The name of the person who created the Internet. The history of the creation of the Internet and the most interesting facts. What you need to network

24.03.2020

The Internet has become an indispensable part of our lives. In just 5 years, the Internet, or as we also call it, the World Wide Web or the Global Network has become popular among millions of people. Now many of us cannot imagine life without this brilliant invention. Have you ever thought about who we are grateful for such an interesting and useful thing? Who Invented the Internet? Who is the creator of the Global Network? And why was the Internet invented in the first place?

Here's how it all started...

In 1957, the US Department of Defense first thought about the reliable transmission of information. It was necessary to create such a system for transmitting messages that even in the event of a nuclear war, this system did not fail. The US Defense Research Projects Agency came up with the idea of using computers as sources for receiving and transmitting information. And for this it was necessary to develop a computer network. Four US universities were commissioned to implement the idea: the University of California at Los Angeles, the University of Utah, the University of Santa Barbara and the Stanford Research Center.

And in 1969, a talented group of scientists created a computer network called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), which united these 4 universities.

By 1973, the ARPANET had become international. Organizations from Norway and Great Britain connected to the network using a transatlantic telephone cable. By the end of the 70s, they began to actively work on the standardization of data protocols, which were successfully standardized in 1982-1983.

John Postel took an active part in the development of network protocols. Since Jon Postel is the author of many network protocols that are still in use today: IP, ICMP, TCP, FTP, DNS, many people call him the man who created the Internet or the father of the Internet.

By early 1983, after the ARPANET switched to the newly created TCP / IP network interconnection protocol, the name that we now successfully use, “Internet”, was assigned to it.

All this time the computer network was available to a limited number of people. And only in 1991, after the standardization of the WWW (World Wide Web) pages, the World Wide Web becomes a public invention of the United States.

So in what year was the Internet created?

As you understand, in what year the Internet was invented cannot be answered unambiguously. Because the very concept of "Internet" and our modern World Wide Web appeared much later than the very idea of \u200b\u200bcreation and its predecessor, the ARPANET. But these questions can be combined with the following question: who and when invented and created the first Internet? In 1957, the idea came to the mind of specialists from DARPA (US Defense Research Projects Agency) and 12 years later, a group of talented university scientists created the first computer network ARPANET. And in what year our modern Internet was created, you can determine for yourself - in 1983, when the very concept of "Internet" appeared, or in 1991, when the network became public domain.

In conclusion, we can say that it is impossible to single out one single person from the circle of people who worked on the creation of the World Wide Web and invented the Internet. Mankind was moving towards this discovery gradually, even Nikola Tesla in 1908, speaking about the idea of using electrical information communication, predicted the emergence of the Global Network: “When the project is completed, a businessman in New York will be able to dictate instructions, and they will immediately appear in his office in London…. In the same way, any image, symbol, drawing, text can be transferred from one place to another ... And most importantly, all this will be transmitted wirelessly ... "

The Internet was born as a result of the confrontation between the USSR and the USA. In America, they believed that the USSR was about to attack them, and then back in 1957, the Soviets launched a satellite. Absolutely trouble! And they decided in the States that in case of war it is imperative to have some kind of uninterrupted communication system for early warning of a missile attack. Work on a new communication system called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) was assigned to several universities.

The first steps

The first real result was obtained in 1969, on October 29th. It was on this day at 9 pm that the first successful communication attempt was made between the universities at Stanford and Los Angeles. Operator Charlie Kline in Los Angeles managed to connect to the Stanford computer and transmit the code word.

October 1969

The first e-mail program appeared in 1971 and immediately gained popularity in the United States.

In the 70s, mainly mail was transmitted over the network, there were bulletin boards. At that time, several disparate networks were already operating in the world, each operating according to its own protocol. The question arose about the unification of the data transfer process. Work in this direction began in 1973. Project leader Robert Kahn unveiled several principles by which a shared network should operate:

Internet connection should not lead to internal alterations;
if the information has not reached the addressee, it must be transmitted again;
simple gateways and routers should be used for connection;
there is no common network management system.

Robert Kahn.

In the course of working on the creation of a common network, the TCP / IP protocol (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol - Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) was developed. These principles and protocol for the functioning of the network are still in effect today. The transition of all computers on the ARPANET to the TCP / IP protocol occurred in 1983. Then for the first time the ARPANET was called the Internet.

However, in 1984, the US National Science Foundation (NSF) founded a new inter-university network NSFNet (English National Science Foundation Network), created from several smaller ones. As NSFNet's audience grew faster than ARPANET, the name Internet passed to it. This year was also marked by the emergence of the Domain Name System, DNS.

Internet in the USSR

The first transatlantic ARPANET cable from the US to Europe was laid in 1973, connecting England, Sweden and several other countries. The USSR was late, as usual, for a decade. The first Soviet computers connected to European networks in 1982. Then the employees of the All-Union Research Institute of Applied Automated Systems established a permanent communication channel with the Vienna Institute for System Analysis.

