What is a polaroid camera. Polaroid: brand history. Instagram gives birth to new startups
Choosing a state of the art Fujifilm Instax Mini series analog camera is one of the most affordable ways to experience the aesthetic of snapshots. Photos taken with Fujifilm cameras come out bright and sharp, and they're large enough to store in the credit card compartment of your wallet.
The models of the line themselves are presented in a wide variety of colors and have an important plus - the availability of components. All cameras are compatible with the Instax Mini cassette format, which can be purchased from the manufacturer at an affordable price.
gizlogic.comThe junior model of the series at an attractive price and with limited functionality. However, the variety of possibilities is not the reason why people buy instant cameras. Pictures on Instax Mini 8 are created in three stages: turning on the camera, adjusting the lighting, pressing the main button. To give the skin a more pleasant and natural color, the Hi-Key function is provided, which reduces the contrast of color highlighting.
polaroidwork.com In this model, the developers removed the manual exposure setting, but added two new focus modes: for macro photography and landscape photography. The Hi-Key function remains in place, and the front of the case has found a small selfie mirror.
Amazon.com This camera is truly multifunctional: its capabilities are similar to those offered by modern lomographic film cameras. Double exposure, an abundance of modes, shutter speeds up to 10 seconds and a timer for delayed shooting - these functions turn the camera not only into a tool for issuing memorable shots, but also into a favorite toy for those who like to experiment. The model is available in brown and black colors.
instaxmini.ru The model does not differ from previous Fujifilm cameras in an abundance of functions, but it allows you to print images twice as large (62 × 99 mm). Such photos will not only please friends and decorate the refrigerator, but will also find a place in your home photo album. By the way, special albums for snapshots can also be found in the Fujifilm range.
Lomography Lomo'Instant
blogspot.ru Lomography's instant camera raises the bar of functionality set by the Fujifilm Instax Mini 90. Like many Lomo cameras, the Lomo'Instant is compatible with optional lenses: fish, portrait and macro lenses. The bulb exposure function and colored flash filters open up a lot of experimentation that the lomo community loves. Lomo'Instant is compatible with Fujifilm Instax Mini cassettes.
polaroid.com A modern Polaroid digital camera supports not only instant printing of 5 × 8 cm images, but also saving them to a memory card. From the functions, you can select various shooting modes, taking pictures on a timer and creating a series of six shots in 10 seconds.
fotosklad.ru Nothing extra. Just a modern analog Polaroid. The size of the printed image corresponds to the dimensions of the Fujifilm Instax Mini shots, but the cassettes still have to be purchased separately.
polaroid.com Vintage Polaroid with wide angle lens and autofocus. The Spectra line of devices is cheap on Amazon, with many of them available for over $20. Approximately the same cost will be the purchase of one cassette.
635CL and 636 - two models produced in the USSR and Russia from 1989 to 1999 under license from Polaroid. Such cameras are still highly likely to be found in your pantry, with friends or on Internet flea markets in the post-Soviet space. All 600 series devices are compatible with the Polaroid 600 cassette format.
The Polaroid brand stories are entertaining but not overly funny business stories from those who have experienced both ups and downs in their business. To date, this topic is no longer being discussed as actively as it was done before, but still the brand and products of this type have not lost their popularity.
History
Now everyone knows that Polaroid is an American company that manufactures photographic equipment, sunglasses, and consumer electronics. But not everyone knows the history of this brand, although for product lovers this information is important.
The founder of the company was an American named Edwin Land, who was born in 1909 in the city of Bridgeport. His parents originally lived in the Russian Empire (on the territory of modern Ukraine), but due to unknown circumstances, they were forced to emigrate to America.
Edwin Land did not know what poverty was, since his parents always had enough money to support a child and have a decent education. Therefore, it is not at all surprising that a boy who is fond of optics had his first thoughts about creating things that would surprise the whole world as early as childhood.
At the age of 17, the young man came up with the idea of creating new polarizing lenses designed for car headlights. In his opinion, this could improve road illumination at night without blinding oncoming cars at the same time. Dropping out of university and moving to New York State, Land devoted himself entirely to creating
Edwin Land was the first person in the world to use the principles of polarization, which are now actively used to create table lamps, 3D reality glasses and so on.
Startup
It was not until 1937 that Edwin's work found commercial application. It was in this year that the well-known Polaroid company was created. This production at the first time of its existence was not engaged in the creation and release of cameras, and the very first products were sunglasses, as well as polarizing glasses, which have various purposes for military equipment and other devices.
The creator did not think about how much Polaroid costs as a brand, since he had more important tasks. The site of the production says that this company was directly involved in the release of many x-ray films and so on. It is not at all difficult to believe in this statement, because in his entire life Land has managed to patent a considerable number of inventions (more than 500). Modern historians argue that more innovations were created only by Thomas Edison.
Scientific achievements and an iron business acumen contributed to the incredible success. Edwin ran the company for 43 years.
Photo per minute
According to legend, the creation is the idea of the daughter of the founder of the company, which pushed him to such an accomplishment, being practically in infancy. The baby just asked her father a question about why people can't get ready-made photos immediately after taking the picture. At the same moment, Land seriously thought about this issue, and then his employees had to think.
In 1948, the industry introduced the first camera that takes snapshots. Each photo cost $1, which at that time was quite a large amount, because the Polaroid cartridges were made using a more complex technology, significantly different from today.
Even despite the high cost, the products of this brand were in great demand. Already in 1963, Land was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
Rise of an empire
In 1972 appeared new model Polaroid cameras. The camera was the first fully "motorized" model that took color photos and absolutely did not require precise aiming.
Since that time, there have been more and more models, and their cost has become less and less. Already closer to the 80s, Polaroid cameras (the old version and new modifications) became folk remedy to take photos. This production, even to this day, is remembered with nostalgia not only by all of America, but also by most of other countries.
Towards the end of the 70s, clouds began to gather, as the production of Kodak was able to surpass the Polaroid (camera). The new firm announced its camera, also designed for snapshots. But Land was not stupid, so he managed to file a copyright infringement lawsuit in time. The lawsuit lasted for about ten years, and as a result, Kodak was obliged to pay the victim more than $ 600 million.
Soon the Kodak production itself fell, and the glory returned to the Polaroid company. The snapshot was once again popular, but this time it failed to make a huge leap.
Decline of an empire
As you know, even great people can make mistakes, and in this case, Edwin Land was no exception. His main mistake was that in the 80s there were already prototypes in his production digital cameras, but he decided that the company would not deal with electronics.
