Social entrepreneurship is the concept of world and Russian experience. Social entrepreneurship: essence and development prospects in Russia. Prerequisites for the emergence, formation and development of entrepreneurship

02.12.2021

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All-Russian State Tax Academy

Faculty of Finance and Economics

Department of Management Psychology

Course work

in the discipline "Sociology and Psychology of Management"

Social entrepreneurship: essence and development prospects in Russia

Performed

student of UPO-201 group

Sorokopud Yu.S.

supervisor

Professor Osipova O.S.

Moscow, 2012 G.

Introduction

We live in a world far from ideal. It is not easy for disadvantaged people and people with limited opportunities and resources to realize themselves in the modern world, society often does not provide them with the necessary opportunities and resources. It is precisely the fact that the modern world and its system do not provide a fair development of society, especially that part of society that is often considered "outcasts" - the poor strata of society and people who are limited in their abilities, is one of the reasons for the growing popularity of social entrepreneurship ideas.

One of the most important stages in the fight against poverty in the world is the creation of jobs, and social entrepreneurship is the most competitive and successful in this direction. The task of social enterprises is to contribute to the solution of social problems of society, to help ensure people's livelihood. Social enterprises provide jobs for hundreds of thousands of people in various fields: food production, marketing, lending, insurance, transportation, etc. Social enterprises open up employment opportunities for the disabled, marginalized groups of the population, youth, and women.

In many countries of the world, social enterprises work quite closely together with government organizations, both at the national and local levels.

Today, entrepreneurs and socially responsible businesses around the world receive support from non-profit organizations, foundations, governments and individuals. However, despite the fact that the benefits of social entrepreneurship are clear to many, there are many difficulties with its development. Until now, there is not even a consensus on what constitutes a “social enterprise” and who can be called a social entrepreneur. Some argue that the term "social entrepreneur" should only refer to the founders of organizations whose main source of income is the fees of their clients. Others believe that a social entrepreneur is someone who performs work under government contracts, while others consider a social entrepreneur to be those who rely primarily on grants and donations.

Disputes between scientists, experts and practitioners of social entrepreneurship about which organizations are considered a social enterprise and which are not, do not stop.

The purpose of my course work is to study the main aspects of social entrepreneurship. The relevance of the research topic is determined by the important role of the object of study in the context of the transformation of socio-economic relations in Russia. Social entrepreneurship has become an integral part of modern society and greatly influences its further development. Thus, my term paper helps to understand what “social entrepreneurship” is in the modern world, in particular in Russia, its functioning, as well as prospects for further development.

Objectives of the course work:

1) reveal the concept of social entrepreneurship and its essence;

2) consider the functioning of social entrepreneurship, especially in Russia;

3) conduct testing among students in order to determine the propensity for social entrepreneurship and analyze the results.

The object of the study is students of the All-Russian State Tax Academy of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.

The subject of the study is the ability of the individual to social entrepreneurship.

Chapter 1

1.1 Key characteristics of entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurial activity is distinguished by a number of features, which allows us to speak of entrepreneurial activity as a narrower concept than the concept of "economic activity".

The main and mandatory features of entrepreneurial activity are:

independent activity;

the purpose of the activity is to make a profit;

the systematic nature of profit;

economic risk;

the fact of state registration of participants.

The absence of any of the five signs means that the activity is not entrepreneurial.

1. Entrepreneurial activity can be carried out both by the owner himself and by the entity managing his property on the basis of economic management rights with the establishment of the limits of such management by the owner of the property.

Independence in the organization of production is complemented by commercial freedom. The business entity determines the ways and means of selling its products, selects counterparties with whom it will deal. Economic ties are secured by agreements.

An important condition for commercial freedom is free pricing. However, in the economy, absolute freedom of producers does not exist. the entrepreneur has complete independence in the sense that there is no authority over him that issues commands: what to do, how and how much. It is not free from the market, from its strict requirements. Therefore, we can only talk about certain limits of independence.

2. Entrepreneurial activity involves the systematic receipt of profit, which is the product of a specific human resource - entrepreneurial abilities. This work is not easy and combines, firstly, the manifestation of the initiative to combine material and human factors for the production of goods and services, secondly, the adoption of extraordinary decisions on the management of the company, the organization of labor and, thirdly, the introduction of innovations through the production of new type of product or a radical change in the production process. All this gives reason to talk about entrepreneurship as a professional activity aimed at making a profit.

Having independence, organizing production in his own interests, the entrepreneur takes responsibility within the limits determined by the organizational and legal form of the enterprise for the result of his activity. The property liability of an entrepreneur is his obligation to suffer adverse property consequences due to offenses committed on his part. Its size depends on the organizational form of the enterprise.

3. The Civil Code specifies the main subjective feature, i.e. an indication of the systematic receipt of profit is introduced. Isolated cases of profit making are not entrepreneurial activities. Systematicity is characterized by the duration and regularity of profit, which is determined by the professionalism of the entrepreneur. Thus, the Civil Code of the Russian Federation states that for an entrepreneur, it is not so much the field of activity itself that is important, but the systematic profit.

4. A sign of entrepreneurial economic relations is economic risk. Risk constantly accompanies business and forms a special way of thinking and behavior, the psychology of an entrepreneur. Risk is the possible adverse property consequences of the entrepreneur's activities, not due to any missed opportunities on his part. The risky nature of activities can lead not only to bankruptcy, but also be detrimental to the property interests of citizens and organizations.

The entrepreneur is responsible for the risk with his property, but not only with it. Losses are also possible that affect his status in the labor and capital markets (competitiveness, professional reputation, psychological assessment, etc.).

5. State registration of participants in entrepreneurial activity is a legal fact that precedes the start of entrepreneurial activity. Business entities must be registered in this capacity to obtain the status of an entrepreneur. Engaging in systematic profit-making activities without state registration entails legal liability.

Entrepreneurial activities can be carried out by both legal entities and citizens. Among legal entities, commercial organizations fully enjoy this right. However, for some activities, a commercial organization must obtain a license. There are types of activities for which the monopoly of state enterprises has been established (production and trade in weapons).

1.2 The essence of social entrepreneurship

Social entrepreneurship is an entrepreneurial activity aimed at mitigating or solving social problems, characterized by the following main features:

social impact (eng. social impact) -- targeted focus on solving / mitigating existing social problems, sustainable positive measurable social results;

innovation - the use of new, unique approaches to increase social impact;

self-sufficiency and financial sustainability - the ability of a social enterprise to solve social problems as long as it is necessary and at the expense of income received from its own activities;

scalability and replicability -- scaling up the activities of the social enterprise (at the national and international level) and dissemination of experience (models) in order to increase social impact;

entrepreneurial approach - the ability of a social entrepreneur to see market failures, find opportunities, accumulate resources, develop new solutions that have a long-term positive impact on society as a whole.

Social entrepreneurship is successful when there is some innovative idea that leads to an unusual combination of resources. Companies of this nature are often exotic, pursuing what others have abandoned, exploiting gratuitous or underused resources, and creating social good in ways that others miss.

Social entrepreneurship is a new way of socio-economic activity that combines the social purpose of the organization with entrepreneurial innovation and the achievement of sustainable self-sufficiency. It is based on the operation of so-called social enterprises - enterprises created to solve a specific social problem or problems, operating on the basis of innovation, financial discipline and business practices adopted in the private sector.

In this paper, the concepts of "social entrepreneurship" and "social enterprise" are considered as conjugated, where social entrepreneurship means a process, activity, and social enterprise - its carrier, organizational structure, within and through which the corresponding activity is reproduced, achieves social and economic results.

The very definition points to several fundamental features of social entrepreneurship:

one). the primacy of the social mission over commerce, which means that the enterprise is intended to solve a real social problem or significantly reduce its severity; at the same time, the social effect is not a by-product of activity, as in entrepreneurship, but a direct purposeful result (in turn, this determines the direction of the profit received for the social goals of the organization, and not in the pocket of investors or owners);

2). the existence of a sustainable commercial effect that ensures the self-sufficiency and competitiveness of the enterprise (the best guarantee of this is the receipt of income mainly from the sale of goods and services, and not grants and charity, which, however, are not excluded as additional financial resources);

3). the innovation with which social and economic resources are combined -- without which neither the sustainability of the social mission nor the economic sustainability is possible once an organization has taken on the task of solving an unresolved social problem -- i.e. the transformation of the existing undesirable social order into a more favorable one.

It is the undesirable social order that has developed in some area that can be a natural prerequisite for the emergence of non-standard socio-economic organizations, such as social enterprises. Otherwise, the social problem would already be solved by means of traditional sectors of the economy - state, private or non-profit. Such problems of a sustainable but undesirable “social order” can include problems that are found in many countries, such as long-term unemployment among ethnic minorities, social exclusion of the disabled, and local ones, such as the decline of traditional fishing villages or environmental damage from massive seasonal burning. garbage.

If we talk about the economic consequences, then social entrepreneurship increases the overall economic efficiency, as it introduces into the economic circulation resources that were not previously used in this capacity. This applies to unused material and human resources - production waste, socially excluded groups, solidarity and trust of people when they are united by a common goal, and so on. New combinations of available resources have a similar effect, such as using the concept of wrestling to re-educate young people, bundling fishermen into a direct online fish sales company for restaurants; creation of a non-profit power plant to finance social projects, etc.

According to experts, the idea of social entrepreneurship gained popularity as it “touched the nerve” and “very much suited” the modern era. This idea is supported by a variety of facts and considerations.

1.3 History of the development of social entrepreneurship

entrepreneurship social testing

The terms "social entrepreneurship" and "social entrepreneur" were first mentioned in the 1960s in the English-language literature on social change. They became widely used in the 1980s, thanks in part to the efforts of Bill Drayton, founder of Ashoka: Innovation for Society, and Charles Leadbeater. In the 1950s-1990s, Michael Young played an important role in the development of social entrepreneurship. Harvard professor Daniel Bell has called Young "the world's most successful social entrepreneur" due to his role in building over 60 organizations around the world, including several Schools of Social Enterprise in the UK. Another famous British social entrepreneur is Lord Mawson MBE. Andrew Mawson received a peerage in 2007 for his work in the economic and social renewal and improvement of urban areas. He is the author of The Social Entrepreneur and runs Andrew Mawson Partnerships, a company that promotes his expertise.

Although the term "social entrepreneurship" is relatively new, the phenomenon itself has a long history. Examples of social entrepreneurship include Florence Nightingale, founder of the UK's first nursing school, who developed and promoted progressive nursing standards; Robert Owen, founder of the cooperative movement; Vinobu Bhave, founder of the Indian Earth for a Gift movement. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, some of the most successful social entrepreneurs contributed to the spread of innovations whose usefulness was so highly valued that they were introduced on a national scale with the support of the state or business.

One well-known contemporary social entrepreneur is 2006 Nobel Peace Prize winner Muhammad Yunus, founder and manager of the Gremin Bank and associated social venture group. The activities of M. Yunus and the Grameen Bank are an example of an important feature of modern social entrepreneurship: the implementation of social tasks using business principles often brings great success. In some countries, including Bangladesh and to a lesser extent the United States, social entrepreneurs take on tasks that the state, which plays a limited role, does not take on. In other countries, in particular in Europe and South America, they work quite closely together with government organizations, both at the national and local levels.

1.4 Social entrepreneurship in Russia

In Russia, social entrepreneurship appeared at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. An example of social entrepreneurship is the House of Diligence, founded by Father John of Kronstadt. Here, everyone in need (from single mothers to the homeless) could find a job, receive shelter and care. The idea of houses of industriousness subsequently spread throughout Russia.

Social entrepreneurs in modern Russia today are divided into three categories.

The first are representatives of specialized enterprises (for example, enterprises working with the visually or hearing impaired), which were modernized after perestroika and became commercial organizations (for example, Volgograd enterprises for the visually impaired - "Etalon" for the production of lids for canning and " Luch, which produces household paper products: napkins, toilet paper).

An example from the second category is non-profit and charitable organizations that have embarked on a commercial footing. Most of them are in Russia. The Nadezhda Charitable Foundation operates in St. Petersburg, which produces rehabilitation equipment for the elderly, the disabled, and people who have suffered a serious injury. "Nadezhda" signed an agreement with the Social Insurance Fund and all products - strollers, crutches, etc. -- people receive free of charge by providing medical certificates about the need to purchase rehabilitation equipment for medical reasons. "Nadezhda" also opened a paid rental point that provides rehabilitation equipment for the period of collecting certificates (after the necessary certificates are collected, the rental cost is returned to the client). In Rybinsk, the women's society of social support "Woman, Personality, Society" works with low-income mothers of many children and, under it, the "Merry Felt" workshop, which produces felt toys, jewelry and other art products. In Tula, an example of social entrepreneurship is the Berezen household services salon - here, in a social hairdressing salon, a photo workshop or an atelier for tailoring and repairing clothes, a shoe repair shop, citizens are served by disabled people. For large families, the disabled, pensioners and low-income citizens who come to the salon, the prices for services are provided at a discount. In Nizhny Novgorod, the charitable public organization "Care" works with both the elderly and young people - it has many social projects to its credit. A labor exchange, a sewing workshop, a computer club, the production and packaging of various kinds of goods, psychological training, legal advice - not charitable, but profitable, successful social and commercial projects.