It was a purely scientific channel. The network of the Academy of Sciences began to form from it. She was not public. Only scientists could connect to it, but Western scientific libraries with dissertations, monographs, etc. became available to them. In 1989, in the USSR, employees of the Kurchatov Institute, the Ministry of Automotive Industry began to create local networks and help other citizens connect to them.

Only when cooperatives were allowed did the Relcom network appear from the Demos cooperative, but this happened already in 1990. In the same year, the SU domain was registered, owned by Soviet Union. The process of network commercialization has begun. By the way, before the collapse of the USSR, commercial conferences helped to stabilize prices, as they were a direct source of information about where and how much. Unfortunately, these same networks played a significant role in the brain drain.

In August 1991, the Soviet Internet was one of the few channels that transmitted all the news in real time, including those that Muscovites saw with their own eyes from the windows of their apartments. These days, a huge number of servers all over the USSR connected to Relcom.

The period of the formation of the worldwide network

Popular in the 90s, the Mosaic web browser was developed in 1993 by the NCSA.

Since 1995, network providers began to route network traffic, thus freeing up NSFNet university supercomputers for scientific work. At the same time, the World Wide Web Consortium W3C was created to streamline web standards. Since 1996, the WWW protocol has overtaken FTP in terms of traffic.

The combination of the http web protocol and the Mosaic web browser has contributed to the growth of the Internet. Two years after the advent of the browser, the Internet became known throughout the world. During these years, most of the networks that existed separately merged with the Internet, and those that proudly stood aside, like Fidonet, gradually faded away.

In 1994, the SU domain stopped registering new users as Russia received the RU domain. The SU domain was recommended to be slowly phased out and liquidated. However, despite the termination of registration and the recommendation to “liquidate”, the domain continued to exist semi-legally and slowly develop, until, finally, already in the 2000s, its activity was completely legalized.

By 1997, about 10 million computers were connected to the Internet around the world, more than 1 million domain names were registered. Since that time, the Internet began to turn into one of the most popular sources of information and gradually acquired a modern look.

In Russia, by 1997, the first Internet newspapers had already appeared, the Yandex.ru search engine had appeared, and hackers began to operate. True, all Russian Internet or Runet, as they began to call it, would easily fit on one hard drive of a modern computer. Search engines needed to find at least some information on request, therefore, any well-written article automatically got into the TOP of the results. Golden times!

The Current State of the World Wide Web

In 1998, the Pope authorized World Internet Day. The official patron saint has not yet been announced, but by default they consider Isidore of Seville, a Spanish bishop of the 6th-7th centuries, the first encyclopedist, and this significant holiday is celebrated on April 4, on the day of Isidore's ascension.

True, each country has appointed its own Internet Day. There are two such days in Russia. Runet's birthday is celebrated on April 7th. But the Moscow firm IT Infoart Stars sent letters to users with two proposals:

consider September 30 as International Internet Day and celebrate it annually;
conduct an all-Russian census of the Internet population.

In recent years, the Internet has spread very actively in Russia, overtaking everyone in this indicator. True, now China has pushed us, the Internet in which is spreading even faster.

But this is not smart. For example, in Moscow, broadband Internet is available to almost everyone; the market has reached saturation. The reserve is available only in the rest of Russia: there, half of the households still live without the Internet. But many are switching to mobile devices. We have three domains at our disposal: .su, .ru and .rf

Statistics say that, for example, in 2009, the Internet brought 1.6% (19.3 billion dollars) to Russia's GDP, about the same as Spain or Italy (as a percentage). According to forecasts, in 2015 the contribution of the network economy to Russia's GDP should reach 3.7%.

In less than 20 years of the existence of the Internet - the World Wide Web, more than 966 million sites have appeared (data for 2017). All five continents are connected to the web. Users from America and Europe exchange information in real time with Australians and South Africans.

To show the global coverage of the free information web, just look at the statistics of the distribution of sites by continent.

How and when the Internet appeared, what technologies made this miracle of the twentieth century possible, who created the WWW and when - in this article.

The history of the creation of technologies for the Internet

The history of the world wide web was entirely formed in the second half of the 20th century. This is explained by the relative novelty of the technologies underlying it. The first networks connected computers long before the widespread introduction of personal computers into our lives, in 1956.

According to a number of researchers, the creation of a LAN was preceded by a pragmatic idea to control computers at a distance. The computers were big and got very hot. The halls where they worked had to be cooled, and the presence of people in them was undesirable. Remote control made it possible to place specialists in another office.

LANs of that time rarely went outside the building and had the character of local ones. Nevertheless, it was they who were chosen by the United States military department as an alternative and promising means of reliable communication in case of emergencies and military invasion.

Creation of distributed networks, ARPANET

In 1957, American intelligence found out about Soviet missiles installed in Cuba, which turned a nuclear war from hypothetical into a very real one. The arguments of the military in favor of creating computer networks:

During a nuclear war, use for long-distance communication in the longwave range will become impossible.
Any centralized communication systems can be disabled by damage to the central nodes.
Distributed decentralized networks work even if individual segments are destroyed.

