What drawings are included in the stage p. Design documentation for the construction of the facility. The composition of the design and estimate documentation. Cost of implementation of stages P and RD
Project preparation construction, reconstruction of the facility includes the following stages:
Development, coordination and approval of an architectural and urban planning solution - an architectural project (can be developed as part of project documentation);
Development, coordination, examination and approval of project documentation;
Development of working documentation.
The stages of designing a construction object are established by the Customer together with the designer in the design task.
· Stage "Draft design" (EP) - for objects technically complex in relation to urban planning, architectural, artistic and environmental requirements, engineering support, as well as the basis for drawing up an architectural and planning task and a design task, preparing initial permits.
· Stage Project (P) - the main approved stage of designing construction and reconstruction facilities.
· Stage Working documentation (RD) - a set of documents required for the production of construction and installation works.
· Stage Working draft (DP) - a stage that combines the two previous stages, namely the project and working documentation.
The composition of the project documentation at the stage of the Draft Design (EP) includes:
1. General explanatory note with initial permits.
2. Situational plan, M 1:5000, 1:2000.
3. Basic plan (plan existing use territory), M 1:1000,1:500.
4. General plan, M 1:1000, 1:500.
5. Plans of the first and non-repeating floors, facades, sections, M 1:200, 1:100, 1:50.
6. Demonstration material (layout, general view, color solution).
The composition of the project documentation at the stage of the Project (P), the approved part of the working draft (WP) includes:
1. Initial materials for design;
2. General explanatory note;
3. General plan and transport;
4. Architectural and construction solutions;
5. Solutions for engineering equipment and systems;
6. Engineering networks;
7. Environmental protection and sanitary and hygienic requirements;
8. Engineering and technical measures of civil defense. Measures to prevent emergency situations;
9. Technological solutions (if necessary);
10. Organization of construction (if necessary);
11. Consolidated estimate calculation of the cost of construction;
12. Justification of the effectiveness of investments (if necessary).
13. Organization and working conditions of employees (for production facilities);
14. Production and enterprise management (for production facilities).
The working draft is developed in a reduced volume and composition, determined depending on the type of construction and functional purpose of the object, in relation to the composition and content of the "Project" stage.
The working draft includes working documentation.
Working documentation - is a set of working drawings and text documents containing necessary information about the construction site, and is the basis for the production of construction and installation work, as well as the manufacture of building products in factories or directly on the construction site.
Working documentation for construction should be issued to the customer in a complete set. At the same time, the composition of the working documentation in each specific case is established at the conclusion of agreements (contracts) between the customer and the contractor.
The composition of the working documentation for the construction of a building or structure generally includes:
1) the main sets of working drawings intended for the production of construction and installation works;
2) working documentation for building products in accordance with GOST 21.501, provided for by the relevant main sets of working drawings;
3) specifications of equipment, products and materials according to GOST 21.110;
4) statements of the need for materials, statements of volumes of construction and installation works;
5) estimate documentation according to the established forms (consolidated estimate calculation, object and local estimates).
Let's consider all stages of the project in order:
- Stage 2 - PD. Project documentation
Stage 1 - PP. Pre-project studies (Draft design)
At this stage, the concept of the future object is being developed, the main technical and economic characteristics are being determined. The sketch determines the landing of the object on the ground, its volumetric-spatial solution, and the structural scheme. Also at this stage, the main engineering loads for water, heat and electricity, the so-called. load calculation.
Development Stage "PP" is not mandatory, but helps to save time and money in further design.
