Features of the logistics system. Goods as an object of logistics activities Stages of analysis of logistics systems

There are many definitions of the concept of "logistics", which indicates the ignorance of all sides and depths of its concept. On the other hand, the simultaneous existence of several definitions provides a more complete understanding of the nature, content and importance of this field of activity. In this connection Let's take a look at the most used her concepts.

Logistics is the supply to a specific consumer of the required product of the appropriate quality in the required quantity at the specified place and at exactly the appointed time at an affordable price.

Logistics is an effective organization, planning, management and control over stocks of primary material resources (raw materials), semi-finished products, components, final finished products and spare parts for these finished products.

This definition focuses on the formation of inventories of material and technical resources.

Logistics is the process of planning, implementing and monitoring the efficiency of the flow and storage of inventory and inventory.

The emphasis, as we see, is on the movement and storage of resources. The movement requires the choice of modes of transport, methods of transportation, the direction of goods flows, including their own vehicles. Moreover, often the choice between one's own capabilities and hiring a transport is a very difficult task that requires taking into account various economic factors.

In turn, the organization of storage involves accounting for the number of goods, their size, volume, design, type. Accordingly, warehouses are created that have the necessary equipment and handling vehicles, taking into account the volume of orders for material resources and final finished products, the timing of orders and other circumstances.

These concepts of logistics refer to Western terminology. In our country, a slightly different interpretation of logistics has been adopted.

Logistics is the planning, control and management of transportation, warehousing and other tangible and intangible operations performed in the process of bringing raw materials and materials to a manufacturing enterprise, in-plant processing of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products, bringing finished products to the consumer in accordance with his interests and requirements, and as well as the transmission, storage and processing of relevant information.

Purpose of logistics: achieving the greatest efficiency of the company, increasing its competitiveness.

Main tasks: improvement of goods circulation management, creation of an integrated effective system of regulation and control of material and information flows, ensuring high quality of product delivery.

Object of study and management in logistics are the material flows that are the main ones. Accompanying flows are informational, financial and service.

Subject the study of logistics is the optimization of resources in a particular economic system while managing the main and associated flows.

Logistics includes: purchasing logistics associated with the provision of production with materials; production logistics; marketing logistics (marketing or distribution). Transport logistics and information logistics are associated with each of the listed logistics.

Objects of study

The main objects of research in logistics are:

• chain;
• system;
• function;
• information flow;

logistics operation

This is a separate set of actions aimed at transforming the material and information flow. Such an operation is specified by a set of initial conditions, environmental parameters, alternative strategies, characteristics of the objective function.

Logistics chain

This is a linearly ordered set of physical and legal entities(manufacturers, distributors, warehouse managers, etc.) carrying out logistics operations, including those with added value, to bring the material flow from the supplier to the consumer.

Logistics system

This is an adaptive feedback system that performs certain logistics operations and has developed links with the external environment. It is considered as physical objects - industrial enterprises, territorial production complexes, trade enterprises, the infrastructure of the economy of a particular country. At the same time, a logistics system is distinguished with direct connections (material flow is brought to the consumer without the participation of intermediaries on the basis of long-term economic relations) and echeloned (multi-cascode, multi-level system in which the material flow on the way from the manufacturer to the consumer passes through at least one intermediary).

Logistic function

This is an enlarged group of operations, but directed towards the implementation of the goals of the logistics system, with the values ​​of indicators being its output variables. The logistics function includes: procurement, supply, production, marketing, distribution, transportation, warehousing, storage, inventory.

material flow

These are products subjected to various logistics operations - transportation, warehousing, storage, loading and unloading. The material flow has a dimension in the form of volume, quantity, mass and is characterized by rhythm, determinism and intensity.

Information flow

This is a set of messages circulating in the logistics system, between it and the external environment, necessary for management and control. The information flow can exist in the form of a workflow or an electronic document and is characterized by the direction, frequency, volume and speed of transmission. In logistics, horizontal, vertical, external, internal, input and output information flows are distinguished.

Logistics costs

These are the costs of performing logistics operations (warehousing, transportation, collection, storage and transfer of data on orders, stocks, deliveries). In terms of their economic content, such costs partially coincide with the costs of production, transportation, delivery of products, storage, costs of sending goods, packaging, etc.

Supply chain and service logistics

Based on the practice of production economic activity industrial enterprises and intermediary organizations, we can conclude that any company manufactures goods and at the same time provides various kinds of services. In this regard, a two-part definition of logistics has been adopted, reflecting the two main types of its activities - supply chain logistics and service logistics.

Supply chain logistics. This is a traditional process that reflects the organization of accumulation (warehousing, storage, stockpiling) and distribution (transportation, distribution channels, sales networks) of industrial and consumer goods.

It is the main organizational element in the production process and in the organization of product distribution. The classical supply chain can be represented as follows: source of primary material resources (raw materials) - transportation (loading and unloading) - production of products (industrial enterprises) - transportation (loading and unloading) - warehousing (storage) - sellers (distribution centers) - final consumers (organizations and individuals).

Service logistics. It is the process of coordinating the intangible activities necessary to carry out the service. Its effectiveness is determined by the level of satisfaction of the requirements of the buyer, the cost of it.

