Presentation on obzh "radioactivity and radiation-hazardous objects". Radiation: impact on humans and its consequences. What is radiation? on the eyes and face of radioactive

Radiation

Slides: 13 Words: 1018 Sounds: 0 Effects: 44

Project for high school. FUNDAMENTAL QUESTION: Is radiation beneficial or harmful? The nature of radiation. Radioactivity is characterized by an exponential decrease in the average number of nuclei over time. Radioactivity was first discovered by A. Becquerel in 1896. A bit of information… Violation of the storage regime can have catastrophic consequences. natural sources. External exposure Internal exposure. artificial sources. Over the past decades, people have been intensively occupied with the problems of nuclear physics. Radiation units. Units of physical quantities”, which provides for the mandatory use of the International SI system. - Radiation.ppt

radioactive radiation

Slides: 6 Words: 250 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0

Radioactivity. Discovery of radioactivity. The nature of radioactive radiation. radioactive transformations. Isotopes. Uranium salt spontaneously radiates. For the discovery of the phenomenon of natural radioactivity, Becquerel was awarded the Nobel Prize. Alpha - particle (a-particle) - the nucleus of the helium atom. Alpha contains two protons and two neutrons. A beta particle is an electron emitted during beta decay. Gamma - radiation - short-wave electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength less than 2 × 10-10 m. Displacement rules for a- and b- radioactive decay. The time it takes for half of the initial number of radioactive atoms to decay. - Radioactivity.ppt

Radiation according to life safety

Slides: 26 Words: 898 Sounds: 0 Effects: 8

Accidents at radiation hazardous facilities. Types of radiation hazardous objects. Radiation hazardous object. Atom stations. Research and design organizations. The scheme of the CHP. Scheme of NPP operation. Radioactivity. Chain reaction. The impact of radiation on humans. Unit of measure for radioactivity. Radiation, or ionizing radiation. Change in the strength of natural cosmic radiation. Possible consequences of irradiation of people. Consequences of a single radiation exposure. The effect of radiation on the body. Carrying out iodine prophylaxis. Protective effect of iodine prophylaxis. - Radiation by life safety.ppt

radioactive radiation

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radioactive radiation. Comparison of the penetrating power of different types of radiation. Radioactive radiation can play a cruel joke against their own founders, who can and must do everything to weaken the influence of nuclear weapons on global politics and the economy. - Radiation.ppt

Radiation and public health

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Radiation and public health. Natural radiation background of the biosphere. Characteristics of radiation pollution. Natural radiation background. Technical sources of penetrating radiation. Stockpiles of nuclear weapons. Radioactive air pollution. Radioactive contamination of the aquatic environment. Radioactive contamination of the soil. Radioactive contamination of flora and fauna. Consequences of the use of nuclear weapons. Inadmissibility of nuclear war. Nuclear pollution. role in pollution. A person receives some doses of radiation. Questions for self-preparation. - Radiation and public health.ppt

Accidents at nuclear power plants

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Nuclear power plants. The world's first industrial nuclear power plant with a capacity of 5 MW was launched on June 27, 1954 in the USSR. History of creation. It seemed that everything was fine, but an emergency happened. The radioactive cloud from the accident passed over the European part of the USSR, Eastern Europe and Scandinavia. Approximately 60% of radioactive fallout fell on the territory of Belarus. The approach to interpreting the facts and circumstances of the accident has changed over time, and there is still no complete consensus. After the explosion. - Accidents at nuclear power plants.pptx

Nuclear accidents

Slides: 56 Words: 1816 Sounds: 1 Effects: 2

"Plague of the 20th century". The history of the splitting of the atom. Start. In 1905, Albert Einstein published his special theory of relativity. A very small amount of matter is equivalent to a large amount of energy. The start of hostilities is scheduled for August 10, 1945. The beginning of the atomic era. A characteristic cloud of radioactive dust, resembling a mushroom, rose to 30,000 feet. This was the beginning of the atomic era. On the morning of August 6, 1945, there was a clear, cloudless sky over Hiroshima. One of the planes dived and dropped something, and then both planes turned and flew away. It was dropped over the city of Nagasaki. - Nuclear accidents.ppt