Already in 1996, the company released its first digital camera, but it was too late. Young firms from different countries managed to seize the initiative much earlier and outstripped American production.
At the beginning of the 21st century, Polaroid could not adequately compete with other manufacturers of photographic equipment, so in 2001 a period of bankruptcy began.
How much does a Polaroid cost today
To date, the price of modern snapshot cameras reaches 3000-5000 rubles. Cartridges for Polaroid, although they are created using a simpler technology, still have a considerable cost - 1000-2000 rubles.
Anyone can buy a camera, as many online stores have this product.
Modern Polaroid Snap
The most popular model today is the Polaroid Snap, which costs up to $100. It is a 10-megapixel camera, which has a built-in popular Zink printer, which issues a photo card with dimensions of 7.6 x 5 centimeters immediately after the picture is taken. In addition to the fact that the device gives out the finished photo, it also saves the image in electronic form.
Construction and design
The camera itself is enclosed in a rectangular plastic case. The device measures 122 x 76 x 28 and weighs 400 grams. The camera is quite comfortable to hold even in a small hand when shooting. But still, to prevent the device from falling, it is best to use a special strap that comes with the kit.
Initially, the camera was created taking into account all the conveniences and maximum ease of use, so there are quite a few controls in it.
On the left side there is a slot for a memory card, as well as a port for the charger. It is worth noting that the built-in memory is only enough to shoot and print one image, so you still need to purchase an additional memory card.
On the back is a tray that holds 10 sheets of photo paper. Prints come out on their own from a slot specially designed for this, located on the right side of the camera. And above the door itself there are three indicator lights showing the status of the battery, memory card and paper. Thanks to these qualities, modern users can have no doubts about the quality and convenience of the camera.
Everyone knows that Polaroid is a picture that is ready in a few minutes after pressing the camera button. But, on the other hand, it also has another extremely significant feature: each Polaroid image is unique, it cannot be repeated. The difference between it and ordinary photography is like between a drawing and an engraving. The Polaroid only captures fleeting reality once, so it evokes some impressionistic urges to instantly capture the moment, immediately get the result, and realize that everything has already changed in seconds.
Still Life Blue Guitar David Hockney
According to the generally accepted legend, the idea of a camera that produces snapshots somehow came to the mind of a three-year-old girl who wanted to see the picture immediately after she was photographed, and began to ask why this was impossible. Probably, a similar question came to mind for many children, but not all of them had a father, the genius Edwin Land, who had long been engaged in the problem of polarization of light, founded the Polaroid company and developed not only lenses for cameras and sunglasses optics, but also devices for aerial reconnaissance and homing shells. Land had the idea almost immediately, but it took about three years to implement it.
Cassio Vasconcellos
In 1947, Edwin Land introduced the first model of an instant photographic apparatus, where the film after exposure was rolled between special rollers, with the help of which reagents were applied to it to develop and fix the image: thus, it was already ready for printing. The invention was convenient and easy to use. The new Land 95 camera went on sale the following year for $89.75, targeting the middle class.
It is worth noting that Edwin Land still wanted to take the Polaroid out of the scope of everyday circulation. He was well aware that the image means a lot, and it would not be superfluous to write his offspring into the history of art, so he strongly encouraged famous photographers to use his invention, helped them arrange exhibitions, and bought works. Since the late 1950s, the famous Polaroid Photography Collection began to gradually take shape. A unique collection of photographs, which, as already mentioned, existed only in a single copy.
David Levinthal
Landscape painter Ansel Adams was the first to respond to Land's call, he tested the capabilities of the camera and subsequently helped in the formation of the collection. The works of Edward Weston, Paul Strand, etc. were bought. Also, the New York MoMA began to collect a collection of Polaroids. This played a role in establishing the Polaroid's status. Further meetings could be formed already from little-known, new names.
David Levinthal
It is worth saying that one of the features of Polaroid photography is the fact that it is difficult to determine from it whether a professional photographer took it, a beginner or just an amateur. Polaroid is not studio photography. She is intimate and therefore always kind of warm and close. It depends only on the look, light and one push of a button.
Joyce Tenneson
The first black-and-white Polaroids, due to the density of the card and the already forgotten, reverent attitude towards the new product, resemble old daguerreotypes. This is where the vintage style comes from, for example, like Karl Baden. Of course, over time, this feeling passes, and the Polaroid becomes valuable precisely for its dynamism and impressionistic ability to snatch out pieces of life.
Joyce Tenneson
As for the color polaroids that have appeared since the early 1960s along with Policolor film, their color reproduction is of course interesting (Time Zero Film is especially recognizable). The popularity of Polaroids even forms a special stereotype of the 1960s: it seems that everything then was especially bright and warm.
Joyce Tenneson
In the 1970s, a phase of technical and aesthetic experiments begins. Pictures are folded into canvases, they are scratched or scribbled on the surface of the Polaroid, as if arguing with its past status of irreversibility and self-sufficiency. Later, the possibility of transferring the image from the card to other materials opens up. At the same time, special effects of texture and volume were possible, as, for example, with the fish of Sergio Tornaga.
Polaroid is still considered something stylish and fashionable. Working with it has a certain competitive character: the camera is widespread and accessible, the conditions are equal for everyone, and at the same time I want to get an original result. Polaroid was actively used by Andy Warhol, Helmut Newton, Robert Mapplethorpe, master of nude Lucien Clergu. There are portraits of Salvador Dali by the famous Philippe Halsman. The most famous collages belong to David Hockney, who skillfully plays with the fragmentation of space into even polaroid squares, creating an amazing multi-layered reality.
Devil's Backbone II Anna Tomczak
Due to their precise geometric shape, some models of Polaroid cards give rise to ideas of Suprematist abstraction, like Brela Bruno, who photographs, in particular, various parts of buses. The classics of Polaroid shots are, of course, plot "home" scenes, such as the work of Barbara Hitchcock, who later became the director of the Polaroid Collection.
Equus Anna Tomczak
Probably, all existing snapshots could cover half of the globe. After all, the Polaroid, despite the bankruptcy of the producing company, is popular to this day, and it’s not a new device, but an old one - the older, the more interesting, since all this fits perfectly into the nostalgic fashion for vintage and into the general postmodern discourse as a particularly significant brand of the past .
On June 17, 1970, Edwin Land patented his landmark camera, the first fully automated Polaroid SX-70. We will tell you the most interesting facts about Polaroid cameras and their inventor Edwin Land.
