Polkhov Maidan painting step by step drawing. Polkhov - Maidan painting. The village of Polkhovsky Maidan Nizhny Novgorod region The Nizhny Novgorod region is famous for its craftsmen - Gorodets, Semenov. And Polkhov-Maidan. The sequence of painting
Hello dear.
Last time we recalled the Kholuy miniature: well, today we’ll talk a little about the Polkhov-Maidan painting
The name of the fishery was given by the village of Polkhov-Maidan, which is located in the south of the Nizhny Novgorod region, in the Voznesensky district. Polkhov-Maidan is one of the most famous centers not only for wood painting, but also for woodworking in general in this region. According to local legend, the peasant Nikita Avdyukov owned the first lathe when crop failures followed the war of 1812. The craft developed rapidly, but at first only unpainted dishes were turned.
Although, in fairness, it should be noted that the painting gained fame after the Revolution.
Since the beginning of the 1920s, apparently under the influence of similar products of the Sergiev Posad masters, Polkhov-Maidan utensils began to be covered with a scorched outline pattern. Soon, burning began to be painted with oil paints, and in the mid-1930s. aniline dyes diluted in alcohol.
Gradually, the burnt-out outline of the drawing is replaced by a more economical and easy-to-implement ink ink.
The turning products of the masters of this craft - nesting dolls, birds - whistles, Easter eggs, mushrooms, salt shakers, goblets, supplies - are generously decorated with juicy ornamental and plot painting.
Among the picturesque motifs, flowers, birds, animals, rural and urban landscapes are the most common.
The drawing on the product is first applied with ink, and only then filled with color. The obligatory method of Maidan painting is "tip" (outlining drawings in black), the use of bright aniline paints. There are only four main colors - blue and green, red and yellow. In order to obtain the necessary shades, they are mixed. The white background of the tree itself allows you to get the fifth color. 
Basically, local toys, or, as they are called, "Maidan gibberish", are distinguished by combinations of dark blue and yellow, green and cold red. Matryoshkas from Polkhovo-Maidan are easy to distinguish - they have a half-shawl with a constant large flower on their heads, moreover, they differ from Semenov or Sergiev toys in a smoother contour and somewhat elongated proportions.
On a golden yellow background, conventionally depicted flowers alternate with orange spots and green patterns, which are emphasized with ink. Basically, two variants of painting are used, these are landscape motifs and floral ornaments. The floral ornament is very stable - this is the so-called "rose", which during the existence of the craft has been somewhat simplified, then more complicated. And also an indispensable branch of apples and strawberries with alternating green and blue leaves.
In 1928-1930. in Polkhovsky Maidan, an artel "Red Dawn" is formed from individual masters. At the same time, an original artistic and decorative system was developed and the main specific methods of local painting were identified. These techniques have received well-established local names: "flowers with a tip" - flower painting is outlined by a clear black outline; "flowers without aiming" - the drawing is written out on the background of a non-linear contour; technique "under oil" - painting with oil or nitro paints on a deaf colored background, "variegation" - the simplest brush painting with strokes or dots. Cool masters. In 1960 the artel was transformed into the Polkhov-Maidan toy factory. At the same time, the manufacture of similar turning painted objects began to be engaged in the village of Krutets, located a few kilometers from Polkhovsky Maidan.
Using experience, turning forms and painting techniques of neighbors, Krutetsky craftsmen bring minor changes. So, for example, their nesting dolls are more rounded in shape, and in the painting of crockery, preference is given to plot motifs. Association "Polkhov-Maidanskaya painting" In 1972, in the regional center Voznesenskoye, on the basis of a toy factory, the production and art association "Polkhov-Maidanskaya painting" was created, where artists who went through professional education. Despite this, the trade continues to exist mainly on the basis of a family organization of production. Men are engaged in the manufacture of turning "underwear", and women are engaged in painting. Products produced by the association are more of a souvenir character, their painting is more monotonous, and the drawing is less free than in the works of handicraftsmen. The orientation of the Polkhov-Maidan and Krutets craftsmen to the market required a constant renewal of the forms and methods of decorating products. Since the early 1980s flower painting on a background burned with a blowtorch begins to be widely used. Contemporary events find a lively response in the subjects and themes of the painting. Today, this unique craft continues to develop according to the natural laws of folk art.
The painting technology is as follows...
Before painting, the surface of the product is usually ground and primed with starch paste.
Then, with black ink, a student's pen with a nib N 11-13, which, depending on the pressure, makes a line of different thicknesses, a clear outline of the drawing is applied. You can paint the product immediately with brushes, freely, without first drawing a picture.
Polkhov - Maidan painting is performed only with aniline paints, diluted with hot water at a temperature.
To enhance the brightness of the colors, a few drops of alcohol can be added to the solution. Paints are applied in a certain order: first, for example, yellow, it is covered with scarlet and a bright red color is obtained, but if it is blocked with blue, a bright green color is obtained.
Painted products are dried for 8-12 hours at room temperature, then twice varnished with varnish with intermediate and final drying for 10-12 hours.
Gouache painting is a little different. The surface of the product is carefully prepared, sanded, primed and finally cleaned with sandpaper. Gouache paints are diluted with a 3 - 5% solution of wood glue. They are applied with soft squirrel or kolinsky brushes, the background is painted with a wide bristle brush.
After painting, the product is dried for 2-3 hours at room temperature and varnished with nitro-varnishes.
That's it.
Have a nice time of the day.
MOU "Gymnasium No. 2",
Fairy-tale painting of Polkhov Maidan
Methodological development of classes
in primary school.
The program "Fine arts and artistic work" p / p. implies the principle “from the native threshold - to the world of universal culture”, therefore, fine art lessons must be tied to the national, and even better, to the local culture and traditions.
The Nizhny Novgorod region is very rich in folk crafts: Gorodets, Khokhloma, Polkhov-Maidan, Semenov, the village of Bornukovo (stone carving), centers of artistic embroidery, weaving, lace. The masters of Pavlov-on-Oka are engaged in artistic metal processing.
Our city of Sarov is located in the south of the Nizhny Novgorod region. Not far from us, in the Voznesensky district, there is the village of Polkhov Maidan, famous for its tamarushka toys. Many children have visited this village. Excursions are often organized there from the city's schools and additional education circles. The guys know how the masters of this village work, what pattern the artists put on products.
