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To determine the effectiveness of any enterprise, economic sector, it will be necessary to calculate many indicators. One of them is freight traffic.
What is cargo turnover? And this is the amount of transported cargo on a separate mode of transport or at a particular enterprise. The indicator can be calculated within the framework of one industry or state.
unit of measurement
The basic unit of measurement for freight traffic is ton-kilometers. The total tonnage of the transportations performed can be determined simply in tons. Both units are used to determine freight traffic within a country or a particular area. This indicator reflects the development of the country or separate industry, administrative unit.
If the indicator is determined for a separate transport unit or node, then only the total weight in tons or kilograms is calculated for smaller lots.
The mass of transported gas is determined in cubic meters with subsequent conversion to tons.
The volume of cargo is determined by the formula - the amount of cargo for a certain period of time. This indicator reflects the efficiency of a single transport or checkpoint.
Kinds
What is cargo turnover and its types? Let's consider this moment. Types of cargo turnover are divided by types of transport. The indicator “reveals” the possibilities of a certain transport industry.
Rail freight turnover. The most accessible and common mode of transport in most countries is rail. Despite the economic downturn, even in our country, the construction of railways continues. It is rail transport that accounts for 4/5 of all transportation in our country.
Water freight traffic. Water transport is the cheapest in any country, but transportation by this transport is possible only if there are rivers and seas. River navigation in most countries is possible only in the summer, especially when it comes to our country. Therefore, only 15% of all cargo is transported in Russia, and about 7% by river.
Types of freight turnover include road transport. Despite the high cost, it is these transportations that provide communication between enterprises within the country and allow for delivery to hard-to-reach regions. Compared to railway, cargo by car is much faster.
Air freight. Perhaps this is the most expensive mode of transport, so it is used only when absolutely necessary. allows you to deliver cargo to places where there are no railway and motor transport branches. For the Russian Federation, air cargo turnover is significant, since the country's territory is huge, with the presence of hard-to-reach regions.
Pipeline cargo turnover. This mode of transport is applicable exclusively for gaseous and liquid cargoes. Traditionally, this is gas and oil; chemicals and ammonia can also be transported through pipes. The increase in freight turnover by this type of transport is determined solely by the installation of new branches.
Port cargo turnover
What is the cargo turnover for a port? This indicator displays the amount of cargo passing through a particular port in a certain period of time.
Cargo turnover is the main indicator that reflects the technical and economic significance of the port infrastructure. The obtained data is used for analysis and further planning of production activities.
The structure of cargo turnover is characterized by:
- by type of cargo;
- by direction (import and export operations);
- by type of navigation (small and large cabotage, foreign transportation);
- seasonal indicators;
- uniformity of receipt and shipment of goods for a certain period of time.
Unlike cargo handling, cargo turnover is always expressed in tons. When is taken into account only once, upon completion production process in the port. Cargo handling includes the entire volume of handling operations and can be expressed not only in tons, but also in ton operations. Absolutely all transshipment operations are taken into account, even those not related to maritime cargo turnover, for example, storage and reloading of goods from the port by non-marine transport. Therefore, this indicator reflects the complete picture of the production process in the port.
What is turnover and what is not included in it? When determining the indicator, the cargoes subject to further shipment by road or other transport, and those that arrived at the port by rail or road, are not taken into account.
Latest seaport statistics
In general, for the period from January to July 2017, the cargo turnover of Russia in seaports increased by 10.5% when compared with the same period in the previous year.
Situation by region:
The port's cargo turnover is mainly formed by cargo, the delivery of which is not limited in time. Depending on the distance to the final destination, delivery by water takes an average of 30-40 days, provided that there are no hurricanes and storms during this time. At the same time, maritime transport is an opportunity to transport almost any goods, and 120 countries have access to the sea. In addition, in the field of international maritime transport, there are uniform standards and a single legal field.
Chapter 17 CARGO TURNOVER STATISTICS
The process of direct creation of a product in its specific material form does not end with the creation of the value of the product. A product produced in industry and agriculture, in most cases, is not yet ready for consumption in the sense of realizing its consumer properties. In order for a product to receive public recognition, so that it can be used for industrial or non-productive consumption, it must be spatially moved from the place of production to the place of consumption and sold to consumers. Industries where labor is expended on the transportation and sale of products form the sphere of circulation. The circulation of the social product, served by freight transport and trade in its broadest sense, is a necessary link in the process of reproduction of the social product, without which the reproduction process itself does not exist. The statistical characteristic of the sphere of circulation is carried out by the statistics of freight turnover and the statistics of commodity circulation.
