Presentation of the lesson on the topic "Type of Sponge" (grade 7) presentation for a lesson in biology (grade 7) on the topic. Sponge type Structure and activity. General Characteristics Sponges (Porifera or Spongia) are a type of invertebrate animal that includes four classes: common.

07.09.2022

Sponges (Porifera or Spongia) is a phylum of invertebrates that includes four classes: common sponges (Demospongiae), calcareous sponges (Calcarea), six-rayed (or glass) sponges (Hexactinellida) and Sclerospongiae. Sponges are among the most primitive multicellular organisms; they do not have clearly differentiated tissues and separate organs. They have skeletal formations in the form of calcareous, silica needles or spongin protein fibers.

The structure of sponges A sponge can be schematically represented as two layers of epithelial and digestive cells, and between the layers a solid skeleton of calcareous or silica needles is formed. The tissue organization of sponges is very poorly developed; there are special cells that provide water circulation and nutrition - choanocytes. choanocytes If a sponge is crushed, then its cells can again form a full-fledged animal.

The body of sponges consists of many cells that perform various functions. However, unlike other multicellular animals, sponges do not have tissue differentiation. 1 paragastric cavity, 2 mouth, 3 choanaocytes (collar cells of the endoderm), 4 ectoderm, 5 needles of the mineral skeleton, 6 canal.

Glass sponges Six-beam sponges (glass sponges, Hexactinellida, Hyalospongia) class of sponges. Predominantly solitary, typically oceanic organisms, usually living at a depth of more than 100 m (up to the ultraabyssal). The body is sac-shaped, tubular, goblet-shaped or barrel-shaped, up to 2 m in height. The skeleton consists of six-beamed silicon needles (hence the name); the rays lie in three mutually perpendicular planes; in some of the needles, one or more rays are reduced. Channels penetrating the walls of the body (channel system), of a simplified leuconoid type. About 500 species; in the seas of Russia there are 34 species, of which 6 are in the northern seas and 28 in the Far East. sponges

Vital activity of sponges Vital activity of G. is associated with the continuous filtering of the surrounding water, which, thanks to the coordinated beating of the flagella of many choanocytes, enters the pores and, having passed through the canal system and the atrial cavity, exits through the mouth. With water, small food particles (detritus, protozoa, diatoms, bacteria, etc.) enter the sponge and metabolic products are removed. The capture of food is carried out by the cells of the walls of the adductor canals or choanocytes.

Reproduction Most G. are hermaphrodites. Sex cells develop in the mesoglea. The gums leave G.'s body, penetrate other individuals with mature eggs, and fertilize them. A ciliated larva develops from the egg, which comes out and swims in the water for some time, then sits on the bottom and turns into a young G.: during metamorphosis, the so-called process characteristic only of G. is observed. perversion of the germ layers, in which the cells of the outer layer migrate inward, and the cells of the inner layer are on the surface. hermaphrodites during metamorphosis Various forms of asexual reproduction are widespread in G.: budding, the formation of gemmules, and others. on the substrate of crusts, massive and lobed mounds, etc. Single sponges have a height of several millimeters to 3 centimeters, colonies up to 1.5 m. They are widely distributed: from the coastal zone to a depth of 8500 m.

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Slides captions:

Sponge Type

Habitat, way of life 1. Fresh or marine water bodies 2. Attached; singles and colonies pp.22-23

Structure. Body shape. Bilayer * ectoderm (outer layer) - squamous epithelial cells * endoderm (inner layer) - flagellate cells

Nutrition Filter feeders Small plankton, dead parts of plants and animals Water is sucked in through the pores → flagella retain food, prolegs capture → water is excreted through the mouth?1. What are the benefits of filtering? 2. Why do sponges eat this way?

Breathing on the surface of the body

Isolation by all cells through contractile vacuoles

Variety of badyaga sponges

basket of Venus

sponge vase

With the flow of water, nutrients are brought to the sponges and metabolic products are removed. Therefore, sponges develop best in places with an intense change in the surrounding water. What adaptations must have developed in sponges living in seas with strong currents?

According to the type of nutrition, sponges are biofilterers. They feed mainly on the remains of dead plants and animals suspended in water, as well as unicellular organisms. They breathe oxygen dissolved in water. Undigested food residues are thrown out through the mouth. Sponges lack tissues and organs.

Lesson conclusions Sponges are multicellular aquatic animals They lead an attached lifestyle They are biofilter feeders There is a skeleton consisting of calcareous or silicon needles There are no tissues and organs They reproduce asexually and sexually Are capable of regeneration There are 8000 species

Test your knowledge Sponge Type Quiz Decide which statement is correct. Write down the numbers of the correct statements. 1. Sponges are the most primitive multicellular organisms. 2. All sponges have tissues and organs. 3. Almost all sponges have a mineral or organic skeleton. 4. Sponges have the ability to regenerate. 5. The whole body of the sponge is riddled with pores. 6. Water enters and exits the body of the sponge through the pores. 7. The body of sponges consists of two layers of cells: ectoderm and endoderm. 8. Flagellated cells of the inner layer of the sponge capture food, which is then digested inside them. 9. Sponges are biofilters. 10. Mesoglea is a layer of superficial cells.