Already in 1957, the task set and financed by the military was taken up by employees of DARPA, an American agency in whose hands promising developments of a defense nature were concentrated. The project was difficult, so four leading higher education institutions were involved in it educational institutions countries. These are two Californian universities: Santa Barbara and Los Angeles, Utah and Stanford.

The figure shows a hand-drawn ARPANET diagram with these nodes labeled and computer names on rectangular callouts.

In the late 60s, the network finally moved from the design stage to actual operation. The first ARPANET server, the working title of the project, was launched in September 1969. They became Calculating machine Honeywell DP-516. To estimate its power, it is enough to indicate the amount of RAM, which is 24 kilobytes. But by the standards of the time, that was enough.

global connection

Of course, scientific schools saw in the development of a single network and advantages for themselves. A new invention opens up the possibility of providing communication between research teams and individual scientists. All new participants joined the project, funded by the US Department of Defense.

The team was relatively small, less than 150 people. Half of ARPA's staff held a Ph.D. It is they who own the global approach to development.

Thus, a number of Internet historians believe that we owe the emergence of the concept of globality to the author of the Galactic Network article, J. Licklider. This work analyzes the prerequisites for the creation of galactic networks covering millions of people. Licklider took charge of the research program on October 4, 1962. Without this researcher, ARPANET could have remained a closed phenomenon to the world, and the Internet would have appeared much later.

Packages and protocols

The technology and protocol for transmitting information became a key issue for the ARPA project. At this stage, the involvement of specialist Leonard Kleinorok was required. In his publication, dated 1961, communication protocols based on packet technology were discussed in detail.

Since the bandwidth of the line is limited, it is difficult to transfer the entire file. Initially, telephone cables were used throughout the country. Any interference and gaps led to the need to retransmit data. Claynork suggested splitting the file into smaller packages.

The sender sends them one at a time, and the recipient carefully folds them onto the drive and then collects the entire file. The theory was proven by a practical communication session between Massachusetts and California. the data was followed by low-speed telephone lines with a length of about 5,000 km.

Perhaps this was the first global information network, since these cities are located in different time zones. Researchers have proven that the time difference does not matter for communication. But the speed and reliability provided by telephone wires were found to be unsatisfactory. To ensure reliable and high-speed information exchange, it was necessary to create separate lines.

Open network and Internet name

Most researchers of the history of the World Wide Web believe that its modern name “Internet” originates from the French project Cyclades (Cyclades). Work on its launch took place in the 1970s of the last century. The designers of Cyclades prioritized connecting to other similar networks, the Inter-net.

The figure shows the initial design of the Cyclade, which united five French cities. Lines with a bandwidth of 48 kb are highlighted in bold, and lines with a bandwidth of 4-8 kb are thin. Used 8 different operating systems interacting with each other.

The French did not have such powerful funding as the ARPA group, so instead of one expensive system, they decided to build a global one from local segments interacting with each other. This model suited the military, commercial structures, educational institutions and individuals. Access to the Cyclades could have been easier and cheaper.

French engineers have greatly improved the protocol to enable fast data transfer using connected computers as transmitters. This allowed to increase the throughput and safety of information. In the new protocol, the file was not opened on intermediate computers, but was only forwarded on unchanged. The transfer problem was solved in hardware.

The key engineering decision was the approval of a standard for communication between open information systems. It was developed by ISO, the International Standards Agency. This document defined the principles and levels of interaction.

Uniform standards made it possible to exclude routers and powerful central servers. Data could now be sent directly from user to user. In addition, the levels of interaction were determined, which guaranteed the security of using the network for departments, including the military.

How did the internet come about

The concept of the Internet was first used in the 1970s. This name was coined for the TCP/IP protocol, a single standard for packet file exchange that all operating systems must understand. A kind of international computer language.

Strictly speaking, the TCP protocol itself was invented back in the 1970s. In 1978, the developers decided to divide its description into two functional areas. The function of TCP is to parse at the point of origin, and then reassemble the packets of the file at the destination. IP controlled transmission.

The standard turned out to be so successful that the developers of ARPANET transferred their offspring to TCP / IP. This event took place on January 1, 1983. Another alternative birthday internet.

The IP address required to access the server with web pages was not very convenient for users. Therefore, in 1984, the concept of domains was introduced. They were indicated in the format familiar to the modern user with .com and other combinations corresponding to the countries. It is from the domain that the concept of dotcom is formed - dot (dot) and com (com).

In 1988, it was possible to overcome the limitation of information transfer in a delayed mode. Prior to this, the file could only be sent by email. Now read the document in real time.

1989 can be considered a key year in the history of the emergence of the Internet. Scientists from the UK have proposed turning the network between countries into a worldwide one. To do this, standards were unified, called HTTP and URL to specify the name of the page or file. Also, HTML is proposed - a text description language with hyperlinks, which has been expanded many times in subsequent years.

Since 1990, anyone could connect to the World Wide Web through a telephone line using a modem. Another thing is that this access was paid and not everyone could afford it.

Inventors of the Internet

If American researchers made the hardware part of the Internet possible, then European researchers worked harder on the standards of hypertext and the HTTP protocol. English scientist Tim Berners-Lee laid the foundations of the Internet when he invented the URL, HTTP, and a number of other Internet standards.

