Negative impact of harmful production factors

As a result of exposure to harmful production factors, workers may develop occupational diseases - diseases caused by exposure to harmful working conditions. Occupational diseases are divided into:

Acute occupational diseases that have arisen after a single (during no more than one work shift) exposure to harmful occupational factors;

Chronic occupational diseases that have arisen after repeated exposure to harmful production factors (increased concentration of harmful substances in the air of the working area, increased noise, vibration, etc.). .

Evaluation of working conditions by factors of the working environment

In order to identify harmful and (or) dangerous factors production environment and the labor process and assess the level of their impact on the employee, taking into account the deviation of their actual values ​​from the established enterprises are required to conduct special assessment working conditions.

Working conditions - a set of factors of the working environment and the labor process that affect the performance and health of the employee.

Evaluation of working conditions is the determination of the actual values ​​​​of dangerous and harmful production factors, the intensity and severity of labor.

The levels of hazardous and harmful production factors are determined by instrumental measurements.

The results of the survey are compared with the hygienic criteria for assessing and classifying working conditions in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process. The criteria are based on the differentiation of working conditions according to the degree of deviation of the parameters of the production environment and the labor process from the current hygienic standards and the impact of these deviations on the functional state and health of workers.

Working conditions in accordance with the hygienic criteria for assessing and classifying working conditions in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process are assessed in four classes (Fig. 1).

Rice. one

1st class - optimal working conditions- conditions under which not only the health of workers is preserved, but also conditions for high performance are created. Optimal standards are set only for climatic parameters (temperature, humidity, air mobility);

2nd grade - permissible working conditions- are characterized by such levels of environmental factors that do not exceed the established hygienic standards for workplaces, while possible changes in the functional state of the body pass during breaks for rest or by the beginning of the next shift and do not adversely affect the health of workers and their offspring;

3rd grade - harmful working conditions - are characterized by the presence of factors that exceed hygienic standards and affect the body of the worker and (or) his offspring.

Harmful Conditions labor according to the degree of excess of standards are divided into 4 degrees of harmfulness:

1st degree - characterized by such deviations from acceptable norms, in which reversible functional changes occur and there is a risk of developing the disease;

2nd degree - characterized by levels of harmful factors that can cause persistent functional disorders, an increase in morbidity with temporary disability, the appearance of initial signs of occupational diseases;

3rd degree - is characterized by such levels of harmful factors, in which, as a rule, occupational diseases develop in mild forms during the period of employment;

4th degree - conditions of the working environment under which pronounced forms of occupational diseases can occur, high levels of morbidity with temporary disability are noted.

4th grade - dangerous (extreme) working conditions- are characterized by such levels of harmful production factors, the impact of which during the work shift and even part of it creates a threat to life, a high risk of severe forms of acute occupational diseases.

Dangerous (extreme) working conditions include the work of firefighters, mine rescuers, liquidators of an accident at Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Extreme conditions are created, for example, when the MPC of harmful substances is exceeded by more than 20 times, the MPC of noise - by more than 50 dB. Hard and stressful work has an adverse effect on human health. So far, a person cannot refuse such activities, but as technological progress develops, it is necessary to strive to reduce the severity and intensity of labor by mechanizing and automating heavy physical work, transferring the functions of control, management, decision-making and performing stereotypical technological operations and movements to automatic machines and electronic computers. Labor activity of a person must be carried out in acceptable conditions of the production environment. However, when performing some technological processes, it is currently technically impossible or economically extremely difficult to ensure that the norms for a number of factors of the production environment do not exceed. Work in hazardous conditions should be carried out using means personal protection and by reducing the time of exposure to harmful production factors (time protection).

Work in hazardous (extreme) working conditions (4th grade) not allowed except for the elimination of accidents, emergency work to prevent emergencies . Work must be carried out with the use of personal protective equipment and with strict observance of the regimes regulated for such work.

Enterprises of any form of ownership are obliged to strive to create safe conditions labor.

Safe working conditions are levels of harmful production factors that, during daily (except weekends) work, but not more than 40 hours a week during the entire working experience, should not cause diseases or abnormalities in the health of the worker and his offspring. Safe working conditions are also considered working conditions in the complete absence of harmful and dangerous production factors.