Edwin Land's parents lived in Russia before emigrating to the United States
Edwin Land, the founder of Polaroid, was born in 1909 in the town of Bridgeport (Connecticut, USA) to an Odessa family who emigrated to America at the end of the 19th century, a turbulent time for Jews living in Russia. Edwin's grandfather, Abraham Solomonovich, started in America own business for the purchase and processing of scrap metal and succeeded in this. Later this business was continued by Edwin's father.
Edwin Land, founder of Polaroid and famous American inventor:
Edwin was fond of technology from his youth. Especially optics
Edwin was a very curious child from childhood. History keeps information that one day his father whipped him when he saw that the boy had taken apart his phonograph. Edwin was especially fond of optics. In 1926 he became a student at Harvard University, but soon dropped out. Land was eager to invent, and his studies prevented him from doing so. All forces were thrown at inventions, and soon it justified itself. Edwin first invented polarizing lenses for car headlights that illuminated the road without dazzling oncoming cars. Later, he created the world's first polarized sunglasses.
Contemporaries of the inventor say that he always showed creativity when promoting their inventions. For example, when he wanted to sell his polarizing filters for use in sunglasses to top managers from the American Optical Company, he rented a hotel for a meeting, put a goldfish aquarium on the windowsill, and when the guests arrived, handed each a polarizing plate. The trick was that on a sunny day, due to the glare gold fish inside the aquarium was not visible, and with the help of a polarizing plate, top managers were able to see it immediately.
Inventor Edwin Land and future president of Polaroid, 1958:
Impressing his guests in this way, Land immediately declared that from now on, sunglasses should be made from polarized glass, and they almost immediately agreed to invest in this idea. Surprisingly, in 1929, Land, at the age of 20, returned to Harvard to continue his studies. And the head of the Harvard Physics Laboratory, Theodore Lyman, goes forward and puts the laboratory at his disposal. So impressed was the professor with the achievements of the 20-year-old half-educated student.
Polaroid is a word Land didn't like at all at first.
In 1937, the already successful entrepreneur Edwin Land founded Polaroid, a company specializing in optical technology. The term polaroid was first used by Professor Clarence Kennedy in 1934 when he talked about Land's work in the search for a material that polarizes light. Land didn't like the word at first. He himself wanted to call the material he invented epibollipol (from the Greek words "flat" and "polarizer"). But Land's colleagues convinced him that Kennedy's easy-to-pronounce word suited his invention better.
During World War II, Polaroid became a major supplier of optics to the military, supplying troops with binoculars, night vision goggles, periscopes, and more. Land also participated in the development of complex military equipment. So, during the war, his company received a contract from the US government for $ 7 million to develop an infrared guidance system for homing projectiles. By the way, the American military command appreciated Land's developments. So, in 1944, all American pilots had Polaroid glasses, similar to a snorkeling mask, which provided excellent visibility.
Land's famous camera was inspired by a question from his daughter
After the end of the war, Land was finally able to do what he had long wanted to do - the development of a camera that would combine the processes of photography and image processing. Edwin was inspired by this invention by his three-year-old daughter while on vacation in Santa Fe in 1943. Land took a picture of her, and the girl was upset to learn that her father could not show her the resulting photograph right now. Why? Instead of explaining to his daughter why this was impossible, Land asked himself the same question and very soon realized that his daughter's claim was absolutely correct. It is possible to create a camera that takes instant pictures.
The development of such a camera took at least three years - at first there were many military orders, and the work itself to find new photographic material, which made it possible to take a photograph in a few tens of seconds, progressed slowly. That work was somewhat reminiscent of Edison's search for a suitable material for a lamp filament. Remember Edison's famous quote about this: “I never failed. I just found 10,000 ways that don't work." Land later also recalled that period of searching: “Inventing something, it is important not to be afraid to fail. Scientists make great discoveries only because they put forward hypotheses and conduct experiments. Failure follows failure, but they don't give up until they get the results they want."
By the way, among inventors in terms of the number of registered patents, only Thomas Edison is ahead of Edwin Land - Edwin had about 600 of them.
Edwin did it all. He ensured that the photosensitive surface in his camera simultaneously acted as a film and as a photograph. Land demonstrated his "instant" camera for the first time in February 1947 at a meeting of the American Optical Society. Those present were delighted. And on November 26, 1948, Land's revolutionary cameras went on sale under the name Polaroid Land Camera Model 95 and cost $90. It was a lot of money for that time, but the first batch was sold out on the same day.
Here it is, the first Polaroid - Land Camera Model 95:
Land made Americans fall in love with the art of photography
The first photographs taken by Land's camera were inferior in quality to those taken in the traditional way. And the cost of making a picture was higher, but this did not stop the Americans. Already in 1950, the millionth roll of film was sold. At the same time, Land continuously improved his cameras and films. They say that he was especially concerned about ease of use, and he brought all the new experimental models home and watched how convenient it was for his wife and children to take photographs with them, load the film, and get the finished photograph.
Land's contribution to the popularization of photography cannot be overstated. Today, thanks to the popular Instagram app, millions of people around the world have become addicted to mobile photography, and then Polaroid cameras were such a catalyst. Many of those who discovered the world of photography with the help of Polaroid later switched to professional cameras and became professional photographers. Almost every party and wedding in those days in the United States was accompanied by photography, and photographs were given to departing guests as a keepsake. For those who were born in the USSR, it is not difficult to imagine. We had the same boom in instant photography, only much later. In the USSR, official sales of Polaroid cameras began in 1989.
In the 1960s, Polaroid was taught to take color photos and the price of the camera was reduced to $20.
In fact, work on color images began immediately after the start of sales of the very first camera models. But the period of trial and error took almost 15 years.
Another breakthrough product of the time was the Polaroid Swinger camera, which cost only $20, which apparently made it the company's most commercially successful product. By the mid-1960s, about half of American households owned a Polaroid camera.
Polaroid Swinger:
The landmark, fully automatic, Polaroid SX-70 went on sale in 1972.
The real breakthrough came in 1972, when the Polaroid SX-70 camera was introduced to the world, the same camera for which Land received a patent in the summer of 1970. This was the first fully automated pocket camera. The photographer had only to load the cassette, point the lens and press the button. A minute later, the photo was ready. If we compare, we can say that it was the iPhone of its time - the most convenient camera.