The most advanced category of social entrepreneurs are representatives of small businesses, new businesses whose goal is not profit, but a methodical solution to the problems of socially unprotected categories of citizens. Dospekhi LLC is successfully operating in Moscow - an organization engaged in the production of an orthopedic system that allows people with injuries or diseases of the spine that have led to paralysis of the legs to move independently. In Yekaterinburg, the Scientific and Social Center Elfo LLC is engaged in the psychological and physical rehabilitation of children with the help of hippotherapy.

1.5 Prospects for the development of social entrepreneurship in Russia

Despite the seriousness of the problems associated with small business, domestic small business has prospects for further development.

First of all, it is necessary to limit small businesses from bureaucracy, make the registration procedure as simple as possible, reduce the number of regulatory bodies and inspections, and continue the process of reducing the number of licensed activities and products.

It is necessary to eradicate corruption, which is not only dangerous from a moral point of view, but also impedes economic growth, significantly raises prices, and distorts competition.

It is necessary to significantly reduce the tax burden on small businesses. This is especially important for start-up entrepreneurs, primarily in such activities as innovation, manufacturing, construction, repair and construction, and medical.

Attention should be focused on the concentration of all financial resources intended to support small businesses (federal and regional budgets, the Federal Fund for Support of Small Business, various extrabudgetary sources) in the most important priority areas, and create a system of loan guarantees for it. For newly created small businesses, it is necessary to widely use leasing and franchising. If the franchising system is gaining more and more positions in our country, then leasing is only in its infancy. Further development these forms of activity among small businesses should be promoted by large enterprises.

More energetic work is needed to develop the infrastructure of small businesses, develop the banking system, and various funds to support small businesses. Small businesses should be able at any moment to get advice and free assistance on opening and functioning, on marketing strategy, protecting their interests, and on any other problem.

Much work remains to be done in the field of training and advanced training of entrepreneurs. About 8 million people, or almost 12% of the total employed population in the country, work in the small business sector, and this number will increase from year to year. More and more young, energetic people are coming into small business. Meanwhile, according to opinion polls, over 70% of young entrepreneurs believe that they need to acquire special knowledge in the field of small business. The task of professional training of managers of such enterprises is especially urgent. Today, there are about 900,000 small businesses operating in the country. According to some estimates, only 20-30% of them have managers with special professional education. Consequently, for about 700 thousand enterprises, managers act on a whim, taking into account their abilities and experience. This hinders the further development and improvement of the efficiency of small businesses.

In accordance with the Federal Law “On Licensing Certain Types of Activities” dated August 8, 2001 No. 128-FZ, local authorities do not have the right to introduce any permits other than the licenses listed in this law. However, permits for trade or for some other type of activity, from fire inspection to sanitary and epidemiological supervision, remain common practice. Most of the survey respondents answered that competition is currently a more serious problem for them than state regulation. For the first time since the beginning of Russia's transition to market economy entrepreneurs cited competition as the most important issue. Such attention to competition indicates that the Russian economy is becoming a truly market economy, entrepreneurs are more concerned about the behavior of competitors than the behavior of officials. To a certain extent, they have adapted to the behavior of officials, and they will have to constantly adapt to competition.

Thus, small businesses in Russia have reserves for further development. According to tentative estimates, in the coming years the number of small enterprises in Russia may increase to 1.4 - 1.5 million units. Their products can be estimated at 2.8 - 3.2 trillion. rub. thus, occupying approximately 14-15% of the country's GDP, small businesses can take their rightful place in the Russian economy.

Chapter 2

Methodology: testing

Purpose of testing: The purpose of testing is to obtain independent objective information about students' preparedness for social entrepreneurship.

Testing task: Analysis of test results and compilation of objective information about the ability of social entrepreneurship among students.

Working hypotheses of the study:

1) Formation of an objective view of the ability for social entrepreneurship among students in the conditions of the test.

2) The application of the obtained test results will increase knowledge about the students' abilities for social entrepreneurship.

The practical part of the course work is based on testing, which includes 21 questions and is aimed at determining the individual's propensity for entrepreneurship.

The survey was conducted among students of the All-Russian State Tax Academy of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.

The study involved 15 people - 2nd year students of the Faculty of Finance and Economics. The age of the respondents is from 18 to 20 years. Respondents were asked to answer questions by choosing one of two pre-given answers. On the basis of the points obtained, the number of which is added up depending on the answer to a particular question, the degree of entrepreneurial abilities is determined. It, according to this questionnaire, can be "weak" - if the respondent scored less than 12 points, "medium" - from 12 to 16, "strong" - from 16 or more. Answer scheme - a choice of two options: yes, no. Each positive answer gives one point. Below is a table that correlates the questions and the number of answers given to them. The test allows you to assess the level of your entrepreneurial abilities (Author T. Matveeva).

Methodology: mini-questionnaire

Do you know what social entrepreneurship is?

Yes 4 pers. 27%

No 11 people 73%

Would you like to engage in social entrepreneurship? (This question was asked only to those who know what social entrepreneurship is.)

Yes 4 pers. 100%

There was no "no" answer.

Analysis of results

According to the results of testing, 5 people were identified among the respondents

33% of those who would be more entrepreneurial than average, 4 - 27% of people showed average results, and 6 - 40% - less than average.

This is partly due to the fact that not everyone and not always able to objectively assess themselves and their capabilities. Also of great importance is the mood, age of the respondents. All this tells us that, after a while, the same people will most likely answer the same questions differently, respectively, they will show different results, therefore, any technique cannot guarantee absolute reliability. Thus, only 5 out of 15 people are fully prepared to engage in entrepreneurial activities at this stage, i.e. every third. Respondents were also asked two questions related specifically to social entrepreneurship. Based on the results, one can see that social entrepreneurship is much less popular and only 27% of respondents know about it. I think this is due to the fact that social entrepreneurship is a fairly new phenomenon for the modern world as a separate institution, although it appeared quite a long time ago.

Conclusion

The idea of "social entrepreneurship" has touched the hearts of many people. This phrase is the best suited for our time. It combines a passion for a social mission with the discipline inherent in business. It is definitely time for an entrepreneurial approach to social problems.

While the concept of "social entrepreneurship" is gaining popularity, different people interpret this phrase in different ways, causing confusion. Many associate social entrepreneurship solely with non-profit enterprises that become commercial or begin to make a profit. Others use the term to describe only the activities of those who organize non-profit enterprises. Still others under this phrase mean the business that integrates the principles of social responsibility into its business processes.

Many government and philanthropic efforts fall far short of our expectations. The main institutions of the social sector are often found to be incompetent, inefficient and unresponsive. And today we need social entrepreneurs to develop new models for the new century.

The language of social entrepreneurship may be new, but the phenomenon itself has been known for a long time. Social entrepreneurs have always existed, although they were never named. It was these people who originally built many of the institutions we now take for granted. Nevertheless, the new name plays an important role, because it implies the blurring of the old boundaries of different fields of activity. In addition to innovative non-profit enterprises, social entrepreneurship can also include socially oriented businesses (such as the community of development banks), or various hybrid organizations that combine commercial and non-profit elements (these include, for example, shelters for homeless, in which the business is based on educating and employing their wards).

The new language allows social entrepreneurs to expand their former field of activity and find even more effective methods for realizing their social mission. Social entrepreneurship describes rather extraordinary principles of behavior. These principles should be encouraged and nurtured in those who have the ability and temperament for this kind of work. Then we could achieve much more.

Should everyone aspire to be a social entrepreneur? No. Not every good social sector actor is well suited to the role of an entrepreneur. And also in business. Not every good businessman is an entrepreneur. Society needs different types and styles of leaders. Social entrepreneurs are just one breed of leader and should be seen as such. Our study is intended to highlight their distinctive features and show that being a social entrepreneur is not so easy. And we need social entrepreneurs to help us find new ways of social improvement as we enter the new century.

List of used literature

1. Small business in Russia: Textbook., Chapek V.N., Maksikov D.V., ed. Phoenix, 2010

2. Kabachenko T.S. Psychology in human resource management. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2003.

3. Andreeva G.M. Social Psychology. M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1980.

4. A. A. Timofeeva. The history of entrepreneurship in Russia: a study guide. Moscow: Flinta, 2011

5. Lawton A., Rose E. Organization and management in public institutions. M.: 1993.

Appendix

Questionnaire

	Are you able to bring the work you have started to the end, despite all the obstacles?
	Are you able to insist on the decision made or are you easily persuaded?
	Do you like to take on the responsibility of leading?
	Do you enjoy the respect and trust of your colleagues?
	Does your health allow you to engage in entrepreneurial activities?
	Are you ready to work 12-14 hours a day with no immediate payoff?
	Do you like to communicate and work with people?
	Are you able to convince and infect others with your confidence in the correctness of the chosen case?
	Do you understand the actions and deeds of others?
	Do you have experience in the area you want to start your business in?
	Are you familiar with the current procedure for taxation, payroll, income tax returns, bookkeeping?
	Will there be demand in your city or region for the product or service you are going to offer?
	Are other small entrepreneurs of your profile doing well in your city (region)?
	Do you have in mind a room that can be rented? If you do not have a room, does the area of \u200b\u200byour apartment (house) allow you to organize your business at home?
	Are you ready for the fact that your business will not generate income for six months or a year?
	Do you have sufficient financial resources to support your business during the first year of its existence?
	Do you have sufficient initial capital to start a business?
	Do you have the opportunity to attract relatives and friends to finance the business being created?
	Do you have suppliers of the materials you need in mind?
	Do you have smart specialists in mind who have the experience and knowledge that you lack?
	Are you sure that having your own business is your main goal?

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The concept of social entrepreneurship

What social entrepreneurship? Activities, characterizing it, are determined very in an interesting way. So, social entrepreneurship should be understood as entrepreneurial activity, primarily aimed at mitigating or resolving social problems.

It is important to note that social entrepreneurs form a business model with unique characteristics. Its profit consists in increasing the social good. It needs to be added that social entrepreneurship, activities, corresponding to it, differ from business with a corporate social responsibility type (CSR). The fact is that in the second case, only part of the profit, and not its entire amount, is directed to solving problems of a social nature.

Related Definitions

Development of social entrepreneurship closely related to the following definitions:

Social impact is nothing more than a targeted focus on mitigating or solving urgent social problems; sustainable social outcomes of a positive nature that can be measured.
Innovation is the use of new techniques that increase the degree of social impact on society.
Financial stability and self-sufficiency is nothing more than the ability of a socially oriented structure to solve social problems for as long as there is a need for this, and at the expense of the income that comes from its own economic activity.
Replicability and scalability - some scaling up economic activity social structure (both nationally and internationally) and dissemination of the model (experience) in order to increase the degree of social impact.
Entrepreneurial approach - the ability of an entrepreneur entering into market failures, accumulating resources, finding opportunities, forming new solutions that can positively influence both individual social groups and society as a whole on a long-term basis.

Social Entrepreneurship: Governance and Models

Through the analysis of currently relevant activities, the following models of social entrepreneurship can be distinguished:

Charity sales. Usually this includes shops of services or commercial products. As a rule, their proceeds are transferred directly to a charitable foundation. Vivid examples of such structures are the following stores: "BlagoBoutique", "Thank you", the art gallery "White Horse" and so on.
Solving the issue of employment of mothers with children under three years of age, disabled people, as well as individuals who are in a difficult life situation. For example, in the store "Naive? Highly!" the formation of souvenirs is carried out by people with mental disorders, and the restaurant "In the dark" employs only blind people.

Additional destinations

As it turned out, characterizing social entrepreneurship activities do not have clear boundaries. Therefore, in the literature, as a rule, only approximate models (directions) of the corresponding activity are given. The options presented in the previous chapter are by far the most common. However, the following points are inferior to them to a minimum extent:

Social entrepreneurship organizations to create services that are not fully provided by the state. A striking example of this situation is the Vasilek kindergarten, located in Moscow.
Provision of services of a unique focus, for example, the taxi service "Invataxi" implements a transport service exclusively for the disabled.
Socially oriented entrepreneurship aimed at the development of the territory and local society. For example, the Kolomenskaya pastila museum, which houses exhibits of the lost taste, and the formation of an urban brand around pastila, as well as an environmentally friendly delivery project clean production LavkaLavka, implemented to support rural producers living in the Moscow region.

Small business entities

socially oriented the projects presented in the previous chapters are organized through the efforts of social entrepreneurs. So, the following structures and citizens can act as the latter:

Commercial organizations.
Organizations of a non-profit type.
Individual entrepreneurs.

