Ketsiolkovsky script with presentation. Presentation "Tsiolkovsky Konstantin Mikhailovich" on social science - project, report
KONSTANTIN EDUARDOVICH TSIOLKOVSKY () 160 years since the birth of MBOU SOSH 103
IN 1869, KOSTIA, TOGETHER WITH YOUR YOUNGER BROTHER IGNATIY, ENTERED THE FIRST CLASS OF THE MALE VYATKA GYMNASIUM. LEARNING WAS GREATLY DIFFICULT, THERE WAS A LOT OF SUBJECTS, THE TEACHERS ARE STRICT. DEAFNESS IS VERY INTERFERRED: “I DID NOT HEARD THE TEACHER OR HEARD ONLY UNCLEAR SOUNDS.” In the second grade, Kostya stayed for the second year, and from the third (in 1873) an expulsion followed with the characteristic "... for entering a technical school." After that, Konstantin never studied anywhere and studied exclusively on his own; during these studies, he used his father's small library (which contained books on science and mathematics). Unlike gymnasium teachers, books generously endowed him with knowledge and never made the slightest reproach. 1873
ASTROLABIA - (GREEK. "TAKING STARS") A DEVICE FOR DETERMINING THE LATITUDE, ONE OF THE OLDEST ASTRONOMIC INSTRUMENTS. THE BASIS OF THE CLASSICAL ASTROLABIA IS A "PLATE" - A ROUND PIECE WITH A HIGH BOARD AND A SUSPENSION RING FOR EXACT LEVELING OF THE INSTRUMENT RELATIVE TO THE HORIZON. THE OUTER PLATE OF THE PLATE HAS A SCALE DIGITALIZED IN DEGREES AND IN HOURS OF GR. HORIZON Crinoline is initially a stiff linen or cotton fabric with a base of horsehair (crinis + flax, hair + linen), later a rigid structure designed to give the skirt the desired shape.
Tsiolkovsky developed a balloon of his own design, which resulted in a voluminous essay “Theory and experience of a balloon with an elongated shape in a horizontal direction” (). It provided a scientific and technical justification for the creation of a completely new and original design of an airship with a thin metal shell.
THEORY OF "ROCKET TRAINS" OR MULTI-STAGE ROCKETS He was the first to solve the problem of rocket motion in an inhomogeneous gravitational field, considered the influence of the atmosphere on rocket flight, and calculated the necessary fuel reserves to overcome the resistance forces of the Earth's air shell
MEMORY ETERNATION In 2015, the name of Tsiolkovsky was given to the city built near the Vostochny cosmodrome. KE Tsiolkovsky "For outstanding work in the field of interplanetary communications" Monuments to the scientist were erected in Kaluga, Moscow, Ryazan, Dolgoprudny, St. Petersburg; a memorial house-museum was created in Kaluga, a house-museum in Borovsk and a house-museum in Kirov (former Vyatka); The name of K. E. Tsiolkovsky is the State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics located in Kaluga, Kaluga State University, a school in Kaluga, Moscow Aviation - Technological Institute. A crater on the Moon and a minor planet 1590 "Tsiolkovskaja" are named after Tsiolkovsky In Moscow, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Irkutsk, Lipetsk, Tyumen, Kirov, Ryazan, Voronezh, as well as in many other settlements, there are streets Scientific readings. K. E. Tsiolkovsky. In 1991, the Academy of Cosmonautics named after A.I. K. E. Tsiolkovsky. On June 16, 1999, the Academy was given the name "Russian". The Sign of Tsiolkovsky was established, the highest departmental award of the Federal Space Agency on January 31, 2002. In the year of the 150th anniversary of the birth of K. E. Tsiolkovsky, the Progress-61 cargo ship was named Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, a portrait of the scientist was placed on the head fairing. The launch took place on August 2, 2007. In the late 1980s and early 1990s. the project of the Soviet automatic interplanetary station "Tsiolkovsky" was developed for the study of the Sun and Jupiter, planned to be launched in the 1990s, but not implemented due to the collapse of the USSR. In February 2008, K. E. Tsiolkovsky was awarded a public award, the “Symbol of Science” medal, “for creating the source of all projects for the exploration of new spaces by man in the Cosmos.” In the USSR, many badges dedicated to Tsiolkovsky were issued. One of Aeroflot's Airbus aircraft bears the name of K. E. Tsiolkovsky. Traditional motocross competitions dedicated to the memory of Tsiolkovsky are held annually in Kaluga.
