agricultural countries of Europe. Agriculture and transport of foreign Europe. What have we learned

28.05.2021

AGRICULTURE: THREE MAIN TYPES.

The main branches of agriculture in foreign Europe are plant growing and animal husbandry, which are ubiquitous, combined with each other. Under the influence of natural and historical conditions, three main types of agriculture have developed in the region:

1) Northern European, 2) Central European and 3) South European.

For northern European type, common in Scandinavia, Finland, and also in the UK, is characterized by the predominance of intensive dairy farming, and in the crop production that serves it, fodder crops and gray bread.

Central European type It is distinguished by the predominance of dairy and dairy-meat cattle breeding, as well as pig and poultry farming. Very high level reached animal husbandry in Denmark, where it has long become an industry of international specialization. This country is one of the world's largest producers and exporters of butter, milk, cheese, pork and eggs. It is often referred to as the "dairy farm" of Europe.

Crop production not only satisfies the basic needs of the population in food, but also "works" for animal husbandry. A significant and sometimes predominant part of arable land is occupied by fodder crops.

For southern European type characterized by a significant predominance of crop production, while animal husbandry plays a secondary role. Although grain crops occupy the main place in the crops, the international specialization of Southern Europe is determined primarily by the production of fruits, citrus fruits, grapes, olives, almonds, nuts, tobacco, and essential oil crops. The Mediterranean coast is the main "garden of Europe".

The entire Mediterranean coast of Spain, and especially the region of Valencia, is usually called "huerta", that is, "garden". Various fruits and vegetables are grown here, but most of all - oranges, which are harvested from December to March. In the export of oranges, Spain ranks first in the world. There are over 90 million olive trees in Greece. This tree has become a kind of national symbol for the Greeks. Since the time of Ancient Hellas, the olive branch has been a sign of peace.

In many cases, the specialization of agriculture acquires a narrower profile. So, France, the Netherlands and Switzerland are famous for cheese production, the Netherlands for flowers, Germany and the Czech Republic for growing barley and hops and brewing. And in terms of the production and consumption of grape wines, France, Spain, Italy, Portugal stand out not only in Europe, but throughout the world.

Fishing has long been an international specialty in Norway, Denmark and especially Iceland.

Tasks and tests on the topic "Agriculture: three main types."

Settlement types - Population of the Earth Grade 7
India - Eurasia 7th grade
Lessons: 4 Assignments: 9 Tests: 1
USA - North America Grade 7
Lessons: 6 Assignments: 9 Quizzes: 1
Economic activity of the world population - Population of the Earth Grade 7
Lessons: 3 Assignments: 8 Tests: 1
States of Africa - Africa Grade 7
Lessons: 3 Assignments: 9 Tests: 1

Leading ideas: show the diversity of cultural worlds, models of economic and political development, the interconnection and interdependence of the countries of the world; and also to be convinced of the need for a deep understanding of the patterns of social development and the processes that are taking place in the world.

Basic concepts: Western European (North American) type of transport system, port-industrial complex, "axis of development", metropolitan region, industrial belt, "false urbanization", latifundia, shipstations, megalopolis, "technopolis", "growth pole", "growth corridors"; colonial type of branch structure, monoculture, apartheid, subregion.

Skills: be able to assess the impact of EGP and GWP, the history of settlement and development, the characteristics of the population and labor resources of the region, the country on the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy, the level economic development, role in the MGRT of the region, country; identify problems and predict the prospects for the development of the region, country; highlight the specific, defining features of individual countries and give them an explanation; find similarities and differences in the population and economy of individual countries and give them an explanation, compile and analyze maps and cartograms.

Foreign Europe was able to establish a rather highly productive agriculture. The countries of this part of the world are not only able to provide food for their own population, but for the most part they are major exporters of crop and livestock products. As for the first branch, the most developed in the European countries is dairy cattle breeding. Crop production in this region is dominated by such areas as horticulture and horticulture. Some countries are also the largest exporters of cereals, mainly wheat.

foreign Europe: share of active population

After the Second World War, the economy of the states of this region underwent serious changes. share active population employed in agriculture has declined significantly. This was due to the development of new intensive methods of production, an increase in the welfare of the population, and many other factors. However, serious differences between individual countries in this respect persisted. For example, in the UK in 2005, about 1.4% of the total active population was employed in the agricultural sector, in Portugal - 19%, and in Romania - 42%. A similar situation persists today.