Jobs are evaluated according to three main criteria:

Hygienic assessment of existing conditions and nature of work; assessment of safety of workplaces;

Accounting and assessment of the provision of employees with means of individual (collective) protection, training, etc.

- injury safety rated 1st, 2nd or 3rd class (no degree of danger).

Assessment of existing conditions and nature of work produced on the basis of instrumental measurements of physical, chemical, biological and psychophysiological factors. The classification of these factors is given in. After measurements, the class of working conditions at the workplace is determined. The most time-consuming work is the definition of the class of working conditions in terms of the severity of the labor process and labor intensity.

Classification of working conditions according to the factors of the labor process.

The severity of labor- a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the load on the musculoskeletal system and functional systems of the body (cardiovascular, respiratory, etc.) that ensure its activity. The severity of labor is characterized by physical dynamic load, the mass of the load being lifted and moved, the total number of stereotypical working movements, the magnitude of the static load, the form of the working posture, the degree of inclination of the body, and movements in space.

Labor intensity- a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the predominant load on the central nervous system, sensory organs, and the emotional sphere of the worker. The factors characterizing the intensity of labor include intellectual, sensory, emotional loads, the degree of their monotony, and the mode of work.

Overall score the severity of the labor process is made on the basis of all indicators of the severity of the labor process. At the same time, a class is first established and entered into the protocol for each measured indicator, and the final assessment of the severity of labor is established according to the most sensitive indicator assigned to the highest class. If there are two or more indicators of class 3.1 and 3.2, the overall score is set one degree higher.

The assessment of the intensity of the labor process of a professional group of workers is based on an analysis of labor activity and its structure, which are studied by chronometric observations in the dynamics of the entire working day for at least one week. The analysis is based on taking into account the whole complex of production factors (stimuli, irritants) that create the prerequisites for the emergence of adverse neuro-emotional states (overstrain). All factors (indicators) of the labor process have a qualitative or quantitative expression and are grouped according to the types of loads: intellectual, sensory, emotional, monotonous, regime. Regardless of professional affiliation (profession), all 22 indicators are taken into account. It is not allowed to selectively take into account any individual indicators for a general assessment of labor intensity.

For each of the indicators, its own class of working conditions is determined separately. If by nature or characteristics professional activity any of the indicators is not presented, for this indicator the 1st class (optimal) is put.

The final definition of the optimal, acceptable and harmful classes of working conditions is based on the number of indicators that have one or another class. The overall assessment of working conditions in terms of the degree of harmfulness and danger is established according to the highest class and degree of harmfulness. If three or more factors belong to class 3.1, then the overall assessment of working conditions corresponds to class 3.2. In the presence of two or more factors of classes 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, working conditions are rated one degree higher, respectively.

With a reduction in contact with harmful factors (time protection), working conditions can be assessed as less harmful, but not lower than class 3.1.

Factors of the working environment can have a harmful effect on the body of a working person.

In occupational health, a dangerous and harmful production factor is distinguished.

A hazardous production factor is a factor of the environment and the labor process, which can cause an acute illness or a sudden sharp deterioration in health, and even death.

A harmful production factor is a factor of the environment and the labor process, which, under certain conditions (intensity, duration, and others), can cause occupational pathology, temporary or permanent disability, increase the frequency of somatic and infectious diseases, and lead to impaired health of offspring.

All harmful production factors are divided into a number of groups.

• 1. Physical factors: temperature, humidity, air velocity, non-ionizing electromagnetic fields and radiation, electrostatic fields, permanent magnetic fields, electric and magnetic fields of industrial frequency, laser and thermal radiation, ionizing radiation, industrial noise, vibration (local, general) , ultrasound, infrasound, aerosols (dusts) of predominantly fibrogenic action, natural lighting (absence or insufficiency) or artificial, electrically charged air particles (aeroions).
• 2. Chemical factors: chemicals and some biological substances: antibiotics, vitamins, hormones, enzymes, protein preparations.
• 3. Biological factors: pathogenic microorganisms, living cells and spores.
• 4. Factors of the labor process, characterizing the severity of physical labor.
• 5. Factors of the labor process, characterizing the intensity of labor.

