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Presentation on the topic: The history of the globes

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"Using the Globe as a Model of the Earth in the 21st Century" A quick look at today's practical problems Allows us to assess their planetary scale. Terms such as global warming and global geopolitical interests, global conflicts and world globalization are no longer surprising among people today. In such a situation, the ever-increasing interest in methods for displaying the entire planet looks quite natural. Since time immemorial, world cartography has had such a tool - a model of the Earth, a globe. For more than 2000 years, the globe has served as an assistant in navigation, displaying new geographical discoveries, natural patterns, political and military territorial changes. But over time, the appearance of all kinds of atlases and the most detailed multi-page maps, space images of the surface almost completely replaced the globes, making them a rarity and almost a museum attraction. The purpose of globes remained in demand only in the classrooms of geography, cartography and astronomy.

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"Using a Globe as a Model of the Earth in the 21st Century" Manned astronautics remained another area of ​​application for globes, where space saving dictated the need to use a universal globe map of the planet. The situation has changed radically with the advent of computer technology and the capabilities of modern programs that allow displaying virtual electronic globes of various purposes. From classrooms, globes have migrated to computer monitors, where they can be rotated in all directions, scaled and thematic surfaces can be changed with a single mouse click. There is no need to carry a bulky wooden or plastic ball, everything fits in the laptop's memory or is called up via Internet channels. The globe has become an illustrative example of how one of the oldest human inventions received a second life at the next round of technological progress.

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"History of the creation of the globe" The history of the creation of the globe has about 2400 years. The first globes were models of the starry sky, which were created and used by ancient sailors to navigate by the stars. Observations of the Sun and Moon prompted people to make the first terrestrial globes. There is evidence of the first celestial globe made by Eudoxus of Cnidus (408-335 BC). In ancient Roman sources, there are references to the mechanical celestial globe of the Greek mathematician Archimedes (c. 287-212 BC). Its appearance was due to the gradual understanding of mankind that the Earth has a spherical shape and took place in stages, based on the accumulated information about the planet for many tens and hundreds of generations. And only with the advent of stable mathematical ideas about the basis of maps, meridians, parallels, a relatively reliable modeling of the Earth became possible. In the II century. BC. the Greek astronomer Eratosthenes was able to quite accurately calculate the circumference of the earth's meridian, and the philosopher Crates from the island of Malos made the first known model of the planet called the globe. Then followed the troubled period of the early Middle Ages, in which the cartographic heritage of ancient Greece and Rome was thoroughly forgotten and partially lost. Only in the 15th century did a new need arise for these scientific works. The works of ancient scientists again entered the medieval scientific circulation. Particular attention was paid to Ptolemy's "Geography" and his geographical atlas, which predetermined the development of geography for a significant period.

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In 1492, the first European globe was designed - "Erdapfel" or "Earth Apple". Its creator was the Nuremberg astronomer M. Beheim (1459-1506). The creation of M. Behaim turned out to be a real work of art, which showed the equator with 360 sectors, two tropical circles and the Arctic and Antarctic polar circles. The globe had a diameter of 51 cm and the artist G. Holschumer was involved in its creation, placing more than a hundred colored miniatures on the surface and making artistic inscriptions. This tradition was successfully continued by the artist's followers and later globes were created with the same luxury. To this day, one of these globes is kept in the Dresden Zwinger Palace - a gilded globe-clock of the celestial sphere and the Earth by G. Roll and I. Reingold (1586)

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Globe - a model of the globe "SPECIAL (CORRECTIONAL) GENERAL EDUCATIONAL SCHOOL VIII TYPE No. 31", BRYANSK Presentation for a geography lesson in grade 6 Teacher: Murzenkova Natalia Viktorovna

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"Earth's Apple" The myth that the world stands on three whales was dispelled and the navigators proved that the Earth is a ball, sooner or later a map in the form of a ball - the globe of the world - should have appeared. This inventor was in 1492 the German traveler Martin Beheim, who from childhood was fond of geography and cartography. He sketched the earth's surface on a wooden ball in accordance with the maps of Ptolemy, no one suspected the discoveries of Columbus in those days. The inventor called his creation very symbolically - "Apple of the Earth", which is stored in the museum of the city of Nuremberg and is its most valuable exhibit.