Main types of management

A specialization that the agriculture of foreign Europe can rightfully be proud of is subtropical agriculture. Grapes, fruits, sugar and wines account for the bulk of food imports from this part of the world. The second place is occupied by dairy products - milk, meat, cheese, butter.

Thus, the main types of agriculture in foreign Europe are as follows:

Central European with a predominance of animal husbandry (mainly dairy) in the structure.
Southern European with a predominance of crop production, mostly subtropical.

One can also single out the Eastern European type of agriculture, which is much less specialized. Such an organization is typical for the states of the former socialist bloc.

Central European type

The countries of foreign Europe with such organizations of agriculture specialize mainly in meat and dairy animal husbandry and fodder-producing crop production. Also quite important sub-growths in these states are vegetable growing and growing

animal husbandry

In the western regions of England, in the north of Germany and France, in the Netherlands, Denmark and Switzerland, dairy cattle breeding is especially well developed. Butter, margarine, condensed milk and cheeses make up a significant portion of food imports from these countries. In Germany, France, the Netherlands and Denmark, a lot of resources are also involved in meat and dairy cattle breeding, pig breeding and poultry farming. These sub-sectors also occupy a significant part in the structure of agriculture in the UK. In areas with a scarce fodder base (Scotland, the Massif Central in France, the Pennines), traditional extensive sheep breeding has found good development.

crop production

Agriculture foreign Europe, if we talk about the northern and western regions, as already mentioned, specializes mainly in animal husbandry. Crop production in countries with a Central European type of organization usually plays a secondary role and is oriented primarily to help cattle breeding and pig breeding. Two-fifths of the land in this part of foreign Europe is occupied by meadows and pastures. On cultivated soils, potatoes, rye, oats are grown mainly, and, however, in Lately crop production in countries with a Central European type of management is becoming an increasingly independent industry. First of all, this can be attributed to France. On the this moment this state is, for example, one of the largest importers of wheat and sugar.

Floriculture

Agriculture in foreign Europe is in the north and is mainly focused on fodder crop production. However, in this region there is another very well developed sub-sector - floriculture. The Netherlands specializes in it mainly. Growing bulbous and tree-shrub ornamental plants in this country began a very long time ago - more than 400 years ago. The first tulips were brought to the Netherlands from Turkey. For a short period of time, thousands of varieties and varieties of this flower were bred in Holland. At present, the Netherlands is one of the largest suppliers of ornamental plants - tulips, roses, chrysanthemums, daffodils, etc. - in the world.

Characteristics of agriculture in foreign Europe: southern type

For countries with such an organization, specialization in crop production is typical. Grow up in the states including grain. However, the most popular crops are almonds, citrus fruits, vegetables and fruits. The lion's share of agricultural production is occupied by grapes and olives.

The most striking examples of specialization in subtropical crops are the southern regions of Spain and Italy adjacent to the sea. The latter occupies, for example, the first place in the grape harvest in the world. The annual harvest of vegetables in Italy is 14-15 million tons, fruits, citrus fruits and grapes - 18-18 million tons. In the southern regions of Spain, with the help of ancient Roman irrigation systems, mainly cereals, cotton and tobacco are grown. Vegetable growing, viticulture and citrus horticulture are also very well developed here. In the collection of olives, Spain ranks first in the world.

Eastern European type

The agriculture of such countries as Poland, Slovakia, Bulgaria, etc., developed in special economic conditions. In the middle of the last century, collective farms and state farms were actively created in this region. Therefore, these countries of foreign Europe in agriculture do not have any pronounced specialization. More or less clearly, it manifested itself only in the cultivation of vegetables, tobacco, fruits and grapes. Grain farming is also developed in these regions. In particular, Hungary has achieved good success in this branch of crop production. The grain yield in this country is 50 centners per hectare. There are 1400 kg per capita. Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia and Croatia grow mainly vegetables, fruits and grapes.