Signs of social entrepreneurship

Subjects of social entrepreneurship are engaged in organizing and promoting activities that correspond to the following features:

Social impact. In other words, the activities of the structure, one way or another, are aimed at mitigating the actual problems of a social nature.
Social entrepreneurship (examples presented above) is determined by such a feature as innovativeness. Thus, in the course of its own activities, the company must use new unique methods of work.
A sign of financial stability. In other words, the enterprise is obliged to solve social problems at the expense of the income that it receives from its own economic activity.
And finally, it is scalable. That is, the structure, one way or another, has the ability to transfer previously acquired skills to other enterprises, markets, and even other countries.

What follows from this?

Having fully analyzed the features presented in the previous chapter, it can be judged that due to such an interesting entrepreneurial approach, the category considered in the article differs significantly from the usual traditional charity. Why? The fact is that in addition to the social effect, the activities of social companies are aimed at making a profit, which is very important for business structures today.

Development in different countries

To date, social entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation has not become as widespread as in other countries. The strategic director of the Russian Social Innovation Laboratory Clouswatcher expressed his point of view on this matter. He explained that social entrepreneurship is a newly formed economic sector, so many points in this case are debatable.

Thus, social entrepreneurship is usually classified as either a non-profit or a commercial field of activity. The specialists of the Laboratory of Social Innovations believe that the direction considered in the article exists and develops in accordance with its own laws. This means that a social entrepreneur can be considered absolutely any entrepreneur who has official obligations to regularly carry out a certain set of actions of a social nature to solve socially significant problems.

History pages

In the 1980s, the concept discussed in the article became popular in society thanks to the activities of Bill Drayton, who founded the Ashoka company. However, the direction appeared in reality long before this moment. Thus, in the Russian Federation, social entrepreneurship appeared at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

A striking example of such entrepreneurship is the House of Diligence, which was founded by Father John of Kronstadt. Subsequently, such structures began to rapidly gain popularity in society. In accordance with their meaning, they realized the function of labor exchanges, where every needy person had the opportunity to find a job.

However, social entrepreneurship only gained real popularity at the turn of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. It is no coincidence that the world Nobel Prize was awarded for the first time in 2006 for the direction under consideration. It is important to add what the founder of the Grameen Bank organization, which has a microfinance character, Muhammad Yunus, received.

Expert point of view

According to experts, the category of social entrepreneurship significantly increases economic efficiency indicators. Why? The fact is that it puts into circulation those resources that were not previously used in such quantities. Moreover, the above provision applies not only to unused material (for example, industrial waste), but also to those that exclude the use of human resources. So, the latter include socially prohibited groups, which include the poor, ethnic diasporas, and so on.

Thus, Coimbatore Prahalad formulated a very interesting approach to social entrepreneurship in his own works. In accordance with this provision, one can notice the following: if you do not consider the poor as a burden or a victim, but see them as consumers and entrepreneurs, then mechanically a large number of opportunities open up not only for the poor, but also for business.

Conclusion

In accordance with the foregoing, it can be concluded that by working for the disadvantaged or poor, a business has the opportunity not only to be profitable, but also to significantly expand the market, as well as attract a large number of new consumers. In order for this state of affairs to become possible, large-scale companies need to work closely with state organizations of local authorities and civil society.

It is important to note that foreign experience related to the support of social entrepreneurship is very broad in scope. Separately, it is worth noting the activities of organizations in South Korea. Why? The fact is that it is there that the promotion of socially oriented business today is a priority task of national importance. Thus, all social entrepreneurs in South Korea are required to undergo certification. This gives them a significant advantage in terms of competition with conventional business entrepreneurs.

In our country, this type of activity has not yet become widespread, but society is developing, so this business will soon become very popular.

The transition of the Russian economy, like any other, to market relations is inevitably associated with the formation and development of entrepreneurship. So, speaking about the economy in general and about the market economy in particular, one inevitably has to focus on entrepreneurship as an integral part of economic activity. Entrepreneurship in different economic areas differs in form and, especially, in the content of operations and methods of their implementation. But the nature of the activity leaves a significant imprint on the type of goods and services that the entrepreneur produces or provides. An entrepreneur can produce goods and services himself, acquiring only factors of production. It can also purchase finished goods and resell it to the consumer. Finally, the entrepreneur can only connect producers and consumers, sellers and buyers. The general rejection of entrepreneurship is gradually turning into an awareness of the need to create conditions for its fast the most efficient and effective development. There is no doubt that entrepreneurship in Russia is the future.

The purpose of this work is to study the theoretical and practical problems of entrepreneurship.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to study the following tasks:

Consider the prerequisites for the emergence, formation and development of entrepreneurship;
To study the essence, functions and principles of entrepreneurship;
Consider the problems of entrepreneurship;
Consider the subjects and objects of entrepreneurial activity;
Analyze the main organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship;
Consider business support funds.

1. Prerequisites for the emergence, formation and development of entrepreneurship

The economic reforms being carried out in Russia, for all their inconsistency and inconsistency, were a condition for the formation and development of entrepreneurship. As the experience of countries with developed market economies shows, entrepreneurial activity plays a very important role in the economy, affects economic growth, market saturation with goods, and the creation of additional jobs. In other words, entrepreneurial activity contributes to the solution of many urgent economic, social and other problems.

In the transitional economy of Russia, economic prerequisites are gradually being created for the development of enterprises with various forms of ownership. The private sector is being formed, which is accompanied by the liquidation of the old, pre-reform structures, the creation of new institutions of a market economy, a new financial and credit mechanism.

Russia's transition to a market economy has actualized the problem of entrepreneurship, which is a necessary component of a market economy.

It should be noted that in modern literature on economic theory much attention is paid to the content of entrepreneurship and the assessment of its impact on the economy. Thus, the classic of modern microeconomic theory A. Marshall, speaking of the main feature of a market economy, draws attention to the "freedom of production and entrepreneurship." R. Cantillon drew attention to the phenomenon of entrepreneurship as a phenomenon of modern times that replaced the feudal Middle Ages and proved that in addition to landowners and mercenaries of various kinds, people appeared who, at their own peril and risk, rushed to market exchange in order to make a profit. This approach to the interpretation of the concept of entrepreneurship is quite legitimate.

It should be noted that in economic theory there was another approach to understanding entrepreneurship. So, a hundred years after Cantillon, the theoretical concept of J.B. Say, which is based on such economic concepts as capital, land, labor, factors of production, a combination of factors. Entrepreneurship itself was interpreted as operating the factors of production. This means that the factors of production are extracted in one place where they give a small income, then they are moved, and a new combination of them in another place gives a greater income.

Say's concept is applicable to any form of entrepreneurial activity and therefore has acquired the authority of the classical formula of entrepreneurship. Almost all research on entrepreneurship contains direct or indirect references to Say's concept.

Entrepreneurship is associated with risk. Therefore, an entrepreneur is defined as a person who takes the risk of decisions made on his own initiative. Indeed, in a market environment, any economic entity operates in conditions of uncertainty and therefore risks.

The Austrian scientist J. Schumpeter associated entrepreneurship with innovation. In accordance with this concept, the result of the entrepreneur's activity leads to changes in the material content, forms and methods of labor. It is the impact on the acceleration of economic processes that is a specific property of an entrepreneur.

Speaking about entrepreneurship, one should take into account its relationship with the socio-economic environment. Free enterprise can be formed as a phenomenon in the case of the implementation of four groups of interrelated prerequisites: political, economic, legal and psychological.

The group of political prerequisites assumes the political stability of society in the country and its democratization. Free enterprise as a mass phenomenon can take place if the government enjoys the confidence of the people.

The group of economic prerequisites means the transformation of state enterprises into joint-stock companies and the emergence in the country of various economic structures with various forms of ownership.

The group of psychological prerequisites includes the elimination of the misunderstanding of social justice as equality - equality of opportunity.

A group of legal prerequisites suggests that free enterprise can function successfully if a country has a set of laws that support entrepreneurs, and do not outlaw their activities.

The beginning of the formation of entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation is considered to be the adoption in 1992 of the decision of the Russian government that destroyed the institutions of administrative regulation of production. Thus, the State Planning Committee, which developed centralized plans and forecasts for socio-economic development, was abolished. The State Committee for Material and Technical Supply ceased to exist, which, in accordance with the national economic plan, provided all sectors with the means of production.

So, for example, Russian small business (the main part of entrepreneurship) was born on July 18, 1991, when the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 446 introduced criteria for classifying enterprises as small, defined general conditions and rules for their functioning.

At the beginning of the reforms, there was a powerful breakthrough of people into private entrepreneurship, primarily in its small forms. In 1992, about 190 thousand new small enterprises were created, 1.4 times more than in 1991. This process played a decisive role in the emergence of the private sector in Russia, the filling of which was mainly due to small enterprises. By 1995, about 65% of all Russian private enterprises were small.

Over the past years, a legal framework has been created to regulate entrepreneurial activity. The goals and objectives of the state policy in the field of support and development of entrepreneurship are determined. Mechanisms for the implementation of targets have been developed and structures have been created that bring them to life. A network of service organizations has been formed that provides enterprises with educational, informational, consulting, and financial services.

The achieved level of entrepreneurship development is clearly reflected by state statistics: by the end of 2000, the number of small enterprises amounted to about 891 thousand, approaching the level of 1994. By the end of 2006, the total number of permanent employees in small enterprises was about 12.0 million people or 12% of the total number of employees in Russian enterprises. At the beginning of 2008, the number of small enterprises is already 1.137 million units, which indicates the progressive development of the small business sector.

Entrepreneurship is not going smoothly. There are still quite a few people in Russia who do not accept entrepreneurship, trust the former totalitarian system of centralized management, and the most conservative circles dream of restoring command and control structures and declaring entrepreneurship illegal.

2. Essence, functions and principles of entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship is the subject of many disciplines. Hence the multiplicity of its interpretations and definitions. The essence of entrepreneurship, as an economic category, is due to its nature and features as a specific type of economic behavior, the ability of economic entities to respond to a potential source of benefit.

Entrepreneurship is an initiative, associated with economic risk and aimed at finding the best ways to use resources, an activity conducted with the aim of generating income and increasing property.

By its economic nature, entrepreneurship is inextricably linked with the market economy and is its product. As a property of economic activity, it externally manifests itself in the desire to extract additional benefits in the process of exchange. Meanwhile, exchange itself is not yet a source of entrepreneurship. It becomes such when it becomes an integral part of a single economic turnover, and production for exchange becomes the defining function of economic entities. Commodity production is historically and genetically the starting point of entrepreneurship. Exchange, firstly, stimulates the search for new opportunities, i. initiative. Secondly, it is in the process of exchange that the entrepreneur sees a source of possible benefit, which is both a motive and an assessment of the success of his initiative. Thirdly, when faced with similar persons in the process of exchange, the entrepreneur perceives his activity as competitive. Fourth, as a mechanism for meeting social needs, exchange determines the social nature of entrepreneurial activity.

The essence of the phenomenon of entrepreneurship is revealed in its functions: economic and social.

Economic function of entrepreneurship lies in the fact that it ensures continuous institutional change and development of the entire economic system of society, constantly updates the environment with innovations, breaks the old routine structures, opens the way for various transformations. The economic function of entrepreneurship contributes to increasing the efficiency of production, the quality of products and services, and the introduction of the achievements of scientific and technological progress.

Social function of entrepreneurship lies in the fact that it softens the spontaneous impact of the market by addressing the issues of social security of people and collectives. This function contributes to the growth of the cultural and educational level of the population, protects its low-income strata from inflation, etc.

Considering in more detail the explicit functions of small, medium and large businesses, it can be seen that in basic terms they coincide. The differences lie in the potential for each type of business to implement these functions in the most efficient way. For example, the function of organizing production, which provides for an assessment of the economic situation, the development of an action plan, the organization of administrative management and control over the implementation of the plan, is most effectively implemented by large enterprises due to superiority internal organization and the resulting economies of scale. For these reasons, it is large, and not small, enterprises that derive the main benefit from scientific and technological progress, since they can relatively quickly increase their fixed capital and use the most productive methods and production technologies.

A socially significant latent function of small business is the function of shaping the environment and the spirit of entrepreneurship, without which a market economy is impossible. In contrast to large-scale small business, in most of its forms, it is accessible to very many people already because it does not require impressive initial investments of capital. Low capital intensity and short terms of construction or reconstruction in comparison with large facilities are important advantages of small economic forms. It is also necessary to highlight the essential function of small business - the function of maintaining and strengthening political and social stability in society. This is achieved through the creation of new jobs by small businesses, as well as by expanding the layer of owners. An important role is played by the social function of small business - the financial filling of the revenue part of local budgets, since its taxation in most Western countries is carried out at the municipal level. Gradually, a similar situation begins to take shape in Russia.