Disasters at nuclear power plants

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Overcoming the consequences of the catastrophe at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the Republic of Belarus. Contamination of the territory of Belarus with iodine-131, 1986. Contamination of the territory of Belarus with strontium-90, 1986. Contamination of the territory of Belarus with transuranium elements, 1986 Contamination of the territory of the republic with cesium-137 (01.01.2011). Financing of State programs to overcome the consequences of the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The area of ​​agricultural land contaminated with cesium-137 is more than 1 Ci/km2. The number of settlements in which private household plots have registered the production of milk with a content of cesium-137 above the permissible level. - Catastrophes at nuclear power plants.ppt

Radiation accidents

Slides: 26 Words: 707 Sounds: 3 Effects: 50

Accidents at nuclear power plants. Plan. Specifications. Nuclear power plant accident. Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Terrible echoes of the past. Radiation hazard factors. Assessment of radiation hazard. Assessment of the radiation situation in the event of an accident at a nuclear power plant. Therapeutic and preventive work in the outbreaks. Stage 1 - up to 15 minutes after the accident. There is a shift staff at the workplace. Medical assistance to victims is provided in the order of self- and mutual assistance. The evacuation of victims to the health center is carried out along predetermined routes. A first aid kit and a stretcher are used to provide assistance. The nature of the accident is specified. Trained personnel localize the accident zone and open arcs for evacuation. - Radiation accidents.ppt

radioactive accidents

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Accidents with the release of radioactive substances. Beta radiation is an electronic ionizing radiation emitted during nuclear transformations. Beta particles propagate in the air up to 15 m, in biological tissue to a depth of up to 15 mm, in aluminum up to 5 mm. Gamma particles propagate in. Sources of radioactive (ionizing) radiation. Chemical accident. Consequences of accidents at chemically hazardous facilities. The radioactive threat comes from the seabed. However, Russia has a reliable technology for isolating hazardous facilities. The bottom of the seas and oceans is becoming more and more like a giant dump. Moreover, serious claims are made primarily to Russia. - Radioactive accidents.ppt

Radiation accidents in Russia

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Academician of the International Informatization Academy. Types of OPS pollution. Atomic weapons. Field tests. Ground testing of nuclear weapons. The most powerful field test. radioactive waste. dose of radiation. Center for the production of nuclear materials. Reactor fire. Reactor core. Nuclear tests of foreign countries. Retraining people. Minutes of local time. Troops. The biggest accident The total level of radioactivity. People's health. Deviation from the regulated modes of operation of the PDA. Typification of radiation accidents in the South Urals. Analysis and summary classification of accidents. - Radiation accidents in Russia.ppt

Radiation hazardous accidents

Slides: 26 Words: 1020 Sounds: 0 Effects: 12

RI security. Consequences of the accident. Radiation sickness. consequences of irradiation. The main way to protect the population. Protection measures. Actions of the population on a warning signal. Version of the message about the accident at the nuclear power plant. Preparing for a possible evacuation. When an evacuation message is received. - Radiation hazardous accidents.pptx

Radiation hazardous objects

Slides: 12 Words: 468 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0

radiation accident. Content. ROO is a radiation-hazardous object. Actions in case of notification of a radiation accident. When outdoors, immediately protect your respiratory organs and hurry to cover. Do iodine prophylaxis. If your house is in a zone of radioactive contamination. Movement in areas contaminated with radioactive substances. When driving through areas contaminated with radioactive substances, it is necessary. Tests. - Radiation hazardous objects.ppt

Accidents at radiation facilities

Slides: 17 Words: 876 Sounds: 0 Effects: 112

ACCIDENTS AT HOO and ROO (chemically hazardous facilities) (radiation hazardous facilities). Dangers of accidents and catastrophes (beginning). Accidents at chemically hazardous facilities. Accidents at radiation hazardous facilities. Terms, abbreviations, warning signs. HOO - chemically hazardous objects. Technogenic emergencies are subdivided. HOO accidents. ROO accidents. Accidents at fire and explosive facilities. Accidents at hydrodynamic hazardous facilities. Transport accidents. Accidents on communal-energy networks. 2. Accidents at chemically hazardous facilities. Chemically dangerous object. - Accidents at radiation facilities.pptx

