Presentation on the theme "Egyptian pyramids". Pyramids and pharaohs tombs and sarcophagi are covered

In 1822 a French scientist Jean Francois Champollion deciphered Egyptian hieroglyphs.

pyramids - stone tombs of the pharaohs.

The first pyramid was built in honor of Pharaoh Josser. This is a stepped pyramid, sixty meters high, built of white limestone blocks. It was created by the architect Imhotep, who invented a method of laying from hewn stone. The Pyramid of Djoser is commonly referred to as the "mother of the Egyptian pyramids".

The greatest of the pyramids is the Pyramid of Cheops. It was built in the 27th century BC. The height of this pyramid is 147 meters. This corresponds to a modern building with a height of about 50 floors. The pyramid is built of blocks of golden limestone weighing 2.5 tons.

The peace of the great pyramids is guarded by the sphinx. A reclining lion with a human head, nicknamed "Father of Fear", he terrified the nomads. The huge figure of the Great Sphinx is carved from a single rock. The size of the sculpture is amazing: its height is 20, and its length is 57 meters.

Each stone block of the pyramid weighs about three tons. At the same time, the blocks are held under their own weight - there is no connecting material. The blocks are so carefully fitted to each other that even the blade of a knife cannot be moved between them.

The pyramid was built for decades by many thousands of people. The builders of the pyramids were mostly Egyptian peasants. They worked in the months off the field

water

wedge

crack

First, the embalmers removed all the internal organs (1), with the exception of the heart, and placed them in special vessels.

Then the dead body was stuffed with salt, sand and spices (2), oil, wine and resin were rubbed into it. And wrapped in long linen bandages (3).

The mummy was now ready for burial.

Then the mummy was placed in a sarcophagus - a coffin made in the form of a human body, and buried in a tomb.

pyramids – stone

tombs of the pharaohs.

Sarcophagus- coffin made

in the form of a human body

Mummy- embalmed

dead body

pharaoh

"Find mistakes in the text"

The ancient Egyptians deified the pharaoh. They believed that he was not just a man, but an earthly god, and called him the son of the moon. Even during the lifetime of the pharaohs, they built huge tombs - sarcophagi . Their peace is guarded by the sphinx. The Sphinx is a giant figure with the body of a bull and the head of a cat.

Read excerpts from the protocol of interrogation of robbers who entered the burial place of one of the pharaohs and answer the questions .

Two hats for one head.

It is hardly wise to wear two headdresses. However, one Egyptian wanted to do just that. Who was he? Did he manage to fulfill his strange desire? What caused it?

The Egyptian pyramids are the greatest architectural monuments of Ancient Egypt, including one of the "seven wonders of the world" - the Cheops pyramid and an honorary candidate for the "new seven wonders of the world" - the Pyramids of Giza. The word "pyramid" - Greek, means a polyhedron. In total, 118 pyramids were discovered in Egypt (as of November 2008). Pyramids of Egypt

The Bent Pyramid is an Egyptian pyramid in Dahshur, the construction of which is attributed to Pharaoh Snorf (XXVI century BC). To explain the non-standard shape of the pyramid, the German Egyptologist Ludwig Borchardt (1863-1938) proposed his " augmentation theory". According to her, the king died unexpectedly and the angle of inclination of the faces of the pyramid was sharply changed from 54 ° 31 "to 43 ° 21" in order to quickly complete the work.

pink pyramid -at the moment its construction in the 26th century. BC e. which was the tallest building on earth. It is second in size only to the two Egyptian pyramids at Giza. The name is due to the fact that the limestone blocks that make up the pyramid acquire a pink color in the rays of the setting sun. The entrance through the sloping passage on the north side descends into three adjoining chambers accessible to the public. This pyramid is attributed to Snofru because his name is inscribed on several blocks of sheathing in red paint.

The Step Pyramid at Saqqara is the world's oldest large stone building. Built by the architect Imhotep in Saqqara for the burial of the Egyptian pharaoh Djoser c. 2650 BC e. The core of the tomb is made of limestone blocks. The size of the pyramid is 125 meters × 115 meters and the height is 61 meters.