Public functions of big business are specific. First of all, they should include the function of exercising real economic power in the country. The function of foreign economic representation of the national economy can also be attributed to a certain extent to the number of latent social functions of big business. It is big business that is the dominant subject of international foreign economic activity. The role of transnational corporations (TNCs), which dominate the international product markets, is especially great in this area.

A socially significant function of large business is the function of ensuring stable employment, professional and career growth for the vast majority of the population. Due to the virtual lack of opportunities to obtain loans, a high degree of entrepreneurial risk, small enterprises go bankrupt much more often than large ones. Among the public functions of big business is the function of filling the revenue part of the state budget of the country.

However, the function of the multiplier, the driving force of economic growth, is especially socially significant and at the same time latent for entrepreneurship. The economic nature of entrepreneurship is characterized through its principles Keywords: initiative, commercial risk and responsibility, combination of factors of production, innovation.

Entrepreneurship is an initiative activity. The constant desire to search for something new, whether it is the production of new products or the development of new markets, in a word, the search for new opportunities for profit is the hallmark of an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurial initiative is the desire to realize the opportunities provided by the process of market exchange itself, carried out for the mutual benefit of the participants in this process. Entrepreneurship should not be associated with deceit and violence, but with the extraction of benefits through the satisfaction of social needs - with the "spirit of non-violent acquisition."

The initiative requires a certain economic freedom. When the level of regulation of entrepreneurial activity is too high, initiative activity decreases, turning into business stagnation. In this sense, creating conditions for enhancing the initiative of business entities is the key task of the transition to entrepreneurship.

Although risk is an organic component of entrepreneurial activity, entrepreneurship itself is not associated with risk appetite. The focus of the entrepreneur on the treatment of market uncertainty and his own benefit is a decisive factor in his decision-making. It is not human qualities in the form of reckless risk-taking, but the expected reward that drives the entrepreneur to take risks. Therefore, the amount of risk he takes on directly depends on the likely increase in income.

Commercial risk differs from risk in general in that it is based on a sober calculation and consideration of possible negative consequences. The desire for success here is always balanced by economic responsibility. The economic responsibility that accompanies the risk puts before the entrepreneur the task of mastering the risk and managing it. And if the entrepreneur is not able to abolish market uncertainty, then it is quite possible for him to reduce the risk. The most well-known mechanism for reducing risk is insurance, which allows you to transform the risk into insignificant additional costs. The problem, however, is that the innovative nature of entrepreneurial activity makes it extremely difficult to reliably assess the likely risk, thereby narrowing the possibilities for applying insurance specifically in the field of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial initiative, on the contrary, involves the creation of new, previously unseen situations, the probable outcome of which is very difficult, and sometimes impossible, to assess. Consequently, the opportunities for insurance of business activities are reduced. Another way to reduce risk is to share it with other stakeholders. Meanwhile, while helping to reduce risk (possible losses for an individual participant), this method undermines entrepreneurial motivation, since entrepreneurial income will be divided among the participants in the enterprise.

Risk as a property of entrepreneurial activity characterizes not only the specifics of entrepreneurship. It also has a general economic significance. The presence of risk forces the entrepreneur to scrupulously analyze the options for possible alternatives, choosing the best and most promising of them, which leads to progressive shifts in the productive forces and an increase in the efficiency of social production. On the other hand, the presence of risk in entrepreneurial activity requires the application of certain restrictions and regulations in relation to it.

The movement of resources for their more efficient use is only a general formula for a more complex process of increasing the efficiency of resource use. Another, more complex form of increasing the efficiency of resource use is combination of factors of production . Its essence is to find the most rational combination of factors by replacing one factor with another. By varying the factors of production, the entrepreneur not only ensures the transition to a more efficient use of the resource, but also, manifesting itself in new technologies, ensures the progressive course of social productive forces. In the process of industrialization of the economy, combination based on the "principle of substitution" becomes the determining factor in generating income, and the "spirit of rationalism" permeates the entire content of entrepreneurship and is identified with it.

At the same time, it would be an unforgivable omission to reduce the essence of combination only to the issue of efficient use of resources. The entrepreneur also combines in the field of more complex parameters that ensure the stability of the entrepreneurial structure itself. When the market mechanism, for whatever reasons: scarcity of resources, instability of supplies, difficulties in monitoring the fulfillment of obligations, does not provide the proper level, the entrepreneur begins to combine with the elements of the mechanism itself. He removes individual elements from the market sphere and includes them in the structure of his own organization, changing the nature of the mechanism for redistributing resources. Therefore, the content of the combination function is wider than the "principle of substitution", and it itself can act as a factor in the transformation of the resource allocation mechanism.

Being social in nature, entrepreneurial activity is aimed at meeting social needs. But the entrepreneur does not take on property risk out of charitable motives. The material interest expressed in income is the incentive motive for entrepreneurial activity. However, it should be borne in mind that not every income is the result of entrepreneurship. It acts as such only when it appears to be the result of a better use of the factors of production. Therefore, various types of rental income, interest on capital cannot be considered as income from entrepreneurship. In reality, entrepreneurial income is presented in the form of economic profit, which is a direct form of entrepreneurial motivation. Profit is a source of income for the entrepreneur and the development of the company, serves as an indicator of the efficiency of the use of resources and evaluation of investment opportunities, and finally, an assessment of success and a psychological incentive. This suggests that, even without outwardly manifesting itself, profit, nevertheless, occupies a dominant place in the hierarchy of the entrepreneur's goals.

Thus, as a business manager, an entrepreneur strives to provide stable conditions for the implementation and development of his entrepreneurial function. From this side, his task is to balance the multidirectional forces that allow him to effectively carry out the entrepreneurial function in the long term. At the same time, realizing the function of the owner, he must ensure the highest return on the resources used, which is expressed in maximizing profits. The resolution of this contradiction can take a variety of forms, but all of them ultimately come down to ensuring an acceptable rate of profit. Satisfaction with profit means nothing more than a compromise between the various sides of the entrepreneurial function.

However, it would be unfair to focus only on the acquisition motivation of entrepreneurship, losing sight of the creative work it performs.

The main principles that entrepreneurs should be guided by in their activities:

1) The right choice of business strategy based on marketing research.

2) Creation of conditions for rapid adaptation to the requirements of the market of production, the range and quality of products, the management system of the production and marketing activities of the company

3) Active influence on demand, the market and the consumer through advertising, pricing policy, an effective system of control over the sphere of commodity circulation

4) An entrepreneur should not be afraid of competition

5) Carry out business planning

6) Do not be afraid to take loans

7) Diversify your production

8) Mechanize and automate your production.

3. Problems of entrepreneurship

During the transition to a market economy, Russia faced many problems that had to be solved as quickly as possible. First of all, it was necessary to define property rights and decide who would be allowed to own enterprises owned by the state, how, by what mechanism and at what prices the transfer of property would be carried out. It was also necessary to create capital markets, banking, financial and monetary systems. Efficient planning and accounting systems had to be developed in order to assess the value of firms and to judge the results of their activities in the most objective way. It was necessary to revise existing laws in order to legalize new forms of economic relations, new types of property and new types of transactions.

It was necessary to select and train managers who could work in a market system and compete in their own country and in the world market. It was also necessary to achieve recognition by the population of the new rules of the game.

The challenge was to develop competition and regulatory policy and find a way to deal with the problems that arise from the fact that the mere privatization of gigantic inefficient enterprises creates a system of gigantic inefficient private monopolies.

It was necessary to determine the procedure for the state termination of subsidies to various industries and develop tax systems that could provide funding for government activities.

Finally, it was necessary to decide whether, and if so, when, the closure of uncompetitive firms would be allowed, and to create social assistance services that would take over the solution of social problems arising from the inevitable economic imbalances both during the transition period and after it. completion.

Most of these problems apply to small businesses as well. The problems of the further development of small business in Russia remain basically the same as those noted in the materials of the 1st All-Russian Congress of representatives of small enterprises:

insufficiency of initial capital and own working capital;
difficulties in obtaining bank loans;
increased pressure from criminal structures;
lack of qualified accountants, managers, consultants;
difficulties in obtaining premises and extremely high rents;
limited opportunities for obtaining leasing services;
lack of proper social protection and personal security of owners and employees of small enterprises, etc.

It is no coincidence that the 2nd All-Russian Conference of Small Businesses, held in March 2001 in Moscow, was called "Reasonable Regulation for Civilized Entrepreneurship". The conference aimed to identify the sources of excessive administrative barriers in the development of entrepreneurship.

The fact is that among the problems hindering the development of small businesses, in second place after the tax burden are excessive administrative barriers. They not only hinder the development of entrepreneurship, but also create another state problem forcing small businesses to go into the shadow economy.

In early 2003, the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade, on behalf of the President of the Russian Federation, conducted an inventory of the control functions of state bodies and found out how many people are directly related to supervision. As a result of the inventory, it turned out that common system There is no state control in Russia. 43 federal ministries and departments have 65 inspection organizations. Only 55 of them employ 1065 thousand people. More than 423 of them are endowed with the right of direct state control, the rest serve them. There is no doubt that these numerous inspectors are focusing on small businesses, restricting, shackling, and often stopping their activities.

Experts who analyze the turnover of the shadow economy estimate it at least 40% of the gross national product. At the same time, there has been a gradual decrease in the share of the shadow economy in Russia in recent years.

1) high level taxation;

2) unavailability of credit resources;

3) administrative barriers.

Small businesses in Russia face great difficulties in their activities. The main problem is the insufficient resource base, both logistical and financial. In practice, we are talking about creating a new sector of the economy. For decades, we did not have such a sector to any significant degree. This, in particular, meant the absence of trained entrepreneurs. The bulk of the population, who lived "pay to pay", could not form a reserve of funds necessary to start their own business. It is clear that the extremely strained state budget cannot become a source of these funds. It remains to hope for credit resources. But even they are insignificant and, moreover, extremely difficult to implement with constant inflation.

The situation can hardly seriously change in the right direction, unless we finally move from words to deeds in public support for constructive small business. There is no reason to count on a significant increase in the material, technical and financial resources available for this, at least in the near future.

Therefore, it is necessary to create mechanisms for preferential lending, taxation, and various kinds of preferences, including those related to foreign economic activity. Their point is to ensure that the needs of the people are better served while creating the conditions for the consistent development of entrepreneurship.

The next problem is the legal framework that small businesses can now rely on. So far, to put it mildly, it is imperfect, and in many very significant provisions it is completely absent. The difficulty is that, firstly, there is no single legislative framework for today's activities of domestic small businesses, and secondly, the existing disparate regulations are far from being fully implemented.

At present, small business is in conditions that are very remote from those that should be inherent in market relations. On the contrary, there is a tendency to surround it more and more with the old framework of the planning-administrative system with its almost all-embracing planning and strict regulation with the help of limits, funds, etc.

There is no system for carrying out an in-depth analysis of the activities of small businesses, there is no proper accounting of the results of their work, there are practically no reports on those indicators that entitle these enterprises to enjoy tax benefits.

The access of small enterprises to high technologies is limited, since their purchase requires significant one-time financial costs.

Another problem is staffing. Unfortunately, there are far fewer qualified entrepreneurs than the economy really needs.

Despite the seriousness of the problems associated with small business, domestic small business has prospects for further development.

First of all, it is necessary to protect small businesses from bureaucracy, make the registration procedure as simple as possible, reduce the number of regulatory bodies and inspections, and continue the process of reducing the number of licensed activities and products. It is necessary to eradicate corruption, which is not only dangerous from a moral point of view, but also impedes economic growth, significantly raises prices, and distorts competition.

Attention should be focused on the concentration of all financial resources intended to support small businesses (the federal budget, regional budgets, the Federal Fund for Support of Small Business, various extrabudgetary sources) in the most important priority areas, and create a system of credit guarantees for it.

For newly created small businesses, the widespread use of leasing and franchising is necessary. If the franchising system is gaining more and more positions in our country, then leasing is only in its infancy. The further development of these forms of activity should be facilitated by large enterprises.

Much work remains to be done in the field of training and advanced training of entrepreneurial personnel. About 8 million people, or almost 12% of the total employed population in the country, work in the small business sector, and this number will increase from year to year. More and more young, energetic people come to small business. The task of professional training of managers of such enterprises is especially urgent.

In recent years, the number of applications for new licenses has decreased, which has undoubtedly made life easier for small businesses. At the same time, 80% of all issued licenses cost entrepreneurs more than the fee established by law, and 77% of all licenses and decisions held by the head of firms are issued for a period of less than the five years prescribed by law.

In accordance with the Federal Law of August 8, 2001 No. 128-FZ "On Licensing Certain Types of Activities", local authorities do not have the right to introduce any permits other than those listed in the Law on Licensing.

Thus, despite a fairly large number of problems and obstacles, small businesses in Russia have reserves for further development.

