Hazards of industrial environment factors of gravity. Industrial (working) environment, its dangers and harmfulness. Work environment factors: overview

16.03.2021

Test questions:

Name the main causes of industrial injuries and occupational diseases. Define an accident and an occupational disease.

Formulate an axiom about the potential danger of life activity. How is the issue of production safety in the gas industry solved?

What is meant by labor protection? Formulate the main tasks of labor protection.

Give a classification of harmful and dangerous production factors. Make a nomenclature of dangers for a gas fitter.

Name the most dangerous work at industrial enterprises. Define hazard, injury and occupational safety.

Lecture 2. "Types and conditions of work"

Classification of working conditions according to the severity and intensity of the labor process

If the labor activity of a person is carried out in production, it is called production activity.

Production activity- this is a set of actions of workers using the means of labor necessary to turn resources into finished products, including the production and processing of various types of raw materials, construction, and the provision of various types of services.

Labor activity can be divided into physical and mental labor.

Physical work characterized primarily by increased muscle load on the musculoskeletal system and its functional systems - the cardiovascular, neuromuscular system, stimulates metabolic processes in the body, but at the same time can have negative consequences, such as diseases of the musculoskeletal system, especially if it is not properly organized or is excessively intense for the body.

Brainwork associated with the reception and processing of information and requires tension of attention, memory, activation of thinking processes, is associated with increased emotional stress. Mental labor is characterized by a decrease in motor activity - hypokinesia. Hypokinesia may be a condition for the formation of cardiovascular disorders in humans. Prolonged mental stress has a negative impact on mental activity - attention, memory, and environmental perception functions deteriorate.

Rice. 1. Types of labor activity.

Human life is associated with energy costs: the more intense the activity, the greater the energy costs. So, when performing work that requires significant muscle activity, energy costs are 20...25 MJ per day or more.

mechanized labor requires less energy and muscle loads. However, mechanized labor is characterized by greater speed and monotony of human movements. Monotonous work leads to rapid fatigue and reduced attention.

Work on the assembly line characterized by even greater speed and uniformity of movement. A person working on a conveyor performs one or more operations; since he works in a chain of people performing other operations, the time for performing operations is strictly regulated. This requires great nervous tension and, in combination with high speed work and its monotony leads to rapid nervous exhaustion and fatigue.

On the semi-automatic and automatic production, energy costs and labor intensity are less than on a conveyor belt. The work consists in the periodic maintenance of the mechanisms or the performance of simple operations - the supply of the processed material, turning the mechanisms on or off.

Forms intellectual (mental) labor diverse - operator, managerial, creative, work of teachers, doctors, students. The work of the operator is characterized by great responsibility and high neuro-emotional stress. The work of students is characterized by the tension of the main mental functions - memory, attention, the presence of stressful situations associated with tests, exams, tests.

The most complex form of mental activity - creative work(work of scientists, designers, writers, composers, artists). Creative work requires significant neuro-emotional stress, which leads to an increase in blood pressure, a change in the electrocardiogram, an increase in oxygen consumption, an increase in body temperature and other changes in the body's work caused by an increased neuro-emotional load.

Production activities are carried out in the working area.

Working area called the space (up to 2 m) above the floor or platform, on which there are places of permanent or temporary stay of workers.

Work zone is defined by arcs that can be described by a hand turning at the shoulder or elbow at the level of the working surface. In addition, the working area must necessarily be combined with an area convenient for the human eye. The optimal work area follows the worker and exists wherever he works. The highest height available for men and women should be taken equal to 1800 ... 2000 mm. And a comfortable height is within 900 ... 1500 mm.

Rice. 2 Classification of working conditions by severity

Factors of the labor process that characterize the severity of physical labor are mainly muscle efforts and energy costs: physical dynamic load, weight of the load being lifted and moved, stereotyped work movements, static load, working postures, body inclinations, movement in space.

Factors of the labor process that characterize the intensity of labor are the emotional and intellectual load on human analyzers (auditory, visual, etc.), the monotony of loads, and the mode of work.

Labor according to the severity of the labor process is divided into the following classes: light (optimal working conditions in terms of physical activity), moderate (permissible working conditions) and heavy three degrees (harmful working conditions).

The criteria for assigning labor to a particular class are: the amount of external mechanical work (in kgm) performed per shift; the mass of the load lifted and moved manually; the number of stereotyped work movements per shift the value of the total effort (in kgf) applied per shift to hold the load; comfortable working posture; the number of forced bends per shift and the kilometers that a person is forced to walk when doing work. The values of these criteria for women are 40...60% less than for men.

For example, for men, if the mass of weights lifted and moved (no more than twice per hour) is up to 15 kg - light work, up to 30 kg - moderate, more than 30 kg - heavy. For women, respectively - 5 and 10 kg.

The assessment of the severity class of physical labor is carried out on the basis of taking into account all the criteria, while the class is evaluated for each criterion, and the final assessment of the severity of labor is determined by the most sensitive criterion

Labor according to the degree of intensity of the labor process is divided into the following classes: optimal - labor intensity of a light degree, permissible - labor intensity of an average degree, intense labor of three degrees.

