies and Postgraduate Education, Professor of the Department of Philosophy and Sociology, Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Professor

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Rekmnehf

subculture, the American way of life, and finally, the American mentality. Culturally, the United States is a unique phenomenon, a universal model intercivilizational communication, or rather intercultural synthesis and mutual influence of different cultures. America is a “giant national melting pot”, which clearly reflects multicultural characteristics of American society. It is known that any US citizen, regardless of nationality, identifies himself as "American" ...

3348 Words | 14 Page

Rising popularity of far-right parties in northern Europe

World War II. It was invented to denote political forces that positioned themselves (and offered to do this to other parties and organizations) as being on the right side "left - right" models political spectrum, to the right of the conservatives, but to the left of the neo-fascists. Scandinavian model right-wing party: According to the theory of the German political scientist Klaus von Beime, modern European far-right parties experienced "three waves" in their development: neo-Nazism in the post-war period, the struggle ...

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_50_Cause analysis

used literature PAGEREF _Toc449346095 \h 9 IntroductionThe position of the European Union as a single center in the global geopolitical space from the point view of the formation of a new world order requires special attention to the construction of new dialogue models regional cooperation and unification of national-civilization specifics. In the current situation in Europe, the formation of an adequate system of values ​​of civil society based on the ethics of social tolerance is of particular importance...

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Kulturnaya_Politika_Ssha

Alexey Vladimirovich Popov ____________________________________________ (signature, date) St. Petersburg 2016 Contents Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..….3 1. Formation of US cultural policy……………………………… ………..4 2. Features of modern models US cultural policy………..…14 2.1 Formation of US cultural policy at present……………………………………………………………………………... 16 2.2 Features of financing the cultural sector in the USA……………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………..………………….……………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………..…23 2.3 Features of foreign cultural policy...

6601 Words | 27 Page

Referat_Kulturologia

regarded as the preferred structural principle multicultural society. With the notion multicultural society" connected hopes for the creation of a tolerant society. A society based on cultural pluralism is a collection of social groups with different cultures. However, at the same time, culture loses its integrally significant structure, which is the basis for the integration of society, the basis of ethnic identity. multicultural society unites not only with the help of the market, but also with ...

3180 Words | 13 Page

The concept of acculturation

early 20th century American anthropologists R. Redfield R. Linkton and M. Herskovitz. at the first stage, they considered acculturation as the result of a long contact of groups representing different cultures, which was expressed in a change in the initial cultural models in both groups. It was believed that these processes occur automatically, while cultures are mixed, and a state of cultural and ethnic homogeneity is achieved. Of course, a really less developed culture changes much more than a developed one...

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essay

universities). 4. Becoming modern system higher education in the UK. 5. Problems of higher education and its improvement. 6. Export of higher education in the UK. Issues for discussion: - The specifics of the British models higher education on the example of Oxbridge. - The transformation of Oxford and Cambridge into super-elite universities. - The economic development of England and the formation of higher education. Creative tasks: - Prepare a report on the export of higher education ...

1811 Words | 8 Page

Questions about MK

in intercultural communication. 5. E. Hall's theory of high- and low-context cultures. 6. The theory of cultural dimensions G. Hofstede. 7. Theory linguistic and cultural literacy E. Hirsch. 8. The theory of Harry K. Triandis culture and social behavior. nine. Model development of intercultural sensitivity M. Bennat. 10. The concept of R. Lewis about the sources of cultural differences. 11. The concept of the dialogue of cultures M. Bakhtin. 12. Levels of interaction and dialogue of cultures. 13. Cosmo-psycho-logos: images of the world in the concept of G...

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Contractual and legal basis єс

decided to reorient immigration policy towards model multiculturalism. This happened in the early 70s, when the Laborites consciously put on the votes of ethnic minorities. In 1972, the party came to power, and already on next year Immigration Minister Grassby used the term "multiculturalism" to refer to his ministry's policy. The 1975 elections were won by a conservative coalition, but the course towards the formation of " multicultural society" was preserved. In the 70s, structures were formed ...

8249 Words | 33 Page

US cultural diplomacy and politics

planetary sociocultural influence. 2. Domestic factors largely determine the nature and content of foreign policy. Features of American culture, cultural policy, its historical formation and the internal specifics of the American multicultural Societies to a large extent had an impact on the content of foreign cultural policy, both at the official and unofficial levels. The methods and tools used by the state in cultural policy within the country can be used by it ...

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soft power

government in the early stages was quite complex and diverse, but, unfortunately, in one it was almost always equally consistent - in suppression of cultural diversity. Paradoxical as it may sound, but known for its multicultural Modern American society has gone through a number of ambiguous stages on the way of its historical formation, the first of which was the destruction of the indigenous population and the creation of special reservations for its residence. * Certainly...

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conflictology 9

European countries actively pursued a policy of multiculturalism. Prior to these events, there were many strategies for "joining" migrants into society, their receiving. One can name such models as assimilationist/republican model (France), guest worker model (Germany, Austria, Netherlands, Switzerland), model race relations (UK), multiculturalism (Canada, Austria, Sweden, Denmark, UK), and integration (Denmark, Holland, Germany). Some countries...

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cross-cultural shock

he embraces innovation. It is believed that age is a critical element of adaptation to another community. The older a person is, the more difficult it is to adapt to new cultural environment, they experience cross-cultural shock harder and longer, perceive models new culture. So, small children adapt quickly and successfully, but older people are practically incapable of adaptation and acculturation. Scientists have singled out a certain universal set of personal characteristics that a person must possess, ...

2662 Words | 11 Page

Departmental and public charity in Russia in the 19th century

registration regulatory framework public charity. Historiography of state aid in the 19th century. looking for those dominants that allow you to determine the basis of the historical process, the mechanism of change, forcing the transition from one models help to another. In this regard, the works of V. Guerrier and A. Jacobi are indicative. V. Guerrier believed that, despite the cultural and historical diversity of traditions, forms and methods of assistance developing in different eras, all of them can be reduced to the main forms: ...