Any work can be characterized by heaviness and tension.

The severity of labor is a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting mainly the load on the musculoskeletal system and the functional systems of the body (cardiovascular, respiratory, etc.), which ensure its activity.

The severity of labor is determined by the energy (power) component and is characterized by certain indicators.

Indicators of the severity of labor are the physical dynamic load, the mass (weight) of the load being lifted and moved, the total number of stereotypical working movements, the magnitude of the static load, the working posture, body inclinations, and movements in space.

The intensity of labor is a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the load mainly on the central nervous system, sensory organs, the emotional sphere of the worker and the degree of its severity.

Indicators characterizing the intensity of work: intellectual, sensory, emotional loads, the degree of monotony of loads, mode of operation, duration and intensity of intellectual load (on special scales).

Modern production conditions in connection with scientific and technological progress determine the emergence of both new professions and new harmful factors of various nature (for example, physical - plasma processes). The role of psychophysiological factors increases with the introduction of computer technologies, while the physical activity of computer operators is sharply reduced, etc.

Safe working conditions - such conditions under which the impact on workers of harmful and dangerous production factors is excluded or their levels do not exceed hygienic standards.

The hygienic standards of working conditions are the developed MPCs (maximum permissible concentrations) and MPCs (maximum permissible levels).

Production (working) environment includes everything that surrounds a person in the course of labor activity: the technical equipment of the organization, the features of technological processes and production, the condition of buildings, structures, structures and utilities, sanitary and hygienic and aesthetic environment, relationships in the work team, the level of occupational risk based on identified hazardous and harmful production factors, etc.

Dangerous and harmful production factors

Article 209 Labor Code The Russian Federation contains the concepts of harmful and dangerous production factors:

• Harmful production factor- this is a production factor, the impact of which on a worker can lead him to a disease.
• Hazardous production factor- this is a production factor, the impact of which on an employee can lead to his injury.

Depending on the quantitative characteristics, duration and conditions of action, certain harmful production factors can become dangerous.

In accordance with GOST 12.0.003-2015 “SSBT. Dangerous and harmful production factors. Classification” (hereinafter referred to as GOST 12.0.003-2015) and Guideline R 2.2.2006-05 “Guidelines for the hygienic assessment of working environment and labor process factors. Criteria and classification of working conditions ”(hereinafter referred to as Guideline R 2.2.2006-05), dangerous and harmful factors of the production (working) environment are usually classified according to the nature of their impact on: physical, chemical, biological and psychophysiological.

1. Dangerous and harmful physical factors

Harmful physical factors of the working environment:

• increased or low temperature air of the working area;
• increased humidity and air velocity;
• thermal radiation - thermal load of the medium (THC-index);
• non-ionizing electromagnetic fields (EMF) and radiation, electrostatic field;
• permanent magnetic field (including hypogeomagnetic);
• electric and magnetic fields of industrial frequency (50 Hz);
• broadband EMF created by PC;
• electromagnetic radiation of the radio frequency range;
• broadband electromagnetic pulses;
• electromagnetic radiation of the optical range (including laser and ultraviolet);
• ionizing radiation; industrial noise;
• ultrasound and infrasound;
• vibration (local, general);
• aerosols (dusts) of predominantly fibrogenic action;
• natural lighting (lack or insufficiency);
• artificial lighting (insufficient illumination, pulsation of the light flux, excessive brightness, high uneven distribution of brightness, direct and reflected glare);
• electrically charged particles of air - air ions.

Hazardous physical factors of the working environment:

• moving machines and mechanisms;
• lifting and transport devices and transportable goods;
• moving parts of production equipment;
• electricity;
• increased or decreased temperature of surfaces of equipment, materials;
• location of the workplace at a height, etc.