He also developed the concept of WWW - a global web consisting of a huge number of interconnected documents, the transition between which is possible with one click on a hyperlink.

Also among the people who invented and essentially invented the Internet, researchers include Berners-Lee's colleague, the Belgian scientist Robert Caio. He also worked at CERN on a data processing project.

The initial task was to systematize the knowledge accumulated by CERN - the leading European research center. But the idea, conceived and implemented by Tim Berners-Lee, easily scaled to any number of documents and arbitrary types of information.

Without the inventions of European scientists, which make it possible to organize access, communication between data from different sites and, most importantly, quickly edit information on them, global networks would not have received such wide application. Only specialists could use them.

internet birthday

Some researchers believe that the history of the World Wide Web should be counted from the date October 26, 1969. On this day, an event took place, the true value of which only specialists could appreciate. And ordinary students Charlie Kline and Bill Duvall did it. In the photo they were taken on the 40th anniversary of the event.

A remote connection was established between Stanford and Los Angeles. At modern development technology 640 kilometers separating cities, the distance is short. But for that time it was a breakthrough that proved the possibility of reaching a global level of coverage of communications between people.

In fairness, it should be noted that the transfer was carried out only by 40%. Of the word LOGIN planned for broadcast, the first two letters were transmitted. The connection was unstable. Charlie Kline and Bill Duvall tried again later that day. The LOGIN word was finally transmitted at 10:30 pm. Note that the connected computers were part of the ARPANET.

The next three years were dedicated to the intensive development of network software and the improvement of transmission technology. So, in 1971, an email client was launched, which became the prototype of modern e-mail. A bulletin board and news publication was developed.

The next stage of development is the transmission of a digital signal across the ocean. In 1973, using a telephone cable laid along the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean, researchers from the United States contacted the UK and Norway over the network.

Equally, September 30, 1993 can be considered the birthday of the Internet. On that day, CERN lawyers cleared all the formalities and made it possible to open access to the World Wide Web to a wide mass of users who were not able to enter the network of the research laboratory. And already in 1994 WWW appeared in schools and other educational institutions.

Thus, the CERN research team created the Internet - the world's public library of knowledge. Therefore, September 30, 1993 has more right to be called the birthday of the network than the events in 1969. The question “How old is the Internet?”, as the library of all knowledge in the world, is most likely worth answering, counting from this later date.

Internet Day in different countries

In the US and Europe, the celebration is held on April 4th. There are two versions of this date. The first is the similarity of writing 4.04 with a 404 error about the absence of the desired page on the web. The second is religious. Isidore of Seville, a saint canonized by the Catholic Church, is considered to be the patron of the worldwide web. April 4 is the day of his ascension.

Interestingly, the candidacy of Isidore of Seville has been confirmed by the Vatican since 2000. The church motivated its decision by the fact that the saint used cross-references in his writings - a distant prototype of modern hyperlinks.

In Russia, the day of the Internet is often called April 7th. On this day in 1994, the domain.ru was allocated for Russian sites, instead of the domain of the Soviet Union, which had lost its relevance.su.

Similar to Russia, a number of other countries also consider the birthday of the Internet the moment of the appearance of their national domains. For example, in Uzbekistan it is April 29th, while WWW users in Ukraine celebrate on December 14th.

History of Internet technologies and services

Postal services

E-mail has accompanied the Internet throughout its history. As noted above, the first client to read and send mail over the world wide web was developed in 1971.

Some researchers refer back to 1965, to the Mail program written by Noel Morris and Tom Van Valek. But this application ran strictly on one CTSS operating system. Installed it on the IBM 7090/7094. Forwarding a message was possible to a computer connected via a local network and running on the same system.

Most of the concepts were inherited from the field of paper correspondence processing. A letter, an attachment, an envelope - all these words are from the past. But email is much faster and easier to use. You can read it from any device. But at first, users were strictly tied to their provider in order to have access to their mail account. The letters themselves were stored on the provider's server.

hotmail. The history of email on the Internet often dates back to July 4, 1996. On this day, the Hotmail service began commercial operation. Revolutionary consisted in freedom from the provider. The user could check his email from any device connected to the web.

Gmail. The history of this mail service began in the summer of 2001. At the same time, the corporation was in no hurry to open access to it to a wide range of users. In beta, it became possible to connect to GMail only in April 2004. The key advantage of Google mail was the incredible space for letters at that time. Each user was allocated 1 GB. Competitors provided at most 10 MB. Therefore, Gmail immediately looked like a leader on the Internet and occupies the first position in popularity at the moment.

Mail.ru and Yandex Mail. Mail.ru mail service has been operating since 1998. Perhaps this is the oldest such resource in Runet. Yandex joined the race of mailers later. The service appeared in the Russian segment of the Internet in June 2000. Notable for competent implementation of spam identification and anti-virus processing of attachments directly on the Yandex server.

Search engines

The Internet from the very beginning did not have a convenient search. To find something useful, it was necessary to find out the address of the site, type it in the browser line and then follow the links in the form of underlined letters for a long time.