3628 Words | 15 Page

cnhfntubxtcrbq vtytl;vtyn

management in scientific literature? Comparative management is a discipline that examines, compares or contrasts different national models management. Comparative management studies the impact of cultural differences on business performance in companies and management relations in multicultural environment. Comparative management studies and analyzes the experience of various countries, including the study of the causes that determine differences in performance levels and results ...

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Practice in Paris

Using event marketing. 2) Working with the media and journalists. 3. From the image of the product - to the image of the territory - national symbol - national image ( models constructing emotionally effective connotations). 4. Co-branding and teasing in a geo-brand. multicultural aspect of building a geobrand image. 6. Different understanding of openness in Europe, America and Russia. |EUROPE |USA...

775 Words | 4 Page

State migration policy

| | |processes .................................................. ............................................. |9 | | |1.1 Theoretical approaches to the definition, structure and models migration policy | | | | |9 ...

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Story social education course work

inherent in Russia, starting from the archaic period of tribal relations; 2) collect, review and systematize all sources for vision socio-historical process of public assistance and public charity; 3) consider historical models social assistance of each period; 4) identify what has been done by previous generations in this area; 5) critically analyze the available material, taking into account trends and prospects for applying positive experience and working in modern conditions ...

7641 Words | 31 Page

Man of the East and Man of the West

world, building a power that stretched from East to West. His heirs - Diodochi on the ruins of the empire built their own states, combining traditions of the Hellenistic West with the legacy of the ancient civilizations of the East. And examples of such multicultural There are many states in history: from the Byzantine Empire and the states of the crusaders to the British Empire, of which Kipling was a subject. However, to continue, it is worth first clarifying what is the "East" and "West" and where between them...

new conditions there was no great desire to search for a new paradigm of the national school. Most importantly, there was no fundamental concept for the development of a national education. The spontaneous search for a new paradigm of the national school of the Russian Federation is reflected in the following models : 1) a cosmetic way of turning the system of national schools to new conditions. On February 22, 1990, the Collegium of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR considered and approved the program “National (non-Russian) educational establishments RSFSR (for 1990-1995)". Program...

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Intercultural communication

they represent the process of intercultural communication. The concept of "intercultural (crosscultural, interethnic) communication" (or "intercultural interaction") were introduced into scientific circulation by G. Treiger and E. Hall in their work "Culture and Communication. models ethnic stratification in multi-ethnic societies. Under models various systems of relations that develop between ethnic groups in multi-ethnic states are implied. For example, the following are common models : politically dominant ethnic majority versus subordinate ethnic minority (Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan), bipolar...

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Reasons and relevance of the development of the theory and practice of intercultural communication.

culture is communication. At the same time, along with the concept of "intercultural", the concepts of "crosscultural" and " multicultural ", although The first proved to be the most successful and widespread. Thus, communication began to be regarded as a specific type of activity that can be analyzed, which allowed further development of the communicative theory of "cultural models interaction” (cultural patterns of interaction). A new academic discipline - "Intercultural Communication" was created...

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Organizational behavior

Practical section: 7. Intercultural interaction training. The second theoretical section. Psychology of intercultural management: 8. Contemporary Issues management. 9. Intercultural management. 10. National cultural many types (moral, labor, etc.). An attempt to create a single goal of education, a single order for a specialist, demand in the educational services market, the situation in the labor market, competitiveness models specialist in relation to world standards. In Belarus, there is a combination of the Soviet way of interaction between the educational and labor spheres, which is characterized by the traditional procedure of forced distribution according to the criterion of academic performance...

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Political culture and ethnic traditions

public life. Over the past thousand years, there have been at least five such major “restructurings” of society, its self-negation: the first is denial of its pagan essence, conversion to Christianity, which oriented the country towards the Western | psychological strengths and abilities, | human from various problems | optimal models , with the help of special | guidance of experienced individuals - educators, | scientific knowledge, one of the types of cognitive | | providing the search for new opportunities | (emotional, personal, social, and | means of psychological impact; ...

1577 Words | 7 Page

Support of national accord and unity

In general, the country has accumulated rich and unique experience in preserving and strengthening unity multicultural , multi-ethnic and multi-confessional society. And therefore, it is not at all surprising that today the former Soviet republics are beginning to adopt it, as well as being carefully studied by states that have centuries-old experience in the functioning of democratic institutions. All of this taken together makes up a lot of model unity of the multinational and polyconfessional Kazakh people. This course...

838 Words | 4 Page

intercultural communications

peculiarities of peoples in order to understand each other and achieve mutual recognition. 1. The concept of intercultural communication. The concept of "intercultural communication" was first formulated in 1954 in the work of G. Treiger and E. Hall “Culture and Communication. Model analysis". In this work, intercultural communication was understood as the ideal goal that a person should strive for in his desire to adapt to the world around him as best and as efficiently as possible. Since then, researchers have come a long way...

4151 Words | 17 Page

It is customary to say that the current increase in migration is expanding the ethno-cultural mosaic of societies and that this is fraught with social tension. Turning to the works of historians, for example, F. Braudel, we can discover the diversity of the ethno-cultural composition of all the key cities of the world. These societies also suffered from religious, ethnic and cultural hostility (up to mass slaughter), but the modern world sets higher standards of attitude towards human life, so the problems of socio-cultural integration cannot be left to spontaneous regulation.

There are two most common models of sociocultural integration in the literature:

Assimilation integration model,

Multicultural integration model.

The goals of these models are the same - the creation of an integrated society in which conflicts on the basis of other ethnicity and other cultures are absent or minimal. The methods of achieving goals and the principles of designing interaction are different, and in many respects they are opposite.

