Automotive technology. Transport technology. How is the training

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Transport equipment includes (Fig. 4):

path (as a constructive element);

vehicles (rolling stock);

technical means of mechanization and automation of loading and unloading processes and transport and storage operations;

computerized customer service systems;

means of mechanization of processes in the transport infrastructure.

Transport technology

Transport facilities

Means of mechanization and automation

Service systems clients

Infrastructure

Rice. 4. Composition of transport equipment.

Way. Each type of land transport has its own path laid on the surface of the earth. A strip of terrain is allocated for the track and arrangements of railways, motorways, and other roads.

Between the rolling stock of terrestrial species and the surface of the earth there is always some bearing surface on which movement takes place.

Vehicles: classification, structure, features.

Their classification according to various criteria is as follows:

By type of transportation: cargo, passenger, cargo-passenger, technological;

By transportation distance: mainline, local;

By type of energy supply: with an autonomous source of energy and with a centralized one (electric transport, pipeline transport);

By type of energy used: chemical, electrical, nuclear, wind, solar;

By type of supporting suspension: wheeled, caterpillar, air support, water support, winged, roller, rope, magnetic.

The vehicle includes:

Autonomous control systems;

transport carrier;

Systems for ensuring the functioning of the vehicle;

Energy installations.

Autonomous vehicle control systems are designed to control the movement of the vehicle according to a given program and include the following subsystems:

Control of the parameters of a moving vehicle in space;

Diagnostics of the state of structural elements (t0 of water, oil, tire pressure, etc.);

Traction control;

Steering;

brake control;

The transport carrier of the vehicle is a supporting structure designed to accommodate all systems.

Systems for ensuring the functioning of the vehicle are designed to ensure the functional purpose of the vehicle and include:

Devices and equipment for accommodating passengers and cargo;

Household equipment;

Technological equipment.

Power (power) installations are designed to ensure the movement of the vehicle, as well as to supply it with heat, electricity and include:

Engines (ICE, turbine, etc.);

Propulsion (wheeled, caterpillar, etc.);

Devices for supplying vehicles with heat, electricity.

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Introduction

When talking about the level of civilization of a society, the development of a country or region, one of the most important features that determines this level can be considered the level of development of transport. Indeed, if we recall the history, the transition from one formation of society to another was accompanied by a change in both transport technology and the transport system itself. In a primitive communal society, movement was carried out with the help of animals or on the simplest floating means. The need for transport was caused by the need for communication, exchange, trade. All the best and progressive achievements in science, industry and construction are realized in the creation and improvement of the transport system.

The stabilization and development of the economy of any country, and even more so a country with such a colossal territory as Russia, usually begins with the development of its own transport system. The main goal is to achieve the level of development of advanced countries and integration into the world transport system. It should be emphasized that such development is aimed at maximizing the satisfaction of the interests of an individual, i.e. providing all production structures and the population of the country with transport services in the required volume and quality.

The urgent need for the development of the transport system in Russia is currently due to a number of reasons:

ongoing economic reforms associated with the redistribution of forms of ownership;

irrational distribution of traffic volumes between individual modes of transport,

their weak interaction and a number of other factors.

The task is to embark on the path of development and integration of all types of transport and transport structures into a single transport system of the country. This step is of particular relevance in the implementation of public administration during the transition to a mixed economy and various forms of ownership in transport.

The main goal on this path is to meet the needs of Russia in transport services on the most effective terms of maximum comfort of transportation, safety and environmental protection of the environment.

Modern civilization cannot be imagined without a developed transport system that provides a large-scale exchange of raw materials, materials, goods, which are the technological basis of the economy. Transport operations are a necessary condition for the flow of production processes, and transport is rightly called the circulatory system of the economy. Moreover, the share of the use of transport is far from the same both in passenger and freight turnover, and in different regions of the country. This happened due to numerous historical, geographical, economic, social and other reasons.

Modern world transport is guided by two principles: to provide a full cycle of movement according to the scheme "from door to door" (from door to door) and "just in time" (just in time). That is, the goods must be transported from the door of the warehouse of the manufacturer or cargo owner to the door of the warehouse of the consumer or the consignee. In this case, neither the cargo owner nor the consignee may not participate in the organization of the transportation process. They only pay all expenses. The same with passengers. They must be transported from the place of departure to the place of arrival, for example, from the door of their apartment or office to the "door" at the destination. And the whole process must be implemented in a timely manner. Of course, such a transport process is an ideal option, but those types of transport, transport companies and firms that strive for this will be competitive in the modern transport market. Naturally, the implementation of the above principles in transport activities requires modern technology and transport infrastructure and, which is very important, modern forms of transportation organization and transport management.

In the XX century. and especially in the second half of it, gigantic transformations took place in all parts of the world and areas of human activity.