4. Subjects and objects of entrepreneurial activity

The main subject of entrepreneurial activity is the entrepreneur. However, the entrepreneur is not the only subject; in any case, he is forced to interact with consumer as its main counterparty, as well as with state, which in various situations can act as an assistant or opponent. Both the consumer and the state also belong to the category of subjects of entrepreneurial activity, as well as employee(unless, of course, the entrepreneur does not work alone), and business partners (if the production is not isolated from public relations) (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1 Business entities

In the relationship between the entrepreneur and the consumer, the entrepreneur belongs to the category of an active subject, and the consumer is characterized primarily by a passive role. When analyzing the side of these relationships the consumer acts as an indicator of the entrepreneurial process. This is understandable, therefore, everything that constitutes the subject of an entrepreneur’s activity has the right to be realized only in the case of a positive (positive) expert evaluation of the consumer. Such an assessment is carried out by the consumer and acts as the willingness of the latter to purchase a particular product. An entrepreneur, when planning and organizing his activities, in no way can ignore the moods, desires, interests, expectations, assessments of the consumer.

An entrepreneur in a market system of relations has no other way to influence the consumer, except to act in unison with his interests. However, this situation does not mean at all that the entrepreneur is obliged to act only in strict accordance with the already identified interests of the consumer. The entrepreneur himself can form consumer demand, create new consumer needs. This is exactly what the proposition about two ways of organizing entrepreneurial activity boils down to: on the basis of the revealed interest of the consumer or on the basis of "imposing" a new product on him.

Thus, the goal of the entrepreneur is the need to "win" the consumer, to create a circle of his own consumers.

The role of the state as a subject of the entrepreneurial process may be different depending on social conditions, the situation in the sphere of business activity, and the goals that the state sets for itself.

Depending on the specific situation, the state may be:

. an obstacle to the development of entrepreneurship, when it creates an extremely unfavorable environment for the development of entrepreneurship or even prohibits it;

. by an outside observer, when the state does not directly oppose the development of entrepreneurship, but at the same time does not contribute to this development;

. entrepreneurial process accelerator, when the state conducts a constant and active search for measures to involve new economic agents in the entrepreneurial process (often such a purposeful activity of the state causes an "explosion" of entrepreneurial activity and leads to a "boom" of entrepreneurship).

An employee as an implementer of the ideas of an entrepreneur also belongs to the group of subjects of the entrepreneurial process. It is on him that the efficiency and quality of the implementation of an entrepreneurial idea depends.

It is known that each economic entity has its own interests. As for the entrepreneur and the employee, part of their plans coincide (the higher the profit, the higher wage, for example), and some are polar opposite (the entrepreneur is not interested in high wages, but the hired worker is). In such cases the parties are forced to search for compromise options, which, in general, forms the basis of the relationship between these two subjects of the entrepreneurial process.

Partnerships (real and potential) play a very important role in entrepreneurship. Each entrepreneur, when planning his activities, when developing a business plan, must take into account the possibility of establishing the necessary partnerships. For example, if you are planning to produce, say, kitchen furniture, then you will naturally try to determine where, from whom and under what conditions, presumably (and whether there is such a possibility), you will be able to purchase everything necessary for organizing production (wood, other components, fittings, equipment, machines, etc.). Without such an approach, business planning is impossible.

Thus, when planning his activities, an entrepreneur considers a partner (partners) as a subject of the entrepreneurial process, on the form of relationships with which the level of efficiency of his activity depends.

The objects of commercial activity are fixed assets and working capital, as well as other tangible and intangible assets and financial resources, the value of which is reflected in the company's independent balance sheet. Shareholders exercise the right to own, use and dispose of the property of the company.

The company has the right to dispose of its property at its own discretion, including selling, transferring to other enterprises for a fee and free of charge, writing off the balance.

Possession and use of property that does not belong to the company on the basis of ownership is carried out on the basis of its lease with subsequent redemption or without it, and other legal grounds. The Company owns and uses land and other natural resources in accordance with the procedure established by law.

The company is liable for its obligations with all its property, which, under the current legislation, may be levied.

The authorized capital of the company is formed by Money, property deposits, income from the sale of intellectual property of shareholders. The authorized capital can be replenished with the personal property of the shareholders, transferred to the company for subsequent sale and transfer of the proceeds to the account of the shareholder's contribution to the authorized capital.

5. Organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship

According to Civil Code in the Russian Federation there are the following organizational and legal forms of enterprises: business partnerships, companies and production cooperatives.

Business partnerships and companies are recognized as commercial organizations with the authorized (share) capital divided into shares (contributions) of the founders (participants). Property created at the expense of contributions of founders (participants), as well as produced and acquired by a business partnership or company in the course of its activity, belongs to it by the right of ownership.

Business partnerships can be created in the form of a general partnership and a limited partnership (limited partnership). Participants in general partnerships and general partners in limited partnerships may be individual entrepreneurs and (or) commercial organizations.

A general business partnership is a closed-type association based on shared ownership with a limited number of participants who are fully liable for the obligations of the partnership with all their property. It may be established by at least two persons. Therefore, in the case when the only participant remains in the existing partnership, it must be liquidated or transformed into another form.

A limited partnership is a closed-type association that includes, along with the participants who bear full property liability for the obligations of the partnership, contributors whose liability is limited to the size of the contribution made.

A limited partnership is created on the same grounds as a general partnership, with the only difference being that it must include at least one contributor (limited partner). In the event of the retirement of all depositors, it must be liquidated or transformed into another form.

Business companies may be created in the form of a joint-stock company, a limited liability company or an additional liability company. Participants business companies and investors in limited partnerships can be citizens and legal entities. State bodies and bodies of local self-government are not entitled to act as participants in economic companies and investors in limited partnerships, unless otherwise provided by law.

A limited liability company is an organizational form of entrepreneurship based on the pooling of the capital of a limited number of participants who are not liable for the obligations of the company.

A limited liability company may be founded by one or more participants, the number of which must not exceed the legally established limit of their number. In their activities, companies of this type are guided by the Memorandum of Association signed by the founders and the Charter approved by them, reflecting the main provisions of the organization and management of the company. The formation of the company's assets is carried out at the expense of the contributions of the founders. And although the capital of a limited liability company is divided into shares, the company is not entitled to issue shares and similar securities. The minimum size of the statutory fund for companies of this type is regulated by law and must be at least 100 minimum monthly wages, and if the volume of the company's net assets drops below the established value, the company is liquidated.

An additional liability company is an organizational form of entrepreneurship based on the pooling of the capitals of a limited number of participants who assume additional property liability determined by them for the obligations of the company.

A joint-stock company (JSC) is a formation based on the pooling of capital by issuing shares, the participants of which do not bear property liability for its obligations, except in the amount of the value of the company's securities acquired by them.

A distinctive feature of a joint-stock company is the division of its capital into a certain number of shares distributed among the participants, which, however, does not exclude the creation of a joint-stock company by one person, acting in this case as the holder of the entire block of shares. Given the specifics of the functioning of a JSC, the formation of its capital is regulated by law. The authorized capital of a joint-stock company consists of the nominal value of shares placed among the founders. At the same time, its minimum value is set at 1,000 minimum monthly wages, and open subscription for shares is allowed only after full payment by the founders of the statutory fund. An increase in the statutory fund to cover losses is not allowed, and its reduction is possible only after notification of all creditors. A joint-stock company is also not entitled to pay dividends, both before the full payment of the authorized capital, and in the case when the net assets of the company are less than the authorized capital or may become less after the payment of dividends. However, JSCs can use such an instrument for increasing assets as bonds only after the third year of their existence and for an amount not exceeding the size of the authorized fund. At the same time, the law allows for the possibility of overcoming these requirements, provided that the issue of bonds is secured by third parties.

The main organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship according to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation have the following gradation. (fig.2)

Fig. 2 Main organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship

6. Entrepreneurship support funds

At present, the role of small enterprises is growing significantly. Their creation is of great importance, as it contributes to an increase in employment of the population: it ensures the development of production, goods and services. Entrepreneurship support funds are being formed at the federal and regional levels. Regional funds and small business support centers have been established in 73 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Special state bodies carry out financial and credit and other measures to support small businesses.

The development of small enterprises is stimulated by tax incentives for the production of goods and services, preferential loans, provision of equipment under leasing agreements and other measures.

In the Russian Federation, state support for small business is carried out in the following areas:

formation of infrastructure for support and development of small business;
creation of favorable conditions for the use by small businesses of state financial, material and technical and information resources, as well as scientific and technical developments and technologies;
establishment of a simplified procedure for registration of small businesses, licensing of their activities, certification of their products, submission of state statistical and accounting reports;
support for foreign economic activity of small businesses, including assistance; development of their trade, scientific and technical, production, military, information relations with foreign states;
organization of training, retraining and advanced training of personnel for small enterprises.

Financial support for state and municipal programs to support small business is carried out annually at the expense of the federal budget, the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local budgets, as well as from other sources. The federal budget annually provides for the allocation of appropriations for its implementation.

The following funding measures are envisaged:

provision of state guarantees to foreign credit organizations that provide loans to support small businesses;
provision of state guarantees for loans issued by banks and other credit organizations of the Russian Federation to small businesses;
allocation of state preferential investment loans;
allocation of at least 40% of the funds from the State Employment Fund of the Russian Federation to create new jobs in the field of small business.

A number of measures are envisaged for the development of small business.

Concessional lending. Lending to small businesses is carried out on preferential terms with compensation of the corresponding difference to credit institutions from the funds of small business support funds.
Insurance. Insurance of small businesses is carried out on preferential terms. Small business support funds, under an agreement with an insurance organization, have the right to compensate it in full or in part for lost income.
Government order. When forming and placing orders, as well as concluding state contracts for the supply of products and goods (services) for state needs for priority types of products, state customers are obliged to place at least 15% of the total volume of supplies for state needs of this type of product with small businesses.

Works in the Kemerovo region State Fund for Support of Small Business of the Kemerovo Region, The main goal of the Fund is to accumulate resources for financial support of state support programs for small businesses, participation in the financing of regional programs, as well as projects and activities aimed at supporting and developing small businesses.

In addition, to solve the problems of small business development in Kemerovo, an infrastructure to support small business has been created, which includes: Municipal Non-Commercial Fund for Support of Small Business of Kemerovo (MNFSMP) , which unites Kemerovo Business Incubators, the City Business Center, the Training and Consulting Center and the City Innovation Center. The Small Business Support Fund actively cooperates with the Council for the Support and Development of Small Business under the Head of the City, the Kuzbass Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the Kuzbass representative office of OPORA Rossii.

The main activity of the Business Center is the provision of financial support to small businesses through the issuance of loans. A prerequisite for obtaining financial support is the creation of new jobs.

The Training and Consulting Center of the Municipal Non-Commercial Fund for Supporting Small Business in the city of Kemerovo, having gone from teaching the basics of entrepreneurial activity to developing special courses in popular areas of doing business since 1999, today highlighted the direction of coaching as professional support and solving problem situations at the workplace of a businessman as a specialist in specific area on the stated problem.

In turn, Business Incubators were created to solve the following tasks: support for start-up entrepreneurs by providing production space; formation and development of healthy competition in the region; creation of new jobs.

The main task of the City Innovation Center is informational, financial support for the commercialization of an innovative project, which is at the initial stage of creating a prototype. It is planned to create a bank of innovative projects, search for project executors thanks to the Center for Technology Transfer of the State Research Center, business incubation, consulting support for the activities of innovative enterprises, and assistance in protecting intellectual property.

This will allow, through the development of manufacturing small and medium-sized businesses, to provide additional opportunities to significantly improve the living conditions of people, increase their standard of living, health, educational and intellectual potential, and solve acute social problems of the city's economy. Thus, a comprehensive business support system has been formed in the Kemerovo MNFPMP: from training and consulting to the implementation of a business idea.

Such municipal, non-profit business support funds exist not only in the regional center, but also in almost every city and district of the Kemerovo region (Belovo, Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Osinniki, Kaltan, Berezovsky, etc.)

Conclusion

Entrepreneurship is an indispensable force for economic dynamism, competitiveness and social prosperity. After all, an entrepreneur is always an innovator, introducing new technologies on a commercial basis, new forms of business organization; the initiator of the combination of factors of production in a single process of production of goods and services for the purpose of making a profit; the organizer of production, who sets the tone for the company's activities, determines the strategy and tactics of the company's behavior and assumes the burden of responsibility for the success of their behavior; a person who is not afraid of risk and consciously takes it in order to achieve his goal.

Market relations pose many complex tasks for our society, among which entrepreneurship occupies an important place.

The nature of Russia's entrepreneurial potential is determined by the state of the Russian economy. On the one hand, Russia has demonstrated the ability to quickly form an entrepreneurial infrastructure and the very class of entrepreneurs, especially since these concepts themselves have been perceived extremely negatively in the country for many previous decades.