The Great Pyramids are the pyramids of the pharaohs Cheops, Khafre and Mykerin located in Giza. Unlike the pyramid of Djoser, these pyramids do not have a stepped, but a strictly geometric, pyramidal shape. The walls of the pyramids rise at an angle of 51° (Pyramid of Menkaure) to 53° (Pyramid of Khafre) to the horizon. The edges are precisely oriented to the cardinal points. The pyramid of Cheops was built on a massive natural rocky elevation, which turned out to be in the very middle of the base of the pyramid. Its height is about 9 m.

The largest is the pyramid of Cheops. Initially, its height was 146.6 m, but due to the fact that now there is no lining of the pyramid, its height has now decreased to 138.8 m. The length of the side of the pyramid is 230 m. The construction of the pyramid dates back to the 26th century BC. e. The construction is believed to have taken over 20 years. The pyramid is built from 2.5 million stone blocks; no cement or other binders were used. On average, the blocks weighed 2.5 tons. The pyramid is almost a monolithic structure - with the exception of several chambers and corridors leading to them.

http:// go.mail.ru/search_images?q https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki / http:// 1chudo.ru/usypalnitsy/44- Internet resources

The Pyramid of Cheops, also known as the Great Pyramid, was built by Pharaoh Khufu, son of Sneferu. Herodotus in his works called him Cheops, and this pharaoh ruled for about 23 years. Even in ancient times, the pyramid struck with its grandiose size and rightfully turned out to be among the Seven Wonders of the World. For its construction, limestone blocks with an average weight of 2.5 tons each were used, which amounted to 210 rows. The average block height was about 50 cm, but there were blocks up to 150 cm high. Oddly enough, they laid out the upper part of the pyramid.

Narrow (20 × 20 cm) channels led from the northern and southern walls of the burial chamber to the surface of the pyramid, not quite accurately called "ventilation tunnels". There were long discussions about their purpose, and the latest research by specialists from the German Archaeological Institute showed that the channels have purely ritual functions: they help the pharaoh's soul get to heaven in the shortest way. A similar ritual role was played by three chambers located vertically one above the other (underground, queen's chamber and pharaoh's chamber); it was previously believed that they arose due to changes in the architectural design - however, this hypothesis has not been confirmed.

At the northern side of the pyramid there are two boat-shaped recesses where the pharaoh's boats stood, and three additional pyramids. The southern one was the burial place of Queen Henutsen, the daughter of Snefru and the blood sister of Khufu, Meritetis was buried in the middle one, and the third was built in honor of the mother of the pharaoh Queen Hetepheres, whose shaft tomb was discovered at a distance of several tens of meters from here by members of the expedition of Harvard University and the Boston Museum led by George A Reisner in 1925. Funeral items were found in the tomb, now exhibited in the Cairo Museum.

The pyramid of Khafre, the fourth pharaoh of the IV dynasty, known from Greek sources under the name of Khafre, is the second largest pyramid, slightly inferior in size to the pyramid of Khufu. However, built on a more elevated site and having more steeply sloping sides, it gives the impression of being the tallest of the pyramids of Giza. Of the scientists of our time, it was discovered in 1818 by Giovanni Battista Belzoni, but it had already been plundered in ancient times and in the 13th century. Of all the pyramids, only it has a white limestone lining, and even then at the very top.

There are two entrances on the north side: the first one is located at a height of 10 m, the other entrance is located at ground level, and current visitors enter the pyramid through it. The burial chamber contains a large granite sarcophagus and its lid. Apart from the inscription made by Belzoni and dated March 2, 1818, the date of its discovery, there are no other decorations on objects in the burial chamber.

The word "sphinx" comes from the Egyptian expression "shesep ankh", which means "living idol", and this is how the sculpture of a deity with the body of a lion, the head of a person or an animal is called. The Sphinx, a statue 57 m long and 20 m high, represents the image of the pharaoh, which combines the power of man, god and lion. The Sphinx is close to the processional path and the lower temple of Khafre, the greatest statue builder of the Pyramid Age, who erected the Sphinx as part of his burial complex. The statue was cut directly from the limestone that forms the Giza Plateau, part of the Mokatam Formation, which was formed from marine sediments when northeast Africa was under water during the Eocene period.

