Nobel laureates from russia, ussr, rf. Presentation "Russian Nobel Prize winners" Presentation topic Nobel Prize winners
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In 1895, Nobel published his famous "Testament" in Paris, according to which all his capital, which by that time had reached 30 million crowns (about 10 million dollars at the then exchange rate), turned into a special fund. Interest from it was to be awarded annually in the form of nominal prizes for the scientific discoveries of the previous year, which most contributed to the progress and prosperity of mankind.
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At first, Nobel established four prizes: in the fields of mathematics, physics, chemistry, medicine and physiology. Later he also added a literary prize - for the creation of works that most fully reflect the "striving for the ideal."
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Nobel was not a stranger to literature: he himself wrote and left to posterity several unpublished poems and novels. There were five awards in total.
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The Nobel Prizes are awarded on Concert hall capital of Sweden - Stockholm. The building was built in 1923. The hall can accommodate up to two thousand guests. It was in this hall that I. A. Bunin received the award, who described the award ceremony in the essay "Nobel Days"! The first prizes were presented by King Oscar II.
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King Carl XVI Gustaf made significant changes to the ceremony. Now the King and Queen Silvia are on stage with the laureates. A commemorative diploma in an embossed leather folder and a gold medal in a mahogany case are presented in the center of a white circle woven on a blue carpet. On the medals, on one side, the profile of Nobel is minted with the dates of his birth and death, and on the other, allegorical figures symbolizing various fields of knowledge. On the medal awarded to laureates in literature, the muse of poetry, Erato, is depicted, in front of her is the figure of the poet, below them is the inscription in Latin: "Swedish Academy".
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It is the Swedish Academy that decides every year on awarding a laureate. The Academy was founded on April 5, 1786 by King Gustav III. The district of Kyngsholmen ("King's Island") is best known for its City Hall (1911-1923), which traditionally hosts the Nobel Prize ceremony.
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According to the official list, 17 Russians have been awarded Nobel Prizes. Five citizens of Russia were awarded the Nobel Literary Prize: I. A. Bunin (1933), B. L. Pasternak (1958), M. A. Sholokhov (1965), A. I. Solzhenitsyn (1970), I. A. Brodsky ( 1987).
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Ivan Bunin In 1933, Ivan Bunin was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature - as the jury said - "for the truthful artistic talent with which he recreated in prose a typical Russian character." Bunin became the first Russian writer to receive this most prestigious award in the world. Bunin's speech at the award ceremony acquired a special sound. He said that for the first time the Nobel Prize was awarded to a man without a homeland, an exiled writer. King Gustav V of Sweden presents Bunin with a diploma
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Boris Pasternak In 1958, B. Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for outstanding achievements in modern lyric poetry and in the traditional field of great Russian prose."
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Mikhail Sholokhov In 1965, Sh: received the Nobel Prize in Literature "for the artistic power and integrity of the epic about the Don Cossacks at a turning point for Russia." In his speech during the awards ceremony, Sholokhov said that his goal was to "exalt a nation of workers, builders and heroes". M. Sholokhov during the presentation of the Nobel Prize to him
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Alexander Solzhenitsyn In 1970, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for the moral strength gleaned from the tradition of great Russian literature." At the Nobel Prize.
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Iosif Brodsky In 1987, I. Brodsky was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his many-sided work, marked by sharpness of thought and deep poetry." Joseph Brodsky is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.
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Conditions scientific work and the working conditions of scientists today are very different from those that existed during the life of Alfred Nobel. This factor complicates the selection of laureates. Nowadays, collective creativity has become the rule, which becomes the condition for making outstanding discoveries. However, the awards are for individuals, not large groups. This situation creates a dilemma for the awards juries to fulfill Nobel's intentions.
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In his will, Nobel declares that "idealistic orientation" should be a sufficient condition for awarding a prize in literature. This indefinite expression has had various reasoned explanations.