The task of transport statistics, and primarily freight turnover statistics, is to identify and reflect these progressive changes in a timely manner, to promote their ever greater implementation.
Transportation indicators can be represented by two groups of indicators - natural and value. The former form a system of indicators of freight turnover statistics, the latter include indicators of gross and net transport production.
This chapter deals with the issues of freight turnover statistics, with the main attention being paid to the general methodological issues of calculating and analyzing certain indicators, without a detailed consideration of the specifics of their calculation for individual modes of transport.
Freight turnover statistics studies the volume and structure of freight turnover, the dynamics of its indicators, the intensity of the use of technical means of transport (mobile and stationary), territorial directions and connections of freight traffic.
For a comprehensive description of freight traffic, a system of indicators of freight turnover is needed. The indicators of this system should give a comprehensive description of the state and development of freight traffic. Statistics. cargo turnover includes the following indicators
The concept of cargo turnover. Classification of freight turnover by types of cargo and modes of transport. Indicators of cargo transportation statistics.
More than 20 billion tons of cargo are transported annually through them. The total freight turnover for 29 countries (for which statistics are available) is 3247 billion t-km. Passenger Transportation on roads reach 10,600 billion pass-km.
In the 1980s and 1990s, there was a gap between GDP growth rates and transport performance indicators. Thus, the GDP growth rate for 1996-2000, according to official statistics, was almost 5 times higher than the growth rate of cargo transportation, and 2 times higher than the freight turnover. This phenomenon is, perhaps, one of the indicators of the artificial overestimation of the absolute and relative GDP growth, the inaccuracy of the calculation of which is officially recognized in the PRC.
CARGO TURNOVER - an indicator of the volume of work performed by freight transport. It is measured in ton-kilometers (tkm) (the work of transport for the transportation of I t of cargo over a distance of I km). To determine G., the mass of transported cargo in tons (separately for each consignment of cargo) is multiplied by the distance of transportation, and the resulting products are summed up. The indicator G is used in planning and statistics for transport (the number of ton-kilometers per worker), the cost of transportation is also determined per 1 tkm, since transportation costs depend on its distance and the mass of cargo. For transport, the indicator G. is not used, since society is interested in the best satisfaction of transportation needs while minimizing transportation costs; for these purposes, the indicator of transportation (dispatch) of goods in tons, revenue from transportation, etc. is used.
For a generalizing characteristic of the work of freight transport in physical terms, the estimated indicator of traffic statistics is calculated - the indicator of freight turnover c. in ton-kilometers, this indicator is calculated as the sum of the products of the number of transported goods q by the number of kilometers of transportation distance / for each consignment "Lql. The indicator of freight turnover is calculated for individual goods transported, for modes of transport and for all transport as a whole. Calculation of the indicator for freight turnover by mode of transport has its own characteristics, due to the specifics of the application of labor in a particular transport and the conditions for its functioning.
An important task of statistics is not only to determine the volume of cargo turnover, but also to study it in dynamics, to identify the factors of change in its total value and its components.
For a broader analysis of the characteristics of transportation activities, including the country's freight turnover, statistics calculate a number of indicators characterizing the state and use of rolling stock (cars, locomotives and a freight train as a whole).
Measuring freight turnover in transport The freight turnover indicator is used in planning and statistics to measure labor productivity in transport (the number of ton-kilometers per worker), the cost of transportation is also determined per 1 tkm, since transportation costs depend on its distance and weight of cargo. To assess the activities of transport enterprises, the indicator of freight turnover is not used, since the society is interested in the best satisfaction of transportation needs while minimizing transportation costs;
NET OPERATING CARGO TURNOVER (net freight turnover) is an indicator of the statistics of freight transportation (freight transportation taking into account the actual distance) It is determined based on the route data of the locomotive driver as
STATISTICS OF CARGO TRANSPORTATION (freight traffi statisti s) - a section of transport statistics that studies the volume, composition and direction of cargo transportation for a certain period and in dynamics
Freight volume Q(t) is the amount of cargo in tons that is planned to be transported or has already been transported.
Cargo turnover R(t-km) is the transport work, in tonne-kilometres, that is planned or expended to carry out the transport.
Freight traffic ( Ted. temp. ) - this is the number of tons of cargo transported in direct Q pr. and reverse Q arr. directions per unit of time (hour, work shift, day, month, year, etc.).