Comparison of these two models, identification of positive or negative consequences is a fairly popular topic in modern Russian literature. Moreover, both concepts are criticized: the assimilation model - for a discriminatory attitude towards ethnic minorities, the multicultural one - in the first place, for promoting the erosion of national identity. On the other hand, multiculturalism is accused of trying to veil socio-political discrimination and reduce the problem to the existence of cultural differences. As A.G. Osipov, the concepts of "culture" and "multiculturalism" "made it possible to discuss immigration without encroaching on the ideological foundations of the nation state", multiculturalism can be a veiled means of excluding minorities that are artificially separated from the general discussion and are allowed to discuss only those issues "which can be interpreted in terms of ethno-cultural queries.

The advantages of multiculturalism are usually justified by the failure of assimilation models, primarily American and French.

Assimilation was the dominant integration strategy for many immigrant societies until the middle of the 20th century. The American "melting pot" model was considered a model of national politics. The image of the "melting pot" explained the main program of the synthesis of immigrant society: by accepting citizens of other countries, representatives of various ethnic cultures, American society is able to turn them into citizens of one nation - the American people. The American state in this model appears to be ethnically and culturally neutral, declaring its commitment only to economic liberalism and American democracy.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of the American assimilation model is controversial. On the one hand, observers emphasize its amazing effectiveness. National-civil self-consciousness, patriotism and even nationalism in relation to one's own country are noted by all researchers. Even A. Tocqueville wrote that in a conversation about other countries, including Europe, Americans usually show a bias. “But talk to him about his own country, and you will see how the cloud that clouded his mind will immediately dissipate: his language will become as clear, precise and precise as his thought. He will tell you about his rights and about the means to which he must resort in order to use them, he will explain what determines the political life in his country. You will see that he knows the rules of government and the operation of laws.” National tolerance towards various ethnic groups becomes a mandatory quality, is one of the elements of the so-called American "political correctness".

Nevertheless, researchers note the crisis of the "melting pot" model at the end of the 20th century, which is manifested in the following trends and phenomena:

1. The existence of tolerance at the level of language and state-controlled relations, while maintaining the trend of delimiting the sphere of everyday interactions (separate visits to cinemas, discos, sports, a wary attitude towards mixed marriages, etc.).

2. Preservation of ethnic identity in the second and third generation of Americans. Despite the fact that about 94% of modern Americans were born in the United States (compared to only 85% in 1910), when asked about their ethnic origin, only 5% indicated that they were simply "Americans." The rest noted that they were Irish, German, Mexican, African American, etc.

3. Loss of the dominant position of the unity of the territory and the English language as criteria for American identity.

4. Emergence of new demarcation lines dividing the single social space of the country into territories and zones of ethno-cultural, ethno-confessional regulation.

The influx of immigrants, which increased after the liberalization of immigration legislation in the 1960s, is usually cited as the reason for the loss of effectiveness of the assimilation integrating model. Apparently, there is a critical mass of immigration that the "melting pot" of this or that nation can process. But the reason that gives rise to problems of assimilation lies deeper than the quantitative overload of the "cauldron". Until the middle of the 20th century, the United States pursued a policy of supporting "ethnic balance", giving priority to migration flows from Europe. The opening of borders to immigrants from the Third World in the 1960s changed the ethnic composition of America. Now at the beginning of the XXI century. the proportion of white Anglo-Saxons, the core of the American assimilation model, is declining. Against the background of the predominance of Christians, there is an increase in the number of Muslims, who become more numerous than Jews who are complementary to Christians, Hispanic Americans, native speakers of Spanish, more than English-speaking African Americans.

The same situation exacerbated the situation in Europe. The main flow of immigration to France, Germany were residents of the nearest European countries. Beginning in the 1970s, immigrants from North Africa and Turkey began to predominate, which made Europeans, primarily the French, doubt the possibilities of the assimilation model of integration.

But the failures and limited possibilities of the “melting pot” model are connected not only with the change in the migration situation, they are due to the essential contradictions of nation-building. “On the scale of mankind, the national question arises in the confrontation of two tendencies. Both of them are objective, both are realized in the will, in the actions of millions of people. The first is in the movement of nations towards self-determination and independence, the second, on the contrary, is in the desire to form large multi-ethnic communities, to form powerful “supernations”, where ethnic groups, various traditions and cultures would be organically united.” Both tendencies manifest themselves not only “on the scale of mankind”, but also at the level of an individual state, leaving their mark on the formation of American identity. "Unlike other Western societies in the United States, racial-ethnic relations and conflicts at many stages played an independent, and even leading role in the social environment, correlating, of course, with class divisions, but not submitting to them." In addition to racism against the black population, discriminatory behavior against Poles, Italians, Irish, Jews, and Japanese is noted at different stages. Suspicions of disloyalty almost always found strong justification in foreign policy. Overcoming racial divisions in politics, the formation of tolerance in relations is accompanied by an increase in the ethnic disunity of Americans (processes that exist simultaneously, but are not interconnected). It is currently possible to live in the United States without knowing English, without communicating with other ethnic groups, without participating in activities regulated by national regulations.

Disunity comes to the denial of a common history and a common concept of American civilization. Emphasizing the injustice-based difference between the history of American ethnic minorities and the history of American Anglo-Saxons destroys the unshakable basis of “remelting”, creates the basis for the adaptation of immigrants, first of all, as carriers of a different culture, which, perhaps, is not so committed to “democratic values”.

The adaptation of foreigners to the immigration society, mainly as carriers of a different culture, means a change in the integration model of the immigration society, a transition to a multicultural integration strategy. Taking into account the discussions generated by this transition and criticism of multiculturalism in its liberal interpretation, and in order to maximally operationalize this concept, to transfer multiculturalism from the field of narrative practices to the field of scientific and practical design, several points should be clarified: first, how the typology of immigration policy is related and forms of organization of ethnocultural interaction; secondly, to consider multiculturalism in the context of historical types of sociocultural transformation.