The Great Sphinx is a symbol of Egypt, ancient and modern. Moreover, it is an image of history that has inspired the imagination of poets and scholars, adventurers and tourists for many centuries. However, in recent years, the Sphinx began to threaten humanity with the possibility of its destruction. Twice during the last decade stones fell from him: in 1981, the lining from the left hind leg flew off, and in 1988 he lost a large piece of his right forearm. While experts are looking for a way out, the surface of the sphinx peels off and crumbles.

According to legend, the step pyramid was built for Horus Netherikhet, better known as Djoser, the first ruler of the III dynasty. The construction of the structure was led by the architect Imhotep. The pyramid dominates all the surroundings and is located in central zone Saqqara. The layout of the Djoser Pyramid, which originally had a height of about 60 m (now 58.7 m), was oriented in the east-west direction. The layout of the Djoser Pyramid, which originally had a height of about 60 m (now 58.7 m), was oriented in the east-west direction. At the entrance to the pyramid on the north side, the first known temple in history was built, where the cult of the deceased pharaoh was confessed, and around the pyramid there were rooms associated with the rituals of celebrating heb-sed. Gallery

Despite numerous precautions, the tomb of Djoser was defiled in ancient times, apparently in the first period of the interregnum. The Saisian tombs of Saqqara, with their extremely deep wells, were most likely built under the influence of the Djoser Pyramid monuments. Gallery

The pyramid of Unas, the last pharaoh of the 5th dynasty, is almost completely destroyed, all of its lining has disappeared, except for a few limestone slabs on the southern side, which were returned to their places during the restoration and on which there was a large hieroglyphic inscription indicating that Hemwaset, the high priest the god Ptah in Memphis, restored the pyramid at the direction of his father Ramesses II and returned the name of Unas to it.

Pepi I, the second ruler of the VI dynasty, succeeded his father Teti. He built a beautiful pyramid with a height of about 52 m, which was called "Mennefer", which means "steady and perfect" in translation. Distorted over time, this word turned into "Memphis", and this is how the capital of the Old Kingdom is now called.

In ancient times it was known as "Inebhej" or "White Wall". Most likely, it referred to a large dam built in this place of the river, or to the white color of the Tura limestone from which the city walls were built. Almost destroyed during numerous raids, this pyramid is of great interest due to the inscriptions on the walls of the burial chambers.

The pyramid of Pepi II, the son of Merenre, was built strictly to the north of the pyramid of his father and is the best preserved among the structures of this zone. To the east of the Pyramid of Pepi II, explored by Gustave Géquier, is a satellite pyramid and a remarkable mortuary temple, which is connected by a processional path to the temple in the valley.

The Northern Pyramid of Snefru, also known as the "Red" Pyramid, owes this to the color of the limestone from which it is built. Its ribs are inclined at an angle of 43 ° 22 ", which fully corresponds to the shape of the upper part of the "curved" pyramid." The "Red" pyramid, originally lined with white Turkish limestone slabs, due to which in ancient times it was called the "radiant pyramid", remains the second largest after Pyramids of Khufu (Cheops).

The Southern Pyramid turned out to be older than the Northern Pyramid and the first not stepped, but real. The project was truly great, and if it had ended according to plan, the largest pyramid would have been erected in Egypt. However, during construction, when the pyramid rose to two thirds of the planned height, the architects suddenly decided to change the angle of the faces by almost 10 °, that is, from 54 ° 27 "44" "to 43 ° 22". Naturally, the total height of the pyramid decreased by 23.5 meters. Nevertheless, the “curved” pyramid remains to this day the fourth largest, yielding to the pyramids of Khufu, Khafre and the “red” pyramid.

The upper part of the pyramid has, as it were, its inverted twin, and together they formed, as it were, an octahedral crystal. Crystals of this type are called in crystallography twins, or bipyramids. The angle between the faces in the "crystal" of the composite Sneferu pyramid is 43º19´ + 43º19´ = 86º38´. The slope angle of the faces in the bipyramid is equal to the angle of the water molecule.