The direct direction is conventionally called the direction of cargo flows that have a large value. The relationship between P and Q indicators can be represented by the following expressions:
Q \u003d Q pr. + Q arr. and P = Q× lQ, where
lQ is the average distance of transportation of goods, km.
The volume of traffic, cargo turnover and cargo flows are characterized by size, structure, time of their development and coefficients of unevenness .
1) Structure determined by the name and class of cargo. The structure of the cargo flow is:
– branch(belonging to any industry: food, oil and gas, Agriculture etc);
– group ( belong to a certain group of goods: food products, construction materials, etc.);
– by type of cargo(distribution of goods according to their properties only: grain crops, dairy products, reinforced concrete products).
2) Mastering time includes the date of commencement, end of transportation and its pace. Transportations are permanent, temporary and seasonal.
3) The coefficient of uneven traffic volume
is defined as follows: = Qmax / Q cf.
4) Coefficient of non-uniformity of cargo turnover is defined as follows: = Pmax / P cf.
The uneven volume of traffic, and especially the turnover of goods, makes it difficult for the rhythmic work of the rolling stock. Motor transport enterprises should, if possible, equalize this unevenness by early delivery of goods, increasing the productivity of loading and unloading operations, developing optimal schedules and routes for transportation, and other organizational enterprises. It is also necessary to adapt the mode of operation of the rolling stock to fluctuations in the values of P and Q by changing the time of operation of cars on the line, Maintenance and repairs during periods of decline in traffic, transfer of holidays, etc.
The values of the volume of transportation and freight turnover depend on the size of production and consumption, transportation distances and cargo delivery schemes. Many goods do not always follow from the place of production directly to the place of consumption, which leads to the repetition of transportation of the same goods. The repetition of transportation is associated with the type of cargo, its intended purpose, depends on the supply system, the location of warehouses and the consumers served, and the transportation planning system.
The most frequent re-transportation occurs during the delivery of industrial and food products in trading network when they are pre-delivered to warehouses or bases for sorting, packaging and distribution to stores. Reducing the repetition of transportation can be achieved through rational schemes for the delivery of goods. During the examination, daily, monthly and annual volume transportation and cargo turnover, directions and distances of transportation, the structure of cargo flows and cargo turnover.
Task 4.1
Intercity centralized transportation of goods is carried out along the BD route with a total length of 295 km. BV section with a length of 140 km; section VG with a length of 90 km; 65 km long GD section. The volume in tons, composition and direction of cargo flows are presented in Table 4.1. Calculate cargo turnover and cargo flows and build diagrams of cargo flows.
L b-c = 140 km, L c-d = 90 km, L g-d = 65 km, L b-d = 295 km
Freight turnover Р = Q × lQ (t-km)
Forward direction Reverse direction
Qb-c = 17600 t Qd-d = 8300 t
Qv-g = 26700 t Qg-v = 11900t
Qg-d = 25000t Qv-b = 12400t
Qtotal = 35600t Qtot. = 25700t
Pb-v = 2464000t-km Pd-t = 539500t-km
Pv-g = 2403000t-km P g-v = 1071000 t-km
Rg-d = 1625000t-km Pv-b = 17360000t-km
Task 4.2
Based on the data given in the tables, calculate the freight turnover, freight flows, the coefficient of uneven freight turnover, the coefficient of uneven freight traffic, build diagrams of cargo flows and cargo structure.
Exercise 1
Table 4.1 - The volume of cargo flows on the BVGD route
Task 2
Table 4.1 - The volume of cargo flows on the BVGD route
Task 3
Table 4.1 - The volume of cargo flows on the BVGD route
Task 4
Table 4.1 - The volume of cargo flows on the BVGD route
Task 5
Table 4.1 - The volume of cargo flows on the BVGD route
Task 6
Table 4.1 - The volume of cargo flows on the BVGD route
Task 7
Table 4.1 - The volume of cargo flows on the BVGD route
Task 8
Table 4.1 - The volume of cargo flows on the BVGD route
Task 9
Table 4.1 - The volume of cargo flows on the BVGD route
Task 10
Table 4.1 - The volume of cargo flows on the BVGD route
Task 11
Table 4.1 - The volume of cargo flows on the BVGD route
Task 12
Table 4.1 - The volume of cargo flows on the BVGD route
Task 13
Table 4.1 - The volume of cargo flows on the BVGD route
Cargo turnover- this is the number (total volume) of goods transported according to the object under consideration for a certain period of time: whether it is an enterprise, type of transport, industry or the state as a whole.