Radiation accidents and disasters

Slides: 18 Words: 652 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0

radiation accidents. Loss of control of the source of ionizing radiation. Classification. Human. Prevention measures. Iodine prophylaxis. Examples of radiation accidents. Serious radiation accident. local accidents. local accidents. Regional accidents. regional accidents. Federal accidents. cross-border accidents. - Radiation accidents and disasters.ppt

Accidents with the release of radioactive substances

Slides: 18 Words: 1127 Sounds: 0 Effects: 71

Rules of conduct in case of radiation accidents

Slides: 25 Words: 315 Sounds: 0 Effects: 17

Rules for safe conduct. Actions of the population in case of notification. Turn on the radio. Protect your respiratory system immediately. Close windows and doors. Do iodine prophylaxis. Protect food. Wait for information from the civil defense authorities. Protection of the population from radioactive fallout. Rural population. Evacuation of the population. Movement in areas contaminated with radioactive substances. Actions in case of notification of an accident at the ROO. Urban population. Types of protective structures. Making a cotton-gauze bandage. Dosimetric control of the population. - Rules of conduct in case of radiation accidents.ppt

Radiation and chemical reconnaissance devices

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Modern devices for radiation and chemical reconnaissance. Formation of knowledge. Damage factors of nuclear weapons. damaging factors. dosimetric devices. The principle of detection of ionizing (radioactive) radiation. Methods. photographic method. scintillation method. Chemical method. ionization method. Devices operating on the basis of the ionization method. Classification of dosimetric instruments. X-ray radiometers. Dosimeters. Household dosimetric devices. Instruments for chemical reconnaissance. The principle of operation of the device. VPHR device. Determination of RH in the air. -

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PROJECT FOR SECONDARY SCHOOL TOPIC: RADIATION AROUND US SUBJECT: OBZH AUTHOR OF THE PROJECT: TEACHER OF OBZH SELOYADRINSKY SOSH Savelyev A.V s.DRINO-2006.

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FUNDAMENTAL QUESTION: Is radiation beneficial or harmful? PROBLEM QUESTIONS: NATURE OF RADIATION NATURAL SOURCES ARTIFICIAL SOURCES APPLICATIONS OF RADIATION FOR PEACEFUL PURPOSES NEGATIVE SIDES OF RADIATION

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The nature of radiation RADIOACTIVITY (from Latin radio - I emit rays and activus - effective), spontaneous transformation of unstable atomic nuclei into nuclei of other elements, accompanied by the emission of particles or g-quantum. 4 types of radioactivity are known: alpha decay, beta decay, spontaneous fission of atomic nuclei, proton radioactivity (two-proton and two-neutron radioactivity have been predicted, but have not yet been observed). Radioactivity is characterized by an exponential decrease in the average number of nuclei over time. Radioactivity was first discovered by A. Becquerel in 1896.

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Some information… RADIOACTIVE WASTE, various materials and products, biological objects, etc., which contain high concentrations of radionuclides and are not subject to further use. The most radioactive waste - spent nuclear fuel - is kept in temporary storage facilities (usually with forced cooling) from several days to tens of years before processing in order to reduce activity. Violation of the storage regime can have disastrous consequences. Gaseous and liquid radioactive waste, purified from highly active impurities, is discharged into the atmosphere or water bodies. Highly active liquid radioactive waste is stored in the form of salt concentrates in special tanks in the surface layers of the earth, above the groundwater level. Solid radioactive waste is cemented, bituminized, vitrified, etc. and buried in stainless steel containers: for decades - in trenches and other shallow engineering structures, for hundreds of years - in underground workings, salt layers, at the bottom of the oceans. Until now, there are no reliable, absolutely safe methods of disposal for radioactive waste due to the corrosive destruction of containers.