The criteria for assigning labor to a particular class are the degree of intellectual load, depending on the content and nature of the work performed, the degree of its complexity; the duration of concentrated attention, the number of signals per hour of work, the number of objects of simultaneous observation; load on vision, determined mainly by the size of the minimum objects of distinction, the duration of work behind monitor screens; emotional burden, depending on the degree of responsibility and significance of the error, the degree of risk to one's own life and the safety of other people; the monotony of labor, determined by the duration of simple or repetitive operations; work schedule, characterized by the length of the working day and shift work.

Thus, physical labor is classified according to the severity of labor, mental - according to tension.

2. Classification of working conditions according to the factors of the working environment

Human health largely depends not only on the characteristics of the labor process - severity and tension, but also on environmental factors in which the labor process is carried out.

To date, the list of really existing negative factors, both in the production environment, as well as domestic and natural, has more than 100 types.

The parameters of the working environment that affect the state of human health are physical, chemical and biological factors.

According to the factors of the working environment, working conditions are divided into four classes (Fig. 3):

1 class- optimal working conditions - conditions under which not only the health of workers is preserved, but also conditions are created for high efficiency. Optimal standards are set only for climatic parameters (temperature, humidity, air mobility);

Grade 2- permissible working conditions - are characterized by such levels of environmental factors that do not exceed the established hygienic standards for workplaces, while possible changes in the functional state of the body pass during breaks for rest or by the beginning of the next shift and do not adversely affect the health of workers and their offspring;

3rd grade- harmful working conditions - characterized by the presence of factors that exceed hygienic standards and affect the body of the worker and (or) his offspring;

Fig.3 Classification of working conditions by production factors

Harmful working conditions according to the degree of exceeding the standards are divided into 4 degrees of harmfulness:

1st degree - characterized by such deviations from acceptable norms, in which reversible functional changes occur and there is a risk of developing the disease;

Grade 2 - characterized by levels of harmful factors that can cause persistent functional disorders, an increase in morbidity with temporary disability, the appearance of initial signs of occupational diseases .;

3 degree - is characterized by such levels of harmful factors, in which, as a rule, occupational diseases develop in mild forms during the period of employment;

Grade 4 - conditions of the working environment, under which pronounced forms of occupational diseases can occur, high levels of morbidity with temporary disability are noted.

Harmful working conditions include the conditions in which metallurgists and miners work, working in conditions of increased air pollution, noise, vibration, unsatisfactory microclimate parameters, thermal radiation; traffic controllers on highways with heavy traffic, who are during the entire shift in conditions of high gas pollution and increased noise.

4th grade- dangerous (extreme) working conditions - are characterized by such levels of harmful production factors, the impact of which during the work shift or even part of it creates a threat to life, a high risk of severe forms of acute occupational diseases. Dangerous (extreme) working conditions include the work of firefighters, mine rescuers, liquidators of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.

Depending on the severity and intensity of labor, the degree of harmfulness or danger of working conditions, the amount of wages, the duration of vacation, the amount of additional payments and a number of other established benefits are determined, designed to compensate for the negative consequences of labor activity for a person.

The definitions of the main parameters used in the field of occupational health are given in Guideline R 2.2.013-94 "Hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process."

Occupational hygiene is a system for ensuring the health of workers in the course of their work, including legal, socio-economic, organizational and technical, sanitary and hygienic, medical and preventive, rehabilitation and other measures.

Working conditions - a set of factors of the working environment and the labor process that affect the health and performance of a person.

A harmful production factor is a factor of the environment and the labor process, which can cause occupational pathology, temporary or permanent decrease in working capacity, increase the frequency of somatic and infectious diseases, and lead to impaired health of offspring.

Harmful production factors can be:

- physical factors: temperature, humidity and air mobility, non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation (ultraviolet, visible, infrared, laser, microwave, radio frequency, low frequency), static, electric and magnetic fields, ionizing radiation, industrial noise, vibration (local, general), ultrasound, aerosols, predominantly of fibrogenic action (dust), illumination (lack of natural light, insufficient illumination), increased ultraviolet radiation;
- chemical factors, including some biological substances (antibiotics, vitamins, hormones, enzymes);
- biological factors: pathogenic microorganisms, producer microorganisms, preparations containing living cells and spores of microorganisms, protein preparations;
- factors of the labor process that characterize the severity of physical labor: physical dynamic load, weight of the load being lifted and moved, stereotyped work movements, static load, working posture, body tilts, movement in space;
- factors of the labor process that characterize the intensity of work: intellectual, sensory, emotional loads, monotony of loads, mode of work.

A hazardous production factor is a factor of the environment and the labor process that can cause injury, acute illness or a sudden sharp deterioration in health, death.

Depending on the quantitative characteristics and duration of action, certain harmful production factors can become dangerous.