2. Dangerous and harmful chemical factors

Chemically dangerous and harmful production factors: chemicals, mixtures, including some substances of a biological nature (antibiotics, vitamins, hormones, enzymes, protein preparations) obtained by chemical synthesis and (or) for the control of which chemical analysis methods are used, numerous vapors, gases and dust, which According to the nature of the action on the human body, they are divided into general toxic, irritant, sensitizing (causing allergic diseases), carcinogenic (causing the development of tumors), mutagenic (causing hereditary changes in the body) and affecting reproductive function (acting on the sex cells of the body).

3. Dangerous and harmful biological factors

Biologically dangerous and harmful production factors: microorganisms - producers, living cells and spores contained in bacterial preparations, pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, spirochetes, fungi, protozoa) and their metabolic products, as well as macroorganisms (plants and animals).

4. Dangerous and harmful psychophysiological factors

Psychophysiological hazardous and harmful production factors (labor severity and intensity): physical activity (static and dynamic) and neuropsychic overload (mental overstrain, overstrain of analyzers, monotony of work, emotional overload).

Hygienic standards of working conditions

All factors of the production environment are normalized in order to establish hygienic standards. The heyday of the concept of threshold exposure to harmful factors falls on the middle of the last century. The concept of threshold exposure to harmful factors in the working environment is aimed at compliance with hygienic standards of working conditions, which include:

• MPC– maximum allowable concentration of chemicals;
• remote control– maximum permissible level of physical pollution;
• PDZ– maximum allowable value;
• SDA- the maximum allowable dose of hazardous factors.

Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MACs) were established on the basis that there is a certain limit value of a harmful factor, below which it is completely safe to stay in a given area or use the product.

To establish the MPC, calculation methods, the results of biological experiments, as well as materials from dynamic observations of the health status of lindens exposed to harmful substances are used. To establish MPC, calculation methods, results of biological experiments, as well as materials of dynamic observations of the health status of persons exposed to harmful substances are used. AT recent times computer modeling methods using databases or information-predictive systems, biotesting at various objects, etc. are also widely used.

MPC standards for pollutants are calculated according to their content in the atmospheric air, soil, water and are set for each harmful substance (or microorganism) separately. MPC values ​​are set based on the impact of harmful substances on humans, and these values ​​are generally accepted for the entire territory and water area. Russian Federation.

MPC levels of the same substance are different for different environmental objects:

• For the atmospheric air of populated areas and enclosed spaces, MPCs are set. – average daily, MPC m.r. - maximum one-time;
• For the air of the working area MPC r.z. - in the working area, MPC r.s. - average shift in the working area;
• For the aquatic environment MPC v1 - water bodies of the first category of water use, MPC v2 - water bodies of the second category of water use, MPC for fish farms - for reservoirs for fisheries;
• MPC p. - for the soil;
• MPC p.p. - for food.

The maximum one-time MPC value is set to prevent human reflex reactions during short-term exposure to impurities. The average daily value of MPC is set to prevent the general toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic effects of a substance on the human body.

Hygienic standards of working conditions (MPC, MPD)- these are the levels of harmful factors of the working environment, which, during daily (except weekends) work for eight hours, but not more than 40 hours per week, during the entire working experience should not cause diseases or deviations in the state of health, detectable modern methods research, in the process of work or in the long-term life of the present and subsequent generations. Compliance with hygienic standards does not exclude health problems in people with hypersensitivity.

The maximum permissible value of the fire hazard factor (IDZ OFP)- this is such a value of a dangerous fire factor, the impact of which on a person during the critical duration of a fire does not lead to injury, illness or a deviation in the state of health for a normatively established period of time, and the impact on material assets does not lead to the loss of their target functions or consumer qualities. The critical duration of a fire is understood as the time during which the maximum permissible value of a dangerous fire factor is reached.

Maximum allowable doses (SDA) of ionizing radiation- this is a hygienic standard that regulates the highest permissible value of an individual equivalent dose in the entire human body or in individual organs, which does not cause adverse changes in the health of persons working with sources of ionizing radiation.

This standard is established by law. In the Russian Federation, the main regulatory legal acts in the field of radiation safety are Federal Law No. 3-FZ of 09.01.1996 “On Radiation Safety of the Population” (hereinafter referred to as the Law on Radiation Safety of the Population), San Pi N 2.6.1. 2523-09 "Radiation Safety Standards (NRB-99/2009)" and SP 2.6.1. 2612-10 "Basic Sanitary Rules for Ensuring Radiation Safety (OSPORB-99/2010)".