There are the following models of immigration policy:

1. Refusal to accept immigrants as the simplest form of solving the problem of ethno-cultural disunity and conflicts. But model of complete exclusion of immigration into the country practically unrealizable in the conditions of economic globalization, and taking into account the existing diversity of cultures, it requires the implementation of discriminatory measures. Moreover, the ban on legal immigration leads to an increase in illegal immigration, which increases the number of criminal problems exponentially: the lack of legal employment turns their activity into a criminal plane, the lack of civil rights turns them into an object of criminal encroachment. Their human status is in doubt, therefore illegal migrants often become an object of trade, fall into slavery.

2. Model of differential exclusion or segregation mainly focuses on the temporary entry of migrants into the country if their permanent stay in the country is seen as a threat. This model involves the temporary inclusion of immigrants in certain subsystems of society (labor market), exclusion from other areas of social life (political life, social security, citizenship). Within the framework of this model, the reproduction of a situation of discrimination is inevitable.

3. Assimilation model involves the inclusion of a migrant in the host society on the basis of a one-way process of changing linguistic, cultural and social characteristics. Segregation is one of the mechanisms for inducing a migrant to assimilate. An alternative is clearly outlined before the migrant: the choice of ethnocultural identity and segregation - the loss of ethnocultural identity and full inclusion in the host community.

4. Integration model as a gradual and weaker form of assimilation (preservation of the goal - the complete elimination of ethno-cultural otherness, the absorption of the culture of immigrants by the dominant culture in a given society.

5. Pluralism Model based on the assumption of equal rights for immigrants in all spheres of society while maintaining their own culture, language and social behavior. In this model of pluralism, two options are possible - a policy of non-intervention and a policy of multiculturalism as "the readiness of the majority of society to accept cultural difference and, in accordance with this, change social behavior in society, and even its social structures, respectively."

Such a model for constructing types of immigrant policy makes it possible to overcome the dichotomy of "assimilation or multiculturalism". A comparison of the experience of solving immigration problems shows that the measures taken by most European countries are located in the specified continuum, gravitating towards one model or another, but not limiting themselves in the choice of effective means. The success of the integration model also cannot be assessed dichotomously: the main indicators of social well-being are located on the same continuum: the spread of religious and cultural separatism, migrant phobia and racism in society, the degree of social marginalization of immigrants decreases as one moves along the continuum from isolation to pluralization, but this does not mean that that the introduction of pluralism acts as a guarantee against the escalation of conflicts. Thus, the assimilation policy of France is successful, providing a high degree of integration of second-generation immigrants into French society at the level of foreign cultural contacts and identification systems, but stigmatization through areas of residence, discrimination in the labor market generates frequent unrest among immigrants, especially young people. The Netherlands encourages cultural differences by establishing equal rights for ethnic minorities, funding the construction of not only churches, but also mosques, allocating an equal amount of airtime on television, funding the national media. By creating more comfortable conditions for the existence of immigrant communities, providing a high degree of order and stability of society, the Netherlands is forced to significantly restrict the entry of new immigrants. At the same time, the experience of Great Britain gravitating towards the policy of multiculturalism turns out to be rather contradictory. On the one hand, multiculturalism, according to the British researcher Alibay-Brown, has already served the cause of creating a society of "equal opportunities, in which recognized cultural diversity and an atmosphere of mutual tolerance prevail", on the other hand, the ambiguity of this migration policy creates problems for the perception of ethnic diversity by the indigenous population Great Britain, in particular, the rejection of the system of preferences on a racial and ethnic basis.

The introduction substantiates the relevance of the research topic, analyzes the state of scientific development of the problem, formulates the purpose and objectives of the study, defines the object and subject, the theoretical, methodological and empirical basis of the work, indicates its scientific and practical significance, and approbation of the results of the dissertation work.

In the first chapter - "Formation of the economic behavior of multicultural groups in the context of globalization", consisting of three paragraphs ("Development of new forms of management in the context of the globalization of the world economy", "Multicultural team as a new form of socio-economic groups in the context of globalization",

"The influence of modern concepts of human resource management on the formation of economic behavior"), the development of

new forms economic activity in the context of globalization, the advantages of the project form of activity are noted, the formation of new forms of socio-economic groups in the conditions of

globalization - multicultural groups, the essence of modern concepts of human resource management as the basis for the formation of economic behavior is revealed.

The processes of globalization taking place in the world impose new requirements on the activities of organizations. All business organizations are forced to restructure their work to achieve success, giving

increased attention to interaction with the environment and developing the ability to adapt to change external environment(Fig. 1). The design form of building an organization most fully meets these

requirements and allows you to achieve additional competitive advantages. A project is a modern form of economic activity, with the help of which an organization “focuses” its resources and capabilities on achieving a set goal with a clear

indicated results for a certain period of time.

Within the global context, the implementation of international projects acquires a special role. International projects are becoming a modern form of economic activity in the context of the globalization of the world economy. They allow you to generate and implement new ideas and make the most efficient use of available resources. The essence of the implementation of projects is fundamental changes that transform, modify, and in some cases transform the world. International projects go beyond the implementation of one country; representatives of various countries participate in their work.

Rice. 1 The impact of globalization processes on the economic activity of the organization and the formation of new forms of socio-economic groups

Models for organizing international projects depend on the socio-cultural environment and its characteristics (Fig. 2). The most promising model is a transcultural (transnational) project that meets the requirements of the global market and takes into account

the specifics of the national context, thus meeting the principles

"glocality".

global project

transnational project

International project

Multinational project

Particularist cultures

Rice. 2 The influence of the socio-cultural environment on the model of organizing an international project

Modern forms of economic activity lead to the emergence of new forms of socio-economic groups - multicultural teams, which are an important component of global human resources and intellectual capital of an economic organization in the context of the globalization of the world economy. Teams and teamwork have led to changes in the nature of the use of the "human factor" in the economy.