Stage 2 - PD. Project documentation
Unlike the draft Stage "Project"(“PD” or simply “P”) is mandatory and subject to approval by state executive authorities. Based on the results of the approval of the Stage "Project", a permit for the construction of the facility is issued. The composition and content of this stage is regulated by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 87 of February 16, 2008. Of course, the composition will be individual for each project, but we will try to compile the most complete list of all possible sections and subsections of the “PD” Stage:
| Number | Partition code | Section name |
| Section 1 | Explanatory note | |
| Volume 1 | - OPP | Explanatory note |
| Volume 2 | - IRD | Initial permit documentation |
| Section 2 | - ROM | Scheme of the planning organization of the land plot |
| Section 3 | - AR | Architectural solutions |
| Section 4 | Structural and space-planning solutions | |
| Volume 1 | - KR1 | Reinforced concrete structures |
| Volume 2 | - KR2 | Metal constructions |
| Volume 3 | - KR3 | Wooden structures |
| Volume 4 | - KRR | Static calculation |
| Section 5 | Information about engineering equipment, about networks of engineering and technical support, a list of engineering and technical measures, the content of technological solutions. | |
| Subsection 1 | Power supply system | |
| Volume 1 | - IOS1.1 | Outdoor power supply |
| Volume 2 | - IOS1.2 | Power equipment |
| Volume 3 | - IOS1.3 | electric lighting |
| Subsection 2 | Water supply system | |
| Volume 1 | - IOS2.1 | Outdoor water supply |
| Volume 2 | - IOS2.2 | domestic water supply |
| Subsection 3 | Drainage system | |
| Volume 1 | - IOS3.1 | External drainage |
| Volume 2 | - IOS3.2 | Internal drainage |
| Subsection 4 | Heating, ventilation and air conditioning, heating networks | |
| Volume 1 | - IOS4.1 | Heating and ventilation |
| Volume 2 | - IOS4.2 | Heat supply |
| Volume 3 | - IOS4.3 | Individual heating point |
| Subsection 5 | Communication networks | |
| Volume 1 | - IOS5.1 | |
| Volume 2 | - IOS5.2 | |
| Volume 3 | - IOS5.3 | |
| Volume 4 | - IOS5.4 | CCTV |
| Volume 5 | - IOS5.5 | Security alarm |
| Volume 6 | - IOS5.6 | |
| Volume 7 | - IOS5.7 | Other low current systems |
| Subsection 6 | Gas supply system | |
| Volume 1 | - IOS6.1 | Outdoor gas supply |
| Volume 2 | - IOS6.2 | Internal gas supply |
| Subsection 7 | Technological solutions | |
| Volume 1 | - IOS7.1 | Technological solutions |
| Volume 2 | - IOS7.2 | |
| Volume 3 | - IOS7.3 | Air supply |
| Volume 4 | - IOS7.4 | Refrigeration |
| Volume 5 | - IOS7.5 | Steam supply |
| Volume 6 | - IOS7.6 | dust removal |
| Volume 7 | - IOS7.7 | Other technological systems |
| Section 6 | - PIC | Construction organization project |
| Section 7 | - UNDER | Project for the organization of work on the demolition or dismantling of capital construction projects |
| Section 8 | ||
| Volume 1 | - OOS | List of environmental protection measures |
| Volume 2 | - OOS.TR | Draft technological regulations for handling construction waste at the facility |
| Volume 3 | - IEI | Engineering and environmental surveys |
| Section 9 | ||
| Volume 1 | - PB1 | Fire safety measures |
| Volume 2 | - PB2 | |
| Volume 3 | - PB3 | |
| Volume 4 | - PB4 | |
| Section 10 | - ODI | Accessibility measures for persons with disabilities |
| Section 10(1) | - ME | Measures to ensure compliance with energy efficiency requirements and equipment requirements for buildings, structures and structures metering devices used energy resources |
| Section 11 | ||
| Volume 1 | - CM1 | Estimate for the construction of capital construction facilities |
| Volume 2 | - CM2 | Material price monitoring |
| Section 12 | Other documentation in cases stipulated by federal laws | |
| Volume 1 | - KEO | Lighting calculations of insolation and daylight (KEO) |
| Volume 2 | - ZSH | Noise and vibration protection measures. Noise impact assessment for the period of operation of the facility |
| Volume 3 | - ITM GOiChS | Engineering and technical measures of civil defense. Measures to prevent emergency situations |
| Volume 4 | - ED | Building instruction manual |
| Volume 5 | - PTA | Measures to counter terrorist acts |
| Volume 6 | - DPB | Declaration of industrial safety of hazardous production facilities |
Stage 3 - RD. working documentation