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Biography
Kostya Tsiolkovsky was born on September 5, 1857 in the village of Izhevsk, Ryazan province, into the family of a forester. At the age of ten, Kostya fell ill with scarlet fever and lost his hearing. The boy could not go to school and had to study on his own.
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When Konstantin was sixteen years old, his father sent him to Moscow to his friend. Under his leadership, K. Tsiolkovsky studied a lot and in the fall of 1879 he passed the exam for the title of teacher of public schools.
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The range of Tsiolkovsky's interests was very wide. However, due to the lack of systematic education, he often came to the results already known in science.
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The material he accumulated was used as the basis for the project of a controlled balloon. So Konstantin Tsiolkovsky called the airship, since the word itself had not yet been invented at that time. Tsiolkovsky was not only the first to propose the idea of an all-metal airship, but also built a working model of it.
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In 1911 and 1914 he laid the foundations for the theory of rockets and the liquid propellant rocket engine. He was the first to solve the problem of landing a spacecraft on the surface of planets devoid of an atmosphere.
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Space flights and airship building were the main problems to which he devoted his life. But to speak of Tsiolkovsky only as the father of astronautics means to impoverish his contribution to modern science and technology.
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“At first, thought, fantasy, fairy tale inevitably come; they are followed by scientific calculation and, in the end, execution is crowned by thought” (K.E. Tsiolkovsky) Since the time of Ancient Greece, there have been myths about flights - Icarus and Daedalus. But already at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, the foundations of cosmonautics as a science were laid, the founder of which is Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky. Tsiolkovsky's ideas created only a theoretical basis for future flights. It took another half a century of development of science and technology to put these ideas into practice.
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The decision to create a museum of K. E. Tsiolkovsky was made by his countrymen after receiving on January 11, 1967, a letter from the first cosmonaut of the planet, Yu. A. Gagarin, in response to an invitation to visit the homeland of the founder of theoretical astronautics. The distance is not small, from Ryazan to the village of Izhevskoye about 200 km along a moderately broken road. A map and a description of the route, how to get to the museum by car, are available at the end of the post.
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Mother. Maria Ivanovna Yumasheva Father. Eduard Ignatievich Tsiolkovsky Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky at the age of 5 In June 1849, the Spassk district forester Eduard Ignatievich Tsiolkovsky and his wife Maria Ivanovna settled in Izhevsk. They rented an apartment on the central Red Street in the house of a wealthy merchant D.P. Mikhailov. In this house on September 5 (17), 1857, the fifth child in the Tsiolkovsky family, Konstantin, was born.
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Konstantin was then already in his twenty-first year. In Ryazan, he continued to engage in self-education and scientific research, begun in Moscow. This Ryazan period includes the earliest of the scientific works of K. E. Tsiolkovsky that have come down to us: his astronomical drawings and youthful sketches for the future book “Dreams of the Earth and Sky”, published in 1895. In 1890, the VII department of the Russian Technical Society considered the project all-metal airship Tsiolkovsky. And although the author was denied a financial subsidy, the very idea and theoretical calculations were recognized as correct.
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The doctrine of bathyspheres for the study of the depths of the seas and oceans Research in the field of airship building is also interesting. In the photo K.E. Tsiolkovsky and models of airships designed by him (1913) Airplane K.E. Tsiolkovsky (project 1895)
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House-museum of the great Russian scientist K.E. Tsiolkovsky is located on the outskirts of the city of Kaluga near the Oka River. Here Tsiolkovsky lived for 29 years. Here, scientists wrote dozens of important works on aeronautics, aviation, jet propulsion, astronautics and other problems.