Agriculture of foreign Europe (table):

Type of agriculture	Direction		The country
Type of agriculture	animal husbandry	crop production	The country
Central European	Dairy, meat and dairy	Forage crops, vegetables, potatoes, cereals, floriculture	France, Germany, UK, Denmark, Switzerland, Netherlands
Central European	Sheep breeding	Forage crops, vegetables, potatoes, cereals, floriculture	France, UK
Southern European		Horticulture, viticulture, olives, citrus fruits	Italy, Spain
Eastern European		Cereals, horticulture, viticulture, vegetable growing	Poland, Bulgaria, Hungary

This is how the agriculture of foreign Europe is distributed by sectors and sub-sectors. The table, of course, is not too detailed, but gives a general idea of its structure.

The video lesson "Agriculture and transport in Europe" will reveal to you the main features of agriculture in Europe. You will learn about the main types and geography of agriculture in foreign Europe. Also in this lesson, the teacher will tell in detail about the transport system of Europe, the prospects for its further development, will name the main transport routes.

Topic: Regional characteristics of the world. Foreign Europe

Lesson: Agriculture and transport in Europe

In general, the share of the economically active population employed in agriculture in foreign Europe is not large (maximum in Eastern Europe). The share of agriculture in the economies of countries is also maximum in the countries of Eastern Europe.

For the main types of agricultural products, most countries fully meet their needs and are interested in selling them on foreign markets. The main type of agricultural enterprise is a large highly mechanized farm. But in Southern Europe, landownership and small-scale land use by tenant peasants still predominate. The main branches of agriculture in foreign Europe are plant growing and animal husbandry, which are ubiquitous, combined with each other.

Under the influence of natural and historical conditions, the region has developed three main types of agriculture:

1. Northern European

2. Central European

3. Southern European

For northern European type, common in Scandinavia, Finland, and also in the UK, is characterized by the predominance of intensive dairy farming, and in the crop production that serves it, fodder crops and gray bread.

Rice. 1. Oil plant in Denmark ()

Central European type It is distinguished by the predominance of dairy and dairy-meat cattle breeding, as well as pig and poultry farming. Animal husbandry has reached a very high level in Denmark, where it has long become an industry of international specialization. This country is one of the world's largest producers and exporters of butter, milk, cheese, pork and eggs. It is often referred to as the "dairy farm" of Europe. Crop production not only satisfies the basic needs of the population in food, but also "works" for animal husbandry. A significant and sometimes predominant part of arable land is occupied by fodder crops. For southern European type characterized by a significant predominance of crop production, while animal husbandry plays a secondary role. Although grain crops occupy the main place in the crops, the international specialization of Southern Europe is determined primarily by the production of fruits, citrus fruits, grapes, olives, almonds, nuts, tobacco, and essential oil crops. The Mediterranean coast is the main "garden of Europe".

The entire Mediterranean coast of Spain, and especially the area of Valencia, is commonly referred to as a garden. Various fruits and vegetables are grown here, but most of all - oranges, which are harvested from December to March. In the export of oranges, Spain ranks first in the world. Greece, Italy, Spain have over 90 million olive trees in each country. This tree has become a kind of national symbol for the Greeks. Since the time of Ancient Hellas, the olive branch has been a sign of peace.

Main wine producing countries: France, Italy, Spain.

Rice. 3. Vineyards in France ()

Transport system this region belongs to the Western European model. If we talk about interstate long-distance transportation, then the European states are significantly inferior in this to Russia and the United States. But the high availability of internal transport networks brings Foreign Europe into the world leadership.

Relatively small internal distances and the abolition of the visa regime, contributes to the development road transport, which focuses primarily on Passenger Transportation. The popularization of road communications leads to some decline in rail transport.

Railway services are used mainly in the Eastern European countries of Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia and Romania. Particular attention in the countries of foreign Europe is paid to the construction of international highways of the meridional and latitudinal types. In France and Germany, the most high speeds on the railways(up to 250-300 km/h). In 1994, the Eurotunnel was opened under the English Channel, through which flows of cars and high-speed trains move. Now the journey from London to Paris takes a little over 2 hours.

Rice. 4. "Eurotunnel" on the map)

River transport is of great importance for the region. It rose after the commissioning of the Rhine-Main-Danube waterway. The port on the Rhine of Duisburg (Germany) is the largest river port in the world in terms of cargo turnover. Europe is at the crossroads of the world's maritime transport routes. This contributes to the development of maritime transport in the region. Rotterdam (Netherlands) ranks first in terms of cargo turnover among the seaports of the world. Other major seaports are Marseille, London, Hamburg, Antwerp, Genoa.