Service logistics is a decisive factor in the activities of organizations providing various kinds of services. A service infrastructure must be established to coordinate and meet customer requirements. In manufacturing industries, service logistics is a relatively minor factor that has a limited impact on profits and competitiveness.

Comparative characteristics of supply chain logistics and service logistics

Supply Chain Logistics	Service logistics
Sales forecasting	Service forecasting
Determination of sources of raw materials and materials	Identification of potential clients and partners
Planning and organization of production	Organization of work of personnel and equipment
Delivery of materials	Collection of information
Inventory Management	Data processing
Storage of raw materials and materials	Training
Processing orders of various consumers	Determining the requirements of potential customers
Choosing a Rational Distribution System	Formation of a network of service channels
Warehousing of goods	Data storage
Distribution control	Communication control
Implementation of transportation	Planning and regulation of time
Formation of an acceptable product price	Formation of an acceptable cost of services

The main thing that distinguishes services from tangible goods is that the service itself does not exist. Material resources in the form of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products can be consumed or be inactive. A service, on the other hand, needs an object as a source of work. It can be a person or a technical device. Services do not have specifications, they are intangible, and their quality is assessed based on the results of the work carried out.

At the same time, services are classified according to several criteria: the source of work - using technical means (various repairs) and the absence of tools (for example, consultations); relationship with the consumer - mandatory presence (for example, medical care) or absence (the same repair); type of consumer - organizations or individual consumers.

Distribution levels

Before considering global systems, let's dwell on the levels (positions) of distribution in logistics (on the example of consumer goods). These are suppliers of primary material resources (raw materials), manufacturers of semi-finished products, the final finished product, information Center, logistics platforms (warehouses), wholesalers or retailers, final individual consumers. Let's take a closer look at each level (position).

Suppliers supply various types of raw materials (mineral, artificial, agricultural), fuel and energy resources, a certain range of basic and auxiliary materials, i.e. processed or partially processed raw materials.

Manufacturers of semi-finished products produce basic and auxiliary materials, forgings, stampings, castings, components. Manufacturers of the final finished product manufacture, including assembly, goods for industrial or consumer purposes.

The data center is the only level in the distribution where there is no physical movement of resources and products. It processes customer orders for goods and conducts office work, collects reference information, monitors regulatory data governing logistics processes, analyzes operational information on the movement of products in the distribution system, and on the basis of this, goods movement processes are adjusted.

Logistic platforms are divided into intermediate (sorting), transport and warehouses at points of sale of goods. Wholesalers or retailers sell products through a chain of stores. The final individual consumer purchases finished products for home, family or personal consumption.

Global systems

American system

The basis of the American system is the relationship "resources - production." The opinion of the individual consumer about the product (quantity, quality, design, reasonable price) is clarified by the manufacturer of the finished product. He collects data by mail, telephone, questionnaires and observation at the point of sale. In this case, the information and production logistics chain looks like this: an individual consumer - a manufacturer of a finished product - a manufacturer of semi-finished products - a supplier of raw materials (feedback in the logistics chain). Further, a direct production connection is carried out: from the supplier of raw materials to the individual consumer.

The advantage of the American system is that an efficient balance is reached when the number of goods produced matches the number of potential consumers—supply and demand match. Another advantage is that the option of storing large stocks of finished products and, accordingly, stocks of intermediate products - semi-finished products and primary material resources - is excluded.

The disadvantage is that the manufacturer's forecast, despite the marketing research potential consumers may not be justified, since due to certain circumstances (changes in fashion, increased competition), it is possible to change the opinion of an individual consumer. Then the supply-demand balance is disturbed, and the produced goods may not find a consumer.

European system

Stocks are the backbone of the European system. Here the trader finds out the opinion of individual consumers about the product. Otherwise, the production procedure and information-production relations (both direct and reverse) are identical to the American system (the wholesaler and retailer acts as the initial position of the reverse logistics relationship, instead of the manufacturer of the finished product).

The advantage of the European system is that it allows the individual consumer to purchase the necessary goods (from the offered choice) in practically unlimited quantities, since the system is built on stocks of finished products in a wide range of each manufactured type.

The disadvantage of the European system is the presence of significant stocks of products, which leads to the cost of their storage (preservation and re-preservation, maintaining a strict regime of specified temperature values, compliance with humidity standards, various kinds of preventive maintenance), and hence additional storage costs. In this regard, it should be noted that experts have long come to the conclusion that the freezing of financial resources in material and technical resources is unprofitable.

To meet the various needs of intermediate and final consumers of products, the American system provides for the production of goods based on predicted demand. The European system is based on providing the consumer with a certain choice of products in the presence of significant storage volumes.

Japanese system

The Japanese system is fundamentally different from the American and European both in the approach to the problem of production and in its implementation. Its basis is the order. Neither the manufacturer nor the seller find out the opinion of the end consumer about the product. Thus, there is no relationship “manufacturer-seller”. The end consumer himself appears at the seller, and the order for the goods comes from him. In this case, the seller must satisfy the buyer's requests by providing him with exactly the goods that he requested.