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In 1879, Konstantin Georgievich Tsiolkovsky built the world's first centrifugal machine (the forerunner of modern centrifuges) and conducted experiments with various animals on it. 1883 Tsiolkovsky builds and launches a hot air balloon over Borovsky. 1897 KG Tsiolkovsky builds a wind tunnel. This pipe became the second in Russia.
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The projectile has the appearance of a wingless bird, easily cutting through the air. Most of the inside of the projectile is occupied by two substances in a liquid state: hydrogen and oxygen. The two fluids are separated by a partition, and are joined together only little by little. The rest of the chamber, of a smaller capacity, is assigned to accommodate the observer and various kinds of apparatus.
Tsiolkovsky
Konstantin Mikhailovich1857-1935
"The planet is the cradle of the mind,
but you can’t live forever in the cradle” Russian and Soviet self-taught scientist, researcher, school teacher. Founder of modern astronautics. He substantiated the derivation of the equation of jet propulsion, came to the conclusion that it was necessary to use "rocket trains" - prototypes of multi-stage rockets. Author of works on aerodynamics, aeronautics and other sciences.
He was born into a forester's family. After suffering from scarlet fever in childhood, he almost completely lost his hearing; deafness did not allow him to continue his studies at school, and from the age of 14 he studied independently.
From the age of 16 to 19 he lived in Moscow, studied physical and mathematical sciences in the cycle of secondary and higher education. In 1879 he passed the exams for the title of teacher externally and in 1880 he was appointed teacher of arithmetic and geometry at the Borovsk district school of the Kaluga province.
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky lived and taught in Borovsk for 12 years, started a family, made several friends, and wrote his first scientific papers. At this time, his contacts with the Russian scientific community began, the first publications were published.
After classes at the school and on weekends, Tsiolkovsky continued his research at home: he worked on manuscripts, made drawings, and experimented. Electric lightning flashes in his house, thunders rumble, bells ring, paper dolls dance.
Borovskoe school
The very first work of Tsiolkovsky was devoted to mechanics in biology. She became the article written in 1880 "Graphic representation of sensations." In it, Tsiolkovsky developed the pessimistic theory of the “disturbed zero”, characteristic of him at that time, and mathematically substantiated the idea of the meaninglessness of human life. This theory, according to the later recognition of the scientist, was destined to play a fatal role in his life and in the life of his family.
The second scientific work was the article of 1882 “Mechanics of a similarly variable organism. Professor Anatoly Bogdanov called the “mechanics of the animal body” classes “crazy”. The review was generally favorable, but the work was not allowed to print.
The third work written in Borovsk and presented to the scientific community was the article "Duration of the Sun's Radiation", in which Tsiolkovsky described the mechanism of action of a star. He considered the Sun as an ideal gaseous sphere, tried to determine the temperature and pressure at its center, and the lifetime of the Sun.
“It is very likely that the balloons will be made of metal.
Still, it is still very difficult to arrange metal balloons. The balloon is a toy of the wind, and the metal material is useless and inapplicable ...
Provide moral support to Mr. Tsiolkovsky by informing him of the Department's opinion on his project. Reject the request for a grant for conducting experiments.” One of the main problems that occupied Tsiolkovsky almost from the time of his arrival in Borovsk was the theory of balloons.
Tsiolkovsky developed a balloon of his own design, resulting in a voluminous essay “Theory and experience of a balloon with an elongated shape in a horizontal direction.
Tsiolkovsky writes a new article "On the possibility of building a metal balloon."
In 1891, Tsiolkovsky made another, last, attempt to protect his airship in the eyes of the scientific community. He wrote a great work "Metal Controlled Balloon".
In 1887, Tsiolkovsky wrote a short story "On the Moon" - his first science fiction work.
In 1903, he published the article "Investigation of the World Spaces with Reactive Devices", where he proved for the first time that a rocket is an apparatus capable of making a space flight. In this article and its subsequent sequels, he developed some ideas of the theory of rockets and the use of a liquid rocket engine.
Tsiolkovsky solves a practical question: how much fuel should be taken into a rocket in order to get the takeoff speed and leave the Earth. It turned out that the final speed of the rocket depends on the speed of the gases flowing out of it and on how many times the weight of the fuel exceeds the weight of the empty rocket. Tsiolkovsky put forward a number of ideas that have found application in rocket science.