The team is a modern form of group interaction, most fully meeting the requirements of a globalizing economy. The main criterion of a real team, which distinguishes it from a formal working group, is that its members have a sense of "collective responsibility" for the implementation of the assigned task. In modern conditions, the main task of any economic organization is the transformation of formal groups into true high-performance teams. However, their creation takes much more time than the formation of a mere working group.

The team achieves efficiency by interacting with the environment, transforming inputs into the final product (Fig. 3). As part of the expansion of international cooperation, of particular importance

acquires such an input resource of team dynamics as the diversity of its members, among which a special role is played by the cultural affiliation of team members. A feature of the team participating in the implementation of the international project is the multicultural composition of the participants.

Rice. 3. Team as an open system that transforms inputs

The conceptual apparatus of research is changing. Concepts

"multicultural", "cross-cultural", related to the organization,

human resource management, group, replace concepts

"multinational", "cross-national". There is an objective need to use the new concept of "multicultural

team" to characterize a new form of socio-economic groups in the context of globalization, which is understood as a temporary

a unique team of people, representatives of different national cultures, with complementary competencies (skills, abilities, experience), working together to achieve the goal

international project for which they are collectively responsible.

A multicultural team built on the principles of flexibility,

mutual participation and collective responsibility represents a new

model of economic behavior in the context of globalization. It is typical for her high level creativity and the possibility of achieving a synergistic effect. From the point of view of the emergence of a new socio-economic group in the context of globalization, it is legitimate, in our opinion, to also use the concept of a multicultural group, reflecting the specifics of the processes social stratification and the emergence of a new business entity in the context of the globalization of the world economy. The potential of a multicultural group, which forms the basis of high performance work, depends on the use of

"cultural leverage" or "cultural component" of team members.

It can either increase or decrease.

The problem of economic behavior of business entities is extremely relevant at the present stage. She is

is one of the central themes within economic sociology. The concept of "economic behavior" refers to specific categories of economic sociology and reflects the dependence of behavior

people from economic factors and the impact of people on these factors through the adoption and implementation of certain decisions. Adhering to a synthetic approach in considering this phenomenon, under

By economic behavior, we will understand the form of economic actions of business entities in certain economic and socio-cultural conditions.

Economic behavior can be seen as a derivative

management process, therefore its formation is influenced by the development of the concept of management of socio-economic groups. The modern development of human resource management concepts is largely due to the implementation of one of its goals, namely flexibility, due to which the economic organization, using the advantages of teamwork and relying on the cultural characteristics of the company's employees, forms new model economic behavior to achieve competitive advantage in business activities. However, the formation of the economic behavior of a business entity is not limited to the framework of purely economic relations, the sociocultural context plays an important role, in which the formation of value attitudes and norms of behavior takes place.

In the second chapter - "The impact of economic culture on economic behavior", consisting of three paragraphs ("Analysis of the influence of the cultural component on economic behavior",

"Integral characteristics of economic culture: the experience of foreign researchers", "Study of the features of French and Russian economic cultures"), the influence of cultural

component on economic behavior, analyzed the experience of foreign researchers on the development of integral characteristics of economic culture, studied the features of French and Russian economic cultures and identified the main groups of Franco-Russian sociocultural differences that affect the economic behavior of multicultural groups.

The phenomenon of culture and its influence on economic behavior is one of the most important and promising, but little studied in Russian science. The study of the concept of culture, its essence, approaches to the interpretation of economic culture and the study of the ways of its influence made it possible to highlight the following key points. First, culture is an interpretive context where the formation of values, attitudes, beliefs and beliefs that are characteristic of a particular society takes place.

Secondly, in order to understand the impact of culture on economic behavior, it is necessary to understand its essence. Artifacts and

tools of labor constitute an explicit (surface) layer of culture, being symbols of deeper, essential levels of the culture of norms and values ​​that represent the level of the observed

culture. Implicit culture, which is the core of the "hard core" of values, reflects the fundamental relationship between people, society and the outside world. The essence of this is manifested in the implied "automatic" responses to the impact of external

Thirdly, economic culture is a "projection" of culture in its broadest sense onto the sphere of socio-economic relations, so

how the whole culture works in the sphere of economy and related socio-economic relations. Economic culture should be understood as a set of social values ​​and norms that are

regulators of economic behavior, performing the role of "social memory" of economic development, and orienting its subjects to certain forms of economic activity. For

comparative studies that are developing in the context of globalization, it is necessary to use the concept of “national economic culture”, reflecting national aspects

formation of economic culture.

Fourthly, economic culture is not only a factor preceding the economic behavior of a person, but also the result of his economic activity. In this case, the “culture as

result" complement the more common views of "culture as a prerequisite" in sociocultural studies.

Fifth, when studying the way economic culture influences economic behavior, a combination of personal, value and cognitive approaches should be used, each of which has its own advantages. As a result of such integration, richer opportunities for understanding sociocultural differences are acquired.

Studying the experience of foreign researchers on the influence of the cultural component allowed us to form theoretical and

methodological foundations for studying the influence of economic culture on the economic behavior of multicultural groups (Fig. 4). Of greatest interest are the following concepts of foreign

researchers: the paradigm of "value orientations of labor activity" by G. Hofstede, the concept of "cultural grammar" by E. Hall and the method of "modern dilemmas" by F. Trompenaars and C. Hampden-Turner.

In addition, the conceptual scheme of G. Triandis is interesting

"individualism collectivism" and the concept of "external adaptation and internal integration" S. Schneider and J.-L. Barça, within which

an attempt is made to integrate conceptual approaches to sociocultural research. Each of the above concepts is the result of many years of large-scale research, where the authors

present their vision of the problem, using different approaches to the interpretation of economic culture and ways to study its impact, highlighting the integral characteristics that characterize the quality of economic culture.