Expeditions, excursions, visits to museums contribute to the formation of a respectful attitude towards the history of their native land among children, awaken in them the ability to evaluate aesthetically what they see.
The fine arts program includes lessons where students learn the features of painting a wooden shelf-Maidan toys and utensils.
These lessons, to get acquainted with this fishery, are necessary in any region of our country. We have the opportunity to introduce the children to the patterns of painting in more detail, to study the variety of forms of turned products.
Polkhov-Maidan painting motifs become the subject of extracurricular creative work students. In the classes of the circle, children choose this ornament for decorating gift cards, in technology lessons they perform embroidery and applique from fabric.
Excursions to the village of Polkhov Maidan very often encourage children to be creative. When visiting turning workshops, children buy “linen” (turned blanks) or, with the permission of the master, take defective products. Having the skills gained in fine arts lessons, they are happy to paint the "tarry".
Students, especially elementary school, it is very difficult to master Khokhloma or Gorodets painting, since the methods of working in these crafts require special skill - applying elements of a pattern without a preliminary drawing. Some guys are dissatisfied with their work. Therefore, the Polkhov-Maidan painting, in which the contour of the pattern is first applied, and then the work is done with paints, is most convenient for initial stage.
When constructing a composition of the Polkhov-Maidan pattern, the child can change the image, erase unsuccessful lines, achieving the accuracy of the intended pattern.
Working with paints, students fill in the outline of the pattern using the glazing method. Bright colors: yellow, crimson, red, purple, green - give children's work a joyful mood.
To master the Polkhov-Maidan painting, a series of lessons has been developed - classes with a gradual complication of educational tasks.
1 lesson. Image of the Polkhov-Maidan fairy tale branch.
2 lesson. Decoration on paper of "dishes" with a pattern in the style of Polkhov-Maidan painting.
3 lesson. Matryoshka from Polkhov Maidan.
The next task is to go deeper, to realize the specifics of the language of decorative art, to try to get involved in this work with the heart, mind and hands. From exercises on paper, you can move on to painting wooden products.
On the example of the Polkhov-Maidan painting, many laws and rules of fine art can be consolidated and further developed.
Composition.
Format selection.
Equilibrium (arrangement of elements on a sheet, in volumetric form).
Composition center.
Dynamics, statics.
When conducting decorative drawing lessons, children learn to stylize the forms of natural elements and make patterns and ornaments from them. Here it is necessary to pay special attention to the skillful, expressive use of rhythm, harmony of color relationships, visual balance of shapes and colors in their work.
One of the main means of artistic expression is rhythm - this is the organizing principle in the composition.
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Primer- the product is covered with starch soil on top, and it becomes white.
Drawing a contour - With a thin brush or feather, the contour of the pattern is applied over the entire surface of the product.
painting - filling the outline of the pattern with color.
Gradually paint over the elements of the pattern with paints, starting with yellow and using the glazing method (overlaying one transparent layer on another).
At the initial stage of mastering painting by children on paper, the process of working on painting changes slightly. The white sheet replaces the primer stage, and " circuit"applied with a simple pencil. After the work is done in color, the pattern is outlined with black paint with a thin brush, and younger students can be allowed to use a black felt-tip pen.
I propose the development of several lessons (classes) on this topic.
Decoration and fantasy.
During the classes.
Where does the Master of Decoration draw his inspiration?
Today we meet with the Master of Decoration again.
-And what do the artists decorate?
Why do artists decorate?
-Are decorations always exactly the same as in nature?
(It can be shown on the example of Khokhloma painting).
Indeed, artists try not only to transfer what they see in nature to their work, but to add something new, never seen before, fabulous.
Today we will get acquainted with the Masters-storytellers from the village of Polkhov Maidan, which is located not far from our city.
-Have you seen red roses, currants, wild rose flowers, yellow buds, apples?
-Does it happen that all this grows on one branch?
Of course it doesn't! But in the fairy tale that the masters from Polkhov-Maidan tell, this can happen!
The men in this village are craftsmen, turning masters. Carve out tare toys. And they are decorated by craftswomen-needlewomen. Girls and women in Polkhov-Maidan from childhood absorb the beauty that surrounds them, try to highlight the brightest, most beautiful, then transfer bright flowers, beautiful roses, juicy apples and berries to products.
We admire the products of the masters of Polkhov-Maidan.
Photo1. Products of the masters of Polkhov Maidan
On the board you see a poster showing the elements of patterns:
Pitrefoils (rosehip flowers)
Whiteboard demo:
First, we, as the masters of Polkhov-Maidan, outline the silhouette of the pattern with a simple pencil.
The magic branch bends beautifully.
Figure 4. Twig.
In the bends we place apples, flowers, leaves, berries.
Figure 5. Pattern elements.
Children do work in albums.
The color scheme of the pattern.
We consider crafts with the guys .
What colors are used by the masters of Polkhov-Maidan?
(yellow, red, green, blue, black, orange)
See the sequence of work on the pattern in color.
Figure 6. Yellow Fill
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Figure 8. The final stage - outline the outline with black.
Children do work on the sheets.
Photo 2. Work in color.
At the end of the lesson, it is necessary to conclude together with the children that the Master of Decoration must be observant, learn from nature, and, of course, be able to fantasize invent unusual shapes.
Photo 3. Exhibition of works.
Photo 4. Exhibition of works.
Figure 10. Work grade 2.
"Painting dishes"
The task: Decoration of "dishes" with a pattern in the style of Polkhov-Maidan painting.
At the previous lesson, the students were given the task - to fold the landscape sheet and cut out the "dishes" blank.
Course progress.
Each house has a wide variety of dishes: tea cups, flower vases, salad bowls and pots, saucers and teapots.
Different peoples at different times made dishes from materials convenient for them: clay, stone, wood, metal, birch bark, etc.
Since ancient times, all peoples have sought to make things necessary in everyday life convenient and beautiful. We never cease to be amazed by the products of folk craftsmen.
(Visual range: dishes of different nations)
Dishes are simple in form, almost without patterns, and objects of complex design, decorated with paintings.
Ancient Greek amphoras, Tajik bowls, Ukrainian flasks, Russian tueskas have their own distinctive features.
You are already familiar with the artistic folk crafts of our region. Let's remember them.
(Gorodets painting, Khokhloma, Semenov, Polkhov-Maidan).
Once upon a time, the craftsmen of the village of Polkhov-Maidan began to make dishes and wooden toys, and in order to please the eyes, the products were painted with a sonorous, bright pattern.