Hygienic standards of working conditions - levels of harmful production factors that, during daily (except weekends) work, but not more than 40 hours a week during the entire working experience, should not cause diseases or deviations in the state of health, detectable modern methods research in the course of work or in the remote periods of life of the present or subsequent generations.

Safe working conditions - working conditions under which the impact on workers of harmful and dangerous production factors is excluded or their levels do not exceed hygienic standards.

Depending on the ratio of the levels of dangerous and harmful factors and the maximum permissible levels, working conditions are divided into four classes according to the degree of harmfulness and danger:

1 class - optimal working conditions;
Class 2 - permissible working conditions that can cause functional deviations, but after a regulated rest, the human body returns to normal;
Class 3 - harmful working conditions characterized by the presence of harmful production factors that exceed hygienic standards. They have an adverse effect on the worker and may adversely affect the offspring.
Class 4 - dangerous (extreme) working conditions, characterized by such levels of production factors, the impact of which during the work shift (or part of it) poses a threat to life, a high risk of severe forms of acute occupational injuries.

The main hygienic characteristics harmful substances are: maximum allowable concentration (MPC), maximum allowable emission (MPE), toxodose, mean lethal toxodose and mean lethal dose. The maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in the air of the working area are the maximum concentrations that are within the established working hours (no more than 40 hours per week). The unit of MPC is milligram per cubic meter. meter (mg/cu.m.).

Depending on the degree of toxicity, all toxic substances are divided into 4 classes (GOST 12.1.007-76. SSBT. Harmful substances.

Classification and general safety requirements:

- extremely dangerous (MPC less than 0.1 mg/m3),
- highly hazardous (MPC 0.1 mg/m3 to 1.0 mg/m3),
- moderately dangerous (MPC from 1.1 mg/m3 to 10 mg/m3),
- low-hazard (maximum concentration limit more than 10 mg/m3).

Maximum allowable release - the maximum amount of a hazardous substance, the release of which industrial enterprise over a certain period will not yet lead to an excess of MPC.

Control over the content of harmful substances in the air of the working area is carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.1.005 - 88. General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area.

Hygienic requirements for the microclimate at workplaces are established by the standard GOST 12.1.005-88 "General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area", SanPiN 2.2.4.548 - 96. Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises.

Meteorological conditions (or microclimate) are characterized by the following parameters:

1. temperature, t, oC;
2. relative humidity j, %;
3. air velocity at the workplace V (m/s).

In addition, it is necessary to take into account the atmospheric pressure P, which affects the partial pressure of the main components of air (oxygen and nitrogen), and, consequently, the breathing process.

The need to take into account the main parameters of the microclimate can be explained by considering the heat balance between the organism and the environment.

The value of heat release Q by the human body depends on the degree of physiological stress in certain meteorological conditions and ranges from 85 J/s (at rest) to 500 J/s (hard work).

The release of heat by the body to the environment occurs as a result of heat conduction through clothing Qt, convection near the body Qk, radiation to the surrounding surfaces Qred, evaporation of moisture Qisp. Part of the heat is spent on heating the exhaled air.

The amount of heat given off by the human body in various ways depends on the value of one or another microclimate parameters.

Heat transfer due to evaporation depends on relative humidity and air velocity.

At rest at an ambient temperature of 1800C, the share of Qk - (convection) is about 30%, Qexc ~ 45%, Qexp ~ 20% and Qin - (exhaust air heating) ~ 5%.

Normal thermal well-being (comfortable conditions) this species works are provided subject to the heat balance Q = Qtherm.od. + Qconv.. + Qred + Qexp + Qair. At t=30-350C, the heat transfer of convection and radiation basically stops.

Humidity is of great importance for the thermoregulation of the body. High humidity (j > 85%) makes thermoregulation difficult due to a decrease in sweat evaporation, and too low humidity (j< 20 %) вызывает пересыхание слизистых оболочек дыхательных путей.

Optimum humidity - 40 - 60%.

Air movement affects the state of the body. The minimum air velocity felt by a person is ~0.2 m/s.

In winter, the air velocity should not exceed 0.2 - 0.5 m/s, and in summer 0.2 - 1.0 m/s.

In hot shops, it is allowed to increase the blowing speed up to 3.5 m/s.

GOST 12.1.005-88 establishes the optimal and permissible meteorological conditions for the working area of the premises, the choice of which takes into account:

1. season - a cold period with an average daily temperature of less than +100C and a warm period - with an average daily temperature of more than +100C t0>+100C.
2. category of work:

a. light physical work;

b. physical work of moderate severity;

in. hard physical work.

3. permanent or non-permanent workplace.
4. Temperature, relative humidity and air velocity are measured at a height of 1.0 m from the floor or work platform when working while sitting, and at 1.5 m when standing.

Production (working) environment includes everything that surrounds a person in the course of labor activity: the technical equipment of the organization, the features of technological processes and production, the condition of buildings, structures, structures and utilities, sanitary and hygienic and aesthetic environment, relationships in the work team, the level of occupational risk based on identified hazardous and harmful production factors, etc.