It is noteworthy that in the Japanese system, the information and production chain of logistics “end consumer - supplier of raw materials” is completely opposite: “supplier of raw materials - end consumer”. Its distinguishing feature is that the manufacturer of the final finished product is constantly in a state of waiting for an order from the consumer. There is no production forecast in the system, and the manufacturer of the finished product is based on the opinion of the end user expressed in the order.

The advantage of the Japanese logistics system is maximum flexibility both when ordering a finished product, and when ordering semi-finished products and primary material resources. The end consumer does not choose a product from the proposed range, but orders an individual product in accordance with his taste and requirements.

The disadvantage of the Japanese system is that the manufacturer is constantly waiting for an order for the manufacture of a specific product and, having received it, proceeds to its implementation, which takes a certain time. If in the USA and Europe the end consumer does not expect the product, but quickly acquires it (although not always the one that is required by the individual buyer), then in Japan he expects an order, moreover, he additionally pays for the urgency of execution. Nevertheless, Western experts believe that the future of logistics is in the Japanese system.

Main tasks

Merchandising is complicated by the choice of means of transport. Marine vessels of significant displacement, road, rail, aviation, and pipeline transport are used. The choice of options for warehousing and storage of material and technical resources in ports, at regional bases and points of sale, systems for distributing goods to small shops, organizing sales, managing merchandise distribution, the ratio of optimal stocks of raw materials, semi-finished products, components, finished products and spare parts depends on the transport used. parts in warehouses of various levels. All this puts before producers and transport companies certain tasks.

Ultimately, all operations for the transportation, warehousing and storage of products and raw materials should be reduced from the standpoint of logistics to minimizing costs at each of these stages. Cost minimization involves taking into account the entire complex of information flows (normative, reference, operational and analytical data) that provide the solution of specific problems with the help of computerization.

The infrastructure in the economic sphere, which is developing at a rather significant pace, in turn gives rise to new tasks and problems that need to be solved at minimal cost at all levels of commodity circulation. Therefore, a whole scientific direction of logistics has arisen, including macrologistics (optimization of goods movement on the scale of the regional, international and other markets) and micrologistics (organization of goods movement at a separate enterprise).

Logistics in this sense is considered as mathematical logic, which has a number of applied areas that implement tasks in certain areas of the economy, technology, management and marketing.

Logistics, developing methods of minimization and optimization in each of its links in the overall chain, forms specific provisions, programs and standards for production, transportation, shipment, warehousing and storage, distribution. These developments are prepared for each distribution system: manufacturer, reseller, service provider, retailer and wholesale trade.

It can be said that logistics currently acts both as a science and as a practice covering all areas of activity in the production, distribution, distribution and consumption of products. The main goal of logistics is the uninterrupted provision of the growing needs of the population at minimal cost.

Industrial enterprises producing goods for industrial and consumer purposes, and enterprises providing services, as a rule, solve the following main tasks in the field of logistics that ensure their business: formation of a goal (goals); planning and forecasting; formation of capacities and stocks; acceptance of orders and responsibility for its implementation; equipment operation and inventory turnover, optimal use of the distribution network to comply with the law.

Successful management of logistics in an enterprise requires careful coordination of the movement and storage of material resources, an interest in the development and industrial packaging of materials. These two areas deserve special attention. The processing of material resources prior to warehousing and storage operations requires not only special equipment, but also significant financial costs. For example, deep freezing of foodstuffs, a special mode of their storage are associated with high energy costs. Accordingly, strategic stocks of material and technical resources are needed, the shelf life of which is calculated in years, as well as funds for their preservation and conservation.

Industrial packaging of materials, as well as their processing, also requires significant material (packaging materials), technical (special equipment), labor and financial costs. In addition, the type and type of packaging (containers, refrigerators) have a significant impact on further transportation and storage operations, loading and unloading. Depending on the type of packaging, the area and height of storage facilities, as well as storage equipment, etc. are used to the maximum.

1. Basic concepts of logistics

Logistics is the science of managing and optimizing material, financial and information flows, service flows based on the application modern technologies and the most progressive economic solutions, integrating internal and external material flows and aimed at achieving final results.

logistics operation- an action associated with the emergence, transformation or absorption of a material flow, limited by the area of ​​\u200b\u200ba certain logistic task (loading, unloading, packing, transportation, acceptance and release from a warehouse, storage, sorting, labeling, etc.).

Logistic function- a set of integrated logistics operations aimed at achieving one of the tasks assigned to the logistics system or its elements.

material flow- material resources, work in progress, finished products, to which logistics operations are applied related to their physical movement in space (loading, unloading), which are in motion.

Logistics system- this is a complex organized complete economic system, consisting of interconnected links participating in a single process of managing material and related flows and united by internal goals and objectives of a single logistics system of the organization.

Functional areas logistics:

1) production logistics (covers the processes of movement of material flows within the enterprise);

2) commercial logistics ( commercial activity on procurement and control over the amount of procurement costs, in the implementation of which cost reduction methods are developed);

3) distribution logistics (covers the area of ​​marketing and sales of products);

4) procurement logistics, or procurement logistics. Link of the logistics system- this is some economically separate object of the logistics system that performs a certain function, which is not subject to further return to it within the framework of the considered logistics system.