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Natural Sources As already mentioned, the population receives the main part of the radiation dose from natural sources. Most of them are simply impossible to avoid. A person is exposed to two types of radiation: external and internal. Radiation doses vary greatly and depend mainly on where people live. Terrestrial sources of radiation in total amount to more than 5/6 of the annual effective equivalent dose received by the population. In concrete terms, it looks something like this. Irradiation of terrestrial origin: internal - 1.325, external - 0.35 mSv / year; cosmic origin: internal - 0.015, external - 0.3 mSv/year. External exposure Internal exposure

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Artificial Sources Over the past decades, man has been intensively occupied with the problems of nuclear physics. He created hundreds of artificial radionuclides, learned to use the possibilities of the atom in various industries - in medicine, in the production of electrical and thermal energy, in the manufacture of luminous watch dials, many instruments, in the search for minerals and in military affairs. All this, of course, leads to additional exposure of people. In most cases, the doses are small, but sometimes man-made sources are many thousands of times more intense than natural ones. Home Appliances Uranium Mines and Concentrators Nuclear Explosions Nuclear Power

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Units of measurement of radiation Units of physical quantities”, which provides for the mandatory use of the International SI system. In table. Table 1 lists some of the derived units used in the field of ionizing radiation and radiation safety. Also given are the ratios between systemic and non-systemic units of activity and radiation doses, which were supposed to be withdrawn from use from January 1, 1990 (roentgen, rad, rem, curie). However, the need for significant costs, as well as economic difficulties in the country, did not allow a timely transition to SI units, although some household dosimeters are already calibrated in new measurements (back-vrel, evert

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APPLICATIONS OF RADIATION Medical procedures and treatments involving the use of radioactivity make a major contribution to the dose received by man from man-made sources. Radiation is used for both diagnosis and treatment. One of the most common devices is an x-ray machine. Radiation therapy is the main way to fight cancer. Of course, radiation in medicine is aimed at healing the patient. In developed countries, there are between 300 and 900 examinations per 1,000 inhabitants Other applications

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RADIATION - one of the damaging factors of nuclear weapons Penetrating radiation - invisible radioactive radiation (similar to x-rays), propagating in all directions from the zone of a nuclear explosion. As a result of its exposure, people and animals can get sick with radiation sickness.

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Small doses of ionizing radiation and health According to some scientists, radioactive radiation in small doses not only does not harm the body, but has a favorable stimulating effect on it. Adherents of this point of view believe that small doses of radiation, which were always present in the external environment of the background radiation, played an important role in the development and improvement of life forms existing on Earth, including man himself.

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WAYS OF PROTECTION AGAINST RADIATION A feature of radioactive contamination of the area is a relatively rapid decrease in the level of radiation (degree of contamination). It is generally accepted that the level of radiation after 7 hours after the explosion decreases by about 10 times, after 49 hours - by 100 times, etc. For protection in hazardous areas, it is necessary to use protective structures - shelters, anti-radiation shelters, basements, cellars. To protect the respiratory organs, personal protective equipment is used - respirators, anti-dust fabric masks, cotton-gauze bandages, and when they are not available, a gas mask. The skin is covered with special rubberized suits, overalls, raincoats, and a little more

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Conclusions: Radiation is really dangerous: in large doses it leads to damage to tissues, living cells, in small doses it causes cancer and promotes genetic changes. However, the sources of radiation that are most talked about are not at all dangerous. The radiation associated with the development of nuclear energy is only a small fraction, the largest dose a person receives from natural sources - from the use of X-rays in medicine, during an airplane flight, from coal burned in countless amounts by various boiler houses and thermal power plants, etc. d.

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CONTACT INFORMATION 429070, Chuvash Republic, Yadrinsky district, Yadrino village, secondary school. Teacher of life safety and computer science Saveliev A.V. Email: [email protected]

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Increased radiation and the most rational nutrition Residents of many regions of Russia live in remote places near nuclear power plants and in conditions of increased radiation, using the gifts of nature, summer cottages and, of course, shops. Many use cheaper products, not tested, than in the state (controlled by the radiation service) trade. This begs the conclusion… do not buy unverified food. When exposed to ionizing radiation, serious changes are noted in the human body .... there are violations of fat, vitamin and mineral metabolism. Diseases can manifest themselves in the form of pathologies of the hematopoietic organs, digestive, nervous, etc. systems, weakening of the immune protective function of the body, which leads to a decrease in its activity and overall resistance to various kinds of influences. Nutrition of persons exposed to radiation must satisfy a number of principles.

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Mushrooms currently contain higher levels of caesium-137. Many types of technological and culinary processing of mushrooms can reduce the content of radionuclides in them. Thus, washing with running water can reduce the activity of cesium-137 by 18-32%. Soaking dry mushrooms for 2 hours reduces the activity of the isotope by 81%, and dry white mushrooms - by 98%. Single cooking of mushrooms for 10 minutes. reduces the activity of cesium-137 by 80%, double boiling for 10 minutes. - by 97%. Therefore, double boiling of mushrooms for 10 minutes. allows you to practically free them from radionuclides.