Stage "RD" first of all, builders need it, since it develops design solutions in the most complete and detailed way, which were only indicated in the “PD” Stage. Unlike "P", "Working" includes drawings of nodes, axonometric diagrams and profiles of engineering networks, specifications, etc. On the other hand, at the working stage, the documentation loses some sections, the completeness of which was exhausted at the design stage (for example , POS, OOS, KEO, ITM GOiChS, etc.). As in Stage "P", the composition of the "RD" will be individual for each project, but we will try to compile the most complete list of all possible sections of the Stage "Working documentation":
| Partition code | Section name |
| - GP | General plan |
| - TR | Transport facilities |
| - GT | General plan and transport (when GP and TR are combined) |
| - BP | Car roads |
| - pancreas | Railways |
| - AR | Architectural solutions |
| - AC | Architectural and construction solutions (when combining the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Kyrgyz Republic) |
| - AI | Interiors |
| - QOL | Constructive decisions. Reinforced concrete structures |
| - QOL0 | Constructive decisions. Reinforced concrete structures. Foundations |
| - KM | Constructive decisions. Metal constructions |
| - KMD | Constructive decisions. Detailing metal structures |
| - KD | Constructive decisions. Wooden structures |
| - KRR | Constructive decisions. Static calculation |
| - GR | Hydraulic Solutions |
| - ES | Power supply system. Outdoor power supply |
| - EM | Power supply system. Power equipment |
| - EO | Power supply system. electric lighting |
| - EN | Power supply system. Outdoor electric lighting |
| - EIS | Power supply of engineering systems |
| - HB | Water supply system. Outdoor networks |
| - NK | Water disposal system. Outdoor networks |
| - NVK | Water supply and sanitation system. Outdoor networks |
| - VK | Water supply and sanitation system. Internal networks |
| - HVAC | Heating, ventilation and air conditioning |
| - TS | Heat supply |
| - TM | Thermal mechanical solutions (boiler room, ITP, etc.) |
| - RT | Telephony, Radiofication, Telereception |
| - SCS | Structured cabling |
| - AIS | Automation of engineering systems |
| - ATP | Automation of technological processes |
| - AK | Integrated automation (when combining AIS and ATP) |
| - VN | CCTV |
| - OS | Security alarm |
| - ACS | Access control and accounting system |
| - GOS | Outdoor gas supply |
| - GSV | Internal gas supply |
| - TX | Technological solutions |
| - TK | Technological communications |
| - sun | Air supply |
| - XC | Refrigeration |
| - PS | Steam supply |
| - PU | dust removal |
| - AUPS - SOUE |
Automatic fire alarm installation, Warning and evacuation control system in case of fire |
| - APPZ | Fire protection automation |
| - Fri | Special fire extinguishing (water, powder, etc.) |
| - SD1 | Estimate for the construction of capital construction facilities |
| - SD2 | Material price monitoring |
| - AZ | Anti-corrosion protection |
| - TI | Thermal insulation of equipment and pipelines |
GOST R 21.1101-2013 Project documentation system:
4.2. working documentation
4.2.1. The composition of the working documentation transferred to the customer includes:
- working drawings intended for the production of construction and installation works;
- attached documents developed in addition to the working drawings of the main set.
4.2.2. The composition of the main sets of working drawings includes general data on working drawings, drawings and diagrams provided for by the relevant standards of the Design Documentation System for Construction (hereinafter referred to as SPDS).
...
4.2.6. The attached documents include:
- working documentation for building products;
- sketch drawings of general views of non-standard products, performed in accordance with GOST 21.114;
- specification of equipment, products and materials, carried out in accordance with GOST 21.110;
- Questionnaires and dimensional drawings, performed in accordance with the data of equipment manufacturers;
- local estimate according to the forms;
- other documents stipulated by the relevant SPDS standards.
The specific composition of the attached documents and the need for their implementation are established by the relevant SPDS standards and the design assignment.
...
4.2.8. In working drawings, it is allowed to use standard building structures, products and assemblies by referring to documents containing working drawings of these structures and products. Reference documents include:
- drawings of typical structures, products and assemblies;
- standards, which include drawings intended for the manufacture of products.
Reference Documents are not included in the working documentation transferred to the customer. The design organization, if necessary, transfers them to the customer under a separate agreement.