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Globe m. (from Latin globus, "ball") - A rotating model of the globe, the Moon and other planets of the solar system with a cartographic image of their surface. Around 195 BC. e. Greek scientist Crates de Milo made the first globe. The first globe in the I century. n. e. The Central Asian scientist Biruni, who was born in the city of Kyat, the ancient capital of Khorezm, made an original globe, which most accurately conveyed the idea of ​​the globe for that time. Unfortunately, this globe has not come down to us.

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Giant globes Speaking about the history of the creation of globes, one cannot fail to mention the giant globes. One of them, a globe-planetarium with a diameter of 3.1 m and a weight of 3.5 tons, is located in St. Petersburg in the Lomonosov Museum. It was made by the famous European geographer A. Olearius (1599-1671) and craftsman A. Bush in 1650-1664. for Duke Frederick III of Holstein and was in his residence - in the Gottorp fortress near Schleswig.

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In 1998, the world's largest globe of the Earth was built in the USA. Its diameter was 12.5 meters. Its weight is 25 tons, and it constantly rotates around its axis. giant globes

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What are the globes? There were "globes-sailors". Once upon a time, navigators took globes with them on long and dangerous journeys. Globes - "sailors" for their long service on ships told a lot. They were battered by storms, blown by ferocious winds. There were "globes-dandies", they spent their entire life in luxurious royal palaces. These globes were decorated with gold, silver and precious stones. There is a "globe-cosmonaut". It is installed on spaceships. A small globe - during the entire flight, the astronaut spins without stopping at the same speed as the Earth. As soon as the commander of the spaceship takes a look at him, he will immediately know over which ocean or which country his spaceship is flying at that moment. There are many different globes now. There is a "globe of the starry sky". It depicts the constellations, the milky way.

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Riddles The entire globe cross, Converge at the poles. Gradually move the hands on any clock. Across the land, the oceans Laid ... (Meridians) Above the pole, below the pole. In the middle is a hot zone. (Equator) Two points live on Earth, Both in white scarves (Poles)

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Materials used History of geographical discoveries. www.garshin.ru Riddles. www.zanimatika.narod.ru What is a globe? www.genon.ru From globe to map. http://geoman.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000014/st007.shtml Photos and pictures: http://imageban.ru/code/2928272 http://www.ufostation.net/photogallery.php? photo_id=767 http://www.autovipclub.ru/forum/showthread.php?t=976 http://www.vsetutonline.com/forum/showthread.php?s=7dad95627d9d1e61a87185681edfcb51&t=1047&page=8 http://forum .dixiedualsport.com/post?id=5527674&goto=nextnewest http://turj.ru/blog/history/2207.html http://softboard.ru/topic/29721-ukrainapro-zhizn-v-strane/page-27 http://barnaul.fm/2012/10/09/globus-barnaula/

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"Apple of the Earth"

The myth that the world stands on three whales was dispelled and the navigators proved that the Earth is a ball, sooner or later a map in the form of a ball - the globe of the world - should have appeared. This inventor was in 1492 the German traveler Martin Beheim, who from childhood was fond of geography and cartography. He sketched the earth's surface on a wooden ball in accordance with the maps of Ptolemy, no one suspected the discoveries of Columbus in those days. The inventor called his creation very symbolically - "Apple of the Earth", which is stored in the museum of the city of Nuremberg and is its most valuable exhibit.

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First globe

Globe m. (from Latin globus, "ball") - A rotating model of the globe, the Moon and other planets of the solar system with a cartographic image of their surface. Around 195 BC. e. Greek scientist Crates of Milo made the first globe. In the 1st century n. e. The Central Asian scientist Biruni, who was born in the city of Kyat, the ancient capital of Khorezm, made an original globe, which most accurately conveyed the idea of ​​the globe for that time. Unfortunately, this globe has not come down to us.