Types of links of the logistics system:

1) generating material and related flows;

2) transforming material and accompanying flows;

3) absorbing material and accompanying flows;

4) mixed (integrating three main types).

Logistics chain- a set of links of the logistics system, linearly ordered according to the material and accompanying flows in order to determine and design the necessary list of logistics operations, functions and costs.

Complete supply chain- linearly ordered links of the logistics system, directed from the supplier of material resources to the consumer of finished products.

Logistics network- a set of elements - links of the logistics system, interconnected in terms of material and accompanying flows in the field of a single logistics system of the organization.

Logistics channel- an ordered set of interconnected links of the logistics system, consisting of a number of complete logistics chains (or their sections).

Logistics costs- these are the costs that are necessary for the implementation of logistics operations and the achievement of final logistics tasks.

Classification of logistics costs:

1) costs associated with the implementation of single and complex logistics operations;

2) the costs associated with the loss from the immobilization of funds in stocks;

3) costs associated with damage from an insufficient level of quality of logistics management and service;

4) costs associated with the implementation of logistics administration.

2. Goals and objectives of logistics

Purpose of logistics- providing the consumer with products at the right time and place minimal cost on the implementation of logistics operations and the production resources used. Logistics manages physical distribution and material resources. Physical distribution management consists in reducing the costs associated with moving finished products from the place of production to the place of consumption and storing them in accordance with the required level of customer service quality. Material resource management is the effective satisfaction of the organization's needs for production resources. When managing a logistics system, three main concepts of a systems approach are used:

1) the concept of total costs;

2) the concept of preventing sub-optimization;

3) the concept of financial exchanges.

Four conditions that must be met in order to achieve the main goal of logistics:

1) supply of the desired product of a certain quality in the required quantity;

2) the fixed time specified in the contract;

3) a specific place of delivery;

4) minimization of total costs.

The object of study of logistics are material and accompanying material (information, financial, service) flows, without which it is impossible to implement material production.

Types of logistics flows:

1) informational and material;

2) transport and human;

3) financial and energy, etc. The subject of study of logistics– optimization

material, information, financial, service flows that ensure the production and commercial process, carried out from the standpoint of a single whole, i.e., minimizing costs in the entire logistics system, and not in each of its individual elements (chain, block).

Logistics tasks defined depending on the scope of its application:

1) stocks (planning, formation and provision of necessary material stocks);

2) transportation of products (determining the type of transport, vehicle, choosing a forwarder, transportation route, planning delivery costs and monitoring);

3) warehousing (planning of warehouse space and placement of warehouses, their quantity, placement of products in them, management of warehouse logistics operations, processing, sorting, packaging, etc.);

4) Information Support(collection of information about the movement of material and other flows).

Depending on the functions and tasks performed, logistics can be divided into:

1) macrologistics - the scope of logistics, in which the problems of analyzing the market of suppliers and consumers, developing the principle of distribution, locating storage facilities in the service sector, choosing the mode of transport and vehicles, organizing transportation, choosing a route, forming and choosing the movement of material flow, determining points of delivery, shipment and unloading of finished products, semi-finished products, components, raw materials and materials;

2) mesology - the scope of logistics, where the integration of several logistics systems of several firms in the same industry into a single logistics system;

3) micrologistics - the scope of logistics functions, where local issues are determined within the individual elements of the logistics system and material and other related flows are managed at the intra-company level. Micrologistics carries out operations for planning, preparation, implementation and control over the processes and direction of movement of material flows within the enterprise.

3. Factors and trends in the development of logistics

The concept of "logistics" has been known since ancient times, but it has recently become used as a science of supply management, production and marketing.

In the second half of the twentieth century. the concept of "logistics" acquired economic significance, and by 1980 logistics acquired the status of a separate science of management and stood out as a separate field of knowledge.

After the 1990s this science has won a strong position among other economic sciences. Currently, logistics is becoming one of the most important in the practice of managing an organization.

Logistics development factors:

1) an increase in transportation costs;

2) reaching the limit of efficient production;

3) fundamental changes in the philosophy of reserves;

4) creation of product lines;

5) the growth in the use of computers by suppliers and consumers.

Prerequisites for the development of logistics as a separate branch of economic sciences:

1) an increase in production stocks and transport costs in the distribution systems of goods;

2) growth of transport tariffs;

3) the emergence and rapid development of the marketing concept of organization management.

Stages of development of logistics.

1. The period of formation of logistics(1950-1970s). (It is characterized by the rapid development of the theory of logistics and its first application in practice. The development of logistics, together with the marketing concept, leads to paying attention to market needs, sales promotion, and the development of cost reduction practices. The emergence of the concept of total costs in Western science, the application of technology in business and information technology.)

2. The emergence of the concept of business logistics(late 1960-1970s). (During this period, the scope of the logistics approach is indicated - transportation, warehousing, processing of materials, protective packaging, inventory control, selection of the location of production and location of warehouses, order management for production of products, demand forecasting, marketing approach to servicing production and consumers. Of great importance was strengthening and fierce competition against the backdrop of a shortage of high-quality raw materials in production.)

3. The period of the "packaging" revolution(late 1970s). (The warehouse process has radically changed, its operating staff, the principle of organizing warehouse operations, technical and technological support. The use of transport and storage equipment, new types of containers and packaging, the use of the first containers, the introduction of standardization in warehouse operations, packaging, and standard sizes began.)