The largest airports in foreign Europe are London, Paris, Frankfurt am Main.

Rice. 5. Heathrow Airport, London ()

International highways connect Western Europe with such states as Turkey, Russia, Belarus, etc. In 2010, 9 internal transport corridors were formed that connect the states of Western and Eastern Europe, the total length of which is more than 17 thousand km.

Homework

Topic 6, Item 1

1. What are the countries related to Northern European agriculture?

2. Using the material covered, atlas maps, important transport routes in Foreign Europe.

Bibliography

Main

1. Geography. A basic level of. Grades 10-11: textbook for educational institutions / A.P. Kuznetsov, E.V. Kim. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2012. - 367 p.

2. Economic and social geography of the world: Proc. for 10 cells. educational institutions / V.P. Maksakovskiy. - 13th ed. - M .: Education, JSC "Moscow textbooks", 2005. - 400 p.

3. Atlas with a set of contour maps for grade 10 Economic and social geography of the world. - Omsk: Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Omsk Cartographic Factory", 2012 - 76 p.

Additional

1. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., cart.: tsv. incl.

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections

1. Geography: a guide for high school students and university applicants. - 2nd ed., corrected. and dorab. - M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2008. - 656 p.

Literature for preparing for the GIA and the Unified State Examination

1. Thematic control in geography. Economic and social geography of the world. Grade 10 / E.M. Ambartsumova. - M.: Intellect-Centre, 2009. - 80 p.

2. The most complete edition of typical options for real USE assignments: 2010: Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: Astrel, 2010. - 221 p.

3. The optimal bank of tasks for preparing students. Unified state exam 2012. Geography. Tutorial./ Comp. EM. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukov. - M.: Intellect-Centre, 2012. - 256 p.

4. The most complete edition of typical options for real tasks of the USE: 2010: Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2010.- 223 p.

5. Geography. Diagnostic work in the format of the Unified State Examination 2011. - M .: MTSNMO, 2011. - 72 p.

6. USE 2010. Geography. Collection of tasks / Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 272 p.

7. Tests in geography: Grade 10: to the textbook by V.P. Maksakovskiy “Economic and social geography of the world. Grade 10 "/ E.V. Baranchikov. - 2nd ed., stereotype. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2009. - 94 p.

8. Study guide for geography. Tests and practical tasks in geography / I.A. Rodionov. - M.: Moscow Lyceum, 1996. - 48 p.

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10. Unified state exam 2009. Geography. Universal materials for the preparation of students / FIPI - M .: Intellect-Center, 2009 - 240 p.

11. Geography. Answers on questions. Oral exam, theory and practice / V.P. Bondarev. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2003. - 160 p.

12. USE 2010. Geography: thematic training tasks / O.V. Chicherina, Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 144 p.

13. USE 2012. Geography: Standard exam options: 31 options / ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M.: National Education, 2011. - 288 p.

14. USE 2011. Geography: Standard examination options: 31 options / ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M.: National Education, 2010. - 280 p.

Materials on the Internet

1. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements ().

2. Federal portal Russian Education ().

Agriculture in foreign Europe has undergone major changes after the Second World War. The general trend of change is moving away from classical agriculture to a new, high-tech agribusiness.

Characteristic features of the development of agriculture in foreign Europe

The general positive trends in the development of agriculture in Europe are as follows:

change in the structure of agriculture in connection with the beginning of the biotechnical revolution;
change in the structure of sown areas;
increasing the diversity and calorie content of manufactured products;
growth of the level of self-sufficiency of the region;
increase in exports of agricultural products.

These positive trends have led to certain crises in European agriculture:

a decrease in the share of growth in the structure of European GDP;
a decrease in the share of the working, active population employed in the industry;
crisis of overproduction of agricultural products;
increased competition between regional producers and between European and American producers;
strict state regulation of the agricultural sector.

Ultimately, the so-called pan-European Common Agrarian Policy was formed, under which the region's agriculture continues to develop.