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giant globes

Speaking about the history of the creation of globes, one cannot but mention the giant globes. One of them, a globe-planetarium with a diameter of 3.1 m and a weight of 3.5 tons, is located in St. Petersburg in the Lomonosov Museum. It was made by the famous European geographer A. Olearius (1599-1671) and craftsman A. Bush in 1650-1664. for Duke Frederick III of Holstein and was in his residence - in the Gottorp fortress near Schleswig.

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In 1998, the world's largest globe of the Earth was built in the USA. Its diameter was 12.5 meters. Its weight is 25 tons, and it constantly rotates around its axis. giant globes

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What are the globes?

There were "globes-sailors". Once upon a time, navigators took globes with them on long and dangerous journeys. Globes - "sailors" for their long service on ships told a lot. They were battered by storms, blown by ferocious winds. There were "globes-dandies", they spent their entire life in luxurious royal palaces. These globes were decorated with gold, silver and precious stones. There is a "globe-cosmonaut". It is installed on spaceships. A small globe - during the entire flight, the astronaut spins without stopping at the same speed as the Earth. As soon as the commander of the spaceship takes a look at him, he will immediately know over which ocean or which country his spaceship is flying at that moment. There are many different globes now. There is a "globe of the starry sky". It depicts the constellations, the milky way.

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joke globes

Globe of Ukraine Globe of Barnaul

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Puzzles

The entire globe is crossed, Converging at the poles. Gradually move the hands on any clock. Across the land, the oceans Laid ... (Meridians) Above the pole, below the pole.

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puzzles

globe equator Z,7, LA Earth

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Materials used

History of geographical discoveries.www.garshin.ru Riddles. www.zanimatika.narod.ru What is a globe? www.genon.ru From a globe to a map. http://geoman.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000014/st007.shtml Photos and pictures: http://imageban.ru/code/2928272http://www.ufostation.net/photogallery.php?photo_id =767 http://www.autovipclub.ru/forum/showthread.php?t=976 http://www.vsetutonline.com/forum/showthread.php?s=7dad95627d9d1e61a87185681edfcb51&t=1047&page=8 http://forum. dixiedualsport.com/post?id=5527674&goto=nextnewest http://turj.ru/blog/history/2207.html http://softboard.ru/topic/29721-ukrainapro-zhizn-v-strane/page-27 http http://barnaul.fm/2012/10/09/globus-barnaula/

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The shape and dimensions of the Earth Geodetic measurements have shown that the shape of the Earth is complex and is not a typical ball. This can be proved by comparing the major and minor semiaxes of the Earth. The semi-major axis is the distance from the center of the planet to the equator is m. The semi-minor axis is the distance from the center of the planet to the pole is m. Thus, the major semi-axis is larger than the minor by about 22 km. Consequently, our planet does not have the correct proportions, and its shape does not resemble any of the known geometric figures. Therefore, it was given the special name geoid. This means a special form, peculiar only to the Earth. The total surface area of ​​the Earth is 510 million square meters. km.

Globe - a model of the Earth Globe (from Latin globus, "ball") is a three-dimensional reduced model of the Earth or another planet. The globe has the same shape as the planet itself, it is voluminous, the axis of rotation, like that of the planet, is tilted. Unlike maps, there are no distortions and breaks on the globe, so the globe is convenient for getting a general idea of ​​the location of continents, islands, seas, oceans, etc. Using a special scale and appropriate coloring, you can learn to determine the relief of the earth's surface, the absolute depths of the oceans, find the highest and deepest places on our planet.