4. The emergence of the idea of ​​a complete supply chain"loading - production - distribution - sale" (1980 - mid-1990s). (The rapid development of personal computers and their massive use in business has led to the use of the global information space for the purpose of logistical management of the organization, it has become possible to integrally consider all logistical functions and operations and minimize total logistical costs, market globalization and the formation of a single economic space have increased the possibility of supplying and sales.)

5. The emergence and development of the concept total quality management (mid-1990s). (The use of a logistics approach in quality management, increased competition leads to a struggle for quality, an improvement in the level of service, the unity of goals of the consumer and the manufacturer is recognized. The importance of this stage for the development of logistics lies in the fact that from the position of strategic planning in free markets, the tasks of the company's integrated logistics coincide with the ideology of total quality management.This becomes one of the main principles of the logistics approach to management.)

4. The concept of logistics systems

Logistics system consists of three main blocks of the production process: supply, production, marketing.

The supply consists in the transportation of raw materials and materials, components, spare parts, the execution of an agreement with suppliers, the choice of a supplier, placing an order, etc.

Production - a direct change in the physical, chemical and geometric properties of the material in order to obtain the final product. The logistical approach to production is to minimize the total cost of production.

The sale of products includes the transportation of products, the choice of the mode of transport, the choice of a carrier (forwarder), the conclusion of an agreement with customers (consumers), after-sales service, etc.

The logistics system is characterized by a number of properties:

1) compatibility of elements of the system (ensured by the unity of ultimate goals);

2) the relationship of the elements of the logistics system (in external systems, the relationship is ensured by the conclusion of an agreement between the parties, in the internal logistics system, the relationship is provided by intra-production relations of the elements);

3) the connection between the elements of the system, which have a certain orderliness, organization;

4) an integral property (not a single element of the system individually is able to perform the functions of the system, i.e., procurement, production and marketing with minimization of total costs; each element of the system can work and achieve the ultimate logistical goal only in conjunction with other elements).

Objects of the logistics system:

1) enterprises and organizations that have a bank account, their own seal, an independent balance sheet (industrial, construction, transport, supply and marketing organizations);

2) glossings (regional and interregional complexes - fuel and energy, energy systems and associations, etc.). All objects operating outside the logistics system belong to the external environment and are included in other logistics systems.

The generally accepted concept of external relations for business- relations with suppliers and customers - is unacceptable for the logistics system: for a logistics approach to management, communication with suppliers and consumers is a single system, a single supply chain, and it is impossible to consider the enterprise separately from other links in the chain.

Depending on the type of supply chains in the system logistics systems are divided into:

1) logistics systems with direct economic links (systems with direct links - "commodity producer - buyer", "intermediary - buyer"; such links are characterized by a simple organization, and there may be not one, but many);

2) layered logistics systems (the system is characterized by logistics links of medium complexity; such a system is used by most organizations that use intermediaries to transport their products or purchase raw materials and materials from intermediaries);

3) flexible logistics systems (mixed systems, in which there may be direct simple logistics links and links of medium complexity; such systems are most widespread). Micrologistics system- a logistics system that belongs to one organization and manages its material and related flows in connection with other organizations that form a single logistics system with the main one (supply and sales organizations, service).

Internal logistics systems- systems that manage material and related flows within the technological cycle of production.

5. Stages of analysis of logistics systems

Analysis of the logistics system- the process of developing, substantiating, adopting and implementing a decision as a result of research and the formation of a unified logistics system.

The need to analyze the logistics system arises in the following cases:

1) formation of new logistics systems;

2) expanding the scope of the organization's activities (formation of additional structural divisions, increasing the list of functions performed, reorganizing the company);

3) development and planning of long-term prospects (15–20 years);

4) making logistic decisions, which can be strongly influenced by random environmental factors.

In this case, an analysis is carried out according to the main characteristics of the logistics system:

1) complexity (the main signs of complexity are the presence of a large number of elements, the complex nature of the interaction between the links, the complexity of the functions performed by the logistics system, the complex management of the system, the influence of many unpredictable and independent external factors on the system);

2) hierarchy (subordination of elements (links) of a system of a lower level to links of a higher hierarchical level according to the linear principle of subordination or according to the principle of functional logistics management);

3) integrity (the property of the logistics system to perform a given function in an integrated form, and not by its individual links. In this case, logistics costs are reduced and the approach becomes more universal and progressive);

4) structuredness (it is assumed that the system must have a certain organizational structure, consisting of interrelated subjects and objects and performing a single goal (function)).

The analysis of the logistics system is carried out in several stages.

1. The emergence and awareness of the logistical problem(i.e. the definition of a mismatch, available and desired in the logistics system).

2. Formulating the main goals and determining the main criterion for the efficiency of the logistics system (for this, it is necessary to know the principles of the logistics business, the characteristics of the industry of the enterprise, the technological features of the products, etc.).

3. Revealing the structure of the logistics problem(for this it is necessary to decompose the problem into elements, outline the stages of its elimination, determine the methods of elimination and predict future prospects).

