operational time

conditional time used in command and staff exercises and games, staff training, group exercises, combat and operational training, etc., during which the plan is carried out and the tasks assigned to the participants in these actions are solved.

Edwart. Glossary of terms of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, 2010

See what "Operational time" is in other dictionaries:

operational time- Part of the piece time, equal to the sum of the main and auxiliary time. [GOST 3.1109 82] Topics technological processes in general EN base cycle time DE operative Zeit …

operational time- 75. Operative time D. Operative zeit E. Base cycle time Source: GOST 3.1109 82: Unified system of technological documentation. Terms and definitions of basic concepts ...

operational time- conditional time (hours, minutes, date) used in command post exercises and group tactical exercises for drawing the next stage of the exercise or solving the introductory one as of a certain time specified in the plan of the exercise (class) ... ... Concise Dictionary operational-tactical and general military terms

operational time- conditional time used in command and staff exercises and games, staff training, group exercises, combat and operational training, etc., during which the plan is carried out and the tasks set by ... ... Civil protection. Conceptual and terminological dictionary

operational time of maintenance (repair)- The time spent by the performer to perform the operation Maintenance(repair), determined by the design and technical condition of the facility. Explanations The concept of "operational time for maintenance (repair)" is used ... ... Technical Translator's Handbook

Operational maintenance time- (repair) - the cost of the contractor's time to perform the maintenance (repair) operation, determined by the design and technical condition of the facility. Explanations. The concept of “Operational maintenance time ... ... Encyclopedia of terms, definitions and explanations of building materials

operational time of preventive maintenance- — [Ya.N. Luginsky, M.S. Fezi Zhilinskaya, Yu.S. Kabirov. English Russian Dictionary of Electrical Engineering and Power Industry, Moscow, 1999] Electrical engineering topics, basic concepts EN active preventive maintenance time ... Technical Translator's Handbook

Operational time of operation of a device of a digital computing system- 9. Operational time of the device of a digital computing system Operational time of the device The time interval during which the device is in the on and operable state under the functionally determined ... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

Operational time of maintenance (repair)- 3 . Operational maintenance (repair) time The time spent by the performer to perform the maintenance (repair) operation, determined by the design and technical condition of the object Source ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

Country: Cuba Basics ... Wikipedia

Books

• Managing the actions of subordinates. Effective operational management (two-day seminar) (CDmp3), Alexander Fridman. Course content: - Introduction to the exploitation of man by man: Power as the basis effective management, and how to use it. The main tools of operational management are…
• Principles of theoretical linguistics. A collection of unpublished texts prepared under the guidance and with a preface by Roque Valen, Guillaume G.

Since the costs of working time are diverse, they are classified for the purpose of study and analysis. The classification is the basis for studying the actual costs of working time, comparing and analyzing the results of observation in order to identify reserves for the growth of labor productivity, determine the necessary time costs for the elements of the labor process and establish standards.

Under working hours means the time during which the employee, in accordance with the internal labor regulations and the terms of the employment contract, must perform labor duties, as well as the time that the employee is at the enterprise in connection with the work performed by him. one

Depending on the purpose, working time is divided into working hours and break times(Fig. 1.1).

Rice. 3.1. Classification of working hours

Working hours- the period of time during which the performer performs actions related to the work performed by him, is divided into: work to fulfill the production task (T pz) and work not provided for by the production task ( T nz).

Work that is not subject to the production task includes odd jobs, caused by production necessity (going for orders, technical documentation, raw materials, blanks, tools; searching for a master, adjuster, tools and fixtures; performing auxiliary and repair work not provided for by the task, etc.). This category also includes unproductive work, which do not give an increase in production or improve its quality: manufacturing and correcting defects, removing excess allowance from the workpiece, etc.

The time for completing the production task by type of expenditure of working time is divided into preparatory and final, operational time and time for servicing the workplace (Fig. 1.2).

Rice. 1.2. Classification of working hours by types of working time costs

Preparatory and closing time(T pz) - the time spent on preparing oneself and the means of production for the fulfillment of the production task and its completion:

receipt of a task (order) of materials, tools, fixtures, technical documentation;

familiarization with the work, documentation;

installation of tools, fixtures, setting up equipment for the required technological mode, removal of tools and fixtures after performing a certain job.

delivery of the finished work, registration of documentation for the work performed.