The upper and lower vertices of the crystal correspond to the arrangement of hydrogen atoms H in the water molecule, and the middle of the base side corresponds to the oxygen atom O. Snefru's pyramid has two chambers, and they are arranged very strangely. The first of them is located at the level of the base of the pyramid, at the top of the lower part of the crystal at a depth of about 25 m. This arrangement of the chambers clearly indicates their connection with the energy of the crystal itself and with the entire pyramid as a whole. The shape of the pyramids is associated with the geometry of the Egyptian triangular standards, and hence with the "golden section". The properties of pyramids are based on their crystal structure and crystal-like form, as well as the energy that is present in crystals.

For many millennia, the ancient archives have been hiding from everyone the names of the architects of the outstanding pyramidal complexes located all over the Earth. Some designed and built stepped pyramids, others - regular, with smooth edges, others - spiral cone-shaped, but they all had one characteristic detail: next to the pyramid, as a rule, there was a round or square pool filled with water. The heat capacity of stone and air is very different. The air warms up quickly under the rays of the sun and quickly cools after it sets. But the stone heats up slowly and cools down just as slowly. So the outer stones under the sun heat up, but the mass of stones inside the heap has a lower temperature. When hot air currents, which always carry water vapor, penetrate the stone pile and come into contact with the surface of cold stones, the vapor condenses. This is how water drops form. They flow down, forming streams.

Now it is not difficult to guess that the pyramids had pools of water for a reason. One of the many functions was the same as the stone piles: they also had the ability to condense water from the air. And many pyramids were probably specifically designed just for this purpose. Water is life! The real value of it is known to those who always feel its lack. This also applied to the Egyptians living on the eastern border of the Sahara. The pyramids gave water, the pools were filled with life-giving liquid, the groundwater near the pyramids stood close to the surface, They seemed to be attracted to the pyramids. And no wonder: after all, the shape of a pyramid is a giant water molecule that attracts other water molecules not only from the air, but also from the ground.

The fact that the Great Pyramids hide astronomical knowledge in themselves was hinted as early as the 6th century BC. no less great Pythagoras. The lion was considered sacred because it represented the sun incarnate. But the big Sphinx with its figure and paws also looks like a lion. If the lion in the era of Leo on the day of the vernal equinox was associated with the Sun in the constellation Leo, then the same honor can be awarded to the Sphinx. But if the Sphinx is the image of the Sun in the constellation Leo, then the pyramids of Cheops, Khafre and Menkaure may well be "planets of the solar system."

The pyramids of Cheops and Khafre are approximately the same size. Just slightly different from each other two planets: Earth and Venus. The diameter of the Earth at the equator is only 360 km longer than the diameter of Venus. It turns out that the pyramid of Cheops corresponds to the planet Earth, and the pyramid of Khafre - Venus. The size of the pyramid of Menkaure is almost two times smaller than the size of the pyramids of Cheops and Khafre. Approximately in the same ratio are the diameters of the Earth and Mars, Venus and Mars. Hence, the pyramid of Menkaure corresponds to Mars. An additional confirmation of this can be the fact that since ancient times Mars has been called the "red planet" for its characteristic red brilliance. This feature of Mars is reflected in the lining of the pyramid of Menkaure: earlier it was covered with red granite slabs. Closest to the Sphinx is the pyramid of Cheops. Mercury is closest to the Sun in the solar system. But it is too small to compete with the pyramid of Cheops. The next planet in terms of distance is Venus. So we got a completely unexpected option: Venus corresponds to the pyramid of Cheops. Then the pyramid of Khafre corresponds to the Earth, and to the pyramid of Menkaure - Mars. All three planets belong to the same, terrestrial group.

Why was Venus (the pyramid of Cheops) larger than the Earth (the pyramid of Khafre)? After all, modern data on the size of the planets indicate the opposite ... Maybe before Venus really was larger than the Earth? The question of a decrease or even an increase in the volumes of the planets over time is not fantastic. There are young and hot planets. Gradually cooling down, they constantly decrease in volume. The earth behaves more or less stable. No wonder there has been life on it for a long time. But you can't say the same about Venus. Maybe some 5 - 10 thousand years ago, its volume really exceeded the volume of the Earth. Each of the three Great Pyramids has companions - small pyramids. The pyramid of Cheops has the remains of three satellites and the foundation of the fourth one has also been discovered. At the pyramid of Khafre - one, at Mykerin - three. If the Great Pyramids could symbolize the planets Venus, Earth and Mars, then their pyramidal companions are satellites of these planets.