4. Analysis of the structure of the logistics system(the logistics system is divided into supply, production, warehousing, distribution, transportation and marketing; it is necessary to identify the main connections, the hierarchy of subordination, strictly define the functions, goals and objectives of each link, establish the necessary connections).

5. Analysis of the management system of the logistics system at the enterprise(a new management system is developed and implemented if the old system is too vulnerable, and the new one is the most effective).

6. Forecast and analysis of future conditions for the functioning of the system(forecasting is the most important part of planning. At this stage, it is important to know all possible changes in the external environment - legislative acts adopted, changes, trends in prices, inflation, etc.).

7. Planning further development logistics system (based on the information obtained at the forecasting stage, optimistic, pessimistic and most probable plans for the development of the system are drawn up).

8. Formation of the enterprise development program(based on the forecasting and planning data for the development of the logistics system, a development plan is drawn up for the enterprise as a whole and for each of its individual divisions in particular).

Introduction. 2

§ 1. Linear spaces. 3

§ 2. Linear subspaces. 6

§ 3. Linear mappings. 10

§ 4. Composition of linear mappings. 12

§ 5. Dual space and dual mapping. fourteen

§ 6. Euclidean spaces. 19

§ 7. Quadratic forms. 23

Literature. 27

Theoretical foundations of logistics activities

1. Concept and principles of logistics activities

In modern economic literature, a significant number of definitions of logistics are given. Let's stop at one of them.

Logistics ¾ is the science of planning, organizing, managing and controlling transportation, warehousing and other tangible and intangible operations performed in the process of supplying material resources to the enterprise, their consumption in the production process and delivery of finished products to the consumer in accordance with his needs. On all this way, the movement of material flows is facilitated by the receipt, storage, processing and transmission of relevant information.

The object of study of logistics is mainly material flows , as well as related informational And financial flows .

From the definition of logistics it follows that it is a system containing functional areas. The logistic structure can be expressed by such functional areas as inventory, information, warehousing and warehouse handling, product transportation, and other areas.

The main problems that are being solved in these areas are:

1) inventory planning;

2) transportation of products ¾ choice of mode of transport, scheduling of customer service;

3) warehousing and warehouse handling ¾ warehousing, warehouse processing management, packaging, etc.;

4) information ¾ order processing, demand forecasting;

5) other functional areas of logistics ¾ personnel serving production.

Stocks play a buffer role between transport, production and sales. They allow the entire production system to function economically and efficiently. Stocks can be concentrated directly at the manufacturer or their storage can be close to the consumer. In the first case, we are talking about industrial stocks, in the second ¾ about stocks of finished products. The value of inventories should be optimal for the entire production system of the enterprise. Stocks of finished products allow you to quickly respond to changes in consumer demand, and productive reserves ensure the uniformity of production.

Transport in the logistic approach includes not only the transportation of goods from the supplier to the consumer, from the enterprise to the warehouse, from the warehouse to the warehouse, but also the delivery from the warehouse to the consumer. All transport links are taken into account, even if the supplier and consumer pay for hired transport. The main characteristics of transport are cost and degree of reliability.

Warehousing includes warehouses for the storage of material assets, the placement of warehouses and their use.

Information. Any logistics system is controlled by an information and control subsystem that generates orders for the supply of material resources, requirements for the shipment and transportation of finished products, and maintains an optimal level of stocks.

Concept logistics is a system of views on the rationalization of economic activity by optimizing flow processes. Its main provisions are as follows.

1. Implementation of the principle of a systematic approach. Optimization of the material flow is possible within the same enterprise or even its division. The maximum effect can be obtained only by optimizing either the total material flow throughout its entire length, or its significant sections. At the same time, all links in the logistics chain should work as a single mechanism.

2. Refusal to release universal technological equipment. Use of equipment that meets specific conditions. When performing a certain logistics operation, not universal, but specially designed equipment for this operation should be used.

3.humanization technological processes, creation modern conditions labor. The logistical approach, enhancing the social significance of activities in the field of material flow management, creates the prerequisites for attracting personnel with a higher professional level.

4. Accounting for logistics costs throughout the entire supply chain. One of the main tasks of logistics ¾ is to minimize the costs of bringing the material flow from the primary source of raw materials to the end consumer. The solution to this problem is possible only if the system of accounting for production and distribution costs allows you to allocate the costs of logistics. Thus, an important criterion for choosing the optimal variant of the logistics system appears - the minimum of total costs in the logistics chain.

5. Development of services at the modern level. Today, the possibilities for a sharp increase in the quality of most manufactured products are objectively limited. Therefore, an increasing number of entrepreneurs are turning to logistics services as a means of increasing competitiveness.

Suppose that there are several enterprises operating in the market that supply the same product and the same quality. In this case, the consumer will give preference to one of them who, during the delivery process, is able to provide more high level service, for example, deliver the goods on time, in a convenient container, etc.

6.The ability of logistics systems to adapt to environmental uncertainty. The emergence of a large number of various goods and services increases the degree of uncertainty in demand for them, causes sharp fluctuations in the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of material flows passing through logistics systems. Under these conditions, the ability of logistics systems to adapt is an essential factor in a sustainable position in the market.

Logistic function ¾ is an enlarged group of logistics operations aimed at achieving goals logistics system .