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Reducing the intake of radionuclides. thorough washing of products; exclusion from the diet of meat and bone broth products; preliminary soaking of meat and root crops for 1-2 hours.

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Accelerating the release of radioactive substances. the introduction of additional fluids 500 ml per day (tea, juices); - taking herbal infusions with a weak diuretic and choleretic effect (chamomile, mint, wild rose, dill); - regular bowel movements, ensured by the use of (wholemeal bread, cabbage, beets, prunes, etc.); - introduction to the menu of products rich in peptides - for binding radionuclides (juices with pulp, apples, citrus fruits, green peas, etc.).

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Using the radioprotective properties of food by introducing proteins that reduce the absorption of radioactive substances, increase immunity (meat, dairy products, eggs, legumes); - the use of foods high in polyunsaturated fatty acids (nuts, fish, pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds); - consumption of vitamins A - rose hips, carrots, garlic, beef liver, etc. C - rose hips, dill, citrus fruits, black currants, etc. B - meat, dairy products, buckwheat, oats, fruits, etc. E - sea buckthorn, eggs, corn, fish, walnuts, etc.

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Enrichment of the diet with mineral salts to replace radionuclides and replenish the deficiency of micro- and macroelements iodine - eggs, oats, legumes, radishes, iodized salt, etc. cobalt - sorrel, dill, fish, beets, cranberries, mountain ash, etc. potassium - raisins, dried apricots, prunes, pomegranates, apples, potatoes, etc. calcium - cottage cheese, cheese, legumes, turnips, horseradish, eggs, etc. iron - meat, fish, apples, raisins, chokeberry, etc.

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Use of food Introduction to diet pharm. Activated charcoal tablets, ascorbic acid, vitamin A, vitamin E, tablets containing calcium. Eating salads, juices, infusions, honey, wheat bran (steamed), this restores the magnetic field disturbed by radiation and the frequency characteristics of cells. The use of natural dairy products, in particular cottage cheese, cream, sour cream, butter, but not whey in which radioactive elements are concentrated. When cooking boiled meat, the first broth is removed, the meat is again poured with water and boiled until tender. If the meat will go for cooking, for example, borscht, then it is best to use meat that has been boiled twice. Since ruminants and herbivores eat grass in large quantities, which can contain radionuclides that pass into animal tissue, beef is less preferred than pork. Pig fat is considered absolutely pure, because. radionuclides do not accumulate in it. For this reason, it is beneficial and safe to consume lard. Broths, aspic, bones, bone fat should not be consumed.

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In connection with recent events in Japan, which suffered from natural and man-made disasters: earthquakes and tsunamis led to fires and explosions at nuclear power plants. It has now been proven that even small doses of increased radiation can cause a mild form of radiation sickness, a decrease in immunity, and a wide variety of negative consequences in the future. Ingested radionuclides are especially dangerous because of their ability to accumulate in the most vulnerable organs; they are slowly excreted from the body. Vitamin deficiency increases the radiosensitivity of a person, aggravates the course of radiation injury. Ionizing radiation itself can cause an already existing vitamin deficiency. The decrease in the body's resistance to radiation exposure is a good reason for the widespread use of vegetable products in nutrition.

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The correct technological and culinary processing contributes to the reduction of the content of radionuclides in food products. In the roots of carrots, when washing, the content of cesium-137 decreases by 6.7 times, and when they are peeled, by 4.3 times: potatoes must be peeled. This reduces the activity of cesium-137 and strontium-90 by 30-40%. The removal of cover leaves from white cabbage helps to reduce the content of radioactive substances in the head by 5 or more times.

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The correct technological and culinary processing contributes to the reduction of the content of radionuclides in food products. Culinary processing (boiling) of vegetables in salted water makes it possible to reduce the content of radionuclides by 50%, and in fresh water - by 30%. The same thing happens with other products: meat, fish. After boiling potatoes in salted water, the amount of cesium and strontium isotopes in it is reduced by 60-80%. Frying does not reduce the content of radionuclides in food. It is better to fry after pre-boiling.