An analysis of the concepts of sociocultural research allowed us to group the identified integral characteristics of economic culture into three main groups: interpersonal relations, attitude

to time and the environment. Each of the groups is of great importance, as it has a direct impact on the main processes of interaction between multicultural groups. When characterizing

interpersonal relationships, the parameter is of particular importance

"individualism - collectivism", singled out by most researchers. The value of the parameters "relation to time" is large with

points of view of consistent and synchronous concepts and the attitude of a person to the world around him, which underlie the formation of a person's motivation for highly efficient work.

The study of sociocultural characteristics showed the objective nature of cultural differences between representatives of the French and Russian economic cultures and revealed three groups of Franco-Russian cultural differences in terms of significance. To the first group

The “most significant” Franco-Russian sociocultural differences include: the level of universalism - particularism of the French and Russians, the level of individualism - collectivism, different attitudes towards

21

Concepts

Paradigm

Interpersonal relationships

Relation to time

long term and

Attitude towards the environment

the world

avoidance

"value orientations"

G. Hofstede

individualism collectivism

distance

masculinity femininity

short-term

orientation

not determined

Concept

"Cultural Grammar" by E. Hall

context

speed of dissemination of information

monochronicity -

polychronicity

personal space

Trompenaars method of "modern dilemmas"

and C. Humpden-Turner

individualism -

collectivism

universalism particularism

general vision - detailed vision

achievement ascriptiveness

neutrality - emotionality

exogenous and endogenous

motivation

concept diagram

"individualism collectivism" G. Triandis

individualism collectivism

complexity -

simplicity

strict regulation -

uncertainty

The concept of "external adaptation and internal integration" S. Schneider and Sh.-L. Barca

internal integration of the interaction hypothesis

external adaptation

Rice. 4 Integral characteristics of economic culture influencing economic behavior

time and degree of use of endogenous and exogenous factors in motivating employees (Fig. 5). The second group of "less significant" sociocultural differences includes the level of "achievement - ascriptiveness", "general - detailed vision", as well as the use of

"controlling - adaptive" models of strategic management. The third group of “weakly significant” differences includes

the level of polychrony, the use of context, the speed of dissemination of information and personal space.

Constructs of economic culture

universalism

(F. Trompenaars)

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

particularism

individualism

(G. Hofstede)

collectivism

endogeneity

(F. Trompenaars)

exogenous

short term orientation

(G. Hofstede)

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

Russia France

long term orientation

Rice. 5. Group of “most significant” Franco-Russian sociocultural differences

In the third chapter - "Models of interaction in multicultural groups", which includes three paragraphs ("Model of economic behavior of an international project manager", "Sociocultural features of interaction in multicultural groups" and

"The impact of the external socio-cultural environment on economic behavior"), the models of economic behavior of a manager are considered

international project, model of multicultural group

interactions and the impact of the external socio-cultural environment on economic behavior.

Formation of models of group interaction

multicultural groups has its own characteristics, due to three groups of factors, among which, the first, the model of economic behavior of an international level manager, is of particular importance. Secondly, sociocultural features of group interaction of multicultural groups and, thirdly, the impact of the new sociocultural environment on economic behavior.

Analysis and generalization of various scientific and methodological approaches to determine the roles and functions of an international project manager, and

Also, the experience of European multinational companies made it possible to build a model of behavior for an international manager.

Its roles and functions are expanding in the context of a multifaceted context (Fig. 6). He is involved in the entire management process, but the management of human resources remains of paramount importance.

factor.

The study of the characteristics of leadership in an international project allowed us to identify the main competencies of a manager

international plan, among which a special role is played by four main groups that do not depend on the nationality of the manager. These are: general competence; the ability to have their own position and demeanor; the ability to make choices and make decisions; realize

control over the implementation of the decisions made.

In addition, the success of an international project manager largely depends on how he copes with the problems,

arising in the course of its multifunctional work. The first group of problems is the problem of interaction with team members. The second concerns the use of official power, since

involves building relationships with authorities. And the third, the biggest group of difficulties, concerns the multifaceted context in which the international project manager finds himself.

The global environment is not static, it is constantly changing and sometimes unpredictable. This requires the manager to have good adaptive abilities and the ability to respond positively to

change. Problems caused by socio-cultural diversity play a special role.

Along with leadership, which is the basis for the effective economic behavior of multicultural groups, the most important

group interaction processes are communication,

Project manager

manager and team

manager and organization

Team Members

Rice. 6 Roles and functions of the international project manager

group interaction, motivation, decision making and conflict resolution (Fig. 7). In a multicultural team, the main processes of group interaction have their own characteristics, they depend on the integral characteristics of the national economic culture and are of a sociocultural nature. Therefore, the study of the features of the economic behavior of multicultural groups consists in studying the sociocultural aspect of the processes of group interaction.

The construction of models of multicultural group interaction is based on the results of studies of the following foreign and

1. hierarchical influence and leadership (G. Hofstede, C. Hampden Turner and F. Trompenaars, J. Misumi, R. House, B. Bass, etc.);

2. communication (T. Holtgraves, S. Zwir, A. Sadokhin and others);

3. intragroup interaction (P. Smith, P. Early, S. Ash, R. Bond,

S. Ting-Tumei and others);

4. motivation (G. Hofstede, G. Triandis, H. Markus and S. Kitayama, D.

McClelland and others);

5. decision-making (N. Adler, J-L. Barsu and P. Lawrence, S. Schneider and others);

6. negotiation and conflict resolution (J. Graham and M.

Wimsat, K. Laing, R. Gesteland and others).

The main processes of interaction in a multicultural group

Rice. 7 Processes of group interaction due to sociocultural differences

The diversity of the sociocultural environment and, in particular, the features of the new sociocultural environment have an impact on the work of experts involved in the implementation of international projects. The problems of acculturation, overcoming culture shock and adaptation arise as a result of the fact that experts experience difficulties getting into a new socio-cultural context. The process of acculturation as the assimilation of a new culture was considered in the work from the standpoint of studying culture shock (acculturation stress) when project experts move to a different culture and adapt to it.