Dangerous and harmful production factors

Article 209 Labor Code The Russian Federation contains the concepts of harmful and dangerous production factors:

Harmful production factor- this is a production factor, the impact of which on a worker can lead him to a disease.
Hazardous production factor- this is a production factor, the impact of which on an employee can lead to his injury.

Depending on the quantitative characteristics, duration and conditions of action, certain harmful production factors can become dangerous.

In accordance with GOST 12.0.003-2015 “SSBT. Dangerous and harmful production factors. Classification” (hereinafter referred to as GOST 12.0.003-2015) and Guideline R 2.2.2006-05 “Guidelines for the hygienic assessment of working environment and labor process factors. Criteria and classification of working conditions ”(hereinafter referred to as Guideline R 2.2.2006-05), dangerous and harmful factors of the production (working) environment are usually classified according to the nature of their impact on: physical, chemical, biological and psychophysiological.

1. Dangerous and harmful physical factors

Harmful physical factors of the working environment:

increased or low temperature air of the working area;
increased humidity and air velocity;
thermal radiation - thermal load of the medium (THC-index);
non-ionizing electromagnetic fields (EMF) and radiation, electrostatic field;
permanent magnetic field (including hypogeomagnetic);
electric and magnetic fields of industrial frequency (50 Hz);
broadband EMF created by PC;
electromagnetic radiation of the radio frequency range;
broadband electromagnetic pulses;
electromagnetic radiation of the optical range (including laser and ultraviolet);
ionizing radiation; industrial noise;
ultrasound and infrasound;
vibration (local, general);
aerosols (dusts) of predominantly fibrogenic action;
natural lighting (lack or insufficiency);
artificial lighting (insufficient illumination, pulsation of the light flux, excessive brightness, high uneven distribution of brightness, direct and reflected glare);
electrically charged particles of air - air ions.

Hazardous physical factors of the working environment:

moving machines and mechanisms;
lifting and transport devices and transportable goods;
moving parts of production equipment;
electricity;
increased or decreased temperature of surfaces of equipment, materials;
location of the workplace at a height, etc.

2. Dangerous and harmful chemical factors

Chemically dangerous and harmful production factors: chemicals, mixtures, including some substances of a biological nature (antibiotics, vitamins, hormones, enzymes, protein preparations) obtained by chemical synthesis and (or) for the control of which chemical analysis methods are used, numerous vapors, gases and dust, which According to the nature of the action on the human body, they are divided into general toxic, irritant, sensitizing (causing allergic diseases), carcinogenic (causing the development of tumors), mutagenic (causing hereditary changes in the body) and affecting reproductive function (acting on the sex cells of the body).

3. Dangerous and harmful biological factors

Biologically dangerous and harmful production factors: microorganisms - producers, living cells and spores contained in bacterial preparations, pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, spirochetes, fungi, protozoa) and their metabolic products, as well as macroorganisms (plants and animals).

4. Dangerous and harmful psychophysiological factors

Psychophysiological hazardous and harmful production factors (labor severity and intensity): physical activity (static and dynamic) and neuropsychic overload (mental overstrain, overstrain of analyzers, monotony of work, emotional overload).

Hygienic standards of working conditions

All factors of the production environment are normalized in order to establish hygienic standards. The heyday of the concept of threshold exposure to harmful factors falls on the middle of the last century. The concept of threshold exposure to harmful factors in the working environment is aimed at compliance with hygienic standards of working conditions, which include:

MPC– maximum allowable concentration of chemicals;
remote control– maximum permissible level of physical pollution;
PDZ– maximum allowable value;
SDA- the maximum allowable dose of hazardous factors.

Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MACs) were established on the basis that there is a certain limit value of a harmful factor, below which it is completely safe to stay in a given area or use the product.

To establish the MPC, calculation methods, the results of biological experiments, as well as materials from dynamic observations of the health status of lindens exposed to harmful substances are used. To establish MPC, calculation methods, results of biological experiments, as well as materials of dynamic observations of the health status of persons exposed to harmful substances are used. AT recent times computer modeling methods using databases or information-predictive systems, biotesting at various objects, etc. are also widely used.

MPC standards for pollutants are calculated according to their content in the atmospheric air, soil, water and are set for each harmful substance (or microorganism) separately. MPC values are set based on the impact of harmful substances on humans, and these values are generally accepted for the entire territory and water area. Russian Federation.

MPC levels of the same substance are different for different environmental objects:

For the atmospheric air of populated areas and enclosed spaces, MPCs are set. – average daily, MPC m.r. - maximum one-time;
For the air of the working area MPC r.z. - in the working area, MPC r.s. - average shift in the working area;
For the aquatic environment MPC v1 - water bodies of the first category of water use, MPC v2 - water bodies of the second category of water use, MPC for fish farms - for reservoirs for fisheries;
MPC p. - for the soil;
MPC p.p. - for food.

The maximum one-time MPC value is set to prevent human reflex reactions during short-term exposure to impurities. The average daily value of MPC is set to prevent the general toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic effects of a substance on the human body.