The action of ionizing radiation is a complex process and, when exposed to the human body, can cause two types of effects that clinical medicine refers to diseases:

• deterministic(causally determined) threshold effects (radiation sickness, radiation burn, radiation cataract (clouding of the lens), radiation infertility, anomalies in the development of the fetus, etc.), in relation to which the existence of a threshold is assumed, below which the effect is absent, and above - the severity of the effect depends from the dose;
• Stochastic(random, probabilistic) non-threshold effects (malignant tumors, leukemia, hereditary diseases), the probability of which is proportional to the dose and for which the severity of the manifestation depends on the dose.

In radiobiological experiments at the cellular and molecular levels, the possibility of even single ionization acts to cause a violation of some hereditary mechanisms has been shown. In addition, it is impossible to exclude the possibility of disturbances in cellular structures at low doses of radiation and somatic-stochastic and genetic effects caused by these disturbances.

In the absence of direct evidence of the influence of exposure to low doses or the safety of this exposure, and taking into account the need for a careful, humane approach to standardizing radiation exposure when developing radiation safety standards, a hypothesis was proposed that there is no threshold for stochastic effects of exposure according to a linear relationship between dose and effect in the region of small doses. This hypothesis, in the form of an official concept, was accepted by the International Committee on Radiation Protection and the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation as the basis for assessing and predicting damage from the use of ionizing radiation and for implementing practical developments in the field of radiation protection. Most often, this hypothesis is called the concept of a non-threshold linear dose-response relationship.

All hygiene standards are justified taking into account an 8-hour work shift. With a longer shift, but not more than 40 hours a week, in each specific case, the possibility of working must be agreed with the territorial department of Rospotrebnadzor, taking into account the health indicators of workers (according to periodic medical examinations, etc.), the presence of complaints about working conditions and the obligatory observance of hygienic standards.

It should be noted that the excess of hygienic standards in the process of labor activity of workers leads to an increase in accidents at work, occupational diseases, work-related diseases, loss of working capacity and professional capacity for work of a significant number of workers.

The state of the production environment has a significant impact on human performance, primarily due to changes in the balance of energy costs. Unfavorable working conditions cause increased energy costs for the basic metabolism and resistance of the human body to external influences, form a negative attitude towards work. Accordingly, the possibility of energy consumption for execution is reduced. labor actions, which leads to a decrease in performance. A decrease in the overall resistance of the human body is not excluded, which leads to the development of both occupational and general diseases.

A decrease in the level of working capacity, loss of time due to illness and injury, an increase in the time spent on rest, an increase in defects and a decrease in product quality, the appearance of excessive staff turnover due to unsatisfactory working conditions, this is a far from complete list of the consequences of an unfavorable production environment leading to a decrease in efficiency. activities of organizations.

We should not forget about the colossal social damage: deterioration in the health of workers (and often, as a result, their offspring), partial or complete disability as a result of injuries and illnesses, a drop in work motivation, a decrease in income and consumption levels of people who have lost their ability to work prematurely, and their families. That is why the problems of creating healthy and safe working conditions are of particular relevance in our country.

The definitions of the main parameters used in the field of occupational health are given in Guideline R 2.2.013-94 "Hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process."

Occupational hygiene is a system for ensuring the health of workers in the course of their work, including legal, socio-economic, organizational and technical, sanitary and hygienic, medical and preventive, rehabilitation and other measures.

Working conditions - a set of factors of the working environment and the labor process that affect the health and performance of a person.

A harmful production factor is a factor of the environment and the labor process, which can cause occupational pathology, temporary or permanent decrease in working capacity, increase the frequency of somatic and infectious diseases, and lead to impaired health of offspring.