Nobel Prizes are unique awards and are especially prestigious. The question is often asked why these awards attract so much more attention than any other awards of the 20th century. One reason may be the fact that they were introduced in a timely manner and that they marked some fundamental historical changes in society. Alfred Nobel was a true internationalist, and from the very beginning of the awards named after him, the international nature of the awards made a special impression. Strict rules for the selection of laureates, which have been applied since the inception of the awards, have also played a role in recognizing the importance of the awards in question.
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As soon as the election of laureates of the current year ends in December, preparations for the election of laureates begin next year. Such a year-round activity, in which so many intellectuals from all over the world participate, orients scientists, writers and public figures to work for the development of society, which precedes the awarding of prizes for "contribution to human progress."
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The presentation "Nobel Prize" tells the story of the creation of the Nobel Prize, about its author, about the conditions under which the prize is awarded and how laureates can use it. The stories of several recent award winners (Barack Obama, Konstantin Novoselov and others) are given.
- Alfred Nobel;
- Nobel Prize;
- Conditions for the award;
- Nobel Prize Winners.
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Alfred Nobel
Swedish chemist, engineer, inventor of dynamite. He bequeathed his huge fortune to the establishment of the Nobel Prize.
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The erroneous publication in 1888 of Nobel's obituary in one of the French newspapers condemning his invention of dynamite is considered the event that prompted Nobel to decide to leave some more valuable legacy after his death.
On November 27, 1895, at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris, Nobel signed his will, according to which most of his fortune was to go to the establishment of a prize awarded regardless of nationality.
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The Nobel Prize is one of the most prestigious international prizes awarded for outstanding scientific research, revolutionary inventions or a major contribution to culture or society.
Medal awarded to a Nobel laureate.
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The Prize can only be awarded to individuals and not to institutions (other than Peace Prizes) and only once.
Marie Curie
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The Peace Prize can be awarded both to individuals and to official and public organizations.
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The Nobel Foundation was established in 1900 as a private, independent, non-governmental organization initial capital 31 million SEK. The first prizes were 150,000 crowns. The prize is currently 10 million SEK.
Swedish krona
Alfred Nobel
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swedish academy
The selection of laureates is carried out by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Nobel Assembly of the Karolinska Institute and the Norwegian Nobel Committee.
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Nobel Peace Prize
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Each Nobel laureate has the right to independently decide how to dispose of his prize. Some laureates donated funds to charitable causes.
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Barack Obama
The current 44th President of the United States of America. Nobel Peace Prize Winner 2009. He received this award for "extraordinary efforts in strengthening international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples"
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Barack Obama will donate the money to charity. The prize will be divided among several humanitarian organizations. Who exactly will receive the money from the President of the United States, Barack Obama has not yet decided.
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Konstantin Novoselov
Russian and British physicist. Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 (together with Andrey Geim). The youngest living Nobel laureate in all fields.
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He was awarded the prize for "pioneering experiments on the study of the two-dimensional material graphene." The scientists will spend the money received on the development of their idea.
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Zhores Ivanovich Alferov
Soviet and Russian physicist, winner of the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics for "developments in semiconductor technology."
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Alferov founded the Fund for the Support of Education and Science at the Physico-Technical Institute named after I.I. A.F. Ioffe.
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Abstract
9 slide. Nobel Peace Prize- the highest award for achievements in the field of strengthening peace, awarded annually by the Nobel Committee in Oslo.
1 slide. This presentation is dedicated to the Nobel Prize and its laureates.
2 slide. Alfred Nobel - Swedish chemist, engineer, inventor of dynamite. He bequeathed his huge fortune to the establishment of the Nobel Prize. The synthesized chemical element nobelium is named after him. The Nobel Institute of Physics and Chemistry in Stockholm is named after Nobel.
3 slide. The erroneous publication in 1888 of Nobel's obituary (newspapers confused the inventor with his older brother Ludwig, who died on April 12 in Cannes) in one of the French newspapers condemning his invention of dynamite is considered the event that prompted Nobel to decide to leave some more valuable legacy after his death. On November 27, 1895, at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris, Nobel signed his will, according to which most of his fortune was to go to the establishment of a prize awarded regardless of nationality.