For the development of entrepreneurship in Russia, a special program is needed, which should include:

creation of stable economic legislation;
formation of state-public investment, insurance and information funds to assist entrepreneurs;
building a regional market infrastructure (training, consulting, certification centers);
the introduction of appropriate tax, currency, price and antimonopoly regulation, which would make it unprofitable to deceive partners.

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Moscow State University named after M.V. LOMONOSOVA Faculty of Journalism Theory of mass communications Essay on the topic: "Social entrepreneurship in Russia and in the world. Practice and role in modern society." Completed by: student of preschool group 514 Alina Pachina Lecturer: Associate Professor, Candidate of Philology, I. I. Zasursky MOSCOW 2014 1.1. The concept of "Social entrepreneurship" Social entrepreneurship is an activity that is aimed at solving or mitigating the social problems of society. It includes features of traditional entrepreneurship and charity. Charity refers to the social orientation of activity, and business to an entrepreneurial approach. Social entrepreneurship balances between social goals and a commercial component, where money is not a goal, but a means to achieve these social goals, allowing the entrepreneur to remain sustainable and not dependent on constant donor injections. The social problem that the social entrepreneur solves with his work is the starting point of his business. For social entrepreneurship, it is important to have a problem, because without it there will be just a business with elements of corporate social responsibility or a social project without an entrepreneurial approach. Social entrepreneurship has existed abroad for about 30 years, and in Russia for less than a decade. Despite such a young age, social entrepreneurship already today ranks alongside non-profit initiatives, philanthropy, venture philanthropy and corporate social responsibility. And, of course, it already has its own history and its own heroes, some of which have managed to achieve well-deserved global recognition. According to experts, the idea of social entrepreneurship gained popularity as it “touched the nerve” and “very much suited” the modern era. But it should be noted that the process of combining the economic efficiency of business organizations with social needs has certain historical prerequisites. 1.2. The first social projects. Let's start considering social projects with the organization of the House of Diligence of St. John of Kronstadt in 1882. It was the first center in Russia that was simultaneously engaged in employment, educational work and charity. Canteens, shelters and workshops were united under one roof. People were given the opportunity to find shelter and eat at the expense of their labor. The House of Diligence began with a hemp picking and capping workshop for men. It was work that did not require preparation, but could immediately provide earnings - small, but sufficient so as not to starve to death. The next important step in the development of social entrepreneurship is the creation of the non-profit organization "Ashoka: Innovators for Society" by William Drayton in 1980. Currently, this organization continues to function in more than 70 countries around the world, supporting over 3,000 fellows in the field of SP. At the time of its foundation, the starting capital of Ashoka was 50,000 US dollars, by 2006 this amount reached 30 million dollars; the organization currently has 25 regional centers located around the world. The meaning of the work of the Ashoka Foundation is to support social entrepreneurs by providing them with financial and consulting assistance, creating thematic communities and contributing to the creation of the infrastructure necessary for the development of the social sector and the dissemination of innovations. According to Bill Drayton, the main quality of a social entrepreneur is the desire to change the system as a whole: “That's what makes these people happy and keeps them engaged in the problem for as long as necessary. They are ready to measure their vision with reality, listen to the environment and constantly change the idea until it works, because if you are focused on structural changes, the idea goes through many stages ... This is a constant creative process, and it is the combination of two traits - creativity and entrepreneurial qualities – is the rarest” In 1983, Muhammad Yunus came up with an innovative idea, he proposed the Grameen Bank project, the essence of which was microcredit. The first loans Muhammad Yunus issued from his own money, then the money was issued by the Bank of Bangladesh under the guarantee of Yunus through a research project of the university where he worked. The project was created specifically to study the method developed by Yunus for lending to the poor rural population. On October 2, 1983, the bank became an independent organization in accordance with the decision of the country's authorities. A feature of the bank's activity is also the need for clients to make 16 decisions that are not any obligations to the bank, but include promises to improve the quality of the borrowers' own life, such as, for example, the obligation to drink only bottled or boiled water, the obligation to provide their own children with an education, and so on. Relations between the bank and clients are based on trust, microcredits are issued without any collateral. At the same time, the share of repaid loans is about 98%. At the same time, the share of loans repaid out of date sometimes reaches up to 20%. The absolute majority (97%) of the bank's clients are women. As one of the positive consequences of the bank's activities, a significant (twofold) reduction in domestic violence against women who received a loan was noted. Currently, the largest foundation is the Skoll Foundation founded in 1999 by Jeff Skoll. Jeff Skoll, founder and first president of eBay and Participant Productions, created his own, the purpose of which is to help people, regardless of their place of residence and economic status, realize their talents and abilities. Jeff donated $250 million of eBay stock to the foundation and makes over $30 million in grants annually. “At the foundation, we call them outstanding people committed to the cause of the public good,” says the founder. In 2012, the Reach for Change international charitable foundation operates in many countries around the world and supports projects aimed at improving the lives of children. This non-profit organization was founded by a group of media companies Kinnevik (Sweden) with the aim of improving the quality of life of children and adolescents and respecting their rights. The Foundation holds an annual competition for social entrepreneurs, issuing grants in the amount of 1 million rubles. for a year and providing other support necessary at the stage of project formation. Thus, the winners are accepted into the virtual business incubator and end up in the hands of experienced mentors from the companies of the Kinnevik group. A year later, the fund's experts evaluate the social impact and financial performance of the project and decide to extend the support period for another two years. And yet, no matter how diverse the programs being implemented, no matter how active the innovators are, one thing is clear: in Russia, “social” demand will exceed supply for many years to come. This means that more than one new chapter with the same open ending will be written in the history of social entrepreneurship. 1.3. Social projects in Russia. In 2007, Vagit Alekperov created the Our Future Foundation for Regional Social Programs, the first Russian organization whose activities are aimed at developing and promoting social entrepreneurship in the country. "Our Future" is the founder of the All-Russian competition of projects in the field of social entrepreneurship, focused on people who are ready to develop and promote social business. Over the 5 years of its activity, the Fund has provided support to 59 social enterprises, and the total amount of assistance issued to them amounted to more than 130.5 million rubles. The winners of the competition receive financial and advisory support from the Foundation; The Fund also issues long-term interest-free loans, offers legal and accounting services at minimal rates, provides an opportunity to rent micro-offices, etc. Simultaneously with the All-Russian competition "Our Future", it holds the "Impulse of Good" Prize, which aims not only to provide financial, but also moral support to pioneers in the field of joint venture. Only in 2012, as part of the competitive selection for this award, the organizers received 194 applications from 54 regions of Russia. After such a rapid development of the fund "Our Future" in 2011, a new project was launched - "Achievements of the Young". This interregional public organization conducts the "Relay race of social innovations", the target audience of which is schoolchildren and students. The organization also trains young people in the basics of economics and entrepreneurship. The organization appeared in Russia in 1991. The Social Entrepreneurship project was timed to coincide with the 20th anniversary of the Young Achievement program in Russia and started in 2011. Academician Yevgeny Pavlovich Velikhov is the founder and leader of the Russian program "Achievements of the Young". Also in 2011, the Center for Social Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation was established. CSP specializes in research, training and consulting in the field of social entrepreneurship, social innovation, social responsibility of business, commercialization, it plays an important role in promoting the ideas of social entrepreneurship and social innovation as part of the National Research University Higher School of Economics. The emergence of this center was the result of many years of activity of its director Alexandra Moskovskaya, who since 2007 has been conducting research work in the field of social entrepreneurship. Despite its youth, the HSE Center is today a leader in the study of the theory and practice of social entrepreneurship in Russia: even before receiving its official status, the Center at HSE served as an informal platform for thematic discussions, applied and theoretical research in this area. In 2014, the Our Future Foundation created the Social Entrepreneurship Laboratory, focused on practical training for beginners and active social entrepreneurs. The laboratory conducts both face-to-face and remote (webinars) programs lasting from one or two hours to several months (School of Social Entrepreneurship). The laboratory has created specialized courses for students, young professionals, entrepreneurs, employees of government agencies, industrial corporations, social innovation centers. The topics of the programs touch upon various aspects of the creation and development of social business, considering the success stories of active social entrepreneurs, practical aspects of the work of social enterprises, issues of project financing and interaction with authorities. The laboratory provides comprehensive support for social entrepreneurship in Russia, develops new areas for the industry, such as social franchises and certification of social entrepreneurs. In 2004, the Radio of Russia radio station created the Children's Question social project, which helps orphans find a loving family. Over the 10 years of the project's existence, more than two thousand families have found "their" child. Every year the number of adopted children is growing. Within the framework of the "Children's Question" there is a special "hot line" for adoption, correspondence is maintained with future parents and volunteers, radio programs are broadcast, a database of questionnaires for orphans is collected, and a school for foster parents is operating. The "Train of Hope" runs across the country with moms and dads who specially went for their kids to other regions. Today, happy stories of families who have solved their "children's issue" form the basis of more and more new programs. 1.4. Medical innovators. Jim Fruhterman. Jim Fruchterman founded Benetech, a company that made technology accessible to the underprivileged. Unlike many entrepreneurs who work with people with disabilities, Fryuchterman became interested in working in this area not because of his own experience, but because of his interest in helping people. The idea for Benetech came about when Jim was in his senior year at Caltech. Once one of his professors explained how the image recognition mechanism for laser-guided bombs was used in combat operations. Fryuchterman began to think about how to use this principle for the benefit of society and created a device that allows the blind and visually impaired to read by touch. In the 1980s, Frühterman co-founded a venture capital company to develop optical recognition technology. He then founded Arkenstone, a non-profit technology organization for the visually impaired. Beneteh grew out of Arkenstone, which was eventually sold to a commercial company. Proceeds from the sale are used to continue developing and innovating Benetech. David Green. Doctor David Green in 1992, Green created the non-profit organization Aurolab (India) - one of the largest companies in the world that manufactures lenses (IOLs). Surgically, IOLs are implanted into the eye to restore the clarity of the lens in cataracts. Cataracts are the leading cause of blindness and visual impairment worldwide. Aurolab sells lenses for US$2-4, while equivalents in the industrialized world cost US$150. Green also ran a facility at Aurolab that made surgical suture. The company has significantly reduced the price of ophthalmic suture from $200 to $30 per pack. Currently, David Green is working to solve the problems of the hearing impaired. A social enterprise, Conversion Sound, was created to produce high quality hearing aids. The World Health Organization has estimated that 278 million people have acute hearing loss, and the need for hearing aids worldwide is 32 million annually. At the same time, only 7 million hearing aids were sold worldwide in 2006, and less than 12% of them went to developing countries, where 70% of the world's population lives. Conversion Sound plans to expand its distribution channels to bring hearing aids to the underprivileged. Ann Cotton. According to statistics in South African countries, only 70% of boys complete primary school, and even fewer girls. In many poor families, only sons are educated, because it is customary to consider them the best "investment"; daughters are sent to work or get married early. This trend is devastating: girls under the age of 20 are five times more likely to be infected with HIV than boys. Studies show that educated girls are 3 times less likely to become infected with HIV than uneducated girls. Anne Cotton was the first person to worry about the fate of girls living in rural Africa. In 1991, during a research trip, she ended up in a remote Zimbabwean village. Ann was shocked by the stories of locals about girls who were not educated, they were at the lowest level of development. Parents who wanted to send their daughters to school could not do so because of poverty. After this incident, Ann created the organization Camfed, which supports girls from low-income families, allocating funds for their education. Ann Cotton's work has received recognition and international awards, including an honorary doctorate from the University of Cambridge. The Camfed model has four key components, each of which aims to make a difference in the lives of girls and girls in Africa's poorest regions. First, Camfed identifies vulnerable girls who are at risk of being excluded from even primary school due to poverty or the illness of a member of their family, and provides full support for the education of these children, including payment for school supplies. Second, Camfed continues to support girls in high school with four years of child support. Thirdly, Camfed provides graduates with a chance to become economically independent. The Camfed Association (CAMA), the organization's pan-African alumni network, constantly organizes trainings. Camfed also promotes local business development through a microfinance program. Fourth, Camfed defends women's rights. The organization's activities are aimed at ensuring that the voices of women from rural areas influence politics, contribute to the adoption of laws in the field of girls' education and gender equality. Victoria Hale. In 2000, Victoria Hale founded the One World Health Institute, which has changed the way we look at medicine in general. The first non-profit pharmaceutical company that develops drugs for diseases that are neglected in society. The Institute has shattered the notion of a seemingly uncompetitive industry providing drugs to those in need in developing countries by reshaping the entire revenue chain from drug development to drug delivery. Many infectious diseases in developed countries are unknown. These include: leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, onchocerciasis, African sleeping sickness, lymph node filariasis, and Chagas disease. Others, such as diarrhea, are ubiquitous, but their impact is most severe and acute in developing countries, with two million children under the age of five dying from diarrhea every year. More than a million people a year die from malaria, most of them children. Over the past 25 years, 1,500 new drugs have been patented, but less than 12 of them are for the treatment of advanced diseases. Victoria Hale's experience and knowledge has been applied at all stages of the production of biopharmaceuticals in the United States. The experience of her corporation was used by Genentech, the world's first company specializing in genetic engineering. Hale received her PhD from the University of California in Pharmaceutical Chemistry. She is currently a member of the Association of Professors in Biopharmaceuticals, serves as a consultant to the World Health Organization on the review of rules of ethical conduct for developing countries, and serves as an expert at the US National Institutes of Health. The mission of the One World Health Institute is to develop safe, effective and affordable medicine. The Institute designs, implements and manages the development of projects related to medicines intended for the treatment of advanced diseases. Conclusion. Social entrepreneurship is an activity that is aimed at solving a social problem and which really allows this problem to be solved. Moreover, the scale of the solution can be any, from local to global. It can be this or that territory, it can be a village, a single-industry town, a district of Moscow, an entire metropolis, after all, there is a certain social problem, then the solution to this problem in this territory is social entrepreneurship. The importance of social action is underestimated in our time, whether it is a project that helps students get an education through investment, or a project that helps produce free drugs and provide medical conditions to the poor. The future belongs to people who help change the living conditions of others, because thanks to their efforts the world around each of us becomes better.