The main logistics functions that arise between enterprises and their approximate distribution among the various participants in the logistics process are presented in Table. 1.1.

Table 1.1

The main logistics functions between enterprises and their approximate
distribution between various participants in the logistics process

* Operations immediately preceding and completing the transportation of goods include packaging, labeling, preparation for loading, loading and unloading, and a number of other operations.

** Warehouse operations include the delivery and acceptance of goods in terms of quantity and quality, storage, sorting and preparation of the assortment required by the buyer, organization of delivery in small lots, etc.

Also distinguish intra-production logistics functions:

1) product planning;

2) service planning;

3) packaging;

4) supply of production with raw materials, materials, components and other types of material resources;

5) replenishment of stocks in the distribution system;

6) control over production processes;

7) design and development of the warehouse facilities of the enterprise;

8) financing of equipment purchases;

9) transport management;

10) inventory management, etc.

All of these functions are interrelated. Criteria for the effectiveness of the implementation of logistics functions ¾ achievement of the ultimate goal, expressed by six rules of logistics:

1) cargo ¾ the desired product;

2) quality ¾ of the required quality;

3) quantity ¾ in the required quantity;

4) time ¾ must be delivered at the right time;

5) place ¾ in the right place;

6) costs ¾ with minimal total costs.

1. Methodology for the study of logistics systems

The main methods used to solve scientific and practical problems in the field of logistics include methods system analysis , methods operations research , forecasting . The use of these methods makes it possible to predict material flows, create integrated control systems and control over their movement, develop logistics service systems, optimize stocks and solve a number of other tasks.

Widely used in logistics various methods modeling, i.e. research logistics systems and processes by building and studying their models. At the same time, a logistic model is understood as any image, abstract or material, of a logistic process or a logistic system used as their substitute.

There are the following types of models of logistics systems.

According to the degree of completeness of similarity to the simulated objects and processes All models are divided into isomorphic and homomorphic.

Isomorphic models¾ are models that include almost all the characteristics of an object or phenomenon that can replace it. If it is possible to create such a model, then in this case it is possible to accurately predict the behavior of the object. Such models require large resources to create; they can be built for comparatively simple systems.

At the core homomorphic models lies an incomplete similarity of the model to the object under study. At the same time, some aspects of the real object are not modeled at all. As a result, the construction of the model and the interpretation of the results of the study are simplified. Such models are more often used in the study of various systems, phenomena and processes. But the results obtained with their help are of a probabilistic nature, although in some cases the degree of their reliability is very high.

Homomorphic models on the basis of materiality divided into material and abstract.

material models reproduce the main spatial, physical, dynamic and functional characteristics of the object under study. This category includes, in particular, reduced models of manufacturing enterprises, wholesale trade organizations, which allow solving the issues of optimal placement of equipment and organization of cargo flows.

abstract modeling is often the only way modeling in logistics. It is divided into symbolic and mathematical.

TO symbolic models include language and sign models.

Mathematical modeling is the process of establishing correspondence to a given real object of some mathematical object, called a mathematical model. Widely used in logistics two types of mathematical modeling: analytical and simulation.

Analytical Modeling¾ is a mathematical technique for studying logistics systems that allows you to get accurate solutions. Analytical modeling is carried out in three stages.

Stage 1. Mathematical laws are formulated that connect the elements of the logistics system. The laws are written in the form of certain functional relations (algebraic, differential, etc.).

Stage 2. Equations are solved, theoretical results are formulated.

Stage 3. The theoretical results are compared with the actual values ​​of the studied indicators or with real objects. The adequacy of the model is determined.

The most complete study of the process of functioning of the system can be carried out if explicit dependencies are known that connect the desired characteristics with the initial conditions, parameters and variables of the system. However, in practice, such dependences can be obtained only for relatively simple systems. To overcome them, it is necessary to simplify the initial model.

The advantages of analytical modeling include great power of generalization and reusability.

Logistics systems operate in conditions of uncertainty of the external environment. External environment in addition to uncertainty, it is characterized by dynamism: many indicators of the enterprise's activity change quite often. In addition, when managing material flows, factors must be taken into account, many of which are random in nature. Under these conditions, the creation of an analytical model that establishes quantitative relationships between the various components of logistics processes may be either impossible or too expensive.

At simulation modeling the patterns that determine the nature of quantitative relations within logistics processes remain unknown. When modeling, only the conditions for the processes at the input change and, depending on this, ¾ of the results obtained at the output of the simulation model. The model itself seems to represent black box ' with unknown processes inside.

Simulation modeling includes two main processes: the first ¾ building a model of a real system (phenomenon, process), the second ¾ setting up experiments on this model and obtaining results.

In this case, the following goals can be pursued:

1) understand the behavior of the logistics system;

2) choose a strategy that ensures the most efficient functioning of the logistics system.

As a rule, simulation modeling is carried out with the help of computers.

1) there is no complete mathematical formulation of this problem or analytical methods for solving the mathematical model have not yet been developed;

2) analytical models are available, but the procedures are so complex and time-consuming that simulation modeling provides an easier way to solve the problem;

3) analytical solutions exist, but their implementation is not possible due to insufficient training of existing staff.