Population growth, increased consumption of material resources, urbanization, the scientific and technological revolution, as well as natural geographic, economic, political, social and other fundamental factors have led to the fact that the transport of the world has received unprecedented development both on a large scale (quantitative) and in quality relationships. Along with the growth in the length of the communication network, traditional modes of transport underwent a radical reconstruction: the rolling stock fleet increased significantly, its carrying capacity increased many times over, and the speed of movement increased. At the same time, transport problems came to the fore. These problems are predominantly related to cities and are due to the excessive development of the automotive industry. The hypertrophied car park of large cities in Europe, Asia and America causes constant traffic jams on the streets and deprives itself of the advantages of fast and maneuverable transport. It also seriously degrades the environment.

Transport as a particularly dynamic system has always been one of the first consumers of achievements and discoveries of various sciences, including fundamental ones. Moreover, in many cases he acted as a direct customer for big science and stimulated its own development.

It is difficult to name an area of ​​research that was not related to transport.

Of particular importance for his progress were fundamental research in the fields of mathematics, physics, mechanics, thermodynamics, hydrodynamics, optics, chemistry, geology, astronomy, hydrology, biology, and others. To no lesser extent, transport needed and still needs the results of applied research conducted in the field of metallurgy, mechanical engineering, electromechanics, structural mechanics, telemechanics, automation, and, more recently, electronics and astronautics. In turn, some discoveries and achievements obtained within the framework of the actual transport sciences enrich other sciences and are widely used in many non-transport areas of the national economy.

Further progress in transport requires the use of the latest, constantly updated results of science and advanced technology.

The need to master the growing freight and passenger flows, the complication of conditions for the construction of transport lines in uninhabited, topographically difficult areas and large cities. The desire to increase the speed of messages and the frequency of departure of transport units, the need to improve comfort and reduce the cost of transportation - all this requires the improvement of not only existing vehicles, but also the search for new ones that could more fully meet the requirements than traditional modes of transport. To date, several new types of vehicles have been developed and implemented in the form of permanent or pilot installations, and many more exist in the form of projects, patents or just ideas.

It should be borne in mind that most of the so-called new modes of transport were proposed in principle many years ago, but they have not been used and are now being re-proposed or revived on a modern technical basis.

1. The concept of transport

1.1 Transport and its components

Transport is a branch of material production that carries out a complex of transport and technological processes in the movement of passengers and goods.

Transport is one of the branches of economic infrastructure, which, in addition to all types of main transport, includes energy, communications, utilities (water supply, sewerage, solid waste disposal), as well as engineering structures such as dams, networks of irrigation and drainage canals. The concept of infrastructure thus serves as a general term for many activities. The term "infrastructure" (from Latin infra - lower, under structura - structure, location) is used to refer to a complex of components of the general structure of economic life, which are of a subordinate nature and ensure the normal operation of the economic system as a whole.

The work of many sectors of the national economy is directly related to transport: mechanical engineering (automobile, locomotive, wagon, ship and aircraft construction), fuel and energy, metallurgy, etc. Transport annually consumes approximately 18% of diesel fuel, 6% of electricity, 10% of timber, 4% ferrous metals.

Transport can significantly influence economic growth. Expanding trade, improving living standards. It contributes to increased productivity by reducing the time of delivery of goods or travel to the place of work. Transport actively affects the environment, and this impact is mostly negative. Thus, the share of transport in the total gross emission into the atmosphere of all products of industrial activity accounts for 40%. Including the main share of pollution (more than 80%) comes from road transport. From this it follows that in practice the reduction of atmospheric air pollution by transport is largely determined by the solution of the environmental problem in road transport.

The pace of transport development should correspond to economic growth. According to foreign researchers, the growth of gross domestic product in most countries of the world is accompanied by a proportional increase in the cost of fixed assets of transport. Thus, as the country's economy develops, the transport industry must change in accordance with the dynamics of demand for transport services. There is also an inverse relationship, i.e. transport has an impact on economic development, being, if not the engine, then at least the “wheels” of economic activity. However, special studies have found that investments in only the transport industry or even in the entire infrastructure do not guarantee economic growth. Success depends primarily on the economic policy of the state as a whole.

The transport industry includes:

transport infrastructure, which is understood as a complex of permanent (immovable) buildings, structures, devices, fixtures, etc., intended for the implementation of transport activities;

transport communications;

transport technology, including vehicles and

loading and unloading systems,

technical means of servicing vehicle users (customers) and

information and computing systems for managing transportation processes and traffic flow management systems,

personnel working in the transport industry.

Natural and climatic factors (environment) are of great importance for the functioning of transport.

In a general setting, all these components of the transport industry can be combined into three groups:

transport technology,

Environment.