YAHOO. The first search engine was YAHOO. Its two founders wanted to learn more about basketball teams. David Filo and Jerry Yang were left without their supervisor for a long period and got a lot of free time.

In January 1994, they found a solution to indexing a large amount of information and opened the world to the "Guidebook", which at this stage of the development of the Internet was a breakthrough in navigation. It was a site directory.

From that moment on, web search developed rapidly, as it attracted financial investments from advertisers. They were happy to place paid ads on search engines, which receive a huge number of visitors daily.

Google. The revolutionary invention of Google was the combination of the natural way for people to search for a phrase and link rating. A simple rule for determining the best pages is this: if there is a link from site A to site B, then page B counts a point. Now it's called the citation index, TIC.

At the moment, no user will be able to navigate the more than 150 million sites on the Internet. The search engine string is now displayed in the address page of most browsers.

Yandex. For Russian users in Runet - the Russian-speaking sector of the Internet, the search began with Rambler. This Russian project launched in 1996, only three years later than the first American search engines. Yandex appeared on the Internet a year later, in 1997, but at the moment it is consistently in the top 10 world search services. In the Russian sector of the Internet, it is securely in first place.

Browsers

world wide web. The race for the right to be called the best user guide on the Internet began in the 90s of the last century. The first of these programs was simply called WorldWideWeb. As the name implies, this is WWW, a combination of letters that is often used to refer to the Internet. The browser was renamed Nexus, and then it gave way to more advanced competitors.

Mosaic. Few Russian users know about this web surfing tool, but it was the first to offer a graphical interface. There is evidence that both popular browsers of the 90s: Netscape navigator and IE borrowed the code of this open source project at an early stage of development.

Netscape Navigator is the first browser with inline search. It appeared in 1994 and lasted until December 28, 2007. For most Russian users, it was with him that acquaintance with the Internet began.

Google Chrome, without which it is difficult to imagine the Internet today, appeared only in 2008. Its source code is open and the Chromium engine is used in most modern web browsers, including the latest versions of Opera and Yandex.

History of the Internet in Russia

The graph of the development of the World Wide Web in the Russian-speaking space from the moment when the Internet was created and invented in the world is well demonstrated by the diagram.

On the graph, the x-axis is the years since 1990, and the y-axis is the millions of addresses issued to users and sites.

It is a mistake to assume that American researchers are decades ahead of their Soviet and Russian counterparts. The first local networks in the USSR were created in the military sphere in the 1950s. And in 1972, our civilian specialists managed to solve the problem of the scale of the whole country. A network for registering the sale of Express tickets has been implemented, the services of which we now use when buying train tickets via the Internet.

There were also philosophers in Russia who formulated the foundations for the functioning of global world networks. Odoevsky has a mention of such a system in his fantastic book of the year 4338. She saw the light in 1837.

Key stages of the emergence of the Internet in Russia.

1974 The KOI-8 encoding was developed, which included Cyrillic and Latin letters. This made it possible to create a standard for texts in mixed languages. KOI-8 is fixed in GOST. In the same year, Academician Sakharov predicts in the next half century the creation of a worldwide network - a world library of knowledge.

1982 Anatoly Kolesov conducts world conferences using computers using telephone lines. He was given a login to enter the server of the University of Stockholm.

1988 Kolesov was invited to the Central Television show to talk about this new technology.

1990 Glasnet, with the help of American colleagues, organizes the integration of the USSR into the Internet. Access to the network appears in several educational institutions in our country. In the summer of the same year, the Demos company opens an e-mail service in the USSR.

by 1991, the post office was organized in all major cities of the Union.

Since 1993, the history of the Internet in Russia has already kept pace with world experience. Providers appeared to access the network through the telephone network using modems. Ordinary people connected to the WWW, not just selected scientific organizations.

What is included in Runet

Thus, in Ukraine at the end of 2003, 82% of sites worked in Russian and united the audience of all countries of the post-Soviet space. In total, there were 15 million resources in Runet as of 2009.

Complain about content

Greetings, dear readers of the blog website. Everyone is talking about the Internet, about its possibilities. But I am sure that one hundred and most users do not know who created the Internet and how the Internet developed, which is what today's article will be devoted to.

Word the Internet so deeply entered our lives that, for example, children sincerely think that it has always been like this. It was always possible to enter the site, get information, communicate in social networks, play online. What becomes so habitual, we gradually cease to notice. But if you seriously think about such a concept as Internet history , then the first surprise of many will await immediately. It turns out that the first website is only twenty years old.

Today we can state that the network has really become worldwide and global. From teenagers in New York to Aleutian shamans, everyone uses the World Wide Web.

Where did the Internet and the World Wide Web come from?

The fact, in itself, is remarkable, we state it with pleasure - the Internet has no owner. It, in its essence, unites separate local networks, which are in a functional state thanks to network providers.

There is even an opinion among a number of experts that the constant growth of such a thing as media traffic (photos, videos and other “heavy” content) may soon lead to a complete collapse of the World Wide Web. Internet bandwidth is still limited.