Thus, the main advantage of simulation modeling is that more complex problems can be solved by this method. Simulation models make it quite easy to take into account random effects and other factors that create difficulties in the analytical study.

Simulation modeling reproduces the process of system functioning in time. Moreover, the elementary phenomena that make up the process are simulated with the preservation of their logical structure and sequence of flow in time.

Simulation modeling has some drawbacks. The main ones are as follows.

1. Research using this method is expensive.

Reasons for this:

¨ highly qualified specialists are needed to build a model and experiment on it;

¨ a large amount of computer time is needed, since the method is based on statistical tests and requires numerous calculations;

¨ models are developed for specific conditions and, as a rule, are not replicated.

2. The possibility of false imitation is great. Processes in logistics systems are probabilistic in nature and can only be modeled under certain assumptions.

The object of study of logistics. Production and commercial cycle. Seller's Market. Buyer's market. Logistic approach. The purpose of the logistics approach. The novelty of the logistics approach. Logistics costs. Reasons for the emergence of logistics as an economic science. Stages of development of the theory and practice of logistics. Logistics integration. General scheme of material and information flows. Definition of logistics. The subject of study. Purpose of logistics. Functional areas of logistics: stocks, transportation of products, warehousing, warehouse processing of products, information, personnel and service production. Logistics concept. Logistics functions: to know the methodological apparatus of logistics, namely: methods of system analysis, methods of the theory of operations research, forecasting methods, modeling methods, logistic models, the purpose of modeling, classification of models, isomorphic models, homomorphic models, abstract models, material models, mathematical models, symbolic models, analytical models, simulation models, language models, symbolic models, layouts, technological layouts, cargo flow diagrams, modeling stages.

After studying the section, you should have drawn the following conclusions:

● The history of the development of logistics has several centuries. In the modern sense, i.e. as the science of organizing and optimizing flow processes, logistics appeared relatively recently ¾ in the middle of the twentieth century. The application of the principles of logistics in the practice of enterprises and organizations can reduce not only costs, but also the duration of the production and commercial cycle.

● The main sections of logistics are closely related to its functional links ¾ stocks, transport, warehousing, information system and service industries.

● The main methods used in solving logistics problems, ¾ operations research, system analysis, economic and mathematical.

This publication details modern concepts and tasks of logistics. The fundamentals of managing material, monetary, informational and other flows in the spheres of production and circulation are considered. A set of issues and tasks for the formation of production and commodity stocks is described. Attention is paid to such issues as intermediation in logistics, logistics of wholesale sales, etc. The option of choosing a supplier of goods is considered. The book is intended for students of higher and secondary educational institutions.

6. Goods as an object of logistics activities

Finished products are divided into:

1) means of production (which are made up of means of labor and objects of labor that are used by consumer firms);

2) commodities (which are sold to the final consumer).

Consumer goods are divided into:

1) consumer goods (such goods are characterized by constant demand for them, most often by daily consumption, while the consumer often does not think about the quality characteristics of the goods).

Goods are divided into:

a) the main goods of constant demand (characterized by constant purchase, large turnover due to the habit of consumers and the action of constant stimulating advertising);

b) goods of impulse purchase (characterized by unstable demand, sudden purchase depending on the need);

c) goods for emergency cases (purchased as needed, seasonal goods);

2) pre-selection goods (characterized by the fact that the consumer, when buying, compares various options for goods, he has a choice. Usually, simple distributive retail chains sales with a small number of points of sale. This leads to a decrease in the level of logistics costs);

3) goods of special demand (in marketing, these are elite goods for which the consumer is ready to pay more and spend more effort to acquire them, these can be goods of a prestigious brand, fashion goods, etc.);

4) goods of passive demand (in marketing they are characterized by low demand, because they are not known on the market, for their sale the manufacturer needs additional efforts in the form of advertising costs, marketing campaigns, etc.).

Logistics management is determined by the product life cycle:

1) the development stage (characterized by a long duration, associated with the organization's investment in research and development work);

2) the stage of introducing the product to the market (a long stage, characterized by high logistics and marketing costs, almost complete lack of profit);

3) the stage of growth (this stage is determined by the rise in the level of demand for manufactured products, difficulties for logistics management - to correctly predict demand, determine the main places and points of sale of products, manage inventory, transportation, warehouses. Inaccurate information can lead to high costs.);

4) stage of maturity (production growth rates, profit levels reach their maximum, at the end of the stage there may be a decrease in sales volume due to the action of competitors and the emergence of new products. At this stage, the action of logistics management is aimed at the active distribution of goods in the distribution network, controlling sales. );

5) the stage of decline (characterized by a decrease in sales volumes and a decrease in profits due to saturation of the market with goods, the emergence of new products, competing products, scientific and technological progress. The action of logistics management at this stage is aimed at reducing the number of points of sale of goods, reducing logistics costs, reducing stocks in warehouses).

Logistic cycle- a complex of cycles connected by integrated logistics functions.

The constituent cycles of the logistics cycle:

1) ordering, creating stocks;

2) processing consumer orders, organizing purchases and placing orders;

3) delivery, production;

4) collection of consumer orders and preparation of documents;

5) analysis and preparation of reporting documentation.