Acculturation stress is the stressful impact of a new culture on a person. It appears as a response

reaction to a new and unfamiliar socio-cultural environment and is accompanied by psychological and sometimes physical discomfort, reducing work efficiency. The main cause of culture shock is the difference in cultures. Each national culture has its own values, symbols and images, as well as "automatic" solutions that are used in various situations. The existing system of perception of the world turns out to be inadequate in another culture, since it is based on other ideas about the world, other norms and values, stereotypes of economic behavior and perception. The duration of culture shock depends on many factors, which can be conditionally combined into two groups: internal (individual) and external (group).

So, the study of theoretical issues of the economic behavior of multicultural groups in the context of sociocultural

diversity made it possible to identify key issues for conducting an empirical analysis of the impact of sociocultural differences on

economic behavior of multicultural teams. This is an effective guide; features of the functioning of the multicultural project team; conflict resolution and decision making; motivation

team members; culture shock and its duration.

In the fourth chapter - "Empirical analysis of the features of the economic behavior of multicultural teams (on the example of Franco-Russian interaction)", presented in three paragraphs ("Analysis of the main types of international projects implemented in the framework of Franco-Russian interaction",

"Research on the influence of sociocultural differences on the economic behavior of multicultural teams" and "Acculturation through

overcoming culture shock”) analyzes the impact of sociocultural differences on economic behavior

multicultural teams on the example of Franco-Russian interaction, the features of leadership and work in a multicultural team, the settlement of labor conflicts and

decision-making, motivation of economic activity, the process of acculturation is analyzed by overcoming the culture shock.

An analysis of the features of the economic behavior of multicultural groups on the example of Franco-Russian interaction revealed the presence of sociocultural differences in the main processes of group interaction and allowed us to construct formulas for the functional

dependence of economic behavior on the influence of the cultural component.

First, the project management process depends on the national economic culture. The number of French respondents who prefer their compatriot is 3.65 times higher than their Russian counterparts. Russian respondents, in turn, chose to have their compatriot as a project manager 3.35 times more often than their French counterparts. This solution, in their opinion, avoids problems caused by the influence of sociocultural differences. In addition, the choice of leadership style has sociocultural characteristics. French respondents preferred the use of an authoritarian style of leadership in Russia, while Russians preferred a democratic style.

Thus, the functional dependence of the leadership of a multicultural team on the characteristics of the national

economic culture can be represented as follows:

L = L (M, S), (1)

L - leadership of a multicultural team;

M – model (prototype) of the international project manager; S - leadership style.

Moreover, the variables M and S (the rest are not taken into account in this model) are functions of the sociocultural context. Therefore, they can be represented as

M = M (∆K), (2) S = S (∆K), (3)

∆K = KF KR, (4)

∆K is the cultural distance due to the mismatch of value

landmarks of French (KF) to Russian (KR) cultures.

∆K =ƒ K (t) (5) varies depending on the time of interaction between representatives of different cultures. When ∆K tends to a minimum ∆K→min, it is possible to optimize the leadership of a multicultural team.

Secondly, working in a multicultural team is more effective, as it has a number of advantages, according to two-thirds of French respondents and the vast majority of Russians. However, among the French respondents there is a fairly high percentage (27%) of those who see this as both advantages and disadvantages, explaining this by sociocultural differences.

Analysis of the factors influencing the process of intra-group interaction, which, in turn, are influenced by

national economic culture, made it possible to present the functional dependence as follows:

W = W(R, Q, O, T, P) (6),

W - interaction in a multicultural team; R - recruiting team members;

Q - the level of qualification of employees; O – opinion about joint work;

T - trust;

P - career advancement and career growth.

Moreover, the variables R, Q, O, T, P are functions of a certain socio-cultural context. They can be represented as:

R = R (∆K) (7), Q = Q (∆K) (8), O = O (∆K) (9),

T = T (∆K) (10),

P = P(∆K) (11),

where ∆K=KF-KR, represents the value of the cultural distance and depends on the time of interaction between representatives of different cultures, i.e.

∆K=ƒK(t). When ∆K tends to a minimum: ∆K→min, it is possible to increase the efficiency of the joint work of a multicultural team.

Thirdly, the conflicts that arise depend on the national

economic culture. The results of the study showed that the French are more likely to see the cause of conflicts in socio-cultural differences - 56.8% of respondents noted this. Russians also see this as the cause of conflicts (43.5%), meaning by this the difference in national character, mentality, business ethics, etc. An analysis of the decision-making process in the socio-cultural aspect showed that the existing stereotypes about irrationality and higher speed of decision-making by Russians remain controversial issues and do not have an unambiguous opinion.

The dependence of the decision-making process on factors that have socio-cultural features of implementation can be represented as the following model:

D = D(A, S1, E, I) (12),

D - decision-making process in a multicultural team;

A - a way to develop and make a decision;

S1 - decision-making speed;

E - the use of the "emotional" component; I is the degree of rationality in making a decision;

moreover, the variables A, S1, E, I are dependent on the influence of the socio-cultural environment. Therefore, they can be represented as

A = A (∆K) (13) S1 = S1 (∆K) (14) E = E (∆K) (15)

I = I (∆K) (16)

where ∆K=KF-KR is the value of the cultural distance, depending on the time of interaction between representatives of different cultures, i.e. ∆K=ƒK(t). If ∆K tends to the minimum value, it is possible to achieve the optimal solution in a multicultural group.

Fourthly, the national economic culture influences the motivation of the members of the multicultural project team. The main motivating factor for both French and Russian respondents is wages - 51.7% and 55.3% respectively. However, the number of Russian respondents who noted "the possibility of career advancement and career growth" as a motivating factor is 29% higher compared to their French counterparts. In turn, "participation in project management" is a more significant motivating factor for French respondents, which was noted by 12.1%, while for Russians it is of little importance.