Fig.1. Sown fields of foreign Europe

Standards of the Common Agricultural Policy of the EU

In united Europe, common agricultural standards were established:

Types of agriculture in foreign Europe

After large-scale reforms and standardization of agricultural production, qualitative changes began to manifest themselves through a narrower specialization of individual regions. Four types of agriculture in foreign Europe have been formed:

northern European;
Central European;
Eastern European;
southern European.

Data characterizing the main types of agriculture can be presented in a table, which, in turn, can be used in geography lessons in grade 11.

*Agricultural type*	*Main feature*	*Main Industries*		*Countries and regions*
*Agricultural type*	*Main feature*	animal husbandry	crop production	*Countries and regions*
Northern European type	The predominance of meat and dairy farming	Meat and dairy farming and pig breeding	Cereals and technical, fodder crops	North of England, Norway, Finland
Central European type	The predominance of animal husbandry in agricultural production and meat and dairy products in the food structure	Meat and dairy farming; intensive pig breeding and extensive sheep breeding	Cultivation of grain and industrial crops; vegetable growing and fruit growing in the minimum amount	Germany, France, Belgium, England, Denmark, Scotland
Southern European type	The predominance of crop production, and more specifically, grain growing in agriculture		Growing cereals, industrial crops, vegetables, fruits, especially citrus fruits, olives and grapes	Southern France, Spain, Italy, Portugal, Greece
Eastern European type	Formation of the agro-industrial complex in the grain industries of agricultural production	Extensive sheep breeding	Cultivation of grain crops, vegetable growing on a large scale, horticulture, viticulture, floriculture	Serbia, Bulgaria, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary

Rice. 3. Dairy farms in Denmark

Some countries of foreign Europe have a narrow and specific agricultural specialization. For example, the Netherlands specializes in floriculture. It is the largest exporter of bulbous and potted flowers in the world. And the countries of Southern Europe specialize in growing olives. More than 80% of all olive oil in the world was produced in Southern Europe.

Rice. 4. Growing tulips in the Netherlands

What have we learned?

The agricultural development of foreign Europe is associated with the introduction of new, pan-European standards. The specialization of the regions is deepening, but this process enables individual regions of Foreign Europe to become leaders in the world market of agricultural products.

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After the Second World War, very big changes took place in the agriculture of foreign Europe. Their most common manifestation is a decrease in the share of the industry both in the employment of the economically active population and in the structure of GDP, although significant differences between individual parts of the region in these indicators continue to persist.

In 2005, in Western Europe, the proportion of the economically active population employed in agriculture ranged from 1.4% in the UK to 12% in Portugal, while in Poland it reached 19%, in Bulgaria 26% and in Romania 42% . In most Western European countries, the share of agriculture in GDP has declined to 2-5%, and in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe it ranged from 3-4% (Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia) to 12-13% (Bulgaria, Romania) .

From the above figures, it already goes without saying that in the agriculture of the countries Western Europe in the post-war period, much more radical changes took place. They reflected first the completion of the "green revolution", and then the beginning of the biotechnological revolution. A change in the structure of agriculture and sown areas has been carried out, a general increase in diversity and calorie content food products, which meant a gradual transition of the population to a new diet. The level of self-sufficiency of the region has increased tremendously food products. Moreover, Western Europe itself has become a very large exporter of products related to both crop production (wheat, sugar, fruits, grapes, grape wines) and animal husbandry (butter, milk, cheese). And the main article of its agricultural imports became - and this is quite natural - products of tropical agriculture.

This, it would seem, the most prosperous development of events led, however, to the emergence overproduction crisis agricultural products and - as an inevitable consequence of this - to an extreme intensification of competition both between the countries of Western Europe themselves and between them and their other producers, primarily the United States. In such conditions, the countries of Western Europe began to pursue a policy of ever more stringent state regulation in the field of agriculture. First of all, this applies to the countries of the European Union, where such measures are called the Common Agricultural Policy.

The Common Agricultural Policy covers almost all sectors of the EU countries' agriculture and, more broadly, their agro-industrial complex. It provides for the intervention of the state both in the production orientation of "green Europe" (the number and range of products), and in its technical and technological orientation (providing the means of production, training and retraining of personnel), and in the social orientation (consolidation farms). The state also carries out centralized purchases and orders of agricultural products, control over its quality (especially in the conditions of "mad cow disease" and foot-and-mouth disease that have recently affected the livestock industry in many countries). All this requires huge government spending. Suffice it to say that in some years more than half of all EU budget funds had to be allocated for the implementation of the Common Agricultural Policy measures, which more than once put the Union on the brink. financial crisis. Recently, one of the main directions of EU agricultural policy has become greening Agriculture. It is associated with an increase in demand for organic food, which is grown without the use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides. For example, in the UK, such products already account for 1/4 of all consumption.