On the lathe men carved plates, vases, bowls, caskets, and women painted them with bright patterns.
We have already met with the creativity of the masters from Polkhov-Maidan and drew a fabulous branch using the elements of the pattern of this craft.
Let's take another look at how the Polkhov-Maidan artists decorate the dishes. In almost every pattern there are five-leaf flowers, apples, leaves, small berries. The largest element is rosan. Roses have a variety of forms.
posters on the boardI, II, III , IV
The direction of the fairy twig depends on the shape of the dishes.
If the pattern runs along the surface of the object horizontally in a strip, then it looks like a wreath with repeating elements.
The composition of the pattern in the circle can be symmetrical. The elements are arranged in a circle, and in the center is a rose. Or a branched branch goes from bottom to top, and the free space is filled with flowers, apples, leaves.
Work sequence.
Figure 11.
1. With a simple pencil, draw the composition of the pattern on the "dishes".
2. Paint work starts with yellow. You can paint over the necessary elements or cover the entire surface.
3. Consistently fill in the contours of the elements of the pattern with other colors: red, crimson, purple, blue, green.
4. Circle the entire outline of the pattern with black paint.
Independent work.
The guys do the work on pre-prepared silhouettes of dishes, cut out “to the fold”.
VARIETY OF FORMS OF POLKHOV-MAIDAN
TOYS - "TARARUSHEK"
(TABLEWARE)
Figure 12. Poster I.
OPTIONS OF POLKHOV-MAIDANSKAYA
FLOWER PAINTING
Figure 13. Poster II.
PATTERN ELEMENTS
(FIVE-LEAVED, BUDS, APPLES, BERRIES)
Figure 14 Poster III
OPTIONS OF PERFORMANCE "ROZANOV"
Figure 15. Poster IV
Figure 17. Work grade 3.
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Figure 19. Work grade 3.
Matryoshka painting
Lesson progress
At present, folk art crafts are successfully developing in different regions of our country.
Let's highlight the salient features of each fishery.
And today we will turn to the image of a woman in folk art.
The Russian peasant from time immemorial lived by the earth. He associated the earth, its fertility with like a mother. The female figure is a deity who expressed ideas about the earth that will give birth, and about the woman - the successor of the family. The female figure is always associated with symbols of fertility: a tree, birds, animals, solar signs.
(Illustrative material with images of women in folk art: in embroidery, toys).
Today, Matryoshka is known in all corners of the earth as a symbol of Russia, but it turns out that she has a Japanese relative.
Photo 5. Image of Fukurumu
Student presentation: The Japanese ancestor of the matryoshka was carved from wood and contained a whole family of five figurines inserted one into the other. He depicted Fukorokuyu (or simply Fukuruma) - the deity of happiness and longevity. And five figurines inside - five deities of a lower rank.
Once this traditional Japanese toy was seen by a Russian artist. He immediately took the paper and sketched the Russian version of the funny figurine.
Photo 6. Matryoshka with a rooster
The turner of the Moscow workshop "Children's Education" carved a form for it, and Malyutin painted it according to his own drawings. “Real Matrena!” someone exclaimed when they saw the doll. She was dressed in a Russian sarafan and a headscarf, she held a rooster in her hand, and inside they settled down: older assistant daughters - in an apron, with a sickle, with a bowl, a boy in a kosovorotka, a girl with a doll, a baby in a bib with a finger in her mouth and a baby in diapers.
Today, the matryoshka is the main character of the Maidan “tararaushkas”.
Photo7. Matryoshkas from Polkhov Maidan.
Since the 1920s, nesting dolls have been made in almost every Polkh-Maidan family: men carved figurines, women painted them.
By the sixties of the last century, the Polkh-Maidan matryoshka began to look like it does today - the brightest and most festive of all nesting dolls.
Photo 9. Classic matryoshka.
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Matryoshka is turned on a lathe, so it has an axis of symmetry.
A decorative doll is not a copy of a person at all, it should rather have a conditional character, smooth outlines.
I suggest you choose the shape of the nesting doll you like or come up with your own.
Fold the sheet in half:
(I demonstrate how to fold a sheet)
Practical work.
Depending on the option chosen, the sheet can be folded vertically or horizontally. Using the “fold” method, we cut out the shape of the matryoshka.
It is necessary to pay attention to the proportions (ratios) of parts to the overall shape. . (Students can choose the difficulty of the form depending on their ability.)
The next stage of work is to trace the cut out silhouettes on the second sheet to complete the sketch of the painting and outline the contour of the face, apron and other elements.
Figure 20. Refinement of details.
Practical work. Making the face of a nesting doll with a simple pencil.
Face image.
The face is depicted in a circle. On top of the curls of hair, big eyes, nose - two dots, a small red mouth and pink cheeks.
Photo 11. Matryoshka's face.
Clarification of the task for this lesson
If we talk about painting, then, in principle, it is the same for nesting dolls and for everything else - a fabulous branch on which apples, berries, and various unprecedented flowers grow at once.
The main element of the painting is "rosan". Roses do not grow in our area, where did he come from in the Polkh Maidan ornament?
Student presentation:
This is connected with the legend of Alyona Arzamasskaya - the leader of the people's detachment. According to legend, Alyona Arzamasskaya exclaimed before her execution: “Now, if everyone fought like me, the boyars and governors would not be good!” and stepped into the fire. And in the morning, roses bloomed at the place of her death. So the Polkh-Maidanians draw roses on their products. In memory of the roses that bloomed at the place of execution of Alena of Arzamas.
We recall the main patterns of performing roses.
Watercolor" href="/text/category/akvarelmz/" rel="bookmark"> with watercolors, as their transparency resembles aniline dyes used by the masters of Polkhov Maidan.
Figure 22. Work grade 4.
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Figure 25. Work grade 4.
Painting of wooden products.
After mastering the elements of the pattern on paper, you can start working on wooden products.
Most often, the masters of Polkhov Maidan paint turning products.
During the tour in the workshops, children buy different "tarrels": mushrooms, bells, plates.
It is better to start painting on a flat surface - on plates.
In the village, the children were told how the products are primed.
Starch is diluted in proportions: 1 teaspoon per glass of water. Kissel is cooked. Remove from heat, let cool slightly. While the soil is hot, but the hands are already suffering, they rub it into the wood with their fingers. Let dry. Primed in several layers.