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The correct technological and culinary processing contributes to the reduction of the content of radionuclides in food products. The simplest technological processing of vegetable products (fermentation, salting, pickling, etc.) contributes to an additional reduction in radioactive contamination. It allows you to exclude the consumption of products contaminated with radionuclides above the established hygienic standards. Protects from radiation pickling of cucumbers, tomatoes, watermelons, the brine of which is undesirable for food. In these cases, the activity of cesium-137, which enters the diet with salted vegetables, will be approximately two times less than its activity in the original fresh products.

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Household sources of radiation - Christmas decorations These frequent inhabitants of mezzanines in the 1950s were produced with SPD. Due to the shedding of the light mass from old age, deadly dust is created, and Radium-226, which is part of the SPD, decays and emits radon in large quantities. The excess of the natural background in the immediate vicinity of such toys ranges from 100 to 1000 times. The dose rate of some specimens exceeds 10,000 microroentgens per hour.

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Household sources of radiation - minerals and jewelry Radioactive minerals are not uncommon - the most common and dangerous, in my opinion, is the mineral charoite - a beautiful semi-precious stone, often encrusted in rings, necklaces and earrings. And although charoite itself is not radioactive, it is very common to have inclusions of radioactive thorium-232 (usually black inclusions).

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Radioactive wrist and table clocks Wrist clocks are one of the most common radioactive items, often inherited from grandparents and kept as a memory by irradiating everything around. The place where such watches are dismantled or broken turns into a source of radioactive dust, the inhalation of which is guaranteed (sooner or later) to lead to a diagnosis of cancer. They also emit radioactive gas radon-222, and even if the watch is far away from you, inhaling radioactive gas for years is a big risk. The excess of the natural background in the immediate vicinity of such clocks ranges from 100 to 1000 times. The dose rate of some specimens exceeds 10,000 mcr / h

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Household sources of radiation - tableware Old, antique tableware can be dangerous in terms of increased background radiation due to the fact that the radioactive element Uranium was used in its manufacture. It was included in the composition of colored glaze for coating porcelain products and in the composition of the mixture for melting colored glass. The daughter products of the decay of Uranium-238 are Radium-226, the radioactive gas Radon-222, the infamous Polonium-210 and a number of other isotopes. All this together is the reason for the significant radioactive radiation that such dishes have. The equivalent dose rate from such household items can reach 15 microsieverts per hour, or 1500 microroentgens, which exceeds the normal natural background by more than 100 times!

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Household sources of radiation - foodstuffs Radioactive foodstuffs are a very common occurrence, every summer in Moscow alone a large amount of radioactive berries and mushrooms is seized. If you bought mushrooms or berries outside the official markets, you can say with a high degree of certainty that you purchased products contaminated with radiation. Such huge volumes of radioactive products are due to the fact that the Chernobyl accident and the accidents at the Mayak enterprise, as well as a huge number of nuclear tests, solidly contaminated the territory of the USSR with isotopes - the Chernobyl imprint can be traced in the territories from Bryansk to Ulyanovsk, where berries such as blueberries or cranberries , as well as almost all mushrooms literally absorb such dangerous isotopes as Cesium-137 and Strontium-90 from the soil.

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Household sources of radiation - photographic lenses Some lenses contain radioactive thorium-232 dioxide lenses, these lenses have a rare low dispersion property. For a long time, companies such as Kodak, Canon, GAF, Takumar, Yasinon, Flektogon, Minolta, ROKKOR, ZUIKO could not make such lenses without Thorium-232, and the effects of radiation exposure were not sufficiently studied, which made it possible to produce such lenses until the 1980s. A photographer with a similar technique for a 12-hour working day receives more than 3600 microroentgens of the accumulated dose instead of 120 microroentgens that he would have received without a lens - a solid dose is accumulated in a couple of years and the risk of oncological diseases increases proportionally.