The oldest surviving globe is the "Earth Apple" The "Earth Apple" is the traditional name for the globe created by Martin Behaim in Nuremberg. A dedication inscription at the south pole says that the globe was made in 1492 by order of the city council. But in fact, according to existing documents, it was physically made in years and the city council only paid for its creation in 1494. Beheim's globe is a metal ball 507 mm in diameter, reflecting the knowledge of Europeans about the world around them at the end of the 15th century, including the discoveries of the Portuguese in West Africa. There is no New World on the globe, but there is Europe, most of Asia and Africa. Eurasia is presented too elongated. The location of Africa is inaccurate. The map does not show latitude and longitude according to the modern method, but there is an equator, meridians, tropics and images of the signs of the zodiac. Brief descriptions of various countries and images of their inhabitants are also presented. The map of the "Earth's apple" does not take into account the results of the voyage of Columbus, since he returned to Europe no earlier than March 1493, and the existence of America as a separate continent was proved by Amerigo Vespucci about 20 years later. The "Earth Apple" is a unique achievement of cartography of the late Middle Ages, both in terms of the accuracy of the maps and the clarity of the image. The globe quickly became one of the city's attractions and until the 16th century it was exhibited in the reception hall of the Nuremberg City Hall. Then it passed into the possession of the Beheim family, and since 1907 it has been on display at the German National Museum in Nuremberg.

Unique globes that have survived to this day The Jagiellonian Globe - was made in France around 1510 and was purchased at the end of the 18th century for the Krakow Observatory of the Jagiellonian University. The globe is made of copper, with a mechanical winding, like a watch, it imitates the movement of the Earth. Its uniqueness lies in the fact that it depicts the American mainland with an inscription in Latin "America, a newly discovered land." According to some reports, this globe is the oldest on which the outlines of America are drawn. Globe of Hunt-Lenox. The author of the globe is unknown. The globe dates from 1510. It is 112 mm in diameter and is made of copper. It was acquired in Paris in 1855 by the architect Richard Hunt, who gave it to the American patron James Lenox, whose collection became part of the New York Public Library, where the globe is now kept. Just like the Behaim globe, the Hunt-Lenox globe shows only one ocean between Europe and Asia. In addition, the globe is interesting because the Latin phrase is applied to the image of East Asia: "HC SVNT DRACONES" (His sunt dracones - dragons live here).

Find scientists Scientists have found the world's oldest globe, which depicts the New World. The globe is carved on the shell of an ostrich egg and may have been created in the early 1900s. The roughly grapefruit-sized object is made from the bottom two halves of an ostrich egg, making it nearly spherical. The ball depicts various types of ships, waves, sailors escaping from a shipwreck, monsters and monsters unknown to us. Geographical names on it are written in Latin, and two small islands are located on the site of North America. The origin of the globe is still unknown.

Planetarium Globe The Great Gottorp Globe is the world's first planetarium globe. One of the world's first planetariums, it is unique in size (diameter 3.1 meters, weight almost three and a half tons) and a design that allows the outer globe with a map of the earth's surface and the inner planetarium with a map of the starry sky to rotate simultaneously. The globe was created in 1654–1664 under the leadership of A. Olearius in the city of Gottorp, the residence of the Duke of Holstein, and presented to Peter I during the Great Northern War. In 1717, the globe was placed in the tower of the Kunstkamera building under construction. During the fire of 1747, it was badly damaged, its surface was destroyed. Thanks to the work of Russian masters of the 18th century, modern restorers, researchers and curators, museum visitors today can share the pride and admiration that this unique monument evoked among people of past centuries.

Eartha (Erta) - the largest rotating model of the globe in the world, which is listed in the Guinness Book of Records. The DeLorme company in 1999 presented its unusual work to the world. The company has developed the world's largest globe, with three-dimensional relief and a high degree of detail. An amazing model of our planet was called "Eartha". The globe is about 12.6 meters in diameter and weighs 25 tons. The most striking scale of the globe is 1:10250 meters. To make the globe look even more spectacular, it was placed in a glass building, which is illuminated from the inside at night.

Interactive globe MULTITOUCH GLOBE Interactive spherical display based on DISPLAX capacitive multi-touch technologies. This is a new and unique device. The Displax Multitouch Globe measures 1 meter (40 inches) in diameter. People can control content by touching its surface. This evolution in the touch screen industry was showcased for the first time at Integrated Systems Europe 2012, held in Amsterdam from 31 January to 2 February 2012.