Younger students can prime products with PVA glue using a brush. Adults can prepare primed products.
The artists of Polkhov Maidan use the background for painting:
Photo 12. Primed plates.
The traditional painting of the Polkhov Maidan are: "Flowers with a tip", "Pestreniya", "Houses".
Since all these types of painting are quite common, children can try painting in all these styles.
"Protagonists" of receiving the letter "flowers with a tip", are "roses", cinquefoils, apples and berries. The black outline of the pattern gives clarity and brightness.
"Spotting"- reception of a letter without preliminary drawing with a black outline or with a partial drawing.
Artists of Polkhov Maidan often paint landscape motifs with elements of architecture - "Houses".
A set of "Batik" for painting fabric can be bought at the store.
The first stage is drawing the outline with black ink or a felt-tip pen.
1 2
Photo 13. The first stage of work.
painting - filling the outline of the pattern with color. Gradually paint over the elements of the pattern with aniline paints, starting with yellow and using the glazing method (overlaying one transparent layer on another).
The yellow color is, as it were, the basis - the field, it can cover the entire product. The imposition of other colors across the field is made a common technique in which the coloring is carried out with uneven free strokes. Scarlet paint with uneven strokes creates the impression of a shining corolla of petals that shimmer from scarlet to yellow towards the center of the flower. For example, an apple or bud is bright red at the leaves and yellow at the top.
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Photo 15. Children's work.
Art and technology teacher.
MOU "Gymnasium No. 2",
Sarov, Nizhny Novgorod region
st. Dukhova, 16.
Phone of the gymnasium (831
Mobile phone 902
School Email: info @sc2.do. *****
Personal E-mail: ol. *****@***en
Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
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Moscow State University of Culture and Arts
Faculty: Folk artistic culture and design
Department: Arts and Crafts
"Polkhov-Maidan painting"
Teacher:
Shlyakhovaya I.S.
Moscow, 2012
Introduction
Conclusion
Introduction
Children's toy in Russia has a very rich history. Every parent, even in the poorest peasant family, tried to give the child some kind of toy. Toys were made from rags - rag folk dolls, from clay, from straw and from wood.
Toys for children were made both by the parents themselves and by special craftsmen. Interestingly, the children of the peasants and the young kings played the same toys. By the nineteenth century, the main workshops for the manufacture of wooden toys in Russia were located in the North, in the Volga region and in the Moscow region. It was in these areas of our homeland that there was a lot of forest for making toys, as well as an established sales market. By the way, in the same areas, in addition to toys, other wooden products were also produced - spoons, chests, carts, dishes, and so on. Often, toys were cut from a single piece of wood. They depicted various animals, birds and people. Such toys are very useful for young children. The fact is that they were made quite schematically. The masters did not cut out the exact details of the character, which is why the child had the opportunity to complete any image himself. This is how fantasy and imagination developed.
Wooden toys often served as amulets of the house and the person.
Almost every village or region had its own style of wooden toys. Since in Russia toys were made simple without unnecessary details, reflecting only the main essence of the subject, the features of styles, as a rule, consisted in different painting of the toy.
1. The emergence and development of the fishery
Polkhov-Maidan craft - production of painted turning products in the village of Polkhovsky Maidan, the village of Krutets and the village of Voznesenskoye, Nizhny Novgorod Region.
At the end of the 18th century, many peasants took over turning from the monks of the Sarov Monastery, who produced wooden utensils in their own workshops. In the early 1920s, in Polkhovsky Maidan, they began to use the "burning out" of turning products.
For the first time, a artisanal peasant Polin Pavel Nikitich brought a burning apparatus to the village. Burning, and later dyeing of turning products, was often carried out by hired workers in the owner's workshop. It was then that the characteristic Maidan ornament and landscape compositional plot, which has survived to this day, took shape. Soon, burning began to be painted with oil paints, and in the mid-1930s. aniline dyes diluted in alcohol. Gradually, the burnt-out outline of the drawing is replaced by a more economical and easy-to-implement ink ink.
Until now, the village remembers the legend that in ancient times in the army of Stepan Razin there was a leader named Alena - a former peasant woman from near Arzamas. The recalcitrant ancestors of the Polkh-Maidan handicraftsmen also fought in her detachment. Near the village of Temnikov, in Mordovia, Alena was taken prisoner and, by order of Prince Dolgoruky, was burned at the stake. And in the place where the peasant atamansha died, a scarlet rose grew and blossomed. Here, supposedly, the same rose was transferred to their painted toys by the masters of Polkhovsky Maidan.
In 1928-1930. an original artistic and decorative system was developed and the main specific methods of local painting were identified.
At the same time, the manufacture of similar turning painted objects began to be engaged in the village of Krutets, located a few kilometers from Polkhovsky Maidan. Using experience, turning forms and painting techniques of neighbors, Krutetsky craftsmen bring minor changes. So, for example, their nesting dolls are more rounded in shape, and in the painting of crockery, preference is given to plot motifs.
A feature of the Polkhov-Maidan industry is the neighborhood of factory and handicraft production. In the village of Voznesenskoye, there is an art factory "Polkhov-Maidan painting", the artists of which have undergone professional training. Despite this, the trade continues to exist mainly on the basis of a family organization of production. Men are engaged in the manufacture of turning blanks, and women are engaged in painting. Products produced by the association are more of a souvenir character, their painting is more monotonous, and the drawing is less free than in the works of handicraftsmen.
Also, at present, entrepreneur V.V. is actively involved in the preservation of cultural traditions in the form of the production of painted household items and toys. Yurtov. Having set up production, participating in exhibitions, he calls on fellow countrymen "to remember the old, to preserve and increase what is still left." The orientation of the Polkhov-Maidan and Krutets craftsmen to the market required a constant renewal of the forms and methods of decorating products. Since the early 1980s flower painting on a background burned with a blowtorch begins to be widely used. Contemporary events find a lively response in the subjects and themes of the painting. Today, this unique craft continues to develop according to the natural laws of folk art.
2. The plot, colors and range of products
maidan painting toy craft
Modern Polkhov-Maidan painting is unusually bright, direct, in some ways close to a child's drawing. This is not accidental: painting is often done by school-age children or women who have been accustomed to this since childhood. The turning products of the masters of this trade - nesting dolls, Easter eggs, mushrooms, salt shakers, goblets, coasters - are generously decorated with juicy ornamental and plot painting. Among the picturesque motifs, flowers, birds, animals, rural and urban landscapes are the most common.