Qualitative changes in agriculture also manifested themselves in a narrower industrial specialization. This can be illustrated by the two main types of agriculture in the subregion, Central European and Southern European.

In general, countries with a mid-European type of agriculture are characterized by a diversified crop and livestock farm with the cultivation of technical and grain crops, with vegetable growing, fruit growing, meat and dairy animal husbandry, oriented to pasture and meadow fodder, and fodder-producing agriculture. An important distinguishing feature of this type of agriculture is the predominance of animal husbandry in the structure of agriculture and livestock products (meat, milk, butter, eggs) in the food structure. At the same time, regions of the western part of England, the northern part of the FRG, and some regions of the northern part of France (Normandy) specialize in dairy farming based on cultivated meadows and the use of imported fodder.

In such small countries as the Netherlands, Denmark or Switzerland, dairy farming acts as an industry of national specialization. At the same time, a significant part of its products is used for the production of butter, margarine, cheese, condensed milk. France, the Netherlands, Switzerland are especially famous for cheese production. More than 400 varieties of cheese are known in France. In the Netherlands, the best varieties of cheese, called "Dutch", are made in the cities of Edam (in the northern part of the country) and Gouda (in its southern part). And the small city of Alkmaar, just north of Amsterdam, is known for its retail auctions that attract cheese merchants from all over the country.

The Central European type of agriculture is also characteristic of regions and countries specializing in meat and dairy farming, intensive pig breeding of bacon and semi-lard (Germany, France, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Denmark) direction, industrial poultry farming (Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Denmark, France) . In some mountainous areas with scarce fodder resources (the Pennines and Scotland in Great Britain, the Massif Central in France), traditional extensive sheep breeding is also preserved.

It is known that crop production in countries with agriculture of the Central European type is primarily focused on helping livestock (crops of rye, oats, potatoes, fodder crops), not to mention the fact that 2/5 of all their land is occupied by meadows and pastures. Nevertheless, they not only retain, but also increase their crop and food specialization. First of all, this applies to France - one of the world's largest producers and exporters of wheat, which is cultivated in the North French and Aquitaine lowlands, and sugar.

An example of a very specific, but nonetheless well-known horticultural specialization is the Dutch specialization in floriculture, which deserves more detailed coverage. The cultivation of flower bulbs and tree and shrub seedlings in this country began to be practiced 400 years ago - at the end of the 16th century. It was then that tulip bulbs were brought to the Netherlands, having traveled a difficult path from Turkey through many European countries. In a short time, the Dutch managed to breed about a thousand varieties of this flower in shape and color. Alexandre Dumas in the novel "The Black Tulip" described the intrigues associated with the breeding of a black tulip. He was probably right in asserting that the Dutch literally went so far as to deify this flower and did with it "what no naturalist has ever dared to do for fear of arousing jealousy in God himself." In the first half of the XVII century. a real “tulip fever” took place in the country, engulfing the whole society, but ultimately ruining many entrepreneurs.

Rice. 29. Huerta Valencia in Spain

Year-round production of cut flowers and potted plants began here at the end of the 19th century, when indoor greenhouses were built. And at present, flowers in the Netherlands are grown both in open ground and in greenhouse greenhouses. About 2 billion tulip bulbs are produced annually! In addition to them, roses, carnations, chrysanthemums, daffodils, hyacinths, crocuses and other flowers are also grown. Both small family and larger floricultural farms supply their products to daily flower auctions located in different parts of the country. The largest of them is located in the small town of Aalsmeer not far from Amsterdam - in the very center of the main flower-growing region, which arose on the site of a drained lake. Every year, 900 million roses and 250 million tulips are sold here alone. The flowers sold directly from the auction are sent by refrigerated cars to different cities of the country, but mainly to Germany, France, Great Britain, Switzerland; some of them are exported by aircraft, including to Japan, Singapore. The share of the Netherlands in the world sales of cut flowers reaches 60%, potted - 50%. Russia is in fifth place among importers.