Polaroid SX-70:
In previous Polaroid models, the photographer had to remove the negative layer from the photo himself. Now the whole process of obtaining an image proceeded automatically: after pressing the shutter button, the photograph left the camera and fully developed within a few minutes. It was these automatic models that became widespread in the USSR in the late 1980s and 1990s.
Land himself commented on that model: "My main task was to create a camera that would become a part of you, which would always be with you." The model has become epochal. Excellent sales, another boom in photography in the US, a rapid increase in the value of the company's shares. In the 1970s, Polaroid was one of the most successful companies in the world, and Edwin Land and his camera even appeared on the cover of Time magazine.
Polaroid becomes an "aesthetic" event in the 1970s
Land tried to promote his products not only to the masses, but also among artists. He said: "... The invention of instant photography is also an aesthetic event: it allowed people who see artistic value in the everyday world around them to get a new environment for self-expression." Appreciate how strongly this resonates with the philosophy of photographic social Instagram networks! In those years, exhibitions of polaroid photographs taken by celebrities are organized. Polaroid shoot Andy Warhol, Helmut Newton ...
Edwin Land was the idol of Steve Jobs
This seems unsurprising. After all, Land has always sought to create the most convenient products for users, and periodically created completely new products. Jobs adhered to the same philosophy. It is known that technical innovators knew each other and communicated. Steve Jobs especially remembered the phrase of his idol, said by Land at a meeting with him: “The world is like fertile soil that is waiting to be cultivated. It is necessary to plant seeds and harvest, which is what I do.”
In 1982, Edwin Land was forced to resign from his own company.
Top managers and shareholders of Polaroid were not happy with the way their boss does business, they complained that he uses totalitarian methods, he makes all key decisions himself. According to other Polaroid executives, Land held back the company: he refused to merge with other companies, always had a negative attitude towards raising credit funds, did not put a penny on market research, and had little faith in marketing and advertising. As a result, under pressure from shareholders in 1975, Land was removed from the post of president of the company, then deprived of the post of chairman of the board of directors, and in 1982, 73-year-old Land was forced to resign.
It is curious that in 1985, Steve Jobs during one of his speeches said: “Dr. Edwin Land was a real rebel. He was kicked out of Harvard and founded Polaroid. Not only was he one of the greatest inventors of his time. More importantly, he was able to see the intersection of art and science with business and created an organization in which this philosophy was embodied. Polaroid succeeded for several years, but subsequently Dr. Land, one of the brilliant rebels, was forced to leave his own company. And that's one of the biggest stupid things I've ever heard in my life." In that 1985, Jobs himself was asked to leave the company he created.
In 1985, Polaroid received a then-record payoff from Kodak.
Litigation between the two giants of the photography industry began after Eastman Kodak began developing its instant photography system in 1975. Then Polaroid's lawyers filed a claim for infringement of the patent owner's rights. The lawsuit lasted for about a decade, but in the end, Kodak's behavior was called wrongful by the Supreme Court of Appeal. The company had to wind down all its developments in the field of instant photography and, in addition, pay Polaroid $ 925 million. In modern times, something similar has happened between Apple and Samsung, bringing Land and Jobs closer again. Although by the end litigation Land hadn't worked for Polaroid in a long time.
The solemn celebration of the 50th anniversary of Polaroid took place in 1987 without the founder of the company, E. Land
Land never returned to Polaroid. At that time, Dr. Land continued to work as a researcher at the institute, and on March 1, 1991, at the age of 81, he passed away.
Polaroid itself outlived its founder by only a decade. The new management did not invest in the emerging digital photography. Soon, many people preferred digital cameras to Polaroid instant cameras. Express printing labs, which were gaining popularity, also played their part. People preferred to save money: it was cheaper to print photos in the laboratory, the pictures were better and more durable, and the loss in time was no longer so significant. Having taken on too many loans, Polaroid filed for bankruptcy in October 2001.
Despite the bankruptcy, the famous brand continued to exist.
That company ceased to exist, but the brand did not die. In early 2009, a new Polaroid company introduced a digital camera equipped with a built-in color printer, the Polaroid PoGo Instant Digital Camera. And in 2012, the company returned to the Russian market again - with digital instant cameras and a pocket printer. Let's hope that the famous brand, which in the middle of the last century made the world fall in love with the art of photography, is waiting for a successful revival.
Edwin Herbert Land (1930s).
In 1883, after the accession to the throne of Alexander III, the persecution of Jews began in Russia. It was then that the whole Land family: grandfather Abraham Solomonovich, grandmother Ella, uncles Sam and Louis and his father Harry - emigrated from Odessa to America. An enterprising grandfather started his own business of buying and processing scrap metal. On May 7, 1909, in Bridgeport, Connecticut, Harry Land and his wife Matha Goldfagen had a son, the future world-famous inventor, who was named Edwin. In the family, the boy was called Din (Din), because the younger sister Helen could not pronounce the full name of Edwin. This short nickname remained with Land for the rest of his life - both friends and business partners called him that. From a young age, Edwin experimented a lot with light, kaleidoscopes and stereoscopes, and often ran to the local library to gawk at the telescope installed there. And once, in a fit of curiosity, he disassembled his father's phonograph into parts, for which he was flogged by a strict parent. At the age of thirteen, his parents sent Edwin to a summer camp near Norwich, Connecticut. There he saw an experiment demonstrating the decomposition of a light beam into a spectral beam using a glass pyramid made of Icelandic spar. This event greatly influenced and determined Land's further sphere of interests. At this age, Edwin first read a textbook on optical physics by the famous scientist Robert Williams Wood, and this book replaced the Bible for him for many years. At school, Edwin gave special preference to the natural sciences. After graduation, the boy's parents paid for tuition at Harvard University. However, a few months later, Land unexpectedly dropped out of the university. It seemed to him that studying at Harvard only fettered his scientific initiative; Land felt that he was ready to make discoveries - and he knew exactly in what area. The direction of research was suggested by life itself. One night, when Edwin was thirteen, he was awakened by a terrible noise. It was a collision between a car and a farm van. As an adult, Land thought a lot about this case: how to make headlights powerful, but at the same time their light does not blind drivers of oncoming cars? The decision was made: to make polarizing filters with which it would be possible to "dim" the bright light. The problem was in the material. After a series of experiments, Land settled on plastic, which, as a result of appropriate processing, acquired the necessary properties. So Edwin Land invented polarizing lenses for car headlights that illuminated the road without blinding oncoming cars. In 1929, having perfected the invention and received his first patent, Edwin Land triumphantly returned