The juicy color scheme of the painting is made up of scarlet, blue and yellow colors, which, when superimposed on each other, give sonorous red, green and purple.
Most of the Maidan decorative products are painted with graphic painting "flowers with a tip" in combination with landscape inserts, popularly called "Dawn" (landscape with a dawn in the sky) and "Houses" (landscape with a house). Landscape inserts are most often written on flat lids and walls of cylindrical products - coasters, "jars" (a kind of coasters), barrels, hats of large mushrooms. With all the limitations of the content of the pictures, there is no limit to the variety of their compositions and the breadth of the imagination of artists. On the most interesting of them, a green meadow and a blue or pink river with white swans, yellow ducks or a boat are necessarily drawn in the foreground; next to a smartly painted house - birch trees with green and blue leaves and apple trees with ripe fruits similar to strawberries; colorful birds flutter under the house, the sun is shining or a raspberry sunset is burning. Landscape inserts organically fit into the bright carpet of floral ornament. These are most often decorative branches encircling the cylindrical surface of the product, with a lush multi-petal rose in the center, small iridescent flowers, sprigs of berries and green-blue leaves on the sides.
3. Technique, material, tools
All painting is done along a clearly outlined contour in ink. The contour of the drawing is drawn with a school pen with a steel nib No. 11, 12, 13, which gives a line of different thickness depending on the pressure. Large squirrel brushes are used for painting the background for painting, for painting - small brushes No. The paint is applied in one step, it is impossible to brush over the same place twice.
When working with aniline dyes - both powders and solutions - it is necessary to protect clothes and hands, as the paint leaves bright colored spots that are difficult to remove.
Half-Maidan craftswomen work sitting on low benches behind low stoics, just like in the Khokhloma craft. Aniline dyes used in painting are diluted in hot water at a temperature of 70-80C at the rate of 6-8 g of dye per liter of water. To increase the brightness of the colors, a few drops of alcohol are added to the solution. You can paint with more light-resistant dyes of 6-10% concentration, diluted in water at a temperature of 60-80 C: active - bright yellow 53, bright red 5CX, bright purple , as well as acidic - red 2Zh, green Zh, bright blue, purple S. Their color corresponds to the traditional color scheme of the painting of the fishery.
Before painting, the surface of the product is carefully sanded and primed with starch paste so that water-soluble paints do not blur. The paste is applied to the surface with a swab or sponge. The product is primed in three passes: the first time with a more concentrated solution of sour cream density, followed by drying for 15-16 hours, the second and third with a thinner solution, and each layer is dried for 4 hours at room temperature.
In the process of painting, the product must be held by the pallet, since all fingerprints left on the primed surface will appear under the paint.
The contour of the ornament is applied freely in the worked out sequence. There are no patterns for painting. In the “Houses” composition, first the contour of the house is applied, near it the trunk and branches of trees, the banks of the river with silhouettes of birds and a boat. Then the craftswoman takes paints, and the river becomes blue, its banks are green, the tree is covered with green-blue foliage and yellow-red fruits, the sun lights up over the house.
There is a certain order in applying aniline paints to the surface to be painted: first, yellow paint is applied to the desired areas, including those that should be red or green, then, overlapping it with scarlet, they get a bright red color, and laying blue on top of the yellow get bright green.
In flower painting, first the contour of a large flower is applied - the center of the composition, then the stems and branches of branches slightly inclined towards them with small flowers, buds, leaves and berries. On the lid they write a composition with a rose and a flowering branch curved in a circle.
Painted products are dried for 8-12 hours at room temperature and varnished twice with pentaphthalic varnish PF-231 or PF-283. Add a little solvent to the varnish - for example, purified turpentine is suitable. Lacquer can be applied with a brush or spray gun. After varnishing, the product dries at room temperature in a room where there are no drafts and dust. After the first varnishing, drying takes 15 hours, after the second - a day.
In the cottage workshops of Polkhovsky Maidan, in addition to the graphic painting "flowers with a tip", there is a non-contour painting. All the elements here are done with strokes-rays: converging to the center - a poke core, they form a flower that looks like a cornflower, and coming from the stem and closing in a circle - an apple. Pinnate leaves are also made up of a series of strokes extending from the stem. The compositions of this painting are very different, sometimes with large gaps in the background and a light ornament, sometimes with a pattern that densely fills the surface.
They write contourless painting with aniline and synthetic water-soluble paints. But sometimes, on the lacquer surface, some light oil or nitro paint is additionally applied with poked berries and simple flowers. Such a painting is called "under oil" or "under nitro".
In addition, there is another way to decorate the surface of products - "variegation". This is the development of the background and motifs with various textured cuts.
Not all innovations give positive results, they often lead to an undesirable violation of the color of the painting and the depersonalization of even works of interest in the basis.
Conclusion
The Nizhny Novgorod region, according to art critics and ethnographers, is one of the richest in Russia in terms of the variety of folk crafts. The reasons for this are not difficult to name. The nature of the region is not particularly generous for the peasant: the damp, swampy Trans-Volga region has poor soils, and the local climate can hardly be called favorable for farming. Agriculture. But still P.I. Melnikov-Pechersky noted: "the forests of the Volga region feed." Not only fuel, not only construction material- the forest gave Nizhny Novgorod residents raw materials for applied art, which filled their homes with useful and beautiful objects.
As for the Polkhov-Maidan painting and Russian folk painting in general, it is very important to pass on knowledge about it to new generations. This aesthetically educates children, gives them the opportunity to appreciate the importance of their work in preserving the cultural traditions of folk crafts.
Bibliography
1 - "Beautiful - with your own hands" S. Gazaryan, Moscow, ed. "Children's Literature", 1987
2 - "Russian folk carving and painting on wood" by O.V. Kruglov, Moscow, ed. "Fine Arts", 1983
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A colorful scarf is tied in the old fashion, a gray strand is knocked out from under it on the forehead, and blue eyes sparkle in the reflections of the Dutch stove flame. Rimma Vasilievna, a resident of the Nizhny Novgorod village of Polkhovsky Maidan, is preparing Sunday lunch. Putting a clay pot with steaming soup on the table, an elderly woman thoughtfully asks: “I have been living with a nesting doll for almost fifty years, what exactly can I tell you?”