A feature of the preparatory - final time is that its value is determined by the type of production and the level of organization of labor, and not by the amount of work. For example, in a single and small-scale production, Tpz is 11-15% of the working time, which is explained by the frequent changeover of equipment to other products and the lack of loading of a permanent workplace. In mass production, it is only 1 - 2% and is usually not isolated separately.

operational time(T op), - the time spent on a direct change in the shape, size or properties of the object of labor. It is divided into main and auxiliary.

Main(T os), or technological, time- this is the time spent directly on the change of the object of labor.

During auxiliary time(T sun) the actions necessary for the implementation of the main work are performed. Includes: supply of machines and apparatus with raw materials, installation and removal of parts, removal of finished products, equipment management, tool change, control measurements.

Service time of the workplace (T obs ) - the time spent by the employee on maintaining cleanliness and order in the workplace, caring for equipment in the process of work. In machine and machine-manual work, it is divided into the time of technical and organizational maintenance.

Maintenance time (T obstech ) - the time spent on adjusting equipment during operation, replacing worn-out tools, sharpening, cleaning, lubricating equipment.

Organizational service time (T obsorg ) - the time spent by the employee to maintain cleanliness and order in the workplace, includes: laying out and cleaning tools, documentation, cleaning up waste, the workplace at the end of the shift, moving containers with parts within the workplace.

Break times- the time during which the performer does not take part in the work, the break time is divided into two types - regulated and unregulated breaks.

Consider the classification of the time of breaks in work (Fig. 1.3.)

Scheduled breaks- break time established by regulatory materials for certain types of work, included in the time norm. These include:

Rice. 1.3. Break time classification

breaks for rest and personal needs (T exc) are used for rest of the employee in order to maintain normal working capacity and personal hygiene;

interruptions of an organizational and technical nature are due to the established technology and organization of production, their features.

Unscheduled breaks- interruptions due to various production problems that cause suspension of production processes. These include:

breaks due to disruption of the production process (T pnt) - breaks due to equipment breakdowns, lack of raw materials, materials, workpieces, tools, energy, etc.;

breaks due to violation of labor discipline (T pnd) - being late for work and early departure, unauthorized absences, extraneous conversations.

In the next chapter, we will consider methods by which you can study the above costs of working time.

-basic

- auxiliary time

Auxiliary time is calculated by the formula

time to change tools

- time to change the feed of the machine;

-time to change the speed of the machine;

- time for installation and removal of the workpiece;

- time of transition from one machine to another.

Thus, the operational time is calculated by the formula:

Auxiliary time for rough turning d= 22.5 * 88

Operative time for rough turning d= 22.5 * 88

Similarly, the operating time for subsequent transitions is calculated.

3.Workplace maintenance time, organizational time

workplace maintenance and break times:

-share of time as a percentage of operational time

- operational time

For lathe

For grinding machine

For milling machine

4. Piece time

For milling operation

=0.7+6.6=7.2 min

- time of maintenance of the workplace;

- organizational time;

- time of breaks;

- operational time.

Similarly, piece time is calculated for other operations.

1. 5. piece - calculation time.

For milling operation

Similarly, the piece-calculation time is calculated for other operations.

1. Number of machines

N- an annual program for the production of parts;

- real fund of time.

Equipment load factor

=0.3

- estimated number of machines

- accepted number of machines

8. Justification, design, calculation and description of the operation of a special device for end milling.

1. The development of the design of the machine tool should be carried out taking into account

   ensuring the necessary accuracy of processing the part, achieving the greatest

   performance and economy. To do this, the design of the device must

   provide:

1) the required accuracy of installation and the reliability of fixing the workpiece;

2) speed of action;

3) the use of little effort to actuate the clamps, the convenience and safety of work;

4) the low cost of manufacturing the device and its reliability in operation.

Clamping force calculation

Calculation of the coefficient of reliability of fastening

K \u003d K 0 K 1 K 2 K 3 K 4 K 5 K 6

K 0 - guaranteed safety factor of fixing reliability. (K 0 = 1.5)

K 1 - coefficient, increase in cutting force due to random irregularities in the workpieces.

When roughing : K 1 = 1.2

When finishing : K 1 = 1

K 2 - coefficient taking into account the increase in cutting force as a result of tool blunting.

For milling: K 2 = 1.12

K 3 - coefficient taking into account the increase in force during interrupted cutting. (K 3 \u003d 1.2)

K 4 is a coefficient that takes into account the variability of the clamping force.