Many states, by the way, because of such a "no man's" World Wide Web faced a serious problem. They cannot introduce censorship into the global network. The totalitarian regimes in the world are bursting at the seams. Recently, the officials were very happy. They came up with the idea of equating the Internet with the means mass media. Victory? Not at all! Well, not at all! What is the Internet? It is essentially just a means of communication. In this sense, it can be compared to a telephone or, if you like, writing paper. And now, gentlemen officials, apply your censorship to the telephone or to paper. Will it work? Useless!

The state can only apply sanctions to individual sites. And no head of the most powerful state in the world can limit the World Wide Web as a whole. It turns out a global network - global freedom!

Did you know that the first attempts to create an information web were made back in 1957. It is clear that such a network was needed by the military gentlemen and, it is also clear that in the United States. Development was very slow (12 years). This is due to the fact that computers were, to put it mildly, very far from perfect. However, as early as 1971, the Pentagon was able to launch and exchange it with scientists from America's leading universities. So we fix the date the first use of the Global Network for the needs of email transmission. Just imagine: 1971, email...

It took about 10 years for the World Wide Web to cross the oceans. Since the beginning of the 80s, protocols have appeared that allow data to be transmitted - mail and protocol FTP(file). News conference minutes appear usenet. Now it is already possible to organize something similar to a forum.

Scientists spent some time trying to create a DNS (domain name) system. Finally, a protocol was created that allows you to communicate over the Internet in real time. This is the so-called "irka" - IRC. Now you can chat online.

Farther Internet history cannot do without mentioning the name of one Englishman. This is Tim Berners-Lee. This is what he came up with world wide web. Now everyone knows this abbreviation WWW. At that time, scientists involved in nuclear research needed somewhere convenient to store and place scientific information.

Berners-Lee invented the fundamental elements of the WWW for humanity. Now all the information in our computers is one solid hypertext. Here it is, the basic principle of organizing information, which was taken as a basis Tim Berners-Lee - hypertext. It can include an infinite number of hyperlinks. The developments of the brilliant Englishman were transferred to the global network. The success of the new invention of scientists was stunning. In the first five years of its existence, more than 50 million users registered on the network.

To implement the hypertext principle, it was necessary to create the HTTP protocol (data transfer) and develop a completely new language for HTML hypertext markup. Now it was possible to store, transfer and . The question arose about how to refer to these documents? This is how the Uniform Resource Identifier and Uniform Resource Locator (URI and URL) were born.

Now it's up to such a program that on our computers could display what we request on the network. It's the browser's turn to appear. Even today we do not have so many of them, but the main players completely satisfy us. good old Internet Explorer battle-tested Mozilla Firefox, bold newcomer Google Chrome, loved but fading Opera- these are our daily and faithful assistants on the World Wide Web.

Let's pay tribute to the genius of Timothy John Berners-Lee. In fact, he single-handedly created the basic tools of the modern World Wide Web. A little later, a browser will appear, with the help of which it became possible to transfer graphic information - Mosaic. If you compare the Internet to cooking in the kitchen, then the graphical browser in the list of ingredients is salt. As any dish will be tasteless without salt, so the Global Network with pictures, photos and videos has become the favorite dish of mankind.

It is interesting that Berners-Lee did not earn any very big money on his offspring. Money will pour into this industry a little later. Those who will create Yandex, Google will turn over billions of dollars.

Here's a good presentation on the subject:

P.S.

Sincerely, Alexander Sergienko

The Internet is the World Wide Web, a global information space. The history of the emergence and development of this world wide web is bright and unusual, because already 10 years after its appearance, it won many organizations and countries that began to actively use the network for work. At first, the Internet served exclusively for groups of researchers and scientists, soon the military squeezed into this group, and after that, businessmen. After that, the popularity of the Internet grew rapidly. Users were seduced by the speed of information transfer, cheap global communication, many easy and affordable programs, a unique database, and so on.

Today, at a low cost of services, each user can access information services from all countries of the world. Also, the Internet today provides opportunities for global communication around the world. Naturally, this is convenient for companies that have branches in different parts of the world, for multinational corporations, as well as for management structures.

The famous abbreviation "WWW" stands for "World Wide Web" - World Wide Web

But what was the history of the Internet? How did the Internet appear? How did it all start, and what was the development of this fabulous network with information about everything? Read on in the article.

How and when did the Internet appear

It happened over 50 years ago. Back in 1961, on the instructions of the US Department of Defense, DARPA (Advanced Research Agensy) began work on an experimental project to create a network between computers to transmit data packets. In the first version of the theoretical development of the predecessor of the modern World Wide Web, which was released in 1964 thanks to Paul Baran, it was argued that all network nodes should have the same status. Each node has the authority to originate, transmit, and receive messages from other computers. In this case, messages are divided into standardized elements, called "package". Each package is assigned an address, which ensures the correct and complete delivery of documents.

Paul Baran - thanks to which in 1964 the network appeared - the progenitor of the modern Internet

This network was called ARPANET, and it was intended to explore various options for ensuring the reliability of communication between different computers. It became the immediate predecessor of the Internet.