As one of the ideas, Tsiolkovsky proposed the launch of a rocket from a flyover. Currently, this method of launching a rocket is not used: the rocket starts strictly vertically and enters an inclined trajectory during the flight.
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“Humanity will not remain forever on Earth, but in pursuit of light and space, at first it will timidly penetrate beyond the limits of the atmosphere, and then it will conquer all the circumsolar space.”
There is his own philosophical concept, which Tsiolkovsky published in a series of pamphlets published at his own expense. According to this concept, the future of mankind directly depended on the number of born geniuses, and in order to increase the birth rate of the latter, Tsiolkovsky comes up with a perfect, in his opinion, eugenics program. According to him, in each settlement it was necessary to equip the best houses, where the best brilliant representatives of both sexes should have lived, for whose marriage and subsequent childbearing it was necessary to obtain permission from above. Thus, in a few generations, the proportion of gifted people and geniuses in each city would rapidly increase.
TSIOLKOVSKY KONSTANTIN EDUARDOVICH () "... The planet is the cradle of the mind, but you cannot live forever in the cradle ..." K.E. Tsiolkovsky
Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky was born on September 17, 1857, in the family of a Polish nobleman. As a child, he almost completely lost his hearing and from the age of 14 he studied independently. He became famous for inventions in the field of aero - and rocket dynamics, the theory of aircraft and airship, is considered the founder of modern astronautics. Biography - BiographyBiography - AeronauticsAeronautics - Composite rocketComposite rocket - FormulaTsiolkovsky formula - AerodynamicsAerodynamics - OrbitalOrbital station
The main works of Tsiolkovsky after 1884 were connected with problems: the scientific substantiation of an all-metal balloon (airship) and a streamlined airplane. The first printed work on airships was Controlled Metal Balloon (1892), which provided a scientific and technical justification for the design of an airship with a metal shell. Aeronautics - BiographyBiography - AeronauticsAeronautics - Composite rocketComposite rocket - FormulaTsiolkovsky formula - AerodynamicsAerodynamics - OrbitalOrbital station
In 1926-1929 Tsiolkovsky developed the theory of multi-stage rockets. A composite rocket or a multi-stage rocket is a rocket in which, in flight, as the fuel is used up, there is a sequential discharge of structural elements used and unnecessary for further flight (rocket stages). Compound rocket - BiographyBiography - AeronauticsAeronautics - Compound rocketComposite rocket - FormulaTsiolkovsky formula - AerodynamicsAerodynamics - OrbitalOrbital station
The Tsiolkovsky formula is the basic equation of rocket motion, first published by K. E. Tsiolkovsky in 1903 in his work “Research of world spaces with jet devices”. According to the Tsiolkovsky formula, the maximum speed that can be obtained by a single-stage rocket outside the Earth's gravitational field is determined. Tsiolkovsky formula - BiographyBiography - AeronauticsAeronautics - Composite rocketComposite rocket - FormulaTsiolkovsky formula - AerodynamicsAerodynamics - Orbital
A wind tunnel is an installation that creates an air flow to study the phenomena that accompany the flow around bodies. In 1897, Tsiolkovsky created the world's first wind tunnel. With its help, the forces arising from the flight of aircraft and helicopters, rockets and spacecraft are determined, their stability and controllability are studied; optimal forms of aircraft, rockets, and spaceships are being sought. Wind tunnel - BiographyBiography - AeronauticsAeronautics - Composite rocketComposite rocket - FormulaTsiolkovsky formula - AerodynamicsAerodynamics - OrbitalOrbital station
An orbital station is a heavy artificial satellite that has been operating in near-planet orbit for a long time. The purpose of the orbital station is to study the circumplanetary space and the Earth from orbit, to conduct meteorological, astronomical, radio astronomical and other observations. Orbital station - BiographyBiography - AeronauticsAeronautics - Composite rocketComposite rocket - FormulaTsiolkovsky formula - AerodynamicsAerodynamics - OrbitalOrbital station