Harmful production factors can be:

• - physical factors: temperature, humidity and air mobility, non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation (ultraviolet, visible, infrared, laser, microwave, radio frequency, low frequency), static, electric and magnetic fields, ionizing radiation, industrial noise, vibration (local, general), ultrasound, aerosols, predominantly of fibrogenic action (dust), illumination (lack of natural light, insufficient illumination), increased ultraviolet radiation;
• - chemical factors, including some biological substances (antibiotics, vitamins, hormones, enzymes);
• - biological factors: pathogenic microorganisms, producer microorganisms, preparations containing living cells and spores of microorganisms, protein preparations;
• - factors of the labor process that characterize the severity of physical labor: physical dynamic load, weight of the load being lifted and moved, stereotyped work movements, static load, working posture, body tilts, movement in space;
• - factors of the labor process that characterize the intensity of work: intellectual, sensory, emotional loads, monotony of loads, mode of work.

A hazardous production factor is a factor of the environment and the labor process that can cause injury, acute illness or a sudden sharp deterioration in health, death.

Depending on the quantitative characteristics and duration of action, certain harmful production factors can become dangerous.

Hygienic standards of working conditions - the levels of harmful production factors that, during daily (except weekends) work, but not more than 40 hours a week during the entire working experience, should not cause diseases or deviations in the state of health detected by modern research methods in the process of work or in the remote periods of life of the present or subsequent generations.

Safe working conditions - working conditions under which the impact on workers of harmful and dangerous production factors is excluded or their levels do not exceed hygienic standards.

Depending on the ratio of the levels of dangerous and harmful factors and the maximum permissible levels, working conditions are divided into four classes according to the degree of harmfulness and danger:

• 1 class - optimal working conditions;
• Class 2 - permissible working conditions that can cause functional deviations, but after a regulated rest, the human body returns to normal;
• Class 3 - harmful working conditions characterized by the presence of harmful production factors that exceed hygienic standards. They have an adverse effect on the worker and may adversely affect the offspring.
• Class 4 - dangerous (extreme) working conditions, characterized by such levels of production factors, the impact of which during the work shift (or part of it) poses a threat to life, a high risk of severe forms of acute occupational injuries.

The main hygienic characteristics of harmful substances are: maximum allowable concentration (MPC), maximum allowable emission (MPE), toxodose, average lethal toxodose and average lethal dose. The maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in the air of the working area are the maximum concentrations that are within the established working hours (no more than 40 hours per week). The unit of MPC is milligram per cubic meter. meter (mg/cu.m.).

Depending on the degree of toxicity, all toxic substances are divided into 4 classes (GOST 12.1.007-76. SSBT. Harmful substances.

Classification and general safety requirements:

• - extremely dangerous (MPC less than 0.1 mg/m3),
• - highly hazardous (MPC 0.1 mg/m3 to 1.0 mg/m3),
• - moderately dangerous (MPC from 1.1 mg/m3 to 10 mg/m3),
• - low-hazard (maximum concentration limit more than 10 mg/m3).

Maximum allowable release - the maximum amount of a hazardous substance, the release of which industrial enterprise over a certain period will not yet lead to an excess of MPC.

Control over the content of harmful substances in the air of the working area is carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.1.005 - 88. General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area.

Hygienic requirements for the microclimate at workplaces are established by the standard GOST 12.1.005-88 "General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area", SanPiN 2.2.4.548 - 96. Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises.

Meteorological conditions (or microclimate) are characterized by the following parameters:

• 1. temperature, t, oC;
• 2. relative humidity j, %;
• 3. air velocity at the workplace V (m/s).

In addition, it is necessary to take into account the atmospheric pressure P, which affects the partial pressure of the main components of air (oxygen and nitrogen), and, consequently, the breathing process.

The need to take into account the main parameters of the microclimate can be explained by considering the heat balance between the organism and the environment.

The value of heat release Q by the human body depends on the degree of physiological stress in certain meteorological conditions and ranges from 85 J/s (at rest) to 500 J/s (hard work).

The release of heat by the body to the environment occurs as a result of heat conduction through clothing Qt, convection near the body Qk, radiation to the surrounding surfaces Qred, evaporation of moisture Qisp. Part of the heat is spent on heating the exhaled air.

The amount of heat given off by the human body in various ways depends on the value of one or another microclimate parameters.

Heat transfer due to evaporation depends on relative humidity and air velocity.