Hygienic standards of working conditions (MPC, MPD)- these are the levels of harmful factors of the working environment, which, during daily (except weekends) work for eight hours, but not more than 40 hours per week, during the entire working experience should not cause diseases or deviations in the state of health detected by modern research methods, in the process of work or in the remote periods of life of the present and subsequent generations. Compliance with hygienic standards does not exclude health problems in people with hypersensitivity.

Limit value dangerous factor fire (IDZ OFP)- this is such a value of a dangerous fire factor, the impact of which on a person during the critical duration of a fire does not lead to injury, illness or a deviation in the state of health for a normatively established period of time, and the impact on material assets does not lead to the loss of their target functions or consumer qualities. The critical duration of a fire is understood as the time during which the maximum permissible value of a dangerous fire factor is reached.

Maximum allowable doses (SDA) of ionizing radiation- this is a hygienic standard that regulates the highest permissible value of an individual equivalent dose in the entire human body or in individual organs, which does not cause adverse changes in the health of persons working with sources of ionizing radiation.

This standard is established by law. In the Russian Federation, the main regulatory legal acts in the field of radiation safety are Federal Law No. 3-FZ of 09.01.1996 “On Radiation Safety of the Population” (hereinafter referred to as the Law on Radiation Safety of the Population), San Pi N 2.6.1. 2523-09 "Radiation Safety Standards (NRB-99/2009)" and SP 2.6.1. 2612-10 "Basic Sanitary Rules for Ensuring Radiation Safety (OSPORB-99/2010)".

The action of ionizing radiation is a complex process and, when exposed to the human body, can cause two types of effects that clinical medicine refers to diseases:

deterministic(causally determined) threshold effects (radiation sickness, radiation burn, radiation cataract (clouding of the lens), radiation infertility, anomalies in the development of the fetus, etc.), in relation to which the existence of a threshold is assumed, below which the effect is absent, and above - the severity of the effect depends from the dose;
Stochastic(random, probabilistic) non-threshold effects (malignant tumors, leukemia, hereditary diseases), the probability of which is proportional to the dose and for which the severity of the manifestation depends on the dose.

In radiobiological experiments at the cellular and molecular levels, the possibility of even single ionization acts to cause a violation of some hereditary mechanisms has been shown. In addition, it is impossible to exclude the possibility of the occurrence of disorders in cellular structures at low doses of radiation and somatic-stochastic and genetic effects caused by these disorders.

In the absence of direct evidence of the influence of exposure to low doses or the safety of this exposure, and taking into account the need for a careful, humane approach to standardizing radiation exposure when developing radiation safety standards, a hypothesis was proposed that there is no threshold for stochastic effects of exposure according to a linear relationship between dose and effect in the region of small doses. This hypothesis, in the form of an official concept, was accepted by the International Committee on Radiation Protection and the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation as the basis for assessing and predicting damage from the use of ionizing radiation and for implementing practical developments in the field of radiation protection. Most often, this hypothesis is called the concept of a non-threshold linear dose-response relationship.

All hygiene standards are justified taking into account an 8-hour work shift. With a longer shift, but not more than 40 hours a week, in each specific case, the possibility of working must be agreed with the territorial department of Rospotrebnadzor, taking into account the health indicators of workers (according to periodic medical examinations, etc.), the presence of complaints about working conditions and the obligatory observance of hygienic standards.

It should be noted that the excess of hygienic standards in the process of labor activity of workers leads to an increase in accidents at work, occupational diseases, work-related diseases, loss of working capacity and professional capacity for work of a significant number of workers.

The state of the production environment has a significant impact on human performance, primarily due to changes in the balance of energy costs. Unfavorable working conditions cause increased energy costs for the basic metabolism and resistance of the human body to external influences, form a negative attitude towards work. Accordingly, the possibility of energy consumption for execution is reduced. labor actions, which leads to a decrease in performance. A decrease in the overall resistance of the human body is not excluded, which leads to the development of both occupational and general diseases.

A decrease in the level of working capacity, loss of time due to illness and injury, an increase in the time spent on rest, an increase in defects and a decrease in product quality, the appearance of excessive staff turnover due to unsatisfactory working conditions, this is a far from complete list of the consequences of an unfavorable production environment leading to a decrease in efficiency. activities of organizations.

We should not forget about the colossal social damage: deterioration in the health of workers (and often, as a result, their offspring), partial or complete disability as a result of injuries and illnesses, a drop in work motivation, a decrease in income and consumption levels of people who have lost their ability to work prematurely, and their families. That is why the problems of the formation of healthy and safe conditions labor are of particular relevance in our country.

Hygienists classify human working conditions according to the degree of severity and intensity of the labor process and according to indicators of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment.

the severity of physical labor- these are mainly muscle efforts and energy costs: physical dynamic load, mass of the load being lifted and moved, stereotyped working movements, static load, working postures, body tilts, movement in space.

Labor process factors characterizing labor intensity, is the emotional and intellectual load, the load on human analyzers (auditory, visual, etc.), the monotony of loads, the mode of operation.