SNiP 11-01-95 Composition of working documentation:
5.1. The composition of the working documentation for the construction of enterprises, buildings and structures is determined by the relevant state standards SPDS and specified by the customer and the designer in the agreement (contract) for the design.
5.2. State, industry and republican standards, as well as drawings of typical structures, products and assemblies, to which there are references in the working drawings, are not part of the working documentation and can be transferred by the designer to the customer, if it is stipulated in the contract.
Nina, there are 4 options in the article1. Examination of project documentation is not carried out if construction or reconstruction does not require a building permit
2. as well as in the case of such an examination in relation to the design documentation of capital construction objects, which received a positive conclusion from the state examination or non-state examination and is reused (hereinafter referred to as standard design documentation) // pay attention to brackets, if it is a standard one, then it will written "standard design documentation"
3. modification of such project documentation that does not affect the design and other characteristics of the reliability and safety of capital construction projects
4. or in the event that during the construction or reconstruction of linear facilities, a modification of the project documentation (including certain sections of the project documentation) that has received a positive expert opinion is applied, which does not reduce the design and other characteristics of the reliability and safety of linear facilities and does not change their qualitative and functional characteristics , provided that the specified modification of the project documentation does not lead to an increase in the estimate for the construction, reconstruction of linear facilities.
To make it clear, there is also Decree 145 purely on examination
see item 8
8. Examination of project documentation is not carried out in the following cases:
1) if construction or reconstruction does not require a building permit;
2) conducting such an examination in relation to the design documentation of capital construction objects that has received a positive conclusion from the state examination or non-state examination and is reused (hereinafter referred to as standard design documentation), or modification of such design documentation that does not affect the design and other characteristics of the reliability and safety of capital construction objects ;
3) if during the construction or reconstruction of a capital construction object, a modification of the design documentation is applied, including with respect to certain sections of the design documentation that previously received a positive conclusion from the state expertise, which does not reduce the design and other characteristics of the reliability and safety of capital construction objects;
4) in relation to sections of project documentation prepared for carrying out overhaul capital construction facilities, with the exception of project documentation prepared for the overhaul of public roads.
If the construction of a capital construction facility will be carried out using standard design documentation or modification of such design documentation, the results engineering surveys are subject to state expertise, regardless of the fact that the state expertise of project documentation is not carried out.
As we see these same 4 options.
What is the dispute about? Do you think changes can not be made or what?
The design structure reflects the process of activity aimed at creating such a primary description of the object, which will allow this object that does not yet exist to be created in reality. This description should be sufficient (detailed, detailed, comprehensive) and understandable to the performer (for which various generally accepted design rules are introduced).
In the final form, after the completion of the transition from the initial description to the final one, a package of documents containing all information about the form of creating an object should be received. To achieve this goal, a complex of creative, research and design work is being carried out. In this sense, the design process can be considered as a certain sequence consisting of stages, stages and procedures. The stages and stages of design in this case will depend on the type of representation of the design process and on what specific design standards are characteristic of a particular industry.
Staging in the design structure
The concept of design includes the creation of a primary description of the future object. The basis for the design is manifested in the expressed need of society, which in one way or another declares the need for the emergence of technical objects, phenomena and processes of varying complexity and purpose.
If we consider the design process from the moment the idea was born, then
the emergence of a project idea in its original form should be classified as a creative act that is difficult to automate. Today, such an idea is mainly still born in the creative laboratory of the designer or in the mind of the customer in the form of a general concept of the project, and then refined during pre-project discussions. However, with the development of artificial intelligence, even this stage of the birth of an idea, in all likelihood, will increasingly be entrusted to a computer, just as the computer is now entrusted with the full automatic design of technically simple objects.
According to the degree of participation of a person and a computer in the design, two types of process are distinguished:
- automatic - when the computer performs the full scope of design tasks,
- automated - when "duties" are distributed between a person and a computer in different proportions.
Since most of the processes are still not complete without human participation, the share of computer-aided design is much larger than the share of fully automatic. This is indirectly expressed in the formation of a set of generally accepted design stages and stages. However, the creation and involvement of artificial intelligence may soon completely change not only the substantive features of design activities, but also traditional formal approaches, including the concept of design stages.