Homework Read the text of the textbook on page (part 1). Answer the questions in the Test Your Knowledge section.

The purpose of the lesson: to acquaint students with the main features of the organization of representatives of the Sponge type.

Educational: consider representatives of the Sponge type, note the primitive features of their structure and life; show their role in nature and human life.

Developing:

Educational:

Type of lesson: with the use of multimedia.

Lesson methods: explanatory and illustrative.

Type of lesson: mastering new knowledge.

Equipment: computer, multimedia projector, tables, illustrations depicting sponges, presentation.

Lesson plan:

Organizing time.
Setting goals and objectives.
Learning new material.
Consolidation of the studied material.
Homework.

Lesson plan

1. Organizational moment.

Greetings
Preparing the class for work
Availability of students

2. Setting goals and objectives.

From coastal shallow waters to gloomy sea depths, there are strange creatures of nature - sponges. Their appearance and structure are so unusual that for a long time scientists could not decide whether they were plants or animals. The Latin name for sponges translates as “porous animals”.

Today in the lesson we will get acquainted with the wonderful world of sponges, learn the features of their external and internal structure, consider their diversity and role in nature and human life ( Presentation. slide 2).

3. Learning new material.

The body shape of sponges is extremely diverse. They often appear as crusty, cushion-like, or lumpy growths and outgrowths on rocks, mollusk shells, or some other substrate. Often among them there are also more or less regular spherical, goblet-shaped, funnel-shaped, cylindrical, stalked, bushy and other forms. Sponges do not move, do not respond to the strongest stimuli. And yet sponges are a special type of the animal kingdom ( slide 3).

In their shape, sponges resemble a two-layer bag or glass ( slide 4), the outer layer of which (ectoderm) consists of flat surface cells, and the inner (endoderm) contains cells with flagella, which independently trap particles of food and water drawn in through the pores. Thus, it is obvious that a single digestive system, as well as other organs and tissues, are absent in sponges.

Sponges are passively protected - due to prickly skeletal crystals ( slide 5).

Life processes:

1. Breath. (Slide 6). Like most animals living in the aquatic environment, sponges use oxygen dissolved in water for breathing. The current of water penetrating into all the cavities and channels of the sponge supplies the nearby cells and mesoglea with oxygen and carries away the carbon dioxide they release. Thus, gas exchange with the external environment is carried out in sponges directly by each cell or through the mesoglea.

2. Nutrition. Sponges feed mainly on the remains of dead animals and plants suspended in water, as well as small unicellular organisms.

3. Selection. Undigested food residues are thrown into the mesoglea and gradually accumulate near the outlet canals, and then enter the lumens of the canals and are brought out.

Consequently, the basic vital functions of sponges are carried out in an extremely primitive way. In the absence of special organs, the processes of respiration, nutrition and excretion proceed intracellularly, due to the activity of individual cells.

4. Reproduction. ( slide 7). Sponges reproduce asexually (budding) and sexually.

5. Regeneration. ( Slide 8). The ability to regenerate is well expressed - they easily restore the integrity of the body after significant damage.

Sponge type is divided into three classes. ( Slide 9)

Sponge type.

Class Lime sponges.
class Ordinary sponges.
class Glass sponges.

Class Lime sponges. ( Slide 10)

Exclusively marine sponges, usually living at shallow depths. They are rather delicate organisms, solitary or colonial, rarely exceeding 7 cm in height. Their body is often tubular, barrel-shaped or cylindrical. Sometimes a leg is formed, with the help of which the sponge is attached to the substrate.

Class Ordinary sponges. ( slide 11)

More than 95% of all types of sponges belong to this class. Silicon skeleton. They live in both sea and fresh water.

Class Glass sponges. ( slide 12)

Glass sponges are a kind of marine, mostly deep-sea, sponges, reaching 50 cm in height or more. Their body is most often goblet, bag-shaped or tubular, soft and easily torn like fragile felt, or, with a more significant development of the skeleton, rather hard and brittle. Color grey, brown, white or yellowish. Usually solitary, rarely colonial organisms.

Sponge Meaning. ( slide 13)

food for aquatic animals;
I make jewelry
used for medical purposes;
used for technical purposes;
toilet sponge - hygienic material.

Lesson conclusions. ( slide 14)

Sponges are multicellular aquatic animals.
They lead a sedentary lifestyle.
They are biofilters.
There is a skeleton consisting of calcareous or flint needles.
Tissues and organs are missing.
They reproduce asexually and sexually.
Capable of regeneration.
There are 8000 species.

4. Consolidation of the studied material.

Sponge Type Test. ( slide 15)

Decide which statement is correct. Write down the numbers of the correct statements.

Sponges are the most primitive multicellular organisms.
All sponges have tissues and organs.
Almost all sponges have a mineral or organic skeleton.
Sponges have the ability to regenerate.
The entire body of a sponge is riddled with pores.
Water enters and exits the body of the sponge through the pores.
The body of sponges consists of two layers of cells: ectoderm and endoderm.
The flagellated cells of the inner layer of the sponge capture food, which is then digested inside them.
Sponges are biofilters.
Mesoglea is a layer of superficial cells.