to Harvard University. The results of his work so impressed Theodore Lyman, head of the Department of Physics, that he gave the promising student a separate laboratory for research. And in 1932, Land himself led seminars on the polarization of light - an unprecedented honor for a man who had not yet received a diploma. However, despite the persuasion of his colleagues, Land did not aim for a scientific degree, but tried to realize his second talent as an entrepreneur. Working with physics professor George Wheelwright, he founded the Land-Wheelwright Company. Her task was to commercialize the invention, which by that time had become interested in the research laboratories of such giants as General Motors, General Electric and Eastman Kodak. As for academic degrees, in 1957 Harvard did make Land an honorary doctorate. In the 1930s, Edwin Land began to collaborate with lawyer Donald Brown, which lasted more than 40 years. Patent law was considered Brown's strong point, thanks to which all Land's ideas were surrounded by an indestructible wall of patents, which excluded the possibility of any copying of inventions. In 1934, Kodak became the first customer of the new company to decide to use Land's polarizers as filters for cameras. IN next year American Optical Company bought a license from Land-Wheelwright to manufacture sunglasses. Edwin Land has always been creative in promoting his inventions. A fan of personal presentations, to sell his polarizing filters, Land rented a hotel to meet with top executives from the American Optical Company, placed an aquarium with a goldfish on the windowsill, and when the guests arrived, handed each a polarizing plate. The trick was that on a sunny day, due to the glare, the goldfish inside the aquarium was not visible, but with the help of a polarizing plate, top managers could immediately see it. Impressed guests immediately agreed to invest in this idea. Already in the late 1930s, the first pair of glasses was sold. In 1937, with the proceeds, Land was able to transform his company into the Polaroid Corporation. The term polaroid was first used by Professor Clarence Kennedy in 1934 when he talked about Land's work to find a material that polarizes light. Land didn't like the word at first. He himself wanted to call the material he invented epibollipol (epibollipol, from the Greek words for “flat” and “polarizer”). But Land's colleagues convinced him that the easy-to-pronounce word polaroid was a better fit for his invention. Initially, Polaroid did not deal with cameras, releasing sunglasses, polarizing glasses for various purposes for civilian devices and military equipment. Demand grew, and soon Polaroid products crossed the borders of Europe and Asia. 1939 marked a new stage in the development of the young company. Polaroid received $7 million from the US government to develop homing projectiles. Defense work continued during the Second World War. Polaroid launched the production of night vision devices, periscopes, binoculars, aerial reconnaissance devices and other similar equipment. In 1944, all military pilots received new Polaroid glasses. The lenses of these goggles, similar to a large windshield, were made of unbreakable plastic. They provided excellent visibility and protected the pilots' eyes from hypothermia and flashes of fire. In 1944, Land spent a vacation with his three-year-old daughter Jennifer in Santa Fe, where they took a lot of pictures on walks. And once the girl asked her father why she could not immediately look at the finished photograph. Within an hour, Edwin Land had outlined the concept of instant photography.
It took about three years to bring the idea to life. The search for a new photographic material, which made it possible to obtain a photograph in a few tens of seconds, progressed slowly and was somewhat reminiscent of the search for a suitable material for an incandescent lamp filament by Edison. Edison himself put it this way: "I didn't fail. I just found 10,000 ways that didn't work." Land later also recalled that period of research: “When inventing something, it is important not to be afraid to fail. Scientists make great discoveries only because they put forward hypotheses and conduct experiments. Failure follows failure, but they do not stop until they achieve the results they achieve. they need." He achieved that the photosensitive surface acted both as a film and as a photograph. In February 1947, Land demonstrated a prototype of the new camera at a meeting of the American Optical Society. The essence of the invention was as follows: after exposure, the film was rolled between special rollers, with the help of which reagents were applied to it for developing and fixing the image. It was removed from the camera ready for printing. The inventor always paid special attention to the convenience of using the device he invented. They say that before launching the next camera model into production, he brought it home and showed it to his wife and children - in order to make sure that even housewives could load a film or cassette on their own and take a normal picture. In 1948, the production of Polaroid Land 95 cameras was launched, which immediately after shooting produced a finished picture. In addition, the company also released special cassettes for them. The cassette contained photographic material or a combination of photographic materials and reagents resulting in a paper-based positive image. A picture taken by the first Polaroid cameras cost a lot - $ 1. At that time, this was very decent money, for example, a classic hamburger cost several times cheaper. And although the time for cheap shots has not yet come, the realization of the idea of instant photography brought huge popularity to the company, which has since been called the "factory of inventions". The Land 95 first went on sale on November 26, 1948 at the Jordan March department store in Boston. It cost $89.75. Land deliberately did not exceed the threshold of $100. Land considered the main consumer group to be the middle class, which, after the war, willingly spent money on entertainment and goods of this kind.
The calculation turned out to be correct: the cameras were a huge success in the market. The very next year, Polaroids were sold for more than $9 million, and in 1950 the millionth roll of film was bought. It was easy to buy a Polaroid, it was sold almost "at every corner". The invention of Edwin Land changed the style of parties, weddings and other celebrations in America in many ways. Now each guest could take his own set of pictures from the festival - instead of waiting weeks or even months for the hosts to send him a photo.
In 1958, Polaroid opened its first foreign offices in Canada and West Germany, then the company's branches appeared in the UK, France, Italy, Japan, and in 1989 even in the USSR, isolated by the Iron Curtain. In 1963, the company released the first camera, which makes it possible to receive color images immediately. Research into creating a color photo printing system began at the same time as the very first cameras that produced instant black-and-white photographs began to be sold, and it was not until almost 15 years later that Polaroid employees were able to achieve success. Released in 1965, the Polaroid Swinger camera marked the next round in the popularity of instant photography. Since the Polaroid Swinger cost only $20, it quickly became the company's most commercially successful product. By the mid-1960s, about half of American households were using Polaroid cameras.
Polaroid 20 (Swinger) (1965)
In 1968, the Japanese company Mikami developed the Speed Magny 100 instant photo back for the first SLR Nikon cameras series F. The long optical path "ate" about 5 steps of light, so a shutter speed of 1/250s corresponded to 1/8s. The Speed Magny design completely replaced the standard camera back. The device used the standard Polaroid 8.5 x 10.8 cm format, including 669, 665 P / N and 679. Similar devices have been developed for almost all popular brands such as Hasselblad, Mamiya and others. Speed Magny instant backs were discontinued in the early 80s.