In countries with the South European type of agriculture, its structure is preserved with a significant predominance of crop production, which also affects the structure of the diet of the population. Of course, large areas of grain production have also been formed here, for example, on the Padana Plain in Northern Italy, some industrial crops. But still, the main specialization of the countries of Southern Europe in the world and European economy is determined by the production of vegetables, fruits, citrus fruits, olives, almonds, and grapes, which since ancient times has been a symbol of fertility and life for the peoples of the Mediterranean. Interestingly, only 2.5 million people are engaged in the cultivation of olive trees in Southern Europe, and there are about 500 million of these trees here! The countries of Southern Europe produce more than 80% of the world's olive oil production.

As one of the most striking examples of specialization in subtropical crops, one can cite the areas of Spain adjacent to the Mediterranean Sea: Andalusia, Murcia, Valencia. Here, in the vicinity of the cities of Malaga, Murcia, Valencia, areas of intensive agriculture were formed with perhaps the largest Western Europe the density of the rural population (350–400 people per 1 km 2). With the help of irrigation systems dating back to the time of the Roman and Arab conquests, cereals, cotton, tobacco are grown here, but especially tomatoes, peppers and other vegetables, oranges, tangerines, lemons, olives, grapes. That is why these areas are called "huerta", which means "garden", "garden" (Fig. 29). And that is why Spain is the first in the world in the collection of olives, and the first in the Mediterranean in the collection of oranges. In terms of citrus production per capita (more than 100 kg), it is also ahead of other countries in Southern Europe.

Rice. thirty. Viticulture and wine regions of France

Italy has become the second "garden and garden" of the EU, where 14-15 million tons of vegetables are harvested annually (including 4-5 million tons of tomatoes) and 16-18 million tons of fruits, berries, citrus fruits and grapes. Italy ranks first in the world in grape harvesting and second in walnut harvesting. Grapes are widespread here almost everywhere.

France is also one of the main grape-producing countries, within which 14 viticulture regions are usually distinguished (Fig. 30).

In Southern Europe (together with France) there are also the main producers of grape wine. The first or second places are usually shared by Italy and France (55–56 million hl per year). At the same time, Languedoc-Roussillon, Bordeaux, the Rhone Valley, South-West, Burgundy and Provence stand out from the regions of France in terms of winemaking. The third place is occupied by Spain (20 mln hl), the fourth by Portugal (7 mln) and the fifth by Greece (4 mln hl). In general, the share of the countries of Southern Europe in the world production of grape wines exceeds 50%.

Country Central Eastern Europe for more than 40 years they developed in completely different socio-economic conditions, which could not but affect their agriculture. The main feature of these countries was their transition (with the exception of Poland and Yugoslavia) to collective agricultural labor. However, under the influence of the scientific and technological revolution and integration processes, agro-industrial complex also arose here. different levels, there was a specialization of agricultural production. It manifested itself most clearly in grain farming, in the production of vegetables, fruits, grapes, and also tobacco.

The main wheat and corn regions of this subregion were formed within the Middle and Lower Danube lowlands and the Danube hilly plain, which cover parts of the territories of Hungary, Romania, Serbia and Bulgaria. At the same time, Hungary achieved the greatest success in the development of grain farming, far ahead of other countries both in terms of grain yield (50 centners per hectare) and per capita production (1,400 kg).

Vegetables, fruits, grapes are cultivated in these countries almost everywhere, and yet there are areas where they primarily determine the specialization of agriculture. In Hungary, this is the interfluve of the Danube and Tisza, the foothills of the Carpathians, the region of Lake. Balaton, in Romania - the foothills of the Southern and Eastern Carpathians, in Bulgaria - the Danube plain and the Thracian lowland, in Croatia and Serbia - the hilly foothills along the right bank of the Sava. These countries and regions have their specialization in the range of products. For example, Hungary is especially famous for winter varieties of apples, wine grapes, onions, Bulgaria - tomatoes, table grapes, tobacco, Serbia and Montenegro - plums and prunes. There are also examples of even narrower specialization: Bulgaria - in the cultivation of oil roses and other essential oil crops, the Czech Republic - in hops used in brewing.