Labor according to the severity of the labor process is divided into the following classes : easy(optimal working conditions in terms of physical activity), moderate(permissible working conditions) and heavy three degrees (harmful working conditions).

The criteria for assigning labor to a particular class are: the amount of external mechanical work performed per shift; the mass of the load lifted and moved manually; the number of stereotyped work movements per shift; the value of the total effort applied per shift to hold the load; comfortable working posture; the number of forced bends per shift and the kilometers that a person is forced to walk when doing work.

Classification of working conditions according to severity and intensity:

Labor according to the degree of intensity of the labor process is divided into the following classes: optimal– 1st class, admissible– 2nd grade, tense- 3rd grade - work of three degrees.

The criteria for assigning labor to a particular class are:

o degree of intellectual load, depending on the content and nature of the work performed, the degree of its complexity;

: the duration of concentrated attention, the number of signals per hour of work, the number of objects of simultaneous observation; load on vision, determined mainly by the size of the minimum objects of distinction, the duration of work behind monitor screens;

, depending on the degree of responsibility and significance of the error, the degree of risk to one's own life and the safety of other people;

o monotony of labor, determined by the duration of simple or repetitive operations;

o working mode, characterized by the length of the working day and shift work.

Thus, physical work classified by gravity labor, mental- on tension.

Labor that requires physical activity, emotional, intellectual stress, responsibility is classified both according to the severity and intensity of labor.

Such types of labor include the labor of drivers, typesetters in printing houses, computer users who enter large amounts of information into memory, etc. The work of people in these professions is characterized by the stereotype of working movements involving the muscles of the fingers, hands, arms or shoulder girdle, the constancy of the working posture, the tension of the analyzers (primarily vision), the duration of concentrated observation, etc.

Occupational health is a field of medicine that studies human labor activity and the working environment from the point of view of their influence on the body, develops measures and hygienic standards aimed at improving working conditions and preventing occupational diseases. Tasks of occupational health: determination of the maximum permissible levels of harmful production factors, classification of working conditions, assessment of the severity and intensity of the labor process, rational organization of the regime of work and rest, workplace, study of the psychophysiological aspects of labor activity, etc.

When assessing the quality of the environment, it is necessary to study not only the influence of various parameters, but also their interaction and develop appropriate integrated indicators (for example, a heat stress indicator).

Hygiene methods include instrumental studies of environmental factors, physiological and clinical observations, as well as methods of sanitary inspection and medical statistics.

The parameters of the working environment that affect the state of human health are the following factors:

physical factors: climatic parameters (temperature, humidity, air mobility), electromagnetic fields of various wave ranges (ultraviolet, visible, infrared - thermal, laser, microwave, radio frequency, low frequency), static, electric and magnetic fields, ionizing radiation, noise, vibration, ultrasound, irritant aerosols (dust), illumination (lack of natural light, insufficient illumination);

chemical factors: harmful substances, including biological ones (antibiotics, vitamins, hormones, enzymes);

biological factors: pathogenic microorganisms, producing microorganisms, preparations containing living cells and spores of microorganisms, protein preparations.

According to the factors of the working environment, working conditions are divided into four classes:

o 1st grade – optimal working conditions- conditions under which not only the health of workers is preserved, but also conditions for high performance are created. Optimal standards are set only for climatic parameters (temperature, humidity, air mobility);

o 2nd grade – permissible working conditions- are characterized by such levels of environmental factors that do not exceed the established hygienic standards for workplaces, while possible changes in the functional state of the body pass during breaks for rest or by the beginning of the next shift and do not adversely affect the health of workers and their offspring;

o 3rd grade – harmful working conditions are characterized by the presence of factors that exceed hygienic standards and affect the body of the worker and (or) his offspring.

Harmful working conditions according to the degree of exceeding the standards are divided into 4 degrees of harmfulness:

o 4th grade – dangerous (extreme) working conditions- are characterized by such levels of harmful production factors, the impact of which during the work shift and even part of it creates a threat to life, a high risk of severe forms of acute occupational diseases.

Dangerous (extreme) working conditions include the work of firefighters, mine rescuers, liquidators of an accident at Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Hard and stressful work has an adverse effect on human health. So far, a person cannot refuse such activities, but as technological progress develops, it is necessary to strive to reduce the severity and intensity of labor by mechanizing and automating heavy physical work, transferring the functions of control, management, decision-making and performing stereotypical technological operations and movements to automatic machines and electronic computers. Labor activity of a person must be carried out in acceptable conditions of the production environment. However, when performing some technological processes, it is currently technically impossible or economically extremely difficult to ensure that the norms for a number of factors of the production environment are not exceeded. Work in hazardous conditions should be carried out using means personal protection and by reducing the time of exposure to harmful production factors (time protection).

Work in dangerous (extreme) working conditions (class 4) is not allowed, except for the elimination of accidents, emergency work to prevent emergencies. Work must be carried out with the use of personal protective equipment and with strict observance of the regimes regulated for such work.