Two Design Structure Views
At the moment, there are 2 representations of the design structure in the broad sense of this concept:
- The structure of the process of implementing the project idea in the form of a formal solution, by gradually expanding the description of the object. This is the structure of the embodiment of the idea, for which the design rules and design standards have defined their list of stages.
- The structure of the development of project documentation with its design sections, requirements and specifics for each individual industry.
In the first view, the structure determines which stages and steps to go through in a certain order. In the second view - in what form and sequence it is necessary to issue a documentary description for each of these stages, taking into account industry requirements.
Thus, the concept of the structure of the design process is applicable to design as a process of transition from an idea (ideal image) to the embodiment of an image in one or another material expression.
- This process begins with the study of a public or private need, which has become the basis for initiation. project process. The need is expressed to conclude an appropriate contract with the design organization, which is the basis for the design. A part of such an agreement is the terms of reference and/or technical proposal, which becomes a "road map" for the designer in the implementation of the process.
- At the intermediate stages, there is a complex process of research, calculations and design decisions, which involves the constant refinement of the results obtained. In the course of this, various intermediate types of descriptions arise, summing up the stage-by-stage results in solving one or another type of problem. In general, certain formats of intermediate descriptions have been developed in the design process, which will be discussed separately below.
- The result of the evolution of the idea and the development of its material design is a package of documentation, a three-dimensional layout, 3D visualization and other forms of material expression of the idea, depending on which method was used by the design organization in the process.
At present, the most progressive results are three-dimensional layouts of objects with the application of graphic documentation and visualization, made using a computer and/or methods of photo and film projection. This allows both to see the entire object in space from the side, and to simulate the natural movement of people in space (during architectural design). However, as before, the binding key for the results of project activities remain understandable to any specialist. graphic documents: text descriptions, diagrams, tables, drawings, graphs, sketches. This way of transferring project information maintains the status of the international language of project activities.
Since the designer is working with an object that does not yet exist, it is not possible to immediately create an exhaustive description of it (especially when it comes to innovative developments, not typical ones). Therefore, one of the main design features is considered to be its iterative specificity - cyclic repetition associated with refinement and refinement. Each iterative round adds accuracy and completeness to the description of the designed object. 
One of the consequences of such a refinement and increase in the completeness of the description is the division of design into the following main design stages:
- The research and development stage, which combines pre-project studies, the technical task stage and part of the technical proposal stage.
- R&D stage - development work, combining the second part of the technical proposal stage, the stage preliminary design and technical design.
- The detailed design stage, which combines the stages of a detailed design, and stages that include work with an already physically created object: debugging, testing, commissioning.
One more characteristic feature becomes the collective nature of the project activity, and the requirement to involve specialists in various areas in the process, which is due to the technical complexity and versatility of the object.
The multivariance of solutions and methods, due to the expansion of the toolkit, on the one hand, allows the designer to solve any design problem without being bound by the framework of any one method, which, as a rule, is always limited in application. On the other hand, all participants in the design process must be fully able to manage the design tools so that different qualifications do not interfere with procedural consistency. To reconcile the variety of possible solutions with the speed and adaptability of implementation, the basic design principles, expressed by:
- unification, which reduces the variety of elements of the same type in terms of functionality,
- standardization that limits diversity by using standard elements,
- normalization applying previously developed elements.
Depending on the direction of the design process, which can either strive to synthesize system options from block components or involve the decomposition of complex descriptions, the staging of processes will also differ.
The sequence of the design process depending on the approach
The structure can either be assembled from component blocks into a single system, or go through a gradual process of detailing and decomposition of complex descriptions, which corresponds to the structural approach, in the first case, and the block-hierarchical approach, in the second.
The essence of the block-hierarchical approach to design is the division of the description of an object into different hierarchical levels, which correspond to the level of detail of the properties of the object (or part of it). That is, at the beginning of the first stage, the structure of the object is closed, unknown, requiring detailing and refinement of the structure. The description of the first level gives a certain degree of detail, reveals the presence of links between blocks and establishes a hierarchical relationship with another level. Then the second and subsequent levels are also detailed and worked out. Detailing is considered sufficient when the blocks of the last level demonstrate a simple and transparent structure.