Both Rimma Vasilievna herself and the decoration of her wooden hut, like the whole village, embody the traditional Russian flavor. Polkhovsky Maidan is one of several villages in our country that exist exclusively for the production of matryoshkas. In every family, they sharpen, paint, lacquer, take finished dolls to Moscow markets or sell them to resellers in Nizhny Novgorod. Hard-working Maidans (as the villagers call themselves) work every day, except for major church holidays; only a few families have vegetable gardens or livestock. In a department store, gouache packaging and artistic brushes crowd out soap and toothpaste.
Polkhovsky Maidan became one of the first villages where the production of matryoshka turned into a large-scale craft.
The way of life in the Nizhny Novgorod village of Polkh-Maidan nesting dolls has changed little over the past hundred years.
The spacious room of Rimma Vasilievna, where old-fashioned carpets with deer are hung on the walls, is crammed with voluminous bags with matryoshka dolls of various sizes. Each doll is packed in a separate bag - so that the drawing is not damaged during transportation. On Tuesdays, Rimma Vasilyevna and several of her fellow villagers load the matryoshkas onto a bus and take the night road to Moscow, to the Izmailovsky vernissage, where trading begins early Wednesday morning.
Selling in Izmailovo - to foreigners and resellers from other regions - Maidans have been driving for 20 years. This way of life developed when, after perestroika, the local matryoshka factory stopped working. Matryoshka dolls are used to it, but everyone understands that this will not last long, life will change soon.
Unscientific roots of nesting dolls. Polkhovsky Maidan is interesting primarily because it became one of the first villages where the production of matryoshka turned into a large-scale fishery. The history of Polkh-Maidan is the history of the matryoshka itself. In the 1920s, local woodturners, who had been making wooden utensils and toys here since the 18th century, learned about profitable idea from the neighboring village of Semyonov: there, the decorated puppet-laying had already been put on stream.
Anna has already sold her beloved cow.
Semenov turners, in turn, brought the first doll from Sergiev Posad. In the city near Moscow, the status of nesting dolls was completely different. The doll was not just a child's toy - a new direction in art, in which artists experimented, who dreamed of reviving national traditions at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. Vrubel, Roerich and Vasnetsov tried to paint the matryoshka. Now these works are stored in the Artistic and Pedagogical Toy Museum in Sergiev Posad. But who was the author of the first matryoshka - not a single art historian can yet accurately determine.
Some versions of the origin of the matryoshka are classified by modern scientists as myths and legends. According to the most plausible of the versions, the matryoshka was invented by order of the Moscow philanthropist and collector Anatoly Mamontov, the owner of the Children's Education toy art workshop. It is believed that in 1896, on one of his trips to Europe, Mamontov bought a traditional Japanese laying doll for his collection and asked the artist Sergey Malyutin to do something similar, only in the Russian style. “But no drawings or sketches of Malyutin’s work have been preserved, and we cannot confidently assert his authorship,” explained Natalya Kvach, an art historian and researcher of Russian folk toys, director of the Novgorod branch of the Union of Artists of Russia.
Anna Sayanova, like her mother in the 1930s, makes a living by selling nesting dolls and painted dishes, cooking in a Russian stove, and getting up before dawn to pray.
One way or another, the matryoshka ended up in Polkh-Maidan. And here, as in several other villages of the Nizhny Novgorod province, the period of its heyday began in the 1920s-1930s. Hereditary turners, Polkhov men quickly made the so-called linen - they turned dolls from linden - and women learned to paint toys according to Moscow patterns, later developing their own - Polkhov-Maidan - style. In those days when all toys were made of wood, the matryoshka quickly became popular: for one price you could buy five or seven dolls at once. In 1930, the Krasnaya Zarya artel was founded in Polkhovsky Maidan - now the nesting dolls were sold not separately, by each family, but centrally, by the whole village. 90-year-old Maria Petrovna Sayanova, one of the few old-timers from Polkhov, recalls: at the age of 13, like almost all local children, she left school and got a job in an artel. “At first she helped her sister with a tip (tip - the contours of the drawing on the nesting doll, applied with a pencil or ink), then she herself began to paint better than her sister,” says Maria Petrovna (we are talking in her daughter Anna’s room littered with modern nesting dolls).
In Soviet times, nesting dolls continued to be produced in artels, but, despite the prohibitions, individual entrepreneurship did not disappear in Polkhovsky Maidan. On trains and with sacks full of matryoshka dolls, Maidans traveled all over the country. And almost everywhere there was a demand for wooden dolls, which paid off the fines and arrests of the police. Surprisingly, it was this one, bought from the hands on the market, and not a factory-made nesting doll from the Nizhny Novgorod village, that became, along with Semenov, a symbol of Russia. The Polkh-Maidan matryoshka has always been distinguished by its brightness and simplicity of execution. “I remember how in 1970, with huge backpacks on our shoulders, my friend and I arrived in Tallinn,” recalls Rimma Vasilievna. - At seven in the morning we came to the market, and by noon everything was sold out. We usually avoided the police, but once our bags of dolls were burned. The incident was terribly unpleasant, of course, but it still didn’t stop us.”
Matryoshka remained consistently popular until the 1980s, when wooden toy gradually began to displace plastic and rubber. After perestroika, the matryoshka rose on a new wave of popularity due to foreign demand.
Workers at the Krasnaya Dawn matryoshka artel, photograph taken in 1936 or 1937. The girls are wearing traditional “Chinese” sundresses, which can still be found today in Polkhovsky Maidan at festive festivities.
Today, the features of a modern city have begun to appear in the rural coloring of Polkh-Maidan. Together with the felled linden logs - only linden is soft enough for quick processing - decent foreign cars stand next to many houses in the village. On the roofs of the houses themselves, some of which are two stories high, satellite dishes are piled up. In the kitchen of Rimma Vasilievna, a slow cooker is adjacent to a clay Dutch stove. In general, against the background of other Russian villages and villages, the life of the Maidan can be called good. Mixed with rural superstition, there is an air of enterprise and efficiency that is usually uncharacteristic of our village. The flat and wide road laid out on the main street proves this best of all.
The new generation of nesting dolls - those now between 35 and 60 - combine Soviet planning and control with an American openness to new lines of business - the word has come into use here in recent years. In order not to compete with each other, each family in the village occupies a narrow niche in the matryoshka trade. In one yard, 50-meter-long matryoshka dolls are made for individual orders, in another, magnet nesting dolls and toothpick stands for sale to small wholesalers, and in a third, negrit nesting dolls are sharpened for IKEA and other furniture companies. Some Maidans are engaged only in linen - they grind unpainted semi-finished products and sell them to other families for improvement.