Occupational health is a field in medicine that deals with the study of work activities and working conditions, taking into account their effects on the body. Also this direction is engaged in the development of hygiene standards and measures that are designed to prevent the occurrence of occupational pathologies and make working conditions safer.

The main objectives of occupational health include:

Setting the permissible impact of harmful factors on the worker's body.
Classification of labor intensity, based on the conditions of the process.
Determination of tension and severity of the work process.
Organization of the regime of rest and work, as well as the workplace in accordance with rational standards.
Research of psychophysical parameters of labor.

Assessing the quality of the worker's environment, it is necessary not only to investigate the impact of various factors, their influence on each other, but also working conditions according to the intensity of the labor process. It is also necessary to develop comprehensive indicators, which will be considered the norm. Occupational hygiene methods can be both instrumental and clinical, physiological. Methods of medical statistics and sanitary inspection are also applicable.

Classification different types the severity and intensity of labor is of particular importance for the rational organization and optimization of working conditions. Such classifications, as well as the allocation of factors of working conditions, make it possible to evaluate various types of work. In addition, this allows you to find methods for the implementation of recreational activities, taking into account the assessment of the severity and intensity of work.

Quite often, the intensity of labor is classified taking into account the expenditure of human energy in the process of carrying out work activities. Such an indicator as energy costs is determined by the degree of the coefficient of muscle labor intensity, as well as the neuro-emotional state of a person during work. Another important indicator is working conditions. A person spends 10-12 MJ per day on mental work, and workers doing hard physical work spend from 17 to 25 MJ.

The severity and intensity of labor can be defined as the degree of stress of the organism of a functional plan that occurs in the course of performing work tasks. Depending on the power of work during physical or mental labor, functional stress arises during information overload. The physical burden of labor is the load on the body during activities that require muscle tension and corresponding energy consumption.

Emotional load occurs during the performance of intellectual tasks in the processing of information. Often this type of load is called the nervous tension of labor.

Work environment factors: overview

The harmful effect on the body of the worker is determined by the factors of the working environment. Occupational health distinguishes two main factors - harmful and dangerous. A dangerous factor is the severity and intensity of labor, which can cause an acute illness or a sharp deterioration in the health of an employee or death. A harmful factor can, in the course of work and in the aggregate of certain conditions, cause occupational disease, decrease in working capacity of a temporary or chronic nature, increase the number of infectious and somatic pathologies and lead to problems in reproductive function.

Harmful production factors

Conditions affecting the intensity of working conditions can be divided into several groups:

Physical. These include humidity, temperature, electromagnetic and non-ionizing radiation and fields, air velocity, permanent magnetic fields, electrostatic fields, thermal and laser radiation, industrial noise, ultrasound, vibrations, aerosols, lighting, air ions, etc.
Chemical. Biological and chemical substances, including hormones, antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins, proteins.
Biological. Live spores and cells, harmful microorganisms.
Factors that characterize the severity of work.
Factors that characterize the intensity of work.

Assessment of severity and tension

The severity of labor is most often determined by the load on the musculoskeletal system and various body systems. The assessment of the severity and intensity of labor is characterized by an energy component and is determined by a number of indicators.

Process severity indicators

These include:

The intensity of labor characterizes the labor process. Also, the concept projects a load on the central nervous system, the emotional area and the sense organs.

Indicators of labor intensity

The data under consideration includes:

Sensory, emotional and intellectual loads.
Load monotony.
Operating mode.
Intensity and duration of intellectual load.

Age of Cyberspace

Scientific and technological progress not only provokes the creation of new professions, but also new pathogenic factors. In recent years, the importance of psychophysiological indicators of the severity and intensity of labor has increased significantly, due to the development of computer technology.

Safe working conditions are those under which the influence of production factors is minimized and does not exceed hygienic standards. The latter include MPC, or maximum allowable concentrations, and MPC, or maximum allowable levels.

Classification of labor by load

The load, depending on the severity of the work performed, is regulated in sanitary and hygienic requirements that correspond to GOST. In them, all physical types of work are divided into three categories depending on the indicators of the severity and intensity of labor and on the energy costs of the body for their implementation.

Energy consumption up to 139 watts. Work performed in a sitting position that does not include significant physical factors of labor intensity. This is a number of professions related to precision instrumentation, in the clothing industry, in the field of management. Also included are watchmakers, locksmiths, engravers, knitters, etc.
Energy consumption up to 174 watts. Work performed while standing or requiring a lot of walking. This category includes workers in the printing industry, communications enterprises, markers, bookbinders, photographers, auxiliary workers in agriculture, etc.

Third category. Includes jobs that require more than 290 W of energy consumption. These are professions that do not involve a reduction in labor intensity and include heavy physical exertion, carrying weights of more than 10 kilograms, work in the blacksmith and foundry shops, the activities of postmen, workers Agriculture, namely: tractor drivers, cattlemen, livestock breeders, etc.