For pneumatic devices: (K 4 = 1)

K 5 - coefficient depending on the convenience of the location of the handles in manual clamping devices.

K 6 - coefficient depending on the roughness of the place of contact of the part with the installation elements having a large base surface.

Large: K 6 = 1.5

Limited: K 6 = 1 To= 1.5 1 1.12 1.2 1 1 = 2.016 2

Calculation of the force required to securely clamp the workpiece

Because K= 2<2,5 , то принимаем K=2,5.

An effort , necessary for reliable fastening of the workpiece is found by the formula :

f 1 ,f 2 - coefficients of friction of working surfaces,

r 1 , r 2 - the length of the arms of the forces.

Device drive calculation

Time limit for the operation represents the total time for performing different types of work, breaks and other actions related to the processing of a unit of production at the workplace. The norm of time has a certain structure (Fig. 1.2).

Preparatory and closing time- time to prepare and complete the processing of a batch of products or a shift (receiving a task and getting to know the work, studying technical documentation, installing special devices and tools, setting up the machine and setting the processing mode; handing over work to the master or controller).

operational time– time of direct execution of the technological operation; includes main and auxiliary time. The main (technological) time is the time during which the technological goal of the work is realized (shaping, changing the state, quality, properties of the object of labor); can be manual, machine, machine-hand. Auxiliary time - time for actions that ensure the implementation of the main work (installation and removal of the part, approach-retraction of the tool, start and stop of the machine, measurement of the part); it can also be manual, machine and machine-manual.

Workplace service time- time to care for the workplace during the given work and the entire shift; includes the time of technical and organizational maintenance. Maintenance time - the time to change tools in case of wear or breakage, adjustment of equipment during operation. Organizational maintenance time - time for laying out and cleaning tools at the beginning and at the end of the shift, for lubricating and cleaning the machine, cleaning the workplace during the shift.

Time of scheduled breaks- the time of breaks that are inevitable in the performance of a given work. Includes the time of organizational and technological breaks, breaks for rest and natural needs. The time of organizational and technological breaks is the time of breaks due to the course of the technological process and insufficient synchronization of operations. Time for breaks for rest and natural needs - time for lunch breaks, industrial gymnastics, rest and personal needs. All other breaks are considered unproductive losses and are not standardized. Also, the time spent on work, overlapped by the main time (i.e., the actual

Rice. 1.2.

Rice. 1.3.

views that are performed in parallel and do not require additional time).

As is obvious from Fig. 1.3, the full rate of time for the operation (piece-calculation rate) Tshk is determined as follows:

where t w = t on + t service + t nep - piece time rate; t pe - the norm of the preparatory-final time for the game; P– batch size, pcs.; t o - main time; t * in - auxiliary time, not overlapped by the main one; t*to - maintenance time, not overlapped by the main one; t*оо – organizational service time, not overlapped by the main one; t tech - time of organizational and technological breaks; t otd - time for breaks for rest and natural needs.

Operating cycle

Operating cycle- this is the total time for processing a batch of products for operations. Recall that the technological cycle is the sum of operating cycles.

Operating cycle duration depends on the execution time of the operation on a unit of production (piece) - s ;; from the number of product units in the batch entering the operation, - P; from the number of jobs per operation (number of service channels in a multi-channel device) – q.

So the operating cycle is

In this case, it is possible to organize a different order for the passage of the batch through the operation: transient or step-by-step. Thus, an operation can have a complex structure and consist of many transitions performed at one workplace. Under transition refers to a part of an operation performed on one or more surfaces of a part by one or more tools simultaneously in one mode. In this case, the operating cycle is affected by the order in which the batch passes through the operation, since the time spent, in particular, on the installation and removal of the part in the equipment, as well as on the changeover of the equipment when alternating transitions, depends on this.

On fig. 1.4 shows two possible ways of passing a batch through an operation:

• a) cross passage, in which the entire number of objects of labor first passes through the first transition, then through the second transition, then through the third, and so on until the last transition of the operation. The process of performing an operation for individual units of production is discontinuous, and for the batch as a whole it is continuous;
• b) step-by-step passage, in which at first the first object of labor passes through all transitions, then the second, third, and so on until the last unit of the batch of products. The process of performing an operation for a unit of production is continuous, and for a batch as a whole it is discontinuous.