The local deputy - a real Russian woman Anna Sayanova - makes traditional matryoshka dolls in a style that art critics call a la rus. Her two sons, now aged 25 and 30, sharpen linen in a workshop in the yard, Anna and her daughter-in-law apply gouache and varnish it. Like other deputies, in addition to her main job, Sayanov is responsible for "order" on several streets of the village. Upon learning that a divorce or discord among relatives is brewing somewhere, Anna comes there to “talk”. Matryoshka is a family business; if a person is left alone, in Polkh-Maidan it is considered a tragedy.
Mikhail Masyagin sharpens "linen".
Maidans are not used to earning a living with something else, except for nesting dolls. There are no more than a dozen adults with an education above school in the whole village. Among them is a 75-year-old librarian from a rural school. Having worked in Polkh-Maidan for almost 50 years and retired, Tamara Alexandrovna never got used to the fact that the villagers do not read anything.
Small is small less - this is about a multi-seated nesting doll. Turner Viktor Bezrukov's yard.
Anna Sayanova, who introduced me to the librarian, admits that she wants her little grandchildren to get an education and stop doing “this hard work". According to Anna, the matryoshka brings less and less money, and it still takes a lot of time and labor to make it. Meanwhile, in Anna's house, love for the matryoshka is noticeable literally from the doorstep. The square yard is covered with linden sawdust, on which the yard dog settled comfortably. Gouache stains have dried up on the stairs in the hallway, defective parts of nesting dolls and brushes no longer suitable for work are scattered on the floor. Wooden bottles for Cahors painted like nesting dolls lined up on the refrigerator in the upper room, and on the shelf at the head of the bed, Sayanov keeps the most valuable - collectible, the best - dolls. She buys them from other matryoshka makers from Kirov and Arkhangelsk at the Izmailovsky opening day, so that later she can hone her skills according to the samples.
The guys are tearing the bast off the linden trunks. The beginning of summer is the season for such work.
The abundance of nested dolls is already striking, but the hostess does not stop: Anna takes a key from her pocket and leads me to a locked room. Bumping into something, the door gets stuck, but in the end it reluctantly gives in, and a nesting doll country opens up to me. “This is my puppet lair,” Sayanova laughs.
The painting by Irina Lukhmanova, one of the best craftswomen in the village of Polkh-Maidan, is distinguished not only by quality, but also by originality.
Shelves, a sofa, armchairs and chairs located around the perimeter of the room are all occupied by nesting dolls, which clearly do not fit in a cramped space. Those who do not fit in heaps are piled on the floor, periodically some kind of naughty doll rolls from one heap to another. There is a table in the middle of the room, on which freshly painted dolls are lined up in a row: they need to dry for at least two days.
Turner Valery Sentyurev prepares wood for nesting dolls.
I tiptoe through the nesting maze to get to the empty corner of the couch. From the top shelf of the closet, a centimeter from my head, a thick matryoshka doll falls. The hostess raises her with the words: “Look, how beautiful, I won’t sell it to anyone!”.
The women of Polkhovsky Maidan spend more time coloring matryoshkas than their husbands carving dolls. First, the linen is covered with a layer of starchy glue, which holds the gouache well. Then the contours of the drawing are applied, the face of the doll is painted first. The rest of the nesting dolls are painted by local craftswomen quickly, according to a well-established pattern. Different background of the head and torso, large flowers or berries on the apron and individual brush strokes, peas or curls on the scarf. It turns out a bright doll a la Russian. In the past, Polkh-Maidan nesting dolls were distinguished by dark curls of curly hair and flowers with four petals. Now these features are gone, and only the depth of color remains from the characteristic features, which is achieved by layer-by-layer application of paint. So, to paint green flowers, Anna Sayanova makes them blue and immediately covers them with yellow.
Maidans usually do not have time for artistic painting of dolls - customers from Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow demand high productivity. The works of several talented craftswomen who prefer finer painting are three to five times more expensive, but they are unprofitable to trade due to low payback. “Connoisseurs of skillful and expensive work are rare, usually people just need a souvenir,” says Anna. “But our turners are the most skilled.” And he invites me to his brother - Valery Sentyurev, who is considered one of the best craftsmen in the village.
In the house of Valery Sentyurev or, "in street style", Ryzhov - here every resident has an unofficial second surname - the wife and 18-year-old daughter paint small dolls. Maria studies at the correspondence department in one of the Nizhny Novgorod institutes and does not plan to do nesting dolls after her studies. Valery leads me to the workshop, through the backyard, where the stable is located. Sentyurev is the only turner in Polkhovsky Maidan who goes to the forest for firewood the old fashioned way - on a horse. Other families do it by car or buy ready-made logs from resellers. In the workshop on the machine, Valery grinds a 10-centimeter doll in less than a minute (here, when they make a nesting doll, they start with the smallest ones). Thin walls and a smoothly polished inside of the toy are considered signs of craftsmanship.
Now Valery Sentyurev has an employee, and things are going well, but he looks to the future without optimism. “I believe that the fishery is dying, it is becoming unprofitable,” says Valery. - Now plastic toys have become cheaper and more interesting, children do not need nesting dolls, and every year there are less and less buyers. Buying souvenirs is also on the decline now - in other countries they are already fed up with our nesting dolls. I don’t want my daughter to do this all her life, it’s good that she went to college.”
Modern products of the village of Polkh-Maidan.
Alas, the majority of adult residents of Polkh-Maidan share Valery's opinion. The demand for a wooden toy is falling, and the matryoshka becomes what it was originally - a rare piece of art. “Now the urban culture around the world is replacing the rural one,” says art critic Natalya Kvach. - This happens not only with the matryoshka, and nothing can be done about it. Folk crafts are slowly dying out and becoming an expensive hobby.” IN high school Polkhovsky Maidan, where I went at the end of my trip, the younger guys, when asked who they are going to become, happily answer that they want to sharpen and paint dolls, but teenagers, on the contrary, are determined to leave the village for the cities or to establish another, more profitable business. “Almost all of our children are now entering universities or technical schools,” says a local math teacher. “We insist that they study.” Despite the warm welcome, I leave Polkhovsky Maidan with sadness: it is sad to realize that in 10-15 years the culture of nesting dolls will disappear forever, and this small original village will turn into another faceless village.