Social entrepreneurship- this is one of the types of business activities, the main goals of which are to help people and work with their problems. This type of business differs from pure charitable activities in the ability of projects to pay for themselves and make a profit.

Small businesses and social oriented organizations can be active in various directions, working within the framework of public benefit projects in the field of health, Agriculture, service provision, education, etc. Today it is impossible to give an unambiguous definition of social entrepreneurship, because it is a multifaceted phenomenon that is relevant to many areas of human life. The shortest and most capacious might sound like this: “Getting profit from helping other people.”

The main meaning of social entrepreneurship is that a businessman is an independent, independent entity that has the opportunity to carry out charitable activities based on its own capital.

There are several features that characterize social entrepreneurship.

focus on people's problems;
the presence of new solutions (as the usual traditional ways of resolving problems become ineffective);
replicability (the ability to share experience with other organizations around the country and the world);
self-sufficiency (independence from the support of sponsors);
the possibility of making a profit (it is necessary to support and stimulate the development of the project so that it generates income and satisfies the needs of its owner).

The main feature of social entrepreneurship organizations is that they contribute to changes in society and are characterized by three components:

Identification of injustice expressed in the marginalization or suffering of certain groups of citizens who are in dire need of material means or political support in order to achieve a prosperous existence through transformation.
Finding opportunities to achieve well-being for any group in society suffering from injustice - through inspiration, creative approach to the problem, active decisive action and courage of the entrepreneur.
A gradual process leading to the establishment of justice, which becomes a factor that alleviates the suffering of some people through the "creation of a stable ecosystem in a new equilibrium." This contributes to the achievement of a prosperous existence in the future of this composition of citizens, as well as society as a whole.

Very often, solving problems with the help of social entrepreneurship brings more effective results than those achieved by charitable non-profit organizations or the state using their standard algorithms.

The main advantages of commercial socially oriented enterprises in comparison with state institutions can be listed:

A high degree of involvement in the process of the entrepreneur and his motivation to achieve success from the activities of the organization.
Government structures have the opportunity to transfer some powers to socially oriented businesses, thereby reducing their administrative costs and the time resource allotted for the implementation of programs: from development to implementation of a real-life project that can provide assistance to a specific group of people in need of support.
Organizations in the field of social entrepreneurship take on the role of establishing a balance between citizens with different levels of social well-being. Thanks to the activities of entrepreneurs and their socially oriented organizations, the state is able to monitor the effectiveness of balance regulation within the framework of state control and at the same time transfer the search for new solutions to the problems of modern society to the level of socially oriented business.
The high level of competition among organizations of this type contributes to the fact that the most active companies focus on their specific goals and try to achieve them most effectively.

Main types of social entrepreneurship

The main types and areas of activity of social entrepreneurship:

Use of zero waste production method (recycling of waste), making a positive impact on environmental conditions (for example, the Indian plastic waste recycling company Concerve).
Reducing the criminal component in society (for example, the French youth sports organization Emergence).
Help and support for those who find themselves in difficult living conditions (for example, the French enterprises Jardins de Cocagne in the agricultural sector for the employment of the long-term unemployed).
Provision of services for low-income citizens (for example, the American organization American Family).
Issuance of mini loans to small businesses (for example, Kiva.org, a global Internet platform that is not part of the Ashoka fund database).

Platform

This model assumes that the owner of a socially oriented business organizes a platform for the exchange of information and becomes an intermediary between a small producer and consumers. For example, the Nizhny Novgorod Gallery of Crafts allows craftsmen to regularly participate in exhibitions and fairs where they can sell their products. This model is very convenient for a small manufacturer who has difficulty finding buyers on his own.

Market Access

This model is implemented in practice by the Artistic Crafts company - it purchases products from small manufacturers in order to sell them on its trading floors.

Employment

This model involves caring for vulnerable groups of the population: for example, training and employment of people with disabilities. A good example is the Berezen Center for the Rehabilitation of the Disabled (Tula).

Access to a product or service

In this case, social entrepreneurship takes on the role of making up for the shortcomings or gaps in the market and offering consumers access to a certain group of goods or services if the customers are willing to pay for it. An example of such a model is the Bumper book bus, which delivers books to the end consumer anywhere in the city at the lowest prices.

Charity

This model implies a free purchase of a service or product. In addition to the seller and the buyer, there is a third party that finances the project. For example, the Perspektiva-NN organization, which provides classes for parents with children with serious vision problems. Services are provided free of charge or for a purely symbolic fee. This organization is financed by the regional budget and is included in the list of organizations providing social services.

4 Profitable Social Entrepreneurship Business Ideas

Profit is no longer the only driving force. According to Richard Branson, a new kind of business has emerged, which he proposes to call "capitalism 24,902" (that's how many miles the equator is). The meaning is simple: every businessman is responsible for both people and the planet.

The editors of the magazine " CEO” gave several examples of companies of the new era.

What are the steps in the social entrepreneurship process?

In the structure of the process of social entrepreneurship, upon detailed consideration, five main stages can be distinguished:

Search for opportunities (to solve problems and meet the needs of those in need).
Development of a development concept (identification of benefits, creation of new products, market identification).
Acquisition of resources that are needed: finance, specialists, knowledge, experience, skills, competencies.
Launching and improving the enterprise (determining results, growth and expansion of the organization).
Achieving the goal (merging with other companies, expanding the company, formulating new tasks, solving them and closing the organization).

For any organization working in the field of social entrepreneurship, it is important to understand two main factors according to which its activities are structured: firstly, it is the solution of problems relevant to society, and secondly, the receipt of cash income. The essence of entrepreneurship in the social sphere lies in the balance of these two factors. With competent and successful development, such organizations contribute to the strengthening of public relations and their gradual and sustainable development.

Image in social networks: how to protect the reputation of a business

Social Entrepreneurship Project Ideas

There is no shortage of ideas for social entrepreneurship these days. On the contrary, there have been many creative and non-standard proposals lately. In this area there are wonderful opportunities for creativity and bold experiments. The most important thing is not to forget about the main goal of this activity - to help people in need. Next, we offer an overview of the ideas already implemented in practice.

Idea 1. Eco-packaging. The well-known plastic bag decomposes over a very long time: it takes about two hundred years. Every day we throw away a huge number of bags in which we buy sour-milk products, juices, frozen vegetables, sausages. Huge mountains of plastic bags will soon become a terrible "decoration" of our planet, if we do not think and stop such thoughtless behavior. This is exactly what the creators of ecological packaging want to prevent - they use completely different materials for storing goods: paper and cardboard, which completely decompose in two years, which is a huge advantage compared to polyethylene. Unfortunately, no environmentally friendly alternative has yet been found. plastic bottles. However, even the fact that ecological packaging made of paper and cardboard can be found on the market today is already a huge achievement.

Idea 2. Plastic recycling. Modern people use a huge number of plastic products: bags, bottles, cans, films, boxes, etc. The negative aspects of such packaging are not only environmental degradation, but also waste of resources. Tons of bottles end up in landfills every day, but the same amount of new material is used by factories to make new ones. It is important to stop and start reusing plastic waste: modern technologies make it possible to produce packaging, bristles for brushes, building materials and much more from old plastic.

Idea 3. Rural tourism. Nowadays, it has become a fashionable activity among residents of large cities. Newer generations born and raised in urban areas may never have seen a live cow or know how potatoes grow. For such people, a trip to the countryside becomes a real adventure. They are ready to pay for such entertainment: milk a cow, collect eggs, help their grandmother in the garden. The mental state of an average resident of a metropolis leaves much to be desired, therefore, clean fresh air, physical labor heals people, restores exhausted emotional balance, and for villages and villages such ecotourism is a great opportunity for development.

Idea 4. Educational computer games. Children are big fans of various games on modern gadgets, and their creation is a profitable business. However, you can combine business with pleasure: create educational and educational games. So, for example, in the format of computer "developers" you can learn foreign languages or master business skills, for example, blind typing with a ten-finger writing method. With the help of special applications, you can study school subjects. In addition, there are many excellent opportunities for social role-playing games in order to acquire the skills of harmonious interaction with the outside world and other people.

Idea 5. Child development center or private kindergarten. This type of social entrepreneurship brings considerable benefits to families where both parents work and they have no one to leave the child with (getting into a municipal kindergarten today is not easy) or there is not enough time for the qualitative development of his creative abilities. In this case, private kindergartens or development centers come to the rescue - as a rule, they have small groups, which allows maintaining the high quality of the services provided and providing an individual approach to each child. The advantages of such organizations are also that they are modernly equipped and offer effective development programs. The disadvantage for some families may be the high fees for this quality of service.

Idea 6. A club dedicated to healthy lifestyle life. Today it is very fashionable to be slim, well-groomed, monitor your diet, play sports, and actively spend your free time. On the one hand, these are the requirements of the time, on the other hand, many people dream of being like that. However, doing all this alone is not particularly interesting, and if there is a community of like-minded people, it will help you stay in good shape and motivate you to further work on yourself. For a certain fee, people can get a company of interest, high-quality service, and the opportunity to spend their leisure time in an organized and healthy way.

Idea 7. Crowdfunding or collective financing of projects. A modern view of creating your own business on voluntary contributions from those who are interested in this or simply support the idea. The size of the contribution is not limited, everything happens purely according to the possibilities and desire of the one who wants to financially support this or that idea. Detailed information about such programs can be found on the Internet. Many successful startups started this way. As a rule, projects of this kind are born in the field of culture, journalism, art and cinema.

Idea 8. Providing support(training, retraining and employment) to people who find themselves in difficult living conditions. Today there are many such citizens in society. These are former prisoners, and single mothers, and individuals who have been subjected to violence, as well as those who are undergoing rehabilitation after treatment for drug and alcohol addiction, people with disabilities. All these categories of citizens experience difficulties in finding a job. As part of social entrepreneurship, you can open an agency that will purposefully work with just such people, help them with training, with the development of simple professions that can help them get on their feet, gain financial independence, and feel like full-fledged members of society. What is the benefit for the entrepreneur? The fact that, as a rule, people who have experienced difficulties in life and have received a new chance highly value their newfound well-being and are very responsible in their duties, without having excessive demands on employers.

Idea 9. Dating club for single people. Activities in this area will always be relevant in any society: it is much more difficult for single people of the age to get to know each other and find a partner for life on their own. The forms of such social entrepreneurship can be very different: a marriage agency, interest clubs, dance evenings "for those who are over ...".

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How to evaluate the results of social entrepreneurship

In the field of social entrepreneurship, it is necessary to evaluate the results. There are many ways to do this, here are some of the most common:

Valuation of social outcomes

Estimates of this kind are encouraged by investors or donors, since the calculation of the costs that society is forced to incur in order to cope with crime, poverty, drug addiction and other types of problems of modern society can make their economic contribution to solving these problems more visible and tangible. . Examples for such results might be as follows:

Increasing income (decreasing expenses) of those who received assistance in the form of the provision of services from a socially oriented enterprise. This factor is measured after the provision of assistance, or for a certain period of time.
Changes in the level of costs and profits of other people as a result of changes in the financial situation of participants in socially oriented programs.
Reducing public spending by reducing the need for certain categories of citizens to receive support from the state through the provision of assistance from social enterprises.
Falling demand for specialized services;
Growth in social profits due to the fact that the number of employed citizens who have received support from social enterprises increases, as a result of which their personal well-being increases.