The expediency of choosing one or another type of batch passage is determined by which of them the total time to perform the operation on the batch (operational cycle To) will be minimal. With a crossover passage, the time for installing and removing each part for each transition increases, with a step-by-step operation, the time for readjusting the workplace after each transition. If accept

Rice. 1.4.

a- transient; b - postoperative

to simplify that the time for processing by transitions, installation and removal of the part for both types of passage is the same, then the difference in the duration of the operating cycle during the transition T OL and postoperative T o In the passage, according to the cycle graphs in fig. 1.4 will be equal to

where P- the size of the batch of products; P is the number of transitions in this operation; t y is the time to install and remove the part; Tp - the time of changeover of the workplace when alternating transitions.

Page
6

The composition of the norm of time is determined by the formula:

Hvr = Tpz + Top + Tob + Totl + Tpt, (3.1)

where TPZ – preparatory-final time;

top = That + TV – operational time;

Totl - time for rest and personal needs;

ToB = TTEX + BARGAIN – workplace service time;

TPT – time of unrecoverable breaks provided by the organization

and technology production process.

Service time rate represents the time set for servicing a piece of equipment, production space and other production units under given organizational and technical conditions.

Standard time- these are the necessary costs of working time to perform a unit of work (operations, pieces) without taking into account the preparatory and final time. It includes the following elements:

Tsht \u003d Top + Tob + Tpt + Totl (person-min / unit). (3.2)

For manual and machine-manual processes, where the time for servicing the workplace, regulated technological breaks, rest and personal needs is set as a percentage of the operational time, the unit time formula takes the following form:

where K is the time for maintenance of the workplace, rest and personal needs, for unrecoverable technological breaks, as a percentage of the operational time.

In machine, automated processes in mass production, maintenance time is expressed as a percentage of the main time. Then the calculation is made according to the formula:

where is the maintenance time as a percentage of the main time;

– organizational service time as a percentage of operational time;

– main time, min.;

- time for rest, personal needs as a percentage of operational time.

The preparatory-final time in mechanical engineering and some other industries is set for a batch of products. In these cases, it is taken into account in the norm of piece-calculation time (). It includes a part of the preparatory and final time per unit of production:

(3.5)

where n is the number of items in the batch;

- the sum of the preparatory and final time for a batch of products.

The time limit for the manufacture of the entire batch of products is determined from the expression:

In some industries (construction, mining), the preparatory-final time is determined similarly to other elements as a percentage of the operational time:

Production rate- the number of operations, products, products that must be manufactured, or the amount of work (in pieces, meters, tons and other physical units) that a worker (or group of workers) of the appropriate qualification must perform per unit of time (hour, shift, month) in certain organizational and technical conditions.

In general, the production rate () is determined by the formula:

where - the period of time for which the norm is set (hour, shift, day, month);

r is the number of workers involved in the performance of work;

- the norm of time per unit of work (person-hour, person-min).

Depending on the specifics of production, the conditions for performing work, the output rate can be calculated:

According to the norm of piece time:

(3.8)

According to the norm of piece-calculation time:

(3.9)

According to the operating time:

(3.10)

If the percentage increase in the output rate is denoted by , and the percentage decrease in the norm of time through , then the relationship between changes in the norm of production and the norm of time can be expressed by the equalities:

Service rate - this is the set number of pieces of equipment (number of jobs, square meters, etc.), which must be serviced by one or a group of workers of appropriate qualifications in certain organizational and technical conditions.

Service time rate – this is the amount of time required for maintenance during a change of a piece of equipment, a square meter of production area, etc.

The value of the service rate () is inversely proportional to the rate of service time (), that is:

(3.12)

population rate- this is the number of workers of a certain professional - qualification composition, necessary to perform certain amounts of work or to service specific facilities (aggregates, warehouses, jobs, etc.).

Normalized task - this is a specific amount of work established by the methods of technical regulation, which must be performed under given production conditions for a regulated period by one or a group of workers in compliance with the established requirements for the quality of products or work.

technically sound called the norm, established taking into account the full use of equipment, working hours and psychophysiological capabilities of a person.

Experimental-statistical norms calculated on the basis of the analogy method, personal experience of the rater, reporting data; they are set for the entire work (in total for operations), without dividing it into its constituent elements.

Differentiated norms are set for one operation; are used mainly in mass and large-scale production and provide a sufficiently high accuracy.