4 slide. The Nobel Prize is one of the most prestigious international prizes awarded for outstanding scientific research, revolutionary inventions or a major contribution to culture or society. Here you can see the medal that is awarded to the Nobel Prize winner.
5 slide. The Prize can only be awarded to individuals and not to institutions (other than Peace Prizes) and only once. Although there are exceptions. For example, the famous physicist and chemist Marie Curie, who twice won this award.
6 slide. The Peace Prize can be awarded both to individuals and to official and public organizations.
7 slide. The Nobel Foundation was established in 1900 as a private, independent non-governmental organization, with an initial capital of SEK 31 million. The first prizes were 150,000 crowns. The prize is currently 10 million SEK.
8 slide. The awarding procedure is preceded by a lot of work that is carried out throughout the year by numerous organizations around the world. In October, the laureates are already finally approved and announced. The final selection of laureates is carried out by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Nobel Assembly of the Karolinska Institute and the Norwegian Nobel Committee. The awarding procedure takes place annually, on December 10, in the capitals of two countries - Sweden and Norway. In Stockholm, prizes in physics, chemistry, physiology and medicine, literature and economics are awarded by the King of Sweden, and in the field of peace protection - by the chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee - in Oslo.
9 slide. Nobel Peace Prize- the highest award for achievements in the field of strengthening peace, awarded annually by the Nobel Committee in Oslo.
10 slide. Each Nobel laureate has the right to independently decide how to dispose of his prize. Some laureates donated funds to charitable causes.
11 slide. The current 44th President of the United States of America. Nobel Peace Prize Winner 2009. He received this award for "extraordinary efforts in strengthening international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples."
12 slide. US President Barack Obama, who received the Nobel Peace Prize, will donate its monetary component to charity. The prize will be divided among several humanitarian organizations. Who exactly will receive the money from the President of the United States, Barack Obama has not yet decided.
13 slide. Konstantin Novoselov is a Russian and British physicist. Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 (together with Andrey Geim). The youngest living Nobel laureate in all fields.
14 slide. He was awarded the prize for "pioneering experiments on the study of the two-dimensional material graphene." The scientists will spend the money received on the development of their idea.
15 slide. Zhores Ivanovich Alferov - Soviet and Russian physicist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000 for "developments in semiconductor technology."
16 slide. Alferov founded the Fund for the Support of Education and Science at the Physico-Technical Institute named after I.I. And F. Ioffe.
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In his famous will, Alfred Nobel formulated: “All my remaining realizable fortune is distributed in the following way: The entire capital is to be deposited by my executors for safe keeping under surety and must form a fund; its purpose is the annual awarding of monetary prizes to those persons who, during the previous year, managed to bring the greatest benefit to mankind.
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The awarding of Nobel Prizes is entrusted to the Royal Academy of Sciences in Stockholm (for physics, chemistry, economics), the Royal Karolinska Institute of Medicine and Surgery in Stockholm (for physiology or medicine) and the Swedish Academy in Stockholm (for literature); In Norway, the Nobel Committee of Parliament awards the Nobel Peace Prizes. Nobel Prizes are not awarded posthumously.
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NOBEL PRIZES are international awards named after their founder, Swedish chemical engineer A. B. Nobel. Awarded annually (since 1901) for outstanding work in the field of: physics, chemistry, medicine and physiology of economics (since 1969) for literary works for peace-building activities comparison table Significance of the Nobel Prize
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CHERENKOV Pavel Alekseevich (1904-90) In 1958 "for the discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect." Experimentally discovered a new optical phenomenon (Cherenkov-Vavilov radiation). FRANK Ilya Mikhailovich (1908-1990) Worked in the field of optics, neutron and nuclear physics, studied reactions on light nuclei in which neutrons are emitted, interactions of fast neutrons with nuclei of tritium, lithium and uranium, the fission process. TAMM Igor Evgenievich (1895-1971) Studied quantum theory, nuclear physics, radiation theory, physics solid body, elementary particle physics.