Ten years later, in 1978, Polaroid itself, together with the Japanese Mamiya, launched the Polaroid 600 SE model, developed on the basis of the Mamiya Press model. The 6x9 medium format camera Mamiya Press had a design based on a modular principle: not only the lens was interchangeable, but also the back. One version of the case, equipped with a back for instant photography, was sold on the market under the Polaroid brand.
The invention of instant photography Edwin Land tried to make part of modern art. He convinced famous photographers of his time to use Polaroid cameras. The most famous lover of instant photography was the famous Andy Warhol. True, thanks to Warhol, "Polaroid" pictures became rather scandalous - one of Warhol's hobbies, who was considered a real Polaroid "addict", was to photograph in the "nude" style of guests who came to him. The Museum of Modern Art in New York has begun collecting and exhibiting the famous Polaroid Photography Collection, which currently has about 20,000 works. After instant photography became affordable from a financial point of view, all forces were thrown into automating the process. The real breakthrough came in 1972. The world was introduced to the Polaroid SX-70 Land Camera, the first fully "motorized" model. In previous Polaroid cameras, the photographer had to remove the negative layer from the photo himself. Now the whole process of obtaining an image proceeded automatically: after pressing the shutter button, the photograph left the camera and fully developed within a few minutes. The first presentation of the SX-70 took place on April 25, 1972 at the annual meeting of Polaroid shareholders. Edwin Land took the stage and, lighting his pipe, began his speech by saying: "After today, photography will never be the same again."
In 1972, Land, camera in hand, was featured on the cover of Life magazine, which included an article about the release of the new Polaroid SX-70 camera. The article was titled: "Instant Karma: Edwin Land and His 'Magic..." which means: "Instant Karma: Edwin Land and His Magic...". In June of the same year, on the cover of another popular magazine - Time. In the issue in the "Marketing" section there was an article "Polaroid's Big Gamble on Small Cameras", which can be translated as "The Big Polaroid Game in the Small Camera Market". The company invited the popular actor Sir Laurence Olivier to advertise the camera. This was his first and last advertising campaign. The model expected a resounding success, to which Wall Street immediately responded: the corporation's shares grew 90 times over the year, which allowed Polaroid to enter the Nifty Fifty - the rating of the 50 most attractive companies for investors. In the 1970s, Polaroid became one of the most successful companies in the world.
Since then, the number of models has become more and more, the price of them and consumables - all lower. In the 70s - 80s, Polaroid became a truly "folk" camera, which is remembered with nostalgia by all of America and most of the world. The model became a milestone, provoking another boom in photography. Land himself commented on the work on the creation of the Polaroid SX-70: "My main task was to create a camera that would become a part of you, which would always be with you." The most famous model of the SX-70 family, developed in 1977, was the 1000 OneStep camera, which for the first time appeared in the design of the proprietary right button. Built on SX-70 technology and using the same film format, the camera embodied new strategy cutting costs. The company's engineers sought to develop mass-produced goods, not a futuristic marvel. The OneStep camera used a fixed focus lens, which forced the photographer to shoot from a distance of four feet. Instead of the previous natural leather casing, plastic with a cheerful rainbow stripe was used. The design of the series became legendary and formed the basis for the presentation of the image of Polaroid. At the origins of the corporate identity was designer Paul Giambarba, who joined the Polaroid team in 1958 to develop a new visual brand. It was necessary to separate Polaroid products from the crowded trade counters goods from Kodak. One of the conditions put forward by Edwin Land is the presence of a dominant white color. This is how a simple, beautiful and unique visual language was developed.
Supercolor 1000/Polatronic 1 (1977).
In April 1976, Eastman Kodak tried to circumvent patent restrictions and introduced its first Kodak EK4 instant camera. It was an aborted project, driven in part by Kodak's fear. The success of the SX-70 series cameras was so resounding that it really could define the future of photography. Two years later, an automatic version was released - Kodak EK6. Kodak cameras had a vertically oriented body with a complex optical path that used a system of internal mirrors. Then came the Kodak EK 100 version, which had a slightly different body design. The series was also produced under a different name Colorburst. The cameras of the PLEASER and HANDLE series had a simpler design: now the future image was located in the focal plane. The entry of a competitor into the instant photography market, which almost single-handedly created Polaroid, ended the serene relationship between the companies. Kodak was much more than Polaroid. The giant had unlimited resources at its disposal. But Kodak cameras were clunky, unattractive, and heavy. Polaroid cameras weighed almost half as much and had bold design and innovative technical solutions. Land was not shy about admitting that the patent wall that lawyers built around his inventions made Polaroid a monopoly. This right to a monopoly was successfully defended by Polaroid for many years in litigations with various plagiarists. So Edwin Land took up the challenge, and six days after Kodak announced its instant photography camera, filed a patent infringement suit, responding with another aphorism: "The only thing that keeps us alive is our exclusivity. And the only thing that protects our exclusivity, - patents. By then, Kodak had already sued Polaroid for violating antitrust laws. It took five years for Polaroid's lawsuit against Kodak to go to trial. Four years later, a verdict was issued that found that Kodak had infringed on seven Polaroid patents. Kodak was forced to stop manufacturing its instant photography cameras. A ban was also imposed on the release of films for already sold Kodak cameras. In July 1991, four months after Land's death, Kodak paid Polaroid $925 million in damages, a record amount for such a claim. Experts estimated the possible amount of compensation from $2 billion to $16 billion.
The course of this patent war was followed with particular interest in the Japanese company FujiFilm, since a lawsuit was also brought against them. The FujiFilm Fotorama camera largely copied the Kodak design, and had the same form factor. The Japanese company understood that Polaroid would not sell a license. As a result, an agreement was reached on the exchange of technologies: Polaroid began to produce VHS cassettes and Floppy discs, using many years of development in the field of magnetic media of the Japanese concern, and FujiFilm got the opportunity to further develop instant photography technology under its own brand. Under the terms of the agreement, FujiFilm products were only available in the Asian market and in selected countries like Canada and Australia, while the largest markets in the US and Europe were closed to them under the terms of the agreement for the duration of the Polaroid patent. In 1998, Polaroid's US patent expired and FujiFilm introduced its new line Instax instant photo cameras. After the end of the monopoly in the instant photography market, the shares of the American company fell by 44%. Before the bankruptcy of Polaroid remained 3 years.
In 1978, Polaroid collaborated with the Japanese company Mamiya to release the Polaroid 600 SE. Such cooperation was beneficial for both parties: the Japanese Mamiya did not claim the instant photography market, and Polaroid marked its presence in the professional photography segment.