Each level will be dominated by its own forms of documentation, its own mathematical apparatus that contributes to the construction of algorithms, its own set of tools (models, methods, languages, tools) inherent in this particular level.
Such an approach to the design object also indirectly affects the typology of the choice of design route and the division of movement along this route into stages. However, regardless of the approach, universal design concepts are used in the description of the process.
So, the basic concepts of design in terms of the implementation of the process of describing the future object are a design decision, a design procedure and a design operation.
- Design decision - an intermediate or final (final) description of the future object, which is sufficient to create an object based on the available materials or (at an intermediate stage) - to determine the future direction of activity and the possibility of actually moving to it.
- A design procedure is a formalized regulated set of actions, the completion of which is a design solution. The procedures include the search for a solution, correction, control, validation, optimization, etc. In this sense, the design process can be described as a sequence of design procedures, which together represent the design route.
- A project operation is a formalized set of actions, limited to a part of the design procedure, with an algorithm that is unchanged for a number of design procedures.
Since these concepts are associated with the implementation of a set of actions, the sequence of their implementation can also be represented as a staged or staged process. However, such a view would be only a partial reflection overall process design, and in general terms, the design stages are presented in the form of a list that includes the stages of the technical assignment, technical proposal, draft design, technical design, working documentation and certification.
Stages of the design process
GOSTs 2.103-68, and R 15.201-2000 define the structure and design rules that the customer and contractors are guided by when concluding an agreement, evaluating the work done, reports. According to them, the structural elements of design include the following stages.
- Terms of Reference (TOR). The task establishes the main conceptual, technical and functional characteristics object, main and special technical and economic tasks, instructions for compliance with the requirements at various stages and stages of creating documentation, composition.
- Technical Proposal (PT). Such a proposal is a set of documents containing a feasibility study and technical justification for the feasibility of the project. A conclusion on the feasibility is given after analyzing the technical specifications of the customer and considering alternative solutions by comparing them with each other. The basis for creating a technical proposal is also the features of the object being created and the availability of patent materials. In construction, a feasibility study is carried out for relatively simple production and linear facilities in a more concise form compared to the justification.
- Draft design (EP). At this stage, a package of documents is created that contains both general ideas about the principles of operation and the structure of the object (including purpose, overall dimensions and other parameters), and information about the set of fundamental decisions chosen for this object. In the case of designing particularly complex objects, additional pre-project studies (preliminary design) can be carried out, the result of which is the substantiation of the possibility of creating the intended object and the expediency of the execution option. At this stage, mock-up samples for testing can also be created.
- Technical design (TP). The technical documentation contains the final decisions reflecting the structure of the object and the initial data, which are the basis of the working project.
- Working draft (WP). At this stage, detailed documentation is developed, sufficient for the manufacture of a prototype. According to the test results (which also take place in several stages - first at the factory, and then as part of the process of transfer to the customer), the documentation can be corrected, refined and, if necessary, expanded to enable the production of serial product samples (installation series). Further, the cycle with testing and updating the documentation is repeated, reaching the level of the control series, the testing of which can also introduce a number of changes into the final version of the working documentation.
- Certification. The control stage, confirming the quality of the manufactured products. In different versions, such a control stage may be a mandatory or voluntary examination. Certification can also be voluntary, but its implementation provides additional competitive advantages product when entering new markets. Most often, mandatory expertise becomes a fundamental prerequisite for export promotion.
When developing project documentation, several stages are often combined with each other, which is due to the degree of complexity of the task. The stage of statement of the terms of reference and the stage of technical design can be part of the cycle of research work. The stage of the technical proposal and the stage of the draft design are part of the development work.
Industry-specific features of the design stages on the example of design in construction
In terms of the staging of the development of documentation in construction, based on the requirements of the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation, Government Decree No. 87, GOSTs and SNiPs that define design standards, a certain order and list of process stages has been formed.
Unlike the previous rules, the current rules and design standards do not imply a formal procedural division of the design process into stages. Instead of stages of design, the concepts of "Project documentation" and "Detailed documentation" apply. However, the actual chronology of the development of these types of documentation can be either sequential or parallel (which the current design rules do not prohibit). In this sense, it is legitimate to talk about the actual division of the building design process into stages.