Additional features of working conditions

The conditions in which a person works and their severity can be determined by a number of indicators, namely:

1. Posture and position of the body when performing work. This indicator is divided into the following types:

The horizontal position of the body. This includes high-altitude fitters, welders, mining workers, etc.
Half-bent or bent position. In this case, it is necessary to clarify the temporary stay in this position as a percentage of the total working time.
The same movements. The number of movements of the same type that an employee performs per shift is calculated. Not only the local load is taken into account, but also the regional one.

2. Standing time. To classify working conditions as severe, this condition must be constant and include not only a static position in an upright position, but also walking.

3. Tilts of the torso. Typical for agricultural workers when harvesting, weeding, and on a dairy farm and construction sites when laying floors and wall cladding. In this case, the number of slopes during the shift is specified.

4. The pace at which the required actions are carried out. This includes work on semi-automatic machines, conveyors and weaving.

5. Mode of operation. Usually hard working conditions are recognized shift schedules work or shift method, night shifts and frequent changes in the rhythm of life.

6. Exposure to vibration. The influence can be not only general, but also local. Tractor drivers, combine harvesters, harvesters, bulldozer operators, as well as employees of railway and urban transport are exposed to vibrations.

7. Meteorological working conditions. Abnormally low or high temperature conditions work, high humidity or sudden changes, air speed and drafts.

8. Exposure to radiation of any kind. This can be a magnetic field, laser or ionizing radiation, insolation, the influence of static electricity and electric fields.

9. Interaction with toxins, namely poisons and other substances harmful to humans.

10. Professional malicious features.

11. Polluted air in the workplace, high level noise and atmospheric pressure.

12. Quite often in one profession there are several factors at once, according to which working conditions can be classified as difficult.

Varieties of intellectual labor

In addition to working conditions, it is also necessary to consider the intensity and severity of work. Many fields of activity combine the mental and physical aspects. However, in modern professional fields, sensory, mental and emotional loads are prevalent. This is because mental labor is of particular importance.

Professions that are associated with the processing of a large amount of information are considered intellectual. The implementation of this kind of activity requires the tension of memory, sensory apparatus, attention, emotions and thinking.

Occupational health identifies five main intellectual activities:

Operator labor. Includes equipment management technological processes and cars. This area involves great responsibility and tension of a neuro-emotional nature.
Management work. This group includes teachers and teachers, as well as heads of organizations and enterprises. This area of activity provides for an increasing amount of information, a small amount of time for its processing and personal responsibility for decisions made. The workload is irregular and solutions are often non-standard. Sometimes conflicts may arise, the solution of which also requires a certain emotional tension.
Creation. Such professions, as a rule, include writers, artists, composers, artists, designers, architects and others. This activity involves the creation of non-standard algorithms based on many years of training and qualifications. In these areas, it is necessary to have initiative, good memory, and the ability to concentrate. All this causes increased nervous tension.
Medical workers. The following features are considered typical for all workers in this area: lack of information, close contact with sick people, a high degree of responsibility to patients.
Educational area. Students and students need to constantly strain their attention, memory, perception, be resistant to stressful situations when passing exams, tests or tests.

The stress of a neuro-emotional nature is characterized depending on the workload and density of the work schedule, the number of actions performed, the complexity and volume of information to assimilate, the time spent on the operation.

Types of working conditions according to the intensity of the work process

There are several classes that show the degree of assessment of labor intensity:

First grade. Light degree of tension. The criteria for this class are: work in one shift without going to the workplace at night, no need to make decisions in emergency mode, individual work plan, actual working day up to 7 hours, exclusion of risk to life, exclusion of responsibility for other persons. This category includes those professions that do not undergo drastic changes and do not require concentration on more than one subject. The work itself is of a small volume, for example, a secretary, a timekeeper, a typist, etc.
The second class is characterized as acceptable and has an assessment of labor intensity of an average degree. This category assumes moderate nervous tension and the performance of tasks of an average degree of complexity. Responsibility is only for specific types of activities that are typical for this field of activity. The second class includes economists, accountants, legal advisers, engineers, librarians and doctors.
The third class denotes hard work. These areas of activity involve strong mental stress, a large volume production activities, the load on attention for a long time, the ability to quickly process a large amount of information. This type of work includes heads of large organizations and enterprises, leading specialists of departments, for example, chief accountants, designers and technologists. In addition, this includes activities that provide for a continuous flow of information and an instant response to it. These can be dispatchers at airports, railway stations, duty and metro operators, television workers, telephonists and telegraph operators, as well as emergency doctors, intensive care units, etc. The latter category also implies work in time pressure, increased responsibility for decisions made with a lack of information. The length of the working day is not standardized and is usually more than 12 hours. A high degree of risk and responsibility for the lives of others are also indicators of labor intensity.
The fourth class includes extreme working conditions. They mean the presence of factors that can pose a threat to life during work or lead to the development of serious complications for the health of the worker. Such especially dangerous activities include mine rescuers, firefighters, liquidators of the consequences of the Chernobyl accident, etc. This is the hardest and most intense work that does not pass without a trace for the human condition. Working in such conditions is permissible only in case of emergency. A prerequisite is the use individual means protection.