SX-70 Time-Zero Model 2 (1978). 
Polaroid One Step 600 (1983). 
Polaroid Spirit 600 (1988).
From 1977 to 1979, Polaroid also produced Polavision Super 8 reversible film, and from 1983 Polachrome 35mm reversible film. In the second half of the 1980s, a new family of single-stage photoprocess cameras, the Polaroid Impulse, came out. The line was represented by three models, differing only in focusing (focusing). The Polaroid Impulse model was equipped with a hard-wired lens focused at a hyperfocal distance of 1.2 meters to infinity. In the Polaroid Impulse Portrait model, it was possible to change the minimum focusing distance from 0.6 to 1.2 m. When the attachment lens was extended, a frame with a visible oval appeared in the viewfinder's field of view. In this oval, when sighting, a person's face was observed. The Portrait inscription was not applied to every body of the camera, but the presence of an extension lens extension key was a distinguishing feature. The Polaroid Impulse Autofocus (Polaroid Impulse AF) camera was equipped with autofocus. After preliminary pressing the shutter release button, focusing occurred, which was signaled by light and sound signals, after which, by pressing the button to the end, it was possible to take a sharp photograph. In the USSR, instant photography peaked in the 1980s and 1990s. The production of Polaroid cameras was launched at the Svetozar plant. The Polaroid 635 CL and Polaroid 636 Closeup models were produced with a frame size of 78 x 79 mm. The shutter was of the central type. The uncoated lens (14.6/109) was made of optical plastic. The focus was set to hyperfocal distance. Exposure - automatic. The built-in flash was on a swing arm. The viewfinder is parallax, optical. Case material - shock-resistant plastic. The flash was charged after moving from the transport position to the working position. The light green LED was lit when the camera was ready for use. The shutter would not fire without the flash being fully charged. The automatic frame counter showed the number of shots remaining. For photographs with a wider format of 9.2 x 7.3 cm, there was a rather rare in the USSR, but still quite well-known model - Polaroid Impulse, made not in the form of a familiar "clamshell", but in a single body with a pop-up flash.
Polaroid Impulse Portrait (1988). 
In 1983, the Konica Instant Press camera entered the Japanese market, which a year later began to be sold outside of Japan. It was the first successful copy of the Polaroid 195. The Konica Instant Press camera provided decent professional quality and had a good commercial success. The camera was equipped with an instant photo back. The film format used was Polaroid CB103 standard, which produced a 3 ¼ × 4 ¼" image size. The camera was equipped with an excellent Hexanon 110mm f/4.0 lens, a Copal shutter operating from 1 second to 1/500, and T-and-B, setting exposure was only in manual mode.The minimum distance to the subject is 0.6m.This is much closer than the professional Polaroid models (180, 190,195), which had this figure of 1.3m.Also closer than the Fuji FOTORAMA FP- 1 - 0.8m The mid-20th century Konica Instant Press's ergonomic design allows the lens to fold into a rugged housing.
In the late 1970s, Polaroid attempted to make another breakthrough by launching the Polavision system, a device for creating instant films. The Polavision kit included a camera, an instant reel cartridge, and a desktop viewing screen. The result of Polavision's work was two-minute-forty-second silent films. The Polavision system was expected to fail. Just ten years ago it would have been a miracle. But at that time, the technology of video recording on magnetic media turned out to be more promising and interesting for the mass consumer, since it provided the possibility of fixing sound, and the length of the video had no restrictions. Polaroid suffered significant losses and was forced to admit defeat in this market segment. Edwin Land, who turned 68 a couple of weeks after Polavision was unveiled, believed passionately in the new technology and hoped to replicate the success of the SX-70. He took his defeat keenly and did not resist his resignation as president of Polaroid. Land ran the company on his own principles. He did not recognize mergers, which at the end of the 20th century became one of the ways to stay on the market in the conditions of the development of new technologies, believed that only earned money should be invested, not borrowed money, did not put marketing research in a penny, and had little faith in marketing and advertising . The management style was based on the colossal authority of the inventor. After retiring, Land watched his offspring without any emotion. The design of cameras has undergone, as it may seem at first glance, small changes - the inscription "Land camera" has disappeared. It was a sign of great disrespect to the creator of Polaroid, who, disillusioned with the new management of the company, sold all his shares and even refused to attend the celebration of the 50th anniversary of Polaroid in 1987. He never returned to Polaroid. In 1980, he founded The Rowland Institute for Science, a non-profit research institute, where he became a research assistant after his dismissal. On March 1, 1991, at the age of 81, Edwin Herbert Land passed away.
Widely known in the 80s and 90s, Polaroid could not find its place in the photographic market in new century digital technologies. The company had its own vision of the future digital photography. According to the company, the consumer wanted to get a ready-made photo right away, so the developers focused on improving the printing process, and not on developing the digital cameras themselves. This misconception was based on the fact that the company made most of its profits from selling instant film, not cameras. On this basis, by 1989, 42 percent of the research and development budget was for photographic printing technology. True, Polaroid still managed to shoot one more time - in 1999, almost 10 million copies of the I-Zone digital camera were sold. But the following year, sales plummeted, the company ended the year with a loss, and debts piled up. To pay off, the company had to take out a loan after a loan, but it failed to catch up with competitors and take part in the section of the digital photography market.
By 2000, the company could no longer compete with participants in the digital photography market. The new management of Polaroid, following the principle of "we do not do electronics" for many years, refused to invest in the development of digital technologies. The growing popularity of express printing labs played a role as well, with their explosion in the photo services market all over the world. The locomotive of the ubiquitous distribution of express printing was the same Kodak - a former partner, and then a sworn enemy. The advantages of instant photography began to gradually fade away. In a photo lab with automatic negative film development and photo printing, an amateur photographer could print his pictures in an hour - the loss in time was no longer so significant. The prints were cheaper, better quality and more durable.