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Military and civilian equipment - compasses Military and civilian equipment - toggle switches Military and civilian equipment - military devices (radiation dosimeter) Military and civilian equipment (smoke detectors) Military and civilian equipment - electronics (lamp equipment). Military and civil engineering - electronics (tube equipment). ... deadly Plutonium-239 The most common of them are Adrianov's compasses. For a long time they were the main compasses in the USSR, until the 70s they were produced with SPD. They have a leaky case through which radioactive dust spills out; other models of compasses had radioactive paint applied to the surface of the device, which was not protected by anything, except for a small depression on the case. The excess of the natural background in the immediate vicinity of such compasses ranges from 10 to 500 times. The dose rate of some specimens exceeds 5,000 mcr/h

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FUNDAMENTAL QUESTION: Is radiation beneficial or harmful?

PROBLEM QUESTIONS:

1. NATURE OF RADIATION
2. NATURAL SOURCES
3. ARTIFICIAL SOURCES
4. APPLICATIONS OF RADIATION FOR PEACEFUL PURPOSES
5. NEGATIVE SIDES OF RADIATION

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Nature of radiation

RADIOACTIVITY (from Latin radio - I emit rays and activus - effective), the spontaneous transformation of unstable atomic nuclei into the nuclei of other elements, accompanied by the emission of particles or a g-quantum. 4 types of radioactivity are known: alpha decay, beta decay, spontaneous fission of atomic nuclei, proton radioactivity (two-proton and two-neutron radioactivity have been predicted, but have not yet been observed). Radioactivity is characterized by an exponential decrease in the average number of nuclei over time. Radioactivity was first discovered by A. Becquerel in 1896.

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A little information…

RADIOACTIVE WASTE, various materials and products, biological objects, etc., which contain high concentrations of radionuclides and are not subject to further use. The most radioactive waste - spent nuclear fuel - is kept in temporary storage facilities (usually with forced cooling) from several days to tens of years before processing in order to reduce activity. Violation of the storage regime can have disastrous consequences. Gaseous and liquid radioactive waste, purified from highly active impurities, is discharged into the atmosphere or water bodies. Highly active liquid radioactive waste is stored in the form of salt concentrates in special tanks in the surface layers of the earth, above the groundwater level. Solid radioactive waste is cemented, bituminized, vitrified, etc. and buried in stainless steel containers: for decades - in trenches and other shallow engineering structures, for hundreds of years - in underground workings, salt layers, at the bottom of the oceans. Until now, there are no reliable, absolutely safe methods of disposal for radioactive waste due to the corrosive destruction of containers.

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natural sources

The population receives the main part of the radiation dose, as already mentioned, from natural sources. Most of them are simply impossible to avoid.

A person is exposed to two types of radiation: external and internal. Radiation doses vary greatly and depend mainly on where people live.

Terrestrial sources of radiation in total amount to more than 5/6 of the annual effective equivalent dose received by the population. In concrete terms, it looks something like this. Irradiation of terrestrial origin: internal - 1.325, external - 0.35 mSv / year; cosmic origin: internal - 0.015, external - 0.3 mSv/year.

• External exposure
• Internal exposure

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artificial sources

Over the past decades, people have been intensively occupied with the problems of nuclear physics. He created hundreds of artificial radionuclides, learned to use the possibilities of the atom in various industries - in medicine, in the production of electrical and thermal energy, in the manufacture of luminous watch dials, many instruments, in the search for minerals and in military affairs. All this, of course, leads to additional exposure of people. In most cases, the doses are small, but sometimes man-made sources are many thousands of times more intense than natural ones.

• Appliances
• Uranium mines and enrichment enterprises
• nuclear explosions
• Nuclear power

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Radiation units

Units of physical quantities”, which provides for the mandatory use of the International SI system.

In table. 1 shows some of the derived units used in the field of ionizing radiation and radiation safety. Also given are the ratios between systemic and non-systemic units of activity and radiation doses, which were supposed to be withdrawn from use from January 1, 1990 (roentgen, rad, rem, curie). However, the need for significant costs, as well as economic difficulties in the country, did not allow a timely transition to SI units, although some household dosimeters are already calibrated in new measurements (back-vrel, evert

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APPLICATIONS OF RADIATION

Medical procedures and treatments involving the use of radioactivity make a major contribution to the dose received by humans from man-made sources. Radiation is used for both diagnosis and treatment. One of the most common devices is an x-ray machine. Radiation therapy is the main way to fight cancer. Of course, radiation in medicine is aimed at healing the patient. In developed countries, there are from 300 to 900 examinations per 1000 inhabitants

Other uses

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RADIATION - one of the damaging factors of nuclear weapons

Penetrating radiation - invisible radioactive radiation (similar to x-rays), propagating in all directions from the zone of a nuclear explosion. As a result of its exposure, people and animals can get sick with radiation sickness.