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LANDAU Lev Davidovich (1908-1968) Works in many fields of physics: magnetism; superfluidity and superconductivity; physics of solid state, atomic nucleus and elementary particles, plasma physics; quantum electrodynamics; astrophysics, etc. BASOV Nikolai Gennadievich (1922-2001) PROKHOROV Alexander Mikhailovich (1916-2002) In 1964 "For fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which led to the creation of generators and amplifiers based on the laser-maser principle."
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KAPITSA Petr Leonidovich (1894-1984) Proceedings on the physics of magnetic phenomena, physics and technology of low temperatures, quantum physics of the condensed state, electronics and plasma physics. (1978) ALFEROV Zhores Ivanovich (March 15, 1930) In 2000 "for work on obtaining semiconductor structures that can be used for ultrafast computers." GINZBURG Vitaly Lazarevich (b. 1916) Major works on radio wave propagation, astrophysics, origin of cosmic rays, Cherenkov-Vavilov radiation, superconductivity, plasma physics, crystal optics. ABRIKOSOV Alexey Alekseevich (June 25, 1928) Major works in the theory of superconductivity, solid state and quantum liquid physics, astrophysics, statistical physics, plasma physics, quantum electrodynamics.
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SEMENOV Nikolai Nikolaevich (1896-1986) In 1956 he received the Nobel Prize for research in the field of mechanism chemical reactions. Created a general quantitative theory of chain reactions (1934). Developed the theory of thermal explosion of gas mixtures.
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PAVLOV Ivan Petrovich (1849-1936) In 1904 he received the Nobel Prize for his work on the physiology of digestion, thanks to which a clearer understanding of the vital aspects of this issue was formed. Creator of the materialistic doctrine of higher nervous activity. MECHNIKOV Ilya Ilyich (1845-1916) Founder of comparative pathology, evolutionary embryology, immunology. He discovered the phenomenon of phagocytosis. He outlined the phagocytic theory of immunity. Created the theory of the origin of multicellular organisms
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KANTOROVICH Leonid Vitalievich (1912-1986) Major works on functional analysis, computational mathematics. He laid the foundation for linear programming. One of the creators of the theory of optimal planning and management of the national economy, the theory of the optimal use of raw materials.
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Bunin Ivan Alekseevich (1870-1953) received the Nobel Prize in 1933 for the absolute mastery with which he continued the traditions of Russian classics in prose works. Pasternak Boris Leonidovich (1890-1960) The prize was awarded in 1958 for significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel. Sholokhov Mikhail Alexandrovich (1905-1984) He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1965 for artistic honesty, with which he reflected the historical period in the life of the Russian people in the epic "Quiet Flows the Don".
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Solzhenitsyn Alexander Isaevich (December 11, 1918) Received a prize in 1970 for the moral strength gleaned from the tradition of great Russian literature. Brodsky Joseph Alexandrovich (1940-1996) His work was noted in 1987 for the all-encompassing skill of the writer, inspired by the clarity of thought and poetic power.
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In October 1975, Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, which his wife received. Bonner read Sakharov's speech to the audience, which called for "true détente and genuine disarmament", for "general political amnesty in the world" and "liberation of all prisoners of conscience everywhere". The next day, Bonner read her husband's Nobel Lecture, "Peace, Progress, Human Rights," in which Sakharov argued that these three goals were "inextricably linked to each other," demanded "freedom of conscience, the existence of an informed public opinion, pluralism in the education system, freedom press and access to sources of information”, and put forward proposals for achieving detente and disarmament. SAKHAROV Andrei Dmitrievich (1921 - 1989)
History of the Nobel Prize .
- Alfred Nobel(1833-1896) - an outstanding Swedish chemical engineer, entrepreneur, inventor of dynamite, founder of the Nobel Prize.
- AT In 1895, Alfred published in Paris his "famous" will.
- According to which, all his capital circulated to the fund.
- Interest on it shall be awarded annually in the form of nominal prizes behind scientific discoveries of the previous year, most conducive to the progress and prosperity of mankind .
Directions of the award .
Physics
Chemistry
Physiology
Literature
Establishing world peace
The size of the Nobel prizes
Is 10 million SEK = approx. 1.05 million euros or $1.5 million.