There are two approaches to measuring valuations:

Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA). It is used in cases where the results of social activities for some reason cannot be expressed in monetary terms or are reflected in other units of measurement (for example, “number of saved years”, “everyone who is a high school graduate”). If the results are presented in different units of measurement and it is not possible to combine them and determine the overall effectiveness, it becomes necessary to apply a cost-benefit analysis.
Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is a method that allows you to identify the relationship between costs and various social outcomes. With this analysis, you can see the net benefit both for the whole society and for individual stakeholders. The advantages of this method are that it helps to make better decisions about social outcomes, set the right priorities and plan for funding. The shortcomings of such an analysis are the inability to give an extensive assessment of the whole variety of social costs and benefits.

The main difference between different approaches to assessing the results of socially oriented activities lies in determining what a social result is, how exactly costs are calculated, and how both of these concepts are expressed in monetary terms or in natural units.

The main disadvantage in the process of applying these indicators is the need for serious expenses for implementation: time, money, intellectual, etc. This aspect does not allow the widespread use of these methods in the field of social entrepreneurship.

Flexible valuation methods

Social entrepreneurship needs more pragmatic and flexible methods in terms of goals and measurement of results. Methods are needed that would not require the investment of financial and time resources.

For example, the international association Acumen has developed a special system of Lean Data methods in order to measure the degree of efficiency of enterprises in the field of social entrepreneurship.

It helps to make the process of collecting information about the company's customers (beneficiaries) easier, as well as to optimize the analysis of the collected information and the use of its results in decision-making:

Cooperation. The Lean Evaluation system examines what changes social enterprise leaders would like to see, after which a general work is done to collect information that should help answer the main questions.
Attention to the client (beneficiary). Lean Data studies the opinions and wishes of social enterprise customers so that organizations can operate in a more efficient and targeted production of products and services in accordance with the needs of beneficiaries.
Benefit from the information collected. Lean Data is not in the business of creating reports for investment companies, but is committed to helping social enterprises get the most insight from their clients and thus help them make better decisions.
Profitability. Lean Data uses modern information Technology, which allows you to receive information from customers quickly, while spending minimal time and financial resources to carry out your research.

Unified standard for managing socially-oriented activities

Some experts and practitioners believe that the creation of a universal way to measure the results of social activities is impossible due to the fact that the problems of society are very diverse, as well as the activities of socially oriented enterprises. The optimal solution in this case would be the creation of uniform recommended indicators, universal for most socially oriented organizations.

It is these considerations that have led the European Commission to create a standard for measuring social performance, which is used as a guideline by many organizations and their funding agencies. This standard is based on the Social Performance: Measurement and Management guidelines developed by the European Venture Philanthropy Association.

The unity of the standard is achieved due to the fact that the stages of management are of a universal nature:

definition of tasks;
analysis of stakeholders (parties involved);
evaluation of results;
control and measurement of the degree of impact;
monitoring and reporting.

These steps should be carried out strictly in the sequence as they are indicated, periodically updating them in connection with the experience gained and new information.

Support for social entrepreneurship by funds, consulting companies, large businesses

For several years now, the Russian government has shown a steady interest in the field of socio-economic entrepreneurship. This can be seen both at the federal and regional levels. More than once, the state has indicated a tendency to support "representatives of small businesses" who are engaged in socially responsible activities and contribute to solving the problems of modern society.

The Our Future Foundation became the first representative of the social entrepreneurship sector in Russia. During the five years of its existence, this fund has supported 59 socially oriented enterprises. The total amount of funds allocated for these purposes amounted to more than 130.5 million rubles.

The Fund has established a competition, the winners of which are provided with financial and advisory support. In addition, interest-free loans are issued for a long period of time, legal and minimal cost loans are provided, small office premises are offered for rent, etc.

Along with the holding of the All-Russian contest Our Future, the Foundation established the Impulse of Kindness award, which is aimed at financially and morally supporting promising projects. In 2012, during the competitive selection for this award, a large number of applications for participation from entrepreneurs from 54 regions of Russia were submitted.

In the modern business world, it is necessary to be able to create business models, manage projects, manage finances, and develop business plans. This needs to be learned and this kind of education should be publicly available. For example, Citibank offers grants for such training for social entrepreneurs with the support of the Graduate School of Management in St. Petersburg. The Our Future Foundation acts as the organizer of the training course at Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov.

It is very important if a social entrepreneur has the opportunity to receive organizational and consulting support. An entrepreneur is always required to be able to understand accounting issues and the legal foundations of a business. In business activities, situations often arise that require the participation or assessment of various specialists, which in turn requires a lot of expenses. For social entrepreneurship, it would be very important to create certain centers that would provide such services at minimal prices.

Also, a huge support for social entrepreneurs would be the creation of specialized consulting centers that could provide office space for rent, provide legal advice, and help in organizational matters. The potential for cooperation between the state and big business in order to support and develop social entrepreneurship is very high. Both sides of this process should be genuinely interested in developing and strengthening such interaction.

Already today there are many large companies and consulting organizations that support social entrepreneurs in various areas: financially, with the help of legal advice at reduced prices or free of charge, as part of their ongoing charitable projects. Some representatives big business included this type of entrepreneurship in the list of priority areas for the implementation of socially significant programs and charitable initiatives in the territories of their presence.

Rusal is such a company - with its support, programs for the development of single-industry towns are being implemented, including projects to assist social entrepreneurs. For several years, Severstal has been running a project called the Urban Development Agency with the support of local authorities, which aims to support individual and, more recently, social entrepreneurs. SUEK, with the support of the corporate fund Suek for the Regions, is also running a similar program.

Thus, representatives of big business contribute to the development of important initiatives for society, support the development of territories. In addition to these important goals, large companies may have a number of other interests in helping small businesses and social entrepreneurs.

In order to optimize production, many large companies are withdrawing non-core assets, which are most often associated with the provision of social services to their employees and their relatives. However, the need for them does not disappear anywhere. Therefore, companies often buy the necessary services from organizations created on the basis of the withdrawn assets. Such enterprises may well become independent representatives of social entrepreneurship.

The state is largely responsible for the success of the development of the sector of socially oriented services and the active support of various initiatives in the field of small business, therefore it is extremely important what position it takes, whether it is ready to effectively cooperate and interact with business representatives.

There is the Federal Law on Social Entrepreneurship dated April 5, 2010 No. 40-FZ “On Amending Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation on the Issue of Supporting Socially-Oriented Non-Commercial Organizations”. According to this Federal Law, in Russia at present, only non-profit organizations are considered “social entrepreneurship”.

State programs to provide assistance to socially oriented NGOs (according to the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation):

provide financial, consulting, informational, educational support;
offer reduced taxes
provide office space for rent at a discounted rate.

In Russia, priority types of social entrepreneurship activities for NPOs have been identified:

orphanhood prevention;
support for motherhood and childhood;
social adaptation of people with disabilities and their families;
improving the quality of life of the elderly;
development of additional education, scientific, technical and artistic creativity, mass sports, activities of children and youth in the field of local history and ecology;
development of international cooperation.

Law on social entrepreneurship in Russia

Due to the insufficient development of the theoretical framework for 2016, the legislation of the Russian Federation does not have a separate general legal section dedicated to social entrepreneurship. This means that there is no legal framework that could regulate these issues, facilitate the development of simpler rules for the business registration process and reduce the level of taxes for entrepreneurs.

The only definition of social entrepreneurship can be found in the order of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation of April 24, 2013 No. 220 (previously - No. 223) "On the organization of the competitive selection of subjects of the Russian Federation, whose budgets in 2013 are provided with subsidies from the federal budget for state support of small and medium-sized businesses by subjects RF". This definition is intended solely for recipients of support provided by the ministry.

In order to reduce the tax rate, many social entrepreneurs in Russia use various forms of NGOs, and individual businessmen register as representatives of small and medium-sized businesses.

In 2013, the Federation Council Committee on Social Policy initiated the introduction of amendments to the second reading of the draft law “On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation”, which would allow introducing the concepts of “social entrepreneur” and “social entrepreneurship” into federal legislation. But these amendments were rejected.

On October 16, 2014, a new initiative was taken: a group of deputies from the upper and lower houses of the Federal Assembly submitted to the State Duma a draft law on social entrepreneurship and forms of its support. To date, it has not been accepted.

In August 2016, the Ministry of Economic Development proposed to amend the current legislation in order to consolidate the term "social entrepreneurship" in it. To date, the draft federal law "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation (in terms of fixing the concept of "social entrepreneurship")" is being discussed on the "Federal Portal of Draft Regulatory Legal Acts".

In 2017, the Ministry of Economy sent a bill on social entrepreneurship for approval to such government agencies as the Federal Antimonopoly Service, the Federal Tax Service, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Labor. According to this bill, social entrepreneurship should include enterprises where people with disabilities work, single parents (having children under 7 years old), representatives of large families, pensioners, graduates of orphanages (under 21 years old), former prisoners. The total number of such employees must be at least 30% of the total number of employees of the enterprise, and the share of their remuneration must be at least 25% of the total wage fund.

These legislative changes may indicate that, most likely, in 2017-2018 in Russia, the term "social entrepreneurship" will become more stable, clear and will be legislated.

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Examples of the development of social entrepreneurship in Russia

There are three bright socially useful projects that received support from the Our Future Foundation:

Example 1. The Armor project (LLC New Rehabilitation Technologies Armor).

This project is to create and use special orthopedic systems that help people with spinal cord injuries to move, stand, stand up and sit down without the help of strangers. This system was created and patented by Alexei Nalogin, who himself belongs to those who are called spinal disabled. Armor is the very first project supported by the Our Future Foundation. The total amount of invested funds amounted to 9.5 million rubles, more than half of which (5.5 million rubles) were provided in the form of an interest-free loan. To date, 50% of the total investment has been returned to the fund. The number of workers in "Armor" has 11 people. The production of orthopedic systems was carried out thanks to the support and cooperation of the medical center of the Russian State Medical University.

Example 2. Creative workshop "Merry felt" (NP "Women's organization of social support" Woman, personality, society ").

The main activity of the project "Merry felt" is the creation of designer souvenirs-toys and felt decorations. This project operates on the territory of the city of Rybinsk, its social significance is the participation in it of mothers of large families from low-income families who are not able to work in full-time jobs, who need to work at home. The Fund allocated 400 thousand rubles for this project, one fourth of which was issued in the form of an interest-free loan. To date, 15 women have been employed by the project. The company paid off the loan issued in 2008 ahead of schedule and today is actively cooperating not only with domestic manufacturers and sellers of toys, but also with foreign enterprises.

Example 3. "School of farmers" (individual entrepreneur V.V. Gorelov).

The School of Farmers helps graduates of Perm orphanages get a professional education (the project prepares rural entrepreneurs), learn how to be financially independent and socially protected. Participation in this project instills positive values in young people, teaches them how to interact competently with other people. Its activity is aimed at producing independent entrepreneurs for agriculture who are able to run a profitable business. The Fund allocated about 1 million rubles to support and implement the School of Farmers, and the money received has already been returned due to the fact that the author of the project, Vyacheslav Gorelov, managed to repay the loan ahead of schedule. Today, the project has prospects to become a "youth village". In the event of its successful development, it will train young farmers on a much larger scale, thereby solving very important problems facing society.

Having studied only a few projects created in the field of social entrepreneurship, which is supported by the Our Future Foundation, we can draw important conclusions:

These initiatives are aimed at solving important problems of society that exist in modern Russia.
In order for the project to bring sustainable profits and reach self-sufficiency, initial investments in the form of financial investments and the provision of high-quality organizational support at the stages of project preparation and implementation are necessary.
At the same time, an important role is assigned to the creation of a development infrastructure that contributes to the rapid achievement of stable financial indicators. This allows projects to become independent in a short time and use funds for new initiatives.

All entrepreneurs engaged in socially significant activities contribute to the development of business and the expansion of its geographical boundaries. Representatives of social entrepreneurship actively share their knowledge, experience and proven methods of work with those who are ready to follow in their footsteps. In this sense, socially oriented enterprises are becoming reference points for the development of civil society and its activity.

It is gratifying to note that an increasing number of businessmen and entrepreneurs are imbued with the ideas of philanthropy and become active participants in socially beneficial activities. Many small companies regularly make donations to charitable causes, some of the business representatives offer special prices for low-income categories of citizens, other companies participate in charitable projects and promotions. It's great when good deeds become a trend in society - after all, in this case, following fashion is simply necessary.

Social entrepreneurship is the concept of world and Russian experience. Social entrepreneurship: essence and development prospects in Russia. Prerequisites for the emergence, formation and development of entrepreneurship

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1. Prerequisites for the emergence, formation and development of entrepreneurship

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Conclusion

Bibliography

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4 Profitable Social Entrepreneurship Business Ideas

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Support for social entrepreneurship by funds, consulting companies, large businesses

Law on social entrepreneurship in Russia

Examples of the development of social entrepreneurship in Russia

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