5. Homework. ( slide 16)

Read the textbook text on pages 99–100 (part 1). Answer the questions in the Test Your Knowledge section.

Bibliography.

Biology. Grade 7: lesson plans for the textbook V. B. Zakharova, N. I. Sonina/ aut.-stat. M. V. Vysotskaya.- Volgograd: Teacher, 2006
Biology. variety of living organisms. 7th grade. At 2 pm Part 1: textbook. for educational institutions / V.B. Zakharov, N.I. Sonin.- M. : Bustard, 2008. - 141 p.
Thematic and lesson planning in biology: grade 7: to the textbook V.B. Zakharova, N.I. Sonina"Biology. variety of living organisms. 7th grade" / N.Yu. Zakharov.- M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2008. - 254 p.
Sharova I. Kh. Zoology of invertebrates: book. For the teacher. – M.: Enlightenment. 1994.
Encyclopedia for children. Biology. T2. Moscow: Avanta+, 2001.

sponge type

Compiled by: Bobrovskaya E.V.

sponge type

Sponges are exceptionally peculiar Animals. Their appearance and body structure are so unusual that for a long time they did not know where to attribute these organisms to plants or animals. In the Middle Ages, for example, and even much later, sponges, along with other similar "doubtful" animals (bryozoans, some coelenterates, etc.), were placed among the so-called zoophytes, that is, creatures, as it were, intermediate between plants and animals. In the future, sponges were looked at either as plants or as animals. Only in the middle of the 18th century, when they became more familiar with the vital activity of sponges, was their animal nature finally proved. Unlike a colony of protozoa, consisting of more or less monotonous and independent cells.

sponge type

Grade Glass Sponges

Class Lime sponges

Class Ordinary sponges

Sponge Nutrition

Sponges are filter feeders.

1 - paragastric cavity, 2 - mouth,

3 - choanaocytes (collar cells of the endoderm), 4 - ectoderm,

5 - needles of the mineral skeleton,

Sponge Regeneration

If the body of an adult sponge is pressed through a mesh tissue, then all the cells will separate from each other, as if sifted through a sieve. If you then place all these individual cells in water and carefully, thoroughly mix, completely destroying all the bonds between them, then after a while they begin to gradually approach each other and reunite, forming a whole sponge, similar to the previous one.

Freshwater badyaga

Of the numerous families of sponges, only one genus is found in fresh water - the freshwater sponge, or bodyaga. This sponge is a spongy mass, white with a green tint, attached to stones, tree branches, or in general to some solid object under water. This is her appearance. If we look at it through a microscope, we will distinguish two masses: one solid - the core and the other gelatinous, enveloping this core. The first consists of flat flint needles, which are arranged in such a way that several needles form a kind of column, and their points lie at a certain obtuse angle. These points, invisible while the sponge lies in the water, appear immediately, as soon as it is taken out of the water.

Using badyagi

Bodyaga is sold in pharmacies in packages of 50-100 grams. Bodyaga masks are really widely used in cosmetic practice for the treatment of acne, resorption of subcutaneous hemorrhages (bruises), exfoliation of freckles, chloasma and other pigmentation. Causing a sharp hyperemia, bodyaga dissolves infiltrates, dries up pustular rashes, causes peeling of the skin, thereby eliminating age spots - traces of former acne.

Using a toilet sponge

Since ancient times, at least since ancient times, a toilet sponge has been used by man to wash his body. Later, in the Middle Ages, it also began to be used in medicine in the form of tampons to stop bleeding and in the treatment of diseases of the goiter gland. In the latter case, the burnt sponge preparation was prescribed as an internal remedy. The effect of such a drug is quite understandable, since the composition of the horny substance of the sponge contains iodine. At that time, the causes of goiter diseases were not yet known, and the healing properties of the burnt sponge were established exclusively by experience.

Using glass sponges

Some glass sponges have a very beautiful and elegant skeleton. The skeleton of such sponges, cleaned of organic matter, is used as decoration and souvenirs. The already mentioned sponge basket of Venus is especially beautiful. Her skeleton looks like a delicate openwork cylinder of such an intricate and delicate structure that it seems to be made by a skillful human hand. They say that the first copy of this sponge, brought to Europe, was bought for a fabulous sum of 600 marks. And until now, the basket of Venus is considered a very valuable decoration.

Sponge structure

Three types of sponge structure

Skeletal sponge needles

Systematics of sponges

calcareous

ordinary

glass

The value of sponges in nature and human life

1. Serve as food for aquatic animals.

2. Are a habitat for small animals.

3.Purify the water.

4.Used in medicine, perfumery, for polishing parts and as fertilizers.

freshwater sponge bodyaga

Answer the questions:

1. What is the main feature of the body structure of sponges?

2. Can it be argued that sponges are multicellular animals?

3. What is the significance of sponges for the aquatic animal community and fish farming?

4. How does a person use animals of this type?