The functional dependence of the motivation process on factors such as material rewards, the possibility of career advancement and participation in project management, which have socio-cultural features of implementation, can be represented as the following model:

MT = MT (Z, P, G) (17),

MT - multicultural team motivation;

Z - material reward: salary, bonuses; P - career growth;

G - participation in management;

moreover, the variables Z, P, G depend on the influence of the national culture,

so they can be represented as

Z= Z (∆K) (18), P = P (∆K) (19), G = G (∆K) (20).

In this case, ∆K is the cultural distance between the Russian -

"own" and French "foreign" cultures, changes during the time of Franco-Russian interaction. At ∆K→0 it is possible

optimization of the motivation process in a multicultural team, affecting economic efficiency collaboration.

Thus, the economic behavior of a multicultural group (EB -

economic behavior) can be represented as a multicriteria function:

EB = EB(L, W, D, F, M) (21),

where the criteria are:

L - leadership of a multicultural team; W - interaction in the group;

D - decision making in a multicultural team;

F - conflict resolution;

M is the motivation of the members of the multicultural group.

moreover, each of the criteria is a function of the socio-cultural context and depends on the value of the cultural distance (∆K). So

the task of optimizing economic behavior is multicriteria. In terms of individual control

sociocultural diversity, the process of acculturation is of particular importance. However, there are all objective prerequisites for effective multicultural interaction, since 68.4% of the French and 87% of the Russians are interested in building long-term

relations, 84.6% of the French and 78.3% of the Russians consult each other when making a decision, and 75.7% of the French and 78.3% of the Russians trust each other, and trust is the foundation of intercultural interaction. Except

In addition, 97.3% of French and 88.9% of Russian respondents noted that they would like to continue joint cooperation and 91.3% of Russian respondents believe that French business has a future in Russia.

In the fifth chapter - "Development of the concept of economic behavior of multicultural groups", consisting of two paragraphs ("Formation of a leadership model in a multicultural team" and "Optimization of the economic behavior of multicultural groups in the context of globalization"), a leadership model in a multicultural team is formed as a key factor in optimizing economic behavior and developing a modern concept of the economic behavior of multicultural groups in the context of globalization.

Modeling leadership in a multicultural team requires, first of all, taking into account two fundamentally important factors. This is

the influence of socio-cultural differences and the nature of the relationship between the project leader and his followers - team members. The combination of these two parameters allows us to obtain four types of leadership (Fig.

8): leader harmonizer; traditional leader; a leader with positive charisma and a leader with negative charisma.

Synergy

cross-cultural differences

Influence of the cultural component

Ignoring cross-cultural differences

Emotionally - particularistic (love, hate / fulfillment according to circumstances)

The nature of the relationship

"leader -

followers"

Neutral Universal (Trust, Respect/Fulfillment of Commitments)

Rice. 8. Modeling Leadership in a Multicultural Team

The harmonizer leader model from the position of optimizing economic behavior in a multicultural team (Fig. 9) suggests the intersection of three components of effective leadership: firstly, a leader with certain leadership abilities and behavior, secondly, followers, and, thirdly, a situation in which between the leader and team members. The model of harmonizing leadership in a multicultural team focuses on the leader's ability to create a new vision for solving a problem and, using his charisma, inspire team members, taking into account their cultural characteristics, to achieve the planned project results.

The harmonizer leader's economic behavior model suggests that he builds his relationships with team members on an emotionally neutral basis, within an atmosphere of trust and

mutual respect, which implies a strong relationship between the leader and team members, where each in turn counts on each other. The leader of the harmonizer shows creativity, relying on an objective

assessment of what is happening, he leads the project team members from one

result to another result, focusing them on highly productive work. The harmonizer leader motivates members of a multicultural team by raising their awareness of the importance of the project's stated goal, giving them the opportunity to combine their personal interests with a common goal, contributing to their self-development. The leader-harmonizer has the ability to understand, practical understanding and harmonization of socio-cultural differences, achieving a synergistic effect.

Leader behavior:

Vision of a new solution to the problem

Motivation of team members

Creation of an atmosphere of trust

Synergy of cross-cultural differences

Situational factors:

The need for interaction for the implementation of an international project

Changes in the global environment

New cultural environment

Leaderharmonizer

Follower behavior:

Conscious perception of leadership vision

Combination of personal interests with the purpose of the project

Self-development

Critical reflection on leadership assignments

Rice. 9. Model of the harmonizer leader in a multicultural team

The results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the dissertation research showed the objective need to develop a modern concept of economic behavior in the context of sociocultural diversity, the purpose of which is to optimize the economic behavior of multicultural groups through the implementation of the following areas: the choice of promising strategies for interaction in the context of sociocultural diversification, the search for the benefits of cultural diversity and, practical understanding sociocultural differences (Fig. 10). Thus, the construction of a modern concept of economic behavior in the context of sociocultural diversity is based on the central hypothesis of research, which is that taking advantage of

sociocultural diversity is a key factor in optimizing economic behavior and, as a result, increasing the economic efficiency of multicultural teams in the context of globalization.

goal task results

Development of a new concept of economic behavior of multicultural groups

1. choice of promising interaction strategies

2. seeking the benefits of sociocultural diversity

3. practical understanding of sociocultural differences

Optimizing the economic behavior of multicultural teams

Rice. 10. Purpose, tasks and results of the concept of economic behavior in the context of socio-cultural diversity

In the context of socio-cultural diversity, there are five main strategies for the interaction of representatives of different cultures. It is a strategy of "cultural dominance", "cultural accommodation", "cultural compromise", "cultural divergence" and "cultural synergy". Their analysis, on the example of the functioning of Franco-Russian multicultural teams, led to the conclusion that the use of strategies is promising

"cultural compromise" and "cultural synergy", where the latter is a strategy for interaction of the future, as it allows you to most effectively build partnerships based on respect for socio-cultural differences in intercultural interaction.

The search for the benefits of sociocultural diversity, as the second direction of optimizing economic behavior, is

building a model for coordinating sociocultural differences through their harmonization or sociotechnics from