- One-stage design, in this case, should be called such a process in which the development of both design and working documentation is carried out in parallel. This makes it possible to speed up the implementation of the project as a whole, however, the logical continuity of the two types of documentation determines the two-stage model for complex projects as more preferable.
- In the two-stage model of building design, they proceed to the stage of working documentation only after the completion of the stage of design documentation, passing all the approvals for it and approval. With this approach, the cost of reworking project documentation is minimized if inefficient solutions were identified during the analysis of the results.
In general, in design there is a tendency to increase the number of stages with an increase in the degree of complexity and detail of the designed object. The ratio of the possible number of stages to the complexity category of the object is as follows:
- The one-stage model is used in the design of objects of 1-3 categories of complexity, as well as in relation to objects built according to repeated and / or standard projects. Such a model, other things being equal, makes it possible to reduce the design time by one and a half to two times, reducing the development cost by approximately 40%. But the risks of making a mistake also increase, which makes the one-stage model unpopular in Russia.
- The two-stage model is applicable to more technically complex structures - objects of 4-5 categories, as well as to those objects of the 3rd category of complexity, for which an individual approach is required in the design.
- The two-stage model, complicated by the stage of the pre-project proposal, as in the previous case, is applicable to objects of 4-5 categories and individual objects of the 3rd category, if an insufficient list of initial permits is found, which requires revision and clarification.
The category of complexity of a structure depends simultaneously on many parameters: purpose, number of storeys, configuration. The same type of structure can belong to different categories. So, using the example of warehouses, it can be seen that seasonal agricultural warehouses belong to the first category of complexity, warehouses with engineering support - to the second, and warehouses with engineering equipment - to the third (according to methodological recommendations to determine the cost of costs for contract bidding). Large military depots can also be assigned to the 4th category according to the degree of complexity. But in general, the more complex the structure, the higher the class of complexity and the more important it is to follow the logic of stages in the design.
However, in the construction industry, the emergence of technological design methods is gradually beginning to blur the differences between the stages. For example, even now, with 3D-BIM design, the stages differ only in the degree of detail, and the entire work process is carried out by different specialists simultaneously in a single virtual space with tracking of all changes in real time.
Design standards in construction involve the division of design into the following components within the framework of a two-stage (and three-stage) model:
- Pre-project proposal.
During this period, a primary set of documents is collected, which is needed to pass regulatory approvals in the region and obtain an architectural and planning assignment or initial permit documentation (the preparation and development of which is also part of this stage).
The proposal justifies the investment attractiveness and the possibility of construction (reconstruction) in specific conditions, taking into account urban planning requirements and social, cultural, economic, environmental, sanitary and other factors. Also, in the process of creating a proposal, a large-scale demonstration material is prepared, a preliminary design is created and approved, preferred structural, architectural, technological solutions and options are selected, engineering, security, fire protection systems, etc.
The list of initial data that the customer transfers to the design organization is specified taking into account the specifics of the project, object and construction site. The initial data is collected by the customer himself, if, according to the terms of the agreement, the designer is not connected to the process. At the same time, the details of the document on the basis of which the design decision was made, the design assignment, reporting documents on the results of research, approvals, acts, decisions of various management bodies, information about land plots, design capacity of the object, information about the use of patented inventions and a lot of other data.
- Project documentation.
This is the most voluminous part of the design, the technical embodiment of the image of the construction object, giving an idea of what kind of building is planned to be built. Here, by sections (regulated by regulatory documents), information is collected on the architectural, constructive and space-planning solution. contain data on engineering equipment and supply networks, including heat, power, gas, water supply and sanitation systems. A separate section presents the construction estimate.
- working documentation.
Describes the process of application implementation of that object, details the decisions made at the previous stage. For each section, local estimates are compiled, drawings and specifications are prepared, nodes are worked out and, in general, documentation is generated that is sufficient for the contractor to carry out construction only on its basis. The composition of the working documentation is determined by state standards, but can be specified, by agreement of the parties, by the customer and the designer. The main set of working drawings is represented by drawings of various brands, to which the attached documents (specifications, estimates, etc.) are provided.