P.S. On a cold May day at Izmailovsky Opening Day, I make my way through the rows of Pavloposad shawls, Tomsk birch bark and Kaliningrad amber to the stalls of nesting dolls. Trade here is brisk, despite the not at all May cold and unexpected snow. Already distinguishing between Semyonov and Kirov matryoshkas, I stop in front of the rows of Polkh-Maidan dolls to see how my acquaintances trade.
You can't hear the standard sayings that were told in the village: the unsmiling saleswomen are silent, discontentedly shaking off the goods from the snow. In three minutes, Maidan matryoshka dolls (with five dolls) are bought by an Indian and an Englishman. Here several Chinese tourists pass by me and one of them asks in English: “What is the most Russian nesting doll, can you help us?”. I know that the painting by Semyonov craftswomen is more skillful, but I want to help my friends: “There, bright, with large flowers,” I answer, and it flashes in my head: although the matryoshka craft is doomed, the nesting doll was definitely not invented in vain.
After standing a little longer, I go to the exit, looking for the last time at the sheet, wet from the rapidly melting - May, after all - snow, stuck to the counter. I read on it: From Russia with love - "From Russia - with love."
Text: Anastasia Mazneva, photos: Marina Makovetskaya
In recent decades, there has been a trend towards the revival and development of centuries-old folk crafts. One of the most interesting crafts of Russian masters is Polkhov-Maidan painting. Pictures on utensils and household items, coloring of tamarok toys are bright, eye-catching. This is what they say about them: “It doesn’t beat, it doesn’t break, and whoever buys it is surprised.” Indeed, these amazing handicrafts of craftsmen seem to glow from the inside, create a festive atmosphere and cheer up. They are increasingly chosen for an original gift or bought as a souvenir.
The history of the craft
Since the end of the 18th or the middle of the 19th century (these data vary), in the small village of Polkhovsky Maidan, located on the banks of a river in the Nizhny Novgorod region, an amazing art of carving dishes and figurines from soft linden and aspen wood was born (fortunately, there were a lot of them in nearby places). They were sold at fairs and served additional means income for the peasants. Much later, in the 20s of the XX century, someone decided to decorate crafts: first with a burnt pattern, then with bright painting. On long winter evenings, the whole family got together and whiled away the time making unique items: men processed wood, and women and children “revived” the toys that appeared with the help of paints. Lush bouquets of flowers bloomed on dishes under the brush of each craftsman.
The first craftsmen carved all products by hand. Later, when lathes appeared, the process was greatly simplified, but this in no way affected the quality of the goods. Over time, the Polkhov-Maidan painting became more and more widespread and famous in different parts of Russia.
Making crafts
The process of making souvenirs includes several stages. Turned well polished. Then the surface is impregnated 2-3 times with a solution of potato starch - this is a kind of primer. The processed workpiece is well dried, after which they begin to prepare for painting.
First, the outline of the desired pattern is applied with ink. Different pen sizes (using numbers 11-13) allow you to make lines of various widths. The next stage is artistic paints, more often aniline. When choosing them, preference is given to saturated red, green, blue, yellow shades. Moreover, when one tone of paint is applied over an already existing another (this is a painting tradition), the drawing acquires a special brightness and iridescence.
The final touches are covering the product with a colorless varnish in several layers (glazing technique), which makes the surface of the product shining. The Polkhov-Maidan painting is distinguished by its brightness and brilliance, as if radiating from within.
Drawing elements
Art critic N. V. Taranovskaya, speaking about the peculiarities of the craft, notes the special decorativeness, originality and splendor of the drawings created by the masters.
Why is the Polkhov-Maidan painting so unusual? The pictures that appear on the products are distinguished by a variety of large and bright (usually red) flowers that have already blossomed or are still in the bud stage. At the same time, several types of drawing are distinguished: flowers with a tip - the black outline is clearly visible, flowers without a tip, variegation - paints are superimposed with light strokes. Typical is the image of fruits (especially apples) and berries, animals and birds. There is also an urban or rural landscape, a characteristic feature of which has become a red dawn.
How to recognize the Maidan tarara
Polkhov-Maidan painting is usually well recognizable, as there are a number of features that are unique to it.
- The coloring is dominated by a combination of the following colors: yellow and dark blue or cold red and green.
- The most common flower is a rose in different variations, as well as poppy, wild rose, dahlia.
- The priority background for the image of a floral ornament is yellow. The drawing, as a rule, has a clearly defined black outline.
Polkhov-Maidan matryoshka
A special place among handicrafts is occupied by a traditional Russian souvenir, in the design of which certain traditions have also developed. Polkhov-Maidanskaya is in many ways different from the usual nesting dolls from other regions of Russia. Instead of a sundress, she wears an oval apron, decorated with a green branch with large bright flowers. On the head is not a scarf tied under the chin, but rather an original one, gently falling from under which curled curls usually break out. This is a characteristic detail of the dress of local women. In addition to the peculiarities in coloring, such nesting dolls have a more elongated shape compared to others. They are more like cheerful Russian girls.
Artistic craft today
IN modern conditions An alternative to handicraft production was the production and art association, opened on the basis of a toy factory in the regional center of Voznesenskoye, called "Polkhov-Maidan Painting". Here, toys and household items are turned not by hand, but on lathes and in much larger volumes. Basically, these are national souvenirs that are very popular with buyers and guests of the country, including unusual tarerushka toys (matryoshka dolls, troikas and single horses, whistles), Easter eggs, mushrooms, dishes (salt shakers, sugar bowls, plates, spoons), caskets , boxes. But hand painting still remains traditional: Polkhov-Maidan painting does not allow the use of machines in this matter. The drawings are designed and applied by professional artists who have undergone special training. Naturally, such products are more unified and uniform than the works of handicraftsmen, but they are also quite in demand by connoisseurs of folk art.
A special pride of the residents of the area - amazing exhibits are collected here: from single figurines symbolizing Russian rural girls to multiple nesting dolls, the largest of which includes a row starting with a toy with a match head and ending with a meter-long doll.
In the villages of the Voznesensky district of the Nizhny Novgorod region: Polkhovsky Maidan, Voznesenskoye, Krutets - there are still family artels engaged in the manufacture of local attractions. Children are taught this from early childhood, and the Polkhov-Maidan painting continues to live.