Cargo turnover how economic indicator transport work is the product of the weight of the goods transported in a certain time by the distance of transportation.
For example, if different ships transported 5 million tons of cargo during the year over an average distance of 150 km, then the annual cargo turnover is 5 x 150 = 750 million ton-kilometers.
The indicator of freight turnover is measured by such a unit as a ton-kilometer, but the use of the indicator of the total tonnage of transportation performed is more common.
To measure the volume of traffic within a state or a selected region, two units of measurement are used at once. The process of evaluating the functioning of a transport object or a separate node involves the use of only the total weight of the cargo transported in tons.
On a large scale, the freight turnover indicator assesses the relationship between states or regions, and in the transport sector it determines the throughput of certain objects. The growth of interstate cargo turnover indicates the development of trade and economy. At the time of the crisis, there is a drop in freight turnover. The instability of cargo turnover between regions suggests difficulties in the main transport system, in the functioning of companies, as well as weak internecine economic ties.
Types of cargo turnover
Usually, the entire freight turnover of transport is correlated with a specific transport sector in order to evaluate a certain type of freight turnover.
Railway transport- the most ambitious and budget. In Russia, the railway network serves 4/5 of the country's total cargo turnover. The laying and development of communication lines is constantly increasing the number of transported goods. Overall rating freight turnover of the country allows us to assert that the development of the network railways, the lower the cost of transporting tonnage.
Water transport- is also one of the most profitable options for transporting cargo, but it is not possible in every region, but only between territories adjacent to the sea or a wide river. In addition, river navigation is possible only in summer - in cold weather, rivers freeze. In the hot season, river transport takes on 10-15% of the total cargo turnover in Russia. Shipping by sea is usually interstate deliveries. They account for 4-7%.
Pipeline transport used only for the transfer of liquid and volatile mixtures. Gas, ammonia, oil and other chemical binders are transferred through pipelines. In the Russian Federation, most of the export deliveries of "oil and gas products" are made through pipelines. In this industry, the increase in cargo turnover is determined by the laying of new pipeline routes.
Automobile transport completely dependent on the availability and quality of roads. Most road freight transport is of local importance, i.e. performed between enterprises, port and enterprise, etc. Such deliveries are faster. Road transport does not require additional loading / unloading, which reduces the economic benefits of transportation, and therefore is more profitable. With it, you can deliver the entrusted cargo to its destination without additional expenses and delays.
Mobility and variety of vehicles guarantees its demand for long-distance deliveries of any cargo volume.
Air Transport– an expensive approach to the transportation of goods. Its advantage is the urgency of delivery or the delivery of cargo to places where the routes are not equipped. For example, you need to quickly deliver goods to a taiga settlement. There are a lot of such places in Russia. For this reason, the turnover of air transport is quite high.
A summary assessment of cargo deliveries for each transport sector allows you to determine the level of development of the sector and its need for modernization and related equipment, plus the construction of new tracks. Also, a general assessment allows you to identify the importance of a particular industry in the freight exchange of the entire national economy.
The concept of cargo turnover
Methods for calculating freight turnover
Section 1. The main characteristic of cargo turnover.
Section 2. Methods for calculating the turnover.
Cargo turnover- this is an economic indicator of the work of transport (an indicator of the volume of cargo transportation), equal to the product of the mass of cargo transported for a certain time by the distance of transportation.
The main characteristics of cargo turnover
Cargo turnover is measured in ton-kilometers. For example, if different ships transported 5 million tons of cargo during the year over an average distance of 150 km, then the annual cargo turnover is 5 × 150 = 750 million ton-kilometers.
To determine the turnover, the weight of the transported cargo in tons (separately for each consignment) is multiplied by the transportation distance and the resulting products are summed up.
The freight turnover indicator is used in planning and statistics to measure labor productivity in transport (the number of ton-kilometers per worker), the cost of transportation is also determined per 1 km, since transportation costs depend on its distance and the mass of the cargo.
To assess the activities of transport enterprises, the indicator of freight turnover is not used, since the society is interested in the best satisfaction of transportation needs while minimizing transportation costs; for these purposes, the indicator of transportation (dispatch) of goods in tons, revenue from transportation, etc.
The dissemination of best practices, including by Belarusian railway workers, makes it possible to increase the volume of useful work of transport without increasing the number of employees.
To characterize the cargo turnover of a state, a certain territory, a certain direction, a river, etc. both units of measurement are used. And to characterize the turnover of any transport hub, station or other transport facility, only tonnage is used as a meter.