Gaining popularity digital cameras finally ousted from the market instant camera polaroid. Only one name remained from the former company - "Polaroid". Over the past three years, the company's shares have fallen from nearly $50 a share to 28 cents. In October 2001, after taking on too much debt, Polaroid filed for its first bankruptcy. After that, most of Polaroid's business was sold to Bank One's Imaging Corporation. In 2003, the company entered the consumer electronics market and began producing portable DVD players and LCD TVs. In 2004, together with the American company Foveon, originally known as "Foveonics", they announced the release of the digital compact camera x530. The production of new items was located at the plant of the Hong Kong company World Wide Licenses Ltd. (a division of The Character Group PLC). Released under the Polaroid trademark, the camera was equipped with a 4.5 MP Foveon X3 sensor. Before that, Foveon matrices were not found in amateur devices, appearing only in the D-SLR devices Sigma SD9 / SD10 of the Japanese corporation of the same name. By the way, since November 11, 2008, 100% of the shares of Foveon are owned by Sigma Corporation. In April 2005, Polaroid was acquired by Petters Group Worldwide for $426 million from Imaging Corporation. And on December 19, 2008, Polaroid filed for bankruptcy for the second time, resorting to Article 11 of the US law. The company itself argued that the bankruptcy was technical in nature and Polaroid would continue to work, and the 11th article would allow the company to carry out financial restructuring. The FBI was investigating CEO Tom Petters, who was accused of fraud in the amount of $ 2 billion. The investigation had no claims against Polaroid itself. Federal authorities blamed Polaroid's problems on financial crisis, but its own owner. A jury found former Polaroid CEO Tom Petters guilty of 20 counts of fraud, conspiracy and money laundering. According to the prosecutor, Petters is guilty of organizing fraudulent schemes that allowed him to steal $ 3.5 billion. In early 2008, it was announced that film production for instant photography would be discontinued. A sticker was placed on the packaging of Polaroid cassettes warning consumers that production was now discontinued. The cameras themselves ceased to be produced back in 2007: conveyors were stopped at the company's factories in the USA, Mexico and the Netherlands. In the same year, The Polaroid Book presented the assembled collection of photographs to a wide audience for the first time. In addition, the publication has become the only comprehensive technical guide containing an overview of all Polaroid cameras ever released. The book was sold in the original branded light-protective packaging that Polaroid cassettes were sold in.
Book "The Polaroid Book" (2008). 
Packaging of the book "The Polaroid Book". 
The company ceased to exist, but the brand did not die. The new owner of Polaroid is Patriarch Partners, an indirect investment fund. Despite the problems and setbacks that have accompanied Polaroid for many years, the new owner of the company looks to the future with optimism. The Patriarch Partners Foundation plans to completely revive the brand and continue to release digital novelties. In January 2009, at the Consumer Electronics Show 2009, the company attempted to revive interest in instant photography in the digital age with the introduction of the "Polaroid PoGo Instant Digital Camera". A distinctive feature of this model is its built-in color printer. In recent years, global corporations, especially large IT companies, are beginning to live according to the laws of show business. Collaboration with movie stars and popular musical performers allows attracting the attention of an increasing number of the public to their activities. Singer Lady Gaga has become the creative director of a special line of Polaroid cameras. CEO Jamie Salter announced to Polaroid that they have chosen the famous singer because Lady Gaga has a great creative talent with which the star will be able to breathe new passion into the brand of cameras. In 2011, at the same Consumer Electronics Show, singer Lady Gaga, as creative director of Polaroid, introduced three new products at once: sunglasses with a built-in camera and two 1.4-inch OLED displays, a GL10 mobile printer, and an updated Polaroid camera. Gray Label GL30.
Polaroid GL10 (2011). 
In 2012, Polaroid launched new instant cameras on the market - Polaroid Z340 and Polaroid PIC300, as well as the Polaroid GL10 pocket printer mentioned above. By adopting the new format, Polaroid hasn't lost any of its flair: instant photos are better, cameras are designed with the latest technology in mind, and design still sets the company apart from the competition. Now you can pre-edit the photo you like: use a filter, apply a frame, an inscription, etc. The new ZINK fast printing technology allows you to get the finished picture much faster than traditional Polaroid photography. In the same 2012, the Polaroid SC1630 Android HD Smart Camera was introduced - a camera on Android. The device is equipped with a 16-megapixel sensor and a triple optical zoom. Shutter speed - 1/1400, maximum ISO - 3200. There is support for geotagging, image stabilization system and the ability to record video in 720p format.
The popularity of instant photography is still great, despite the rapid development of digital technology. There are many attempts to revive instant photography. In 2000, the American instant photography back manufacturer NPC released the NPC 195, which was a copy of the Polaroid 195. The camera was equipped with the same lens - Tominon 114mm f / 4.5 and a Copal 0 shutter operating in the range from 1/500 to 1 second . In Japan, the camera was sold under the Polaroid brand. The company's main product is the NPC Proback back covers, which used a fiber optic plate to transfer the image from a 35mm camera to Polaroid instant film (two shots could fit on one film). NPC Proback covers were made in all known formats to fit cameras of most manufacturers.
In 2009, one of the closed factories, located in the Netherlands in the city of Enschede, where cassettes were produced, was bought out by a group of former enthusiastic employees who single-handedly decided to continue this business. They founded their own company called The Impossible Project and a few months later the production of instant photo cassettes was resumed, but using a new proprietary technology. The cassettes were made to be fully compatible with old-style cameras. So that all Polaroid fans can capture moments like never before. Enthusiasts, together with engineers who lost their jobs then, have repeatedly tried to restore production Supplies, but constantly faced with the absence of certain chemicals. A new variety of consumables will still be able to provide a retro quality, similar in effect to what pre-war photographers managed to achieve with silver chloride.
Impossible Project Black & White Film. 
Impossible Project Instant Film. 
FUJI FP-1 Professional (1995).
In 2013, Polaroid introduced the new Polamatic app. The new app allows you to edit and share your photos. If you wish, you can stylize photos as pictures from the famous Polaroid - the application includes, among other things, the famous branded "white frame". Polamatic also allows you to send photos by email, share them on social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and Flickr. In 2014, a prototype was developed, called the Instagram Socialmatic Camera. The concept camera has two lenses, one for general photography and the other for 3D filters. In addition, the camera has an application with which it can become a webcam, and an application for capturing and recognizing QR codes. Socialmatic will run on the Android operating system. The photo you just took can be processed on your Instagram Socialmatic Camera in the same way as with Instagram on your mobile phone. After processing, you can immediately post the result on Facebook. The difference is that Instagram Socialmatic Camera is equipped with better optics than mobile phone optics.
Pillow "Polaroid camera".
The legendary design - a cheerful rainbow stripe on a white background - formed the basis for the image of the Polaroid company, which is still associated with something unusual, fashionable and creative. 
Components of a trademark. 
Polaroid Electronic Imaging logo. 
New logo Gray Label "G Pixel".