- Author's supervision.
Supervision of the construction progress and commissioning process. Such architectural supervision is carried out in order to avoid errors on the part of the contractor and deviations from the agreed decisions. The stage is initiated by the terms of the agreement between the customer and the designer. For supervision by separate order responsible persons are appointed.
Despite some differences from the staged design of serial product samples, the staged construction design fits into the same iterative logic, which makes it possible to make it more accurate and complete at each new round of description.
When it becomes necessary to develop a project, the customer and the design organization need to understand what design stage is necessary for a particular object. For some objects it is possible to perform design work in one stage, for others - in two stages, for especially complex objects it is necessary to perform three stages of design. So, for example, it is performed in one stage, in two stages, or big supermarket performed in three stages. The price for the development of each stage is different and is determined on the basis of state collections of prices for design work for construction (STsPRS).
In this article, we will consider the main stages of design, as well as the terms and definitions used in the development of project documentation.
According to DBN A.2.2-3:2012, there are the following design stages:
— feasibility study ( feasibility study
);
— technical and economic calculation ( FER
);
- preliminary design ( EP
);
- project ( P
);
- working draft RP
);
— working documentation ( R
)
Let's take a closer look at each of them.
Feasibility study stage (TER)
. It is developed on the basis of the customer's assignment for industrial facilities and linear engineering and transport infrastructure facilities that need a detailed justification of the relevant decisions and the determination of options and the feasibility of building the facility.
FER is used for technically simple production facilities and linear engineering and transport infrastructure facilities. The feasibility study is carried out in a reduced volume compared to the feasibility study, in accordance with the nature of the object and the requirements of the assignment.
EP stage
. It is developed on the basis of the customer's assignment to fundamentally determine the requirements for urban planning, architectural, artistic, environmental and functional solutions of the object, confirm the possibility of creating a non-industrial object.
As part of the EP, to justify the decisions made on the instructions of the customer, calculations of the main design decisions, estimated cost and justification of the effectiveness of investments are carried out, and engineering and technical developments, schemes for engineering support of the facility can also be additionally performed.
Stage P.
It is developed to determine the urban planning, architectural, artistic, environmental, technical, technological, engineering solutions of the object, the estimated cost of construction.
P is developed on the basis of the design assignment, initial data and the previous stage approved during the three-stage design. Sections of stage P are given in a clear and concise form, without excessive detail, in the composition and volume sufficient to justify design decisions, determine the volumes of the main construction works, equipment needs, building materials and structures, provisions for the organization of construction, as well as determining the estimated cost of construction.
RP stage.
It is developed for technically simple objects, as well as objects using projects (design solutions) of reuse.
The RP is developed to determine the urban planning, architectural, artistic, environmental, technical, technological, engineering solutions of the facility, the estimated cost of construction and construction work. WP is an integrating design stage and consists of two parts - approved and working documentation.
Stage R. Developed on the basis of the approved previous stage. After the approval of stage P, according to the decision of the customer, the working documentation can be developed by the author of the project or another designer. The development of working documentation by other designers is carried out in compliance with the author's decisions of the approved P and copyright.
Design stages depending on the complexity of the object:
1. For objects I and II categories of complexity
design is carried out:
a) In one stage - a working draft (WP);
b) In two stages - for non-production facilities - a draft design (EP), and for production facilities and linear objects of engineering and transport infrastructure - a feasibility study (FER) and for both - a working design (RP).
2. For objects III category of complexity
design is carried out in two stages:
- project (P);
- working documentation (P).
3. For objects IV and V categories of complexity
design is carried out in three stages:
- for non-production facilities - EP or with appropriate justification of the feasibility study, and for production facilities and linear facilities of engineering and transport infrastructure - a feasibility study (feasibility study);
- project (P);
- working documentation (P).
To the entry 5 comments
Anton, this article shows the design stages according to Ukrainian normative documents, namely DBN A.2.2-3:2012 "WAREHOUSE THAT ZMIST PROJECT DOCUMENTATION FOR BUDIVNITSTVO". AT Ukraine design stage " feasibility study«, « FER«, « EP«, « P«, « RP«, « R' are valid. When it comes to design stages for RF we have the following: |
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