3200 - 2920 BC. I - II dynasty Early dynastic or archaic period. Capitals: Tees, near Abydos, then Memphis. Under energetic rulers, Egyptian state instruments flourish. Introduction to hieroglyphic writing. Rival religious schools of Haliopolis, Hermopolis and Memphis. Ra-Atum, Thoth and Ptah. The beginning of the construction of stone and wood. Brick mastabas, royal tombs in Abydos.

2140 - 2100 BC. VII - X Dynasties First Intermediate Period Capitals: Herakleopolis and Thebes. The era of the Bedouin invasion. The rise of the cult of Osiris. The supreme power passes into the hands of the Theban military leaders - 1750. BC. XI - XII Dynasties Middle Kingdom Capital: Thebes. Wise and talented rulers: Mentuhotep I and III, Amenemhat I, Sesostris I and III, Amenemhat III. Invasion of Nubia and Asia. Arts and crafts flourish.

1750 - 1550 BC. XIII - XVII Dynasties Second Intermediate Period Capitals: Thebes and Avaris. Fall of the Middle Kingdom: Egypt conquered by the Hyksos chiefs. The appearance of horses and chariots - 1076. BC. XVIII - XX Dynasties New Kingdom Capital: Thebes. Great kings and queens. Temples: Luxor, Karnak, Medinet Habu, Abu Simbel. Valley of the Kings. Tomb of Tutankhamen.

The first wonder of the world.

In Giza, near the modern

Cairo, on the rocky plateau of the desert stand

Three perfectly regular tetrahedral pyramids

- tombs of the pharaohs Cheops, Khafre, Menkaure

The pyramids are guarded by the Great Sphinx, carved from a whole rock.

• He has the head of a man, his face is decorated

traditional headdress

royal scarf and ceremonial

beard.

• The Sphinx has the body of a lion.
• Monumental and grandiose

The Sphinx calmly looks somewhere at

east, to a distant sunny valley

Nile

The very first pyramid was built by the pharaoh of the III dynasty - Djoser in Saqqara.

• The pyramid was erected by the architect

Imhotep, inventor

hewn stone masonry

• "Step Pyramid"

has 7 floors

• Made up of blocks of white

limestone on a rocky terrace

The design of the pyramid of Djoser reflects the basic principles for creating such structures:

• giant scale .

• Generalized Geometry

chesky form.

• The use of stone

as a construction

material

The Pyramid of Cheops is the largest building in the world.

• Built from blocks of golden

limestone.

• The height of the pyramid is 146.6m

• The length of the side of the base is 233 m.

No less famous were the temples - the dwellings of the Gods.

• Two rows of sphinxes, like guards along

road leading to the temple.

• On both sides of the gate rise

massive towers

• In front of the gate, carved from granite

huge figures of the pharaoh,

seated on the throne.

• Standing at the entrance obelisks - stone

"needles of the pharaohs".

Behind the gate is a wide courtyard,

surrounded by columns.

• Behind the main hall in the back

the temple is located

secret and mysterious

room .

• Only priests and pharaohs have the right

to penetrate where the statue stands

God is the owner of the temple.

Painting and sculpture.

• The most significant place in the art of ancient Egypt

occupied with the idea of ​​an afterlife.

• Man, according to the Egyptians, was endowed with several

souls.

• One of the souls - Ka - after death, lives in a statue,

made of stone in compliance with the exact

portrait resemblance.

• The statue was placed in the tomb.
• The images on the walls of the tomb provided Ka

the opportunity to enjoy all the benefits that

surrounded a person in life.

When creating stone statues, the sculptor observed special rules:

• The legs are closed.
• The legs are closed.

• One hand is pressed to the chest, the other

to your knees.

• The gaze is directed forward.

• Men were depicted with skin

dark color, the woman is light.

It was necessary to reach

Strict portrait resemblance .

The artists also had their own rules.

• upper body -

shoulders, arms

look like

like we're watching

on it in front.

• Legs - as if we

look - sideways

head too

turned

sideways to us

BUT the eye is drawn like this

like we're looking

man right in

face.