Freight turnover determines the level of development of relations, the development of trade, the degree of economic activity in a certain period, etc.
The unit of observation in freight traffic statistics is the shipment, i.e. consignment of cargo, the carriage of which is formalized by the relevant document (contract of carriage). Primary documents for different types transport have different names:
road list - for railway and river transport;
bill of lading and manifest - in maritime transport;
waybill and consignment note - in road transport;
accompanying sheet - in air transport.
Freight transportation statistics has developed a system of indicators that provide an opportunity to comprehensively characterize the work of each enterprise and the country's unified transport network. These indicators are divided into two groups:
volumetric (total);
quality.
Volumetric indicators of freight traffic statistics include:
sent (departure) of goods;
arrived (arrival) of goods;
transported (transportation) of goods;
transported in direct mixed traffic;
the volume of transport work performed - freight turnover.
Cargo turnover is the volume of work in the transportation of goods, calculated by summing the products of the mass of goods transported by the distance of transportation in kilometers (miles). It is one of the main indicators in evaluating the efficiency of a transport enterprise.
Qualitative indicators of freight traffic statistics include:
average transportation distance per 1 ton of cargo;
average density of transportation of 1 ton of cargo;
average duration of transportation of 1 ton of cargo;
average speed of advancement of 1 ton of cargo.
The distribution of freight traffic between individual modes of transport depends on their characteristics and economic advantages. For example,
rail transport is used to transport large volumes of goods over long distances;
road transport - in cities and regions for short, as well as for longer distances when transporting valuable and perishable goods;
maritime transport - when transporting bulk cargo in areas gravitating towards inland water and sea basins;
trunk pipelines are used to pump gas and crude oil from fields to refineries and to transport finished petroleum products from factories to consumption areas and terminals;
air transport is used to transport goods over very long distances.
Railway transport.
During the period when navigation on the rivers is stopped, rail transport successfully replaces water transport. A large volume of trade with other countries is carried out precisely by rail. It also ranks first among other main modes of transport.
Automobile transport.
Road transport is the most mobile of all modes of transport. It is capable of transporting goods, both long-distance and short. Disadvantages - high cost and labor intensity, high level environmental pollution.
Pipeline transport.
The variety of pipeline transport, depending on the types of transported products, necessitates the use of grouping (classification). Main pipelines are divided into oil pipelines, product pipelines and gas pipelines. The former serve to pump crude oil from fields to refineries. The second - for the transportation of finished petroleum products from factories to consumption areas. The third is for gas transportation. If the product pipeline is strictly specialized for the transportation of any one type of oil product, it is called accordingly: kerosene pipeline, gasoline wire, oil pipeline, fuel oil wire. The advantage of pipeline transport is that it has continuous transportation and does not depend on natural conditions. The big drawback is environmental pollution.
Sea transport.
Sea transport is able to transport any cargo, any type and size. Unlike other modes of transport, sea transport mainly export (46%) and import (70%) cargo. Disadvantages: dependence on weather conditions, the need for expensive port facilities and a high share of the cost of initial and final operations.
Inland waterways.
These include: rivers, lakes, reservoirs, channels suitable for navigation. On inland waterways, the movement of ships is not allowed across the entire width, but only on the ways that are prepared for navigation and which are marked with navigational signs.
Statistical accounting of cargo transportation in inland water transport is carried out by inland water transport enterprises: ports, shipping companies, ship companies, as well as enterprises of other sectors of the economy that carry out transportation work on a commercial basis.
Air Transport.
By air, goods are transported over very long distances, but this mode of transport is much less than others used to transport cargo. They carry, as a rule, the most expensive goods: precious furs, expensive clothes, weapons, medicines, etc. The main difference between aviation and other modes of transport is its high ground speed and long non-stop flight range.
Methods for calculating cargo turnover
All calculations are entered into a statistical table called statistical grouping.
Statistical grouping - allows you to characterize the size, structure and relationship of the studied phenomena, to identify their patterns.
Methods for calculation:
Series of dynamics (absolute and relative indicators, chain and basic and average values);
Selective observation;
Indicators of variation (dispersion);
Graphic construction (graphics).
Absolute indicators are named numbers that have a certain dimension and units of measurement. They characterize indicators at a point in time or over a period. Depending on the various reasons and goals of the analysis, natural, conditionally natural, monetary and labor units of measurement are used.
Absolute growth is the difference between the research level of the series and the previous (or base) level.
10. Cargo turnover in %Sources
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