At rest at an ambient temperature of 1800C, the share of Qk - (convection) is about 30%, Qexc ~ 45%, Qexp ~ 20% and Qin - (exhaust air heating) ~ 5%.

Normal thermal well-being (comfortable conditions) this species works are provided subject to the heat balance Q = Qtherm.od. + Qconv.. + Qred + Qexp + Qair. At t=30-350C, the heat transfer of convection and radiation basically stops.

Humidity is of great importance for the thermoregulation of the body. High humidity (j > 85%) makes thermoregulation difficult due to a decrease in sweat evaporation, and too low humidity (j< 20 %) вызывает пересыхание слизистых оболочек дыхательных путей.

Optimum humidity - 40 - 60%.

Air movement affects the state of the body. The minimum air velocity felt by a person is ~0.2 m/s.

In winter, the air velocity should not exceed 0.2 - 0.5 m/s, and in summer 0.2 - 1.0 m/s.

In hot shops, it is allowed to increase the blowing speed up to 3.5 m/s.

GOST 12.1.005-88 establishes the optimal and permissible meteorological conditions for the working area of ​​the premises, the choice of which takes into account:

• 1. season - a cold period with an average daily temperature of less than +100C and a warm period - with an average daily temperature of more than +100C t0>+100C.
• 2. category of work:

a. light physical work;

b. physical work of moderate severity;

in. hard physical work.

• 3. permanent or non-permanent workplace.
• 4. Temperature, relative humidity and air velocity are measured at a height of 1.0 m from the floor or work platform when working while sitting, and at 1.5 m when standing.

test

To analyze working conditions in the industry in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process (to analyze for case study)

Working conditions play an important role in a person's working life. Working conditions are a combination of factors in the working environment and the labor process that affect the performance and health of an employee. One of the most important components of labor protection is protection from industrial hazards - that is, factors that negatively affect the health of workers. Working conditions are divided into 4 classes:

b Optimal working conditions (1st class) - conditions under which

the health of employees is preserved and prerequisites are created for maintaining a high level of efficiency. Optimal standards of production factors are established for microclimatic parameters and factors of the labor process.

l Permissible working conditions (2nd class) - are characterized by such

the level of environmental factors and the labor process, which does not exceed the established hygienic standards for workplaces, and possible changes in the functional state of the body are restored during regulated rest or by the beginning of the next shift and should not have an adverse effect on the health of workers in the near and long term. Permissible working conditions are conditionally classified as safe.

b Harmful working conditions (3rd class) - characterized by the presence

harmful production factors that exceed hygienic standards and have an adverse effect on the body of the worker. Harmful working conditions according to the degree of excess of hygienic standards and the severity of changes in the body of workers are divided into 4 degrees of harmfulness:

1st degree of the 3rd class - working conditions are characterized by such deviations in the levels of harmful factors from hygienic standards that cause functional changes that are restored with a longer (than by the beginning of the next shift) interruption of contact with harmful factors and increase the risk of damage to health;

2nd degree of the 3rd class - working conditions under which the level of harmful factors causes persistent functional changes, leads in most cases to an increase in occupational morbidity, to the appearance of initial signs or mild forms of occupational diseases that occur after a long period of work (often after 15 years or more);

3rd degree of the 3rd class - working conditions characterized by such a level of harmful factors, the impact of which leads to the development of occupational diseases of mild and moderate severity (with loss of professional ability to work) during the period of employment, the growth of chronic (production-caused) pathology, including increased levels of morbidity with temporary disability;

4th degree of the 3rd class - working conditions under which severe forms of occupational diseases can occur (with loss of general ability to work), there is a significant increase in the number of chronic diseases and high level morbidity with temporary disability.

b Dangerous (extreme) working conditions (4th class) -

are characterized by levels of production factors, the impact of which during the work shift (or part of it) poses a threat to life, a high risk of developing acute occupational injuries, including in severe forms.

Work environment factors include: microclimate parameters; the content of harmful substances in the air of the working area; the level of noise, vibration, infra - and ultrasound, illumination, etc.

Fig.1 The main elements characterizing the working conditions in production.