The figure of the gods - always

greater growth

Pharaoh - above

their nobles

Hieroglyphs - Sacred Writings of Ancient Egypt.

• The walls of the Egyptian temples are covered,

tombs and sarcophagi are covered

mysterious signs - hieroglyphs.

• Here you can see the snake cobra,

and an ibis bird, and a pyramid.

• There are over 700 in Egyptian writing

hieroglyphs .

One hieroglyph could designate as a separate

word, and a certain sound.

(GM+M=G+M+X) – GEMECH –

LOOK

(VN + N \u003d VN) - VEN - TO BE

(H+S+M) – CHESEM - dog

It was difficult to learn such a letter.

Literacy studied for many years ,

Egyptians real sages.

slide 2

One of the seven wonders of the world - EGYPTIAN PYRAMIDS

Pyramids - "dwellings of eternity" of the pharaohs:

• The Pyramid of Cheops
• Pyramid of Khafre
• Pyramid of Menkaure
• Rock tombs and temples of the Middle and New Kingdoms
• Abu Simbel - the pearl of Egyptian architecture
• Architectural buildings of the Late Kingdom

slide 3

Great Pyramids. Giza

Egypt 2575 - 2465 BC e.

slide 4

The pyramid of Cheops reaches a height of 146 meters. Its thickness was cut through only by corridors leading to the burial chamber. The architect Hemiun supervised the construction of the pyramid of Cheops.

slide 5

The pyramid itself required 20 years of work. She is square. Each of its sides is equal to 146.26 m and its height is the same size. The stones are polished and carefully fitted, each of them is not less than 9.24 m.

The architect Hemiun supervised the construction of the pyramid of Cheops.

slide 6

Pyramid of Pharaoh Djoser

Egypt 2630 - 2611 BC e.

Slide 7

At the time of its construction, this structure was the largest in the world.

This tomb became a model of a burial structure, in which, according to the canons, three main tasks were solved: keeping the ashes of the deceased incorrupt, preserving the tomb and feeding so that it could exist.

Slide 8

Slide 9

The second pyramid of the complex belongs to the successor of Cheops - Pharaoh Khafre. The pyramid of Khafre was almost as tall as the pyramid of Cheops. Its height was 143 meters, and the length of the side was 215 meters. Because of this ratio of height and length of the base, it seemed more slender. The base was faced with Aswan granite.

Slide 10

Great Sphinx. Giza.

Egypt 2750 BC

slide 11

slide 12

The Great Sphinx was erected simultaneously with the pyramid, for the pharaoh of the IV dynasty - Khafre (Khafre). The Sphinx is made in the form of a lying lion. His face reproduces the features of the pharaoh himself. In fact, the sphinx is an image of the sun god. To the side where the Sun appears, and the sphinx is looking.

• A striped royal scarf is depicted on the head of the sphinx, above the forehead - uraeus - a sacred cobra. According to the beliefs of the Egyptians, the cobra protected kings and queens with its breath.
• The face of the sphinx was previously painted brick, and the bands of the kerchief were blue and red.
• It rises between two temples dedicated to the cult of this deity.
• When creating the sculpture, the Egyptian craftsmen used the original form of the limestone rock.

slide 13

Statue of Pharaoh Khafre, fragment

Egypt 2500 BC e.

Slide 14

In ancient Egypt, two types of images of royalty were developed. Seated and standing. The portrait of Pharaoh Khafre belongs to the second type. This type is characterized by the articulation of all parts of the figure at right angles. Hands are usually folded on the hips or rest on the chest. The legs are parallel to the bare feet. The symmetry in this case is perfect.

The monarchs are depicted bare-chested, dressed in a pleated skirt and with their heads covered with the double crown of Lower and Upper Egypt.

slide 15

The pharaoh is depicted with his head protected by the open wings of the god Horus, from whom he was believed to be descended. The torso forms a single block with the throne, and the arms are pressed to the torso.

Pharaoh statue carved from superhard diorite

slide 16

The son and heir of Khafre - Mikerin - owns the third pyramid. The tomb itself and the structures around it were not completed during the life of the pharaoh. Subsequently, his son hastily finished them. It was the last of the great pyramids.