- The Nobel Prize was awarded 567 times. However, on several occasions more than one nominee received it. In total, the winners were 860 people and 22 organizations.
1st place - United
States of America - 257 laureates
2nd place - Great Britain - 93 laureates
3rd place - Germany - 80 laureates
Russia - 27 laureates
Laureates are citizens of Russia and the USSR
The first Nobel Prize was awarded to a Russian scientist in 1904 Ivan Petrovich Pavlov"for his work in the physiology of digestion."
The latest Russian (and at the same time British) scientist Novosel Konstantin Sergeevich received the Nobel Prize in 2010"for pioneering experiments on the two-dimensional graphene material."
- Nobel Prize winners - representatives of the USSR and Russia - Chronology:
- 1908- Laureate of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov. 1933 Ivan Alekseevich Bunin. Without citizenship. 1956- Winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry Nikolai Nikolaevich Semyonov. 1958 Pavel Alekseevich Cherenkov, Ilya Mikhailovich Frank and Igor Evgenievich Tamm. 1958- Winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature Boris Leonidovich Pasternak. Refused the award.
- 1962 . Lev Davidovich Landau. 1964- Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physics Nikolai Gennadievich Basov, Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov. 1965- Winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov. 1970- Winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn. 1975 Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov. 1975- Nobel Laureate in Economics Leonid Vitalievich Kantorovich. 1978- Laureate of the Nobel Prize in Physics Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa. 1987- Winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature Joseph Brodsky. US citizen. 1990- Nobel Peace Prize winner Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev. 2000- Laureate of the Nobel Prize in Physics Zhores Ivanovich Alferov. 2003- Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physics Alexey Alekseevich Abrikosov and Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg.
Nobel Peace Prize
Reward awarded annually by the Nobel Committee in Oslo individuals and organizations that, in the opinion of the Committee, have made an outstanding contribution to the strengthening peace. It has been awarded since 1901.
Among those nominated for The Nobel Peace Prize was a great Russian writer – a lion Nikolaevich Tolstoy
- Well-known Russian artist, cultural and public figure - Nicholas Roerich - was nominated three times for the Nobel Peace Prize for his initiative to create and sign the Treaty for the Protection of Artistic and Scientific Institutions and Historical Monuments ( Roerich Pact ) in 1929, 1933 and 1935.
Nobel Peace Prize Laureates:
- 1975 - Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (1921 - 1989)"For the fearless support of the fundamental principles of peace among men and the courageous struggle against the abuse of power and any form of suppression of human dignity." 630,000 SEK (about 250,000 euros in today's equivalent).
- 1990 - Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev (born 1931)"For his leading role in the peace process, which today covers an important part international community". 4,000,000 SEK (about 380,000 euros in today's equivalent).
Nobel laureate of the Ryazan region
- PAVLOV Ivan Petrovich (1849-1936) A native of the city of Ryazan. The great Russian scientist-physiologist, academician, creator of the doctrine of higher nervous activity, the first Nobel Prize winner in Russia in the field of physiology and medicine. Academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1907), Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
Currently…
In Ryazan, in honor of the outstanding scientist, the following are named:
- Ryazan State Medical University named after Academician I.P. Pavlova.
- The street where it is Museum-Estate of Academician I.P. Pavlova
- Set monument to I.P. Pavlov
- Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn(1918-2008) - famous Soviet writer, historian, politician. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature (1970) "for the moral force with which he continued the tradition of Russian literature." Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1997).
- AT Ryazan writer and Nobel laureate Alexander Solzhenitsyn lived and worked from 1957 to 1969 years.
- Solzhenitsyn taught physics and mathematics at school (now - gymnasium No. 2), wrote several of his main works, including One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, in Ryazan he began work on the book The Gulag Archipelago.
- AT 1990 The writer was awarded the title of honorary citizen of the city of Ryazan.
Currently…
- The Alexander Solzhenitsyn Museum will be opened in Ryazan on the centenary of the writer, which will be celebrated in 2018.