The labor process is determined by indicators of the severity and intensity of labor. In a general assessment, the factors of the working environment are divided into:

· A hazardous production factor is a factor of the environment and the labor process, which can cause an acute illness or a sudden sharp deterioration in health, and even death.

A harmful production factor is a factor of the environment and the labor process, which, under certain conditions (intensity, duration, and others), can cause occupational pathology, temporary or permanent disability, increase the frequency of somatic and infectious diseases, and lead to impaired health of offspring.

The severity of labor is a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the load on the musculoskeletal system and functional systems of the body (cardiovascular, respiratory, etc.). Indicators of the severity of labor are the physical dynamic load, the mass (weight) of the load being lifted and moved, the total number of stereotypical working movements, the magnitude of the static load, the working posture, body inclinations, and movements in space.

· Labor intensity is a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the load mainly on the central nervous system, sensory organs, the emotional sphere of the worker and the degree of its severity. Indicators characterizing the intensity of work: intellectual, sensory, emotional loads, the degree of monotony of loads, mode of operation, duration and intensity of intellectual load (on special scales).

If, for example, we analyze the working conditions of the printing industry in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process, then on the basis of the Order of the State Committee of Ukraine on industrial safety and labor protection dated December 03, 2007 No. 287, labor protection rules for enterprises and organizations of the printing industry:

Sanitary microclimate standards (temperature, humidity and air velocity) at workplaces must be in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.1.005-88 and DSN 3.3.6.042-99 "State sanitary norms for the microclimate of industrial premises", approved by the decision of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor Ukraine dated 01.12.99 No. 42.

· The intensity of infrared radiation from heated equipment and insolation at workplaces should not exceed the standards specified in GOST 12.1.005-88 SSBT "General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area" and DSN 3.3.6.042-99.

The temperature of the surfaces of heated equipment accessible to touch should not exceed 43 Cº, according to DSTU EN 563-2001 "Safety of machines. Temperatures of surfaces accessible to touch. Ergonomic data for setting the temperature limits of hot surfaces (EN 563: 1994, IDT) ". Heating devices and equipment elements with an external surface temperature above 43Сє must be provided with thermal insulation or a fence and signal paint should be applied to them in accordance with GOST 12.4.026-76.

· In production and auxiliary buildings and premises, natural lighting should be used as much as possible.

· The level of vibration that affects workers at the workplace should not exceed the values ​​in DSN 3.3.6.039-99 "State sanitary standards for industrial general and local vibration", approved by the decision of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of Ukraine dated 01.12.99 No. 39.

· The permissible noise level at workplaces should not exceed the values ​​of DSN 3.3.6.037-99 "Sanitary norms for industrial noise, ultrasound and infrasound", approved by the decision of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of Ukraine dated 01.12.99 No. 37.

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Actual and standard values ​​of the measured parameters: Indicators of intensity of the labor process Class of working conditions 1 2 3.1 3.2 3...

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In the course of studying the factors, the following are determined: - production factors characteristic of each workplace ...

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Working conditions are a combination of factors of the working environment and the labor process that affect the health and performance of a person in the labor process ...

The severity of the labor process is assessed in accordance with these "Hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process" ...

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The intensity of the labor process is assessed in accordance with these "Hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process" ...

Individual and collective protective equipment

The production environment is the space in which human labor activity is carried out. Elements of the production environment: - objects of labor; - means of labor (tool, technological equipment, cars, etc...

Classification of working conditions and their examination

Collective and individual funds protection

dangerous harmful work safety Centuries-old human practice gives grounds for the assertion, which formed the basis of the main axiom of life safety, that any activity is potentially dangerous...

Collective and individual means of protecting workers

One of the most important conditions for the normal life of a person when performing professional functions is to maintain the thermal balance of the body ...

1. Intelligent loads. Intellectual loads consider the labor process from the point of view of its mental activity. They are expert...

Methods for assessing labor intensity

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In the process of labor activity in the working area, harmful and dangerous production factors that affect a person arise. Hazardous production factor - production factor ...

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The main functional element of the automated fuel supply minder's workplace is vertical panels on which information display devices are mounted in the form of recording and indicating devices (thermometers ...