For eight years, DARPA worked on the project, and in 1969, the Department of Defense approved ARPANET as the leading research organization in the field of computer networks. Since that time, the nodes of the new network began to be created. The first such node was the UCLA Network Test Center, after which they created the node of the Stanford Research Institute, the node of the University of Santa Barbara and the University of Utah, and developed the UNIX operating system.

Already in next year ARPANET hosts used to exchange NCP. A year later, the network already had 15 nodes. 1972 is the year in which the addressing design teams were created to harmonize different protocols. At the same time, TCP / IP data transfer protocols were developed.

In 1973, the first international connections were made. The countries that entered the ARPANET network were England and Norway. The ARPANET project turned out to be so successful that soon many organizations in the USA, England and Norway wished to join it. Already after 2 years, ARPANET outgrew the name of the "experimental" network, and became a full-fledged working network. Since that time, responsibility for administering the ARPANET has been taken over by the Defense Communications Agency, which today is called the Defense Information Systems Agency.

DISA - Defense Information Systems Agency - information systems defense agency

But the development of ARPANET didn't stop there; TCP / IP data transfer protocols have evolved and improved. After some time, this protocol was adapted to public standards, after which the term Internet became generally accepted and entered into everyday communication.

The history of the Internet is just beginning. In 1976, they developed the UUCP protocol, and three years later they launched USENET, which works on the basis of UUCP.

The US Department of Defense in 1983 declared TCP / IP as its standard. Also in the same year, an announcement was made that ARPANET had completed its research phase. At the same time, MILNET spun off from ARPANET.

1984 was the year the DNS system was introduced, and the total number of hosts exceeded 1,000. The following year, NFS was created, the purpose of which was to build a network that would connect all the national computer centers. The formation of CSNET accelerated significantly in 1986, when they began to create supercomputer centers. The result of hard work was the NSFNET network, the data packet rate of which was 56 Kbps. The network was based on 5 supercomputing centers located in NCSA, Princeton, UCSD, Pittsburgh and Cornell University.

By 1987, the number of hosts had crossed over 10,000. And in 1988, NSFNET began using the T1 channel. At the same time, countries such as Canada, Denmark, Iceland, Norway, France, Sweden and Finland joined NSFNET. The following year, the number of hosts increased to over 100,000. At the same time, the UK, Germany, Japan, Austria, Italy, Israel, New Zealand, the Netherlands, and Mexico joined the network. In 1990, Russia joined the World Wide Web.

Despite the fact that in 1991 the ARPANET company ceased to exist, the worldwide Internet network did not die along with its creator, but, on the contrary, became even larger, united many networks into one huge bundle of connections. Since that time, the NSFNET network began to use T3 links for operation, which provided a data transfer rate of 44.736 Mbps. At the initiative of the NSF, in 1993 they created InetNIC, in which domain names were registered. Since 1994, trading activities have begun via the Internet.

In the same year, the Internet celebrated its 25th anniversary. This year, Vladimir Levin (a Russian hacker) attacked the American Citibank. This showed the whole world that network security is not 100%, and new developments of various data security systems on the network began.

In addition, in 1994 there were two more important events that cannot be ignored. The first event is the development of access protection tools, the second is the licensing of the Mosaic browser, the Mosaic Communication Corporation, founded by James Clark. This year, traffic on the World Wide Web has exceeded 10 gigabytes / month.

The following year, NSFNET made domain name registrations free of charge. Since September 14, 1995, the registration fee has been $50. And in April of the same year, NSFNET ceased to exist. As a result of rapid growth in 1995, the network reached the level of six million connected servers. At the same time, the AltaVista search engine was launched and RealAudio technology appeared. The first variants of IP-telephony also began to appear.

In 1996, a tacit competition began between Netscape and Internet Explorer browsers. And in the world this year there were already 12.8 million hosts and 500 thousand sites.

1997 was a serious test for the entire web system. An Internet bug at DNS Network Solutions resulted in the blocking of access to millions of commercial .

A few years later, namely in 1999, a new global network called Internet 2, or the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, came into operation. With the advent of the new company, they changed the 32-bit representation system to 128-bit.

In the same year, the first attempt to censor the Internet was made. State bodies of some countries - China, Iran, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, countries of the former USSR have made serious efforts to technically block user access to certain sites and servers with political, religious or pornographic content.

In 2001, the number of users of the World Wide Web exceeded 530 million. The following year, this number increased to 689 million people.

Today, almost all possible communication lines are used on the Internet, ranging from low-speed telephone lines to high-speed digital satellite channels. The operating systems used on the Internet also differ.

Internet in Russia

The Internet entered Russia in the early 1990s. In those years, a number of universities began to build their own computer networks. Based on the Institute Nuclear Energy them. Kurchatov, two commercial companies were formed that provided services for connecting to the Internet.

In 1993, a strong impetus for the development of the Internet in Russia was given by the "Telecommunications Program" from the International Science Foundation.

Next year, within state program"Universities of Russia" has identified a direction for the creation of a federal university computer network. The network went into operation in 1995. In 1996-98, a backbone network was built for science and higher education.