10 of the World's Most Eccentric Globes and Globe-Related Designs Magic Globe - This 11.5 centimeter diameter ball is different in that it does not need to be spun by hand to spin it: it can handle itself. The globe consists of an outer glass shell and an inner sufficiently detailed model of the Earth with a motor. Globe that can fly. The action of this toy, which makes not only children but also adults open their mouths in surprise, is based on electromagnetic forces that keep the "planet" in the air, and a microchip that controls these forces.

10 of the world's most eccentric globes and globe-related designs Designer Michael Rosing made the lamp in the shape of a globe of the world so that the continents and oceans are brightly illuminated from within. Glass Globe. This huge globe of the world called Terra is a real embodiment of the globe chosen by Nvidia for the presentation of its Hybrid SLI technology.

10 of the world's most eccentric globes and globe-related designs A Supple vehicle that provides the opportunity to ride a globe - or rather a roller, very similar to one. Steampunk globe. Mounted by John Knight, this globe looks like it came from the Victorian era. Meanwhile, the ball is not so simple: it is equipped with RFID tags that provide communication with Google Earth - if you need to see the areas selected on the globe in more detail.

10 of the world's most eccentric globes and globe designs Drill Design's Geografia paper globe: no matter where you put it, its equator is always tilted 23.4° to the floor. The continents on it are higher than the oceans: raised printing technology is used. The whole world behind. With him, even a novice tourist will be able to proudly say: "All the roads of the planet were behind me!".

10 most eccentric globes of the world and design solutions related to globes Fish World Globe. Underwater creatures should have their own model of the earth - perhaps something similar to this aquarium in the form of a globe. GLOBE-CARATER. Dry throat from awareness of the greatness of the planet? Drink juice or water - anything can be poured into a crystal decanter in the shape of a globe, and degree divisions on the zero meridian will also make it possible to measure the amount of the drink.

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Globe history

Globus from the Latin language globus means "ball". A globe is a spherical model of a planet or celestial sphere.
The first terrestrial globe mentioned in the literature - the globe of Crates from Pergamon - was made in the 2nd century BC. BC. However, neither the globe itself nor its image have been found.

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The first surviving one is considered to be a globe made in 1492 by the German geographer M. Beheim. It did not yet have America, and the distance between the western coast of Europe and the east coast of Asia was half that in reality. This model of the Earth was called the "Earth Apple".

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In the XVI-XVII centuries. globes have become very popular. They could be seen in the chambers of monarchs, in the offices of ministers, scientists and merchants. Pocket globes in special cases were intended for travel.
Speaking about the history of the creation of globes, one cannot but mention the giant globes. One of them - a globe-planetarium with a diameter of 3.1 m and a weight of 3.5 tons - is located in St. Petersburg in the museum of M.V. Lomonosov. It was made by the famous European geographer A. Olearius (1599-1671) and craftsman A. Bush in 1650-1664. for Duke Frederick III.

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giant globes

It was created as a planetarium globe. It was painted on the outside - an image of an earthly globe, on the inside - a starry sky with all the constellations. The globe-planetarium rotated with the help of a water wheel and a hydraulic drive, making one revolution per day. A quadrangular door led inside the ball.

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The idea of ​​creating giant globes does not leave architects and engineers. In Italy, a 10-meter rotating “Globe of the World" weighing 3.5 tons was built, and in New York at the World Exhibition in 1964, the world's largest globe, the Unisphere, was demonstrated. A steel ball with a diameter of 37 m weighed more than 400 tons.

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In New York's Crown Park is an unusual attraction.

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Globo de Ericsson is the largest model of the solar system, located in Stockholm.

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eartha

Eartha (as the globe is called) is exactly one million times smaller than the original, and each inch of its surface corresponds to 26 kilometers of the real Earth. The globe with high reliability reflects the earth's relief, the location of the largest transport routes and settlements.

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There are also such unusual globes

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Lego globe

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Mapparium

The Merry Baker Eddy Boston Library has a giant Mapparium made of glass. The inner walls of the ball are a giant political map of the world with sparkling colored lights and city lights. Globe from the inside.

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Equator and meridians

When studying our planet, you should know some concepts.