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Low doses of ionizing radiation and health

According to some scientists, radioactive radiation in small doses not only does not harm the body, but has a beneficial stimulating effect on it. Adherents of this point of view believe that small doses of radiation, which were always present in the external environment of the background radiation, played an important role in the development and improvement of life forms existing on Earth, including man himself.

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WAYS TO PROTECT AGAINST RADIATION

A feature of radioactive contamination of the area is a relatively rapid decrease in the level of radiation (degree of infection). It is generally accepted that the radiation level after 7 hours after the explosion decreases by about 10 times, after 49 hours - by 100 times, etc.

For protection in hazardous areas, it is necessary to use protective structures - shelters, anti-radiation shelters, basements, cellars. To protect the respiratory organs, personal protective equipment is used - respirators, anti-dust fabric masks, cotton-gauze bandages, and when they are not available, a gas mask. The skin is covered with special rubberized suits, overalls, raincoats, and a little more

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Conclusions:

Radiation is really dangerous: in large doses it leads to damage to tissues, living cells, in small doses it causes cancer and promotes genetic changes.

However, the sources of radiation that are most talked about are not at all dangerous. The radiation associated with the development of nuclear energy is only a small fraction, the largest dose a person receives from natural sources - from the use of X-rays in medicine, during an airplane flight, from coal burned in countless amounts by various boiler houses and thermal power plants, etc. .

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Teacher of life safety and computer science Saveliev A.V.

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 Presentation on the topic: Radiation around us Togliatti Cherkasov K.P.

Purpose: Is there radiation around us

 Some may mistakenly believe that radiation is something far away, for example, Chernobyl. But we encounter radioactive radiation quite often, if not constantly.

 Radon is a radioactive inert gas that is odorless, tasteless and colorless. It usually concentrates underground and comes to the surface as a result of mining or cracks in the earth's crust. We encounter radon, as it comes to us along with domestic gas, tap water (if it is extracted from fairly deep wells), through cracks in the soil. This gas is 7.5 times heavier than air and tends to accumulate in basements, so its concentration on the lower floors will be higher than on the upper ones.

X-ray radiation has allowed medicine to advance significantly, but still it has its drawbacks. For example, X-rays are not recommended for pregnant women and children under 14 years of age. And if there is an urgent need for this, then all organs of the child sensitive to radiation should be protected with special aprons and collars. Of course, if X-rays are taken infrequently, then the risk of its negative impact is negligible. A lethal dose of radiation is approximately 1 sievert.

At modern airports, special scanners are now actively used, through which a passenger must pass. As a result of this inspection, he, of course, receives a dose of radiation, albeit a small one. Of course, such scanners make it possible to more effectively assess which of the prohibited things a passenger is trying to bring on board. Manufacturers claim that they cannot cause any harm to health, although studies proving this have not yet been conducted. But scientists do not share this opinion. So a biochemist from the University of California, David Agard, said that during an inspection, a person receives a dose of radiation 20 times greater than the manufacturers report. Experts concluded that a person can pass through such scanners a maximum of 20 times a year. So take note.

Back in 2008, the World Health Association announced the presence in cigarettes of the radioactive element polonium-210, which has much more toxic properties than any cyanide.

Of course, everyone knows that radiation comes to us from the Cosmos, but the Earth's atmosphere protects us from it. But only partially. And when a person makes a flight, he, of course, receives a slightly increased dose of radiation, which, on average, is 5 μSv per one hour of flight. Therefore, you should not fly more than 72 hours a month.

A substance such as potassium-40, according to scientists, has a half-life of more than a billion years. But in the banana itself (of medium size), about 15 half-lives of potassium-40 occur every second. Of course, bananas do not pose a great danger to humans. A person already receives, together with food and water, a dose of radiation in the amount of about 400 μSv per year.

It is rather dangerous to store some old things at home due to the fact that earlier they were often covered with a radioactive composition in order to make the devices glow at night. As a rule, such things are kept at home in sideboards as souvenirs, but if you are wondering if your souvenir is safe, call the special services involved in radioactive safety.