At the same time, networks of commercial suppliers emerged and developed. Initially, they focused on connecting organizations.

In 1998, Rostelecom formed the Relcom-DS company together with Relcom. Today it is the largest provider of Internet services in Russia.

To date, the Internet already has a huge database of information in Russian. According to sociologists, at the end of 1998 in Russia about 1.5 million people were Internet users, more than half of these users lived outside of Moscow. In 1999, the number of users exceeded 5 million.

Online programs

To fully work with the Internet, there are a number of programs that are popular today. And the successful use of the World Wide Web is possible only if right choice quality software. It is worth noting that it is impossible to give universal advice on this matter, since everything depends on the configuration of your computer, the specifics of your interests and the operating system you are working with. Also, another reason due to which it is impossible to assert with certainty about the full quality of a particular program is the constant development of the Internet. Almost every day there are new standards or new methods for their implementation.

But, in any case, all Internet software is divided (conditionally) into several groups:

Browsers - Microsoft Internet Explorer, Opera, Google Chrome and others;
Mail programs are special programs that work to send, receive, view and sort e-mail;
Programs for communication - these programs provide the ability to conduct real-time negotiations on the Web. It can be text mode, audio or video exchange: ICQ, Odigo, Skype, IPhone, EasyTalk, etc.;
Programs for working with files.

Naturally, this list of Internet software is not limited, it is constantly updated and expanded.

What you need to network

In order to work on the World Wide Web, you need to connect to it. Today there are several ways to connect to the Internet. These are different types of connections with different connection speeds and prices.

Modem. A modem connects to the Internet via a standard telephone line. This connection is quite unreliable, although relatively cheap. Modem communication requires a telephone line and an internal or external modem.

ISDN. This is a communication line that is very similar to a regular telephone line, with only one difference - it is completely digital and can provide much higher speed, unlike a modem. To work, you need either an ISDN modem or an ISDN adapter and an NT-1 connector.

frame relay- Frame relaying. This is a permanent line of communication, a reliable connection to the Internet. To establish such a connection, you must have an appropriate computer board and a frame relay line.

Dedicated line. This is a technology similar to frame relay, but in this case, the connection is established between two points. For a permanent connection to the Internet, a leased line is the best choice.

Tasks of the World Wide Web

The Internet, as a worldwide network, has several main objectives to satisfy its consumers. The Internet implements its main functions:

Email. This is the simplest and most useful feature. Too many users of the World Wide Web use only email. You can exchange messages, send files, .
File transfer. Another indispensable and indeed one of the best features of the Internet is the ability to transfer files from one computer to another.
Remote access.

What is the importance of the Internet for modern users

It is difficult to imagine a PC user who would not use the Internet. But what is the purpose of this? The main idea of the Internet is the free distribution of information. Thanks to the Internet, racial, religious, and ideological barriers between people or countries are overcome.

The Internet can easily be called one of the most impressive democratic achievements of the technological process.

Today, the Internet actively serves as:

Decision making tool. All the information the Internet brings together in an organization. Now there is no need to collect disparate data, to filter them out.
Learning organization tool. Thanks to the Internet, information is exchanged almost instantly, so it is now possible to analyze information and make decisions much faster.
The Internet is also a perfect communication tool. It ensures the integration of all divisions of the corporation.
Collaboration tool.
Expert tool.
A single tool for inventions.
Phone of the 21st century.
A tool to control and improve the production cycle.
Partner tool. There is no longer a company that does not have its own page on the World Wide Web. Thanks to the Internet, you can exchange information with your people, as well as control the conduct of services, communicate with customers.
Marketing tool.
Human resource tool.

A look into the future of the Internet

During these half a century from the beginning of its creation to the present day, the Internet has appeared, grown and changed a lot. And it continues to change even today. The Internet was conceived in an era of another time, and was able to survive in the era of personal computers, client-server and computer networks. Moreover, it not only survived, but also became an integral part of any PC. The Internet was developed, even before local networks began to exist, it became their prototype and hit not only local network but also global.

It is not difficult to give at least a short-term forecast for the development of the Internet now, as well as to name the technologies that will become popular in the near future. It is much more difficult to know what fundamentally new technology will replace the Internet, and whether it will come. The future of technology is now unpredictable, but it may well happen that this technology will fundamentally change the entire face of the computer world.

This refers to the end of the era of the Internet in its modern form. It can be replaced by the World Wide Web - a giant supercomputer that offers not data transfer services, but a slightly different principle of operation. Instead of the usual personal computer the user will be offered a remote access adapter that connects to a monitor, mouse, phone, or other peripherals. At the same time, providers will turn from service providers into holders of multiprocessor mainframes.

But, it is worth noting that the technology of a new generation of a single computing network with terminal access has a number of undeniable advantages:

the average user has no problems associated with the purchase, installation, operation, configuration, etc. hardware;
the presence of payment only for the actual use of the software, and not an advance payment for services and resources may be unclaimed;
professional solution to the problem of information security, as well as ensuring privacy;
software availability;
transition to a new level of resource utilization.

Naturally, the deployment of such technology requires the solution of a huge number of technical problems.