The totality that combines technology, many people and the environment is called a polyergatic system. An integrated set of objects whose interaction is aimed at achieving a specific goal is called a complex system.

Thus, transport is a complex polyergatic system.

Transport, like any production system, has an external and internal environment. The main subjects of the external environment are the consumers of transport services, and the internal environment is represented by transport workers, transport devices and the environment.

The mention of the transport system of Russia requires a definition of this concept. Moreover, this definition can apply not only to the country as a whole, but also to the transport system of the region and to the totality of integrated transport systems.

1.2 Unified transport system

The Unified Transport System (UTS) is a set of effectively interacting modes of transport, regardless of the form of ownership and departmental subordination - means of communication of vehicles (with production and management personnel) that provide loading and unloading operations, transportation of people and goods using modern advanced technologies in order to the best satisfaction of the demand of the population and cargo owners for transport services.

This rather “dry” definition has a very real basis. Indeed, the presence in our country of various forms of ownership of vehicles and transport infrastructure underlines the urgent need for “effective interaction”.

The main task of the UTS should be the best satisfaction of the needs of transport services based on the effective interaction of these elements of the internal environment of the transport and road complex, taking into account environmental friendliness, reliability, safety and social justice of transport services to the external environment. At present, despite certain scientific results and practical efforts to form a unified transport system, the unity of the transport complex in Russia has not been fully ensured. And it's not just technical difficulties or the lack of a single governing body. Such a body has been created - the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation. However, it is more difficult to "dock" different types of transport, and even with market relations and different forms of ownership, than it was before, for many reasons. This is the lack of development of transport resources, and the imperfection of economic and legal mechanisms for the interaction of modes of transport.

Transport satisfies one of the most important human needs - the need for movement. However, practically no mode of transport (except, perhaps, automobile, and even then not always) can independently provide a full cycle of travel according to the “door-to-door” or “home-to-home” scheme. Such movement is possible only with a clear interaction of individual parts of the transport complex. The organization of the work of such a complex as the UTS of Russia is both a difficult task and an urgent need for the country's economy, which corresponds to the integration trends of the socio-economic development of mankind, the achievements of scientific and technological progress and the strategic interests of Russia. At the same time, the unity of the transport system of Russia should not mean its isolation from the means of communication of neighboring states and territories, especially the CIS countries, the development and functioning of which for centuries has been carried out in a single complex.

In the recent past, the basis of the UTS was considered to be the public form of ownership of transport resources. In connection with the implementation of market reforms, corporatization and privatization of some vehicles, the concept of unity is being seriously tested. At the same time, the emphasis is on the fact that not unity, but competition, including between modes of transport, is the engine of the transport services market. It should be emphasized that there is no single scheme of the market, and the market mechanism cannot be absolutized. The main thing is a positive end result, which is the conditions and quality of a person's life, his well-being, social and environmental security, and the generally accepted level of freedom. The specific end result should be an efficient resource-saving economy that provides a decent human life, the most important part of which is transport.

It is obvious that a high efficiency of transport services for production can be achieved only if we design and optimize not individual types of communications, but the entire transport network, considered as a whole, consisting of heterogeneous links that differ in their functions and capabilities. The transport network is designed to meet the demand for transportation of a particular region, taking into account its structure. A unified approach can significantly reduce the cost of all resources, including temporary ones, as well as ensure maximum network bandwidth with restrictions on the amount of resources used. Considering the transport network as a whole allows you to establish:

rational correlation between all types of transport in various directions of transportation and

prevent unreasonable duplication of lines by different modes of transport, which is almost inevitable in the isolated analysis of individual transport systems.

Such an approach to solving transport problems is rarely practiced, and this is due to the still existing departmental disunity of our transport. Different modes of transport should function in conjunction, ensuring the uniformity of transport services for customers. The unity of the transport system is achieved in:

the technical sphere of interaction, which involves the unification, standardization and harmonization of the parameters of technical means of different modes of transport, as well as the throughput and processing capacity of interacting systems;

the technological sphere of interaction, which is ensured by the unity of technology, combined and interconnected schedules of transport, senders and recipients of goods, continuous work schedules of transport hubs;

the information sphere of interaction, which ensures the compatibility of information in terms of content, presentation forms, speed and timely delivery of information by one mode of transport for decision-making on another;

the legal sphere of interaction, which is based on the Charter of Railway Transport, the Charter of Inland Water Transport, the Code of Merchant Shipping, the Charter of Road Transport, a collection of rules for transportation and tariffs, rules for planning transportation;

the economic sphere of interaction, which is based on a unified planning system, the distribution of transportation by mode of transport, the presence or absence of resources;

use of the accumulated experience of interaction of different modes of transport in the nodes.

At the same time, each mode of transport carries out transportation in the most profitable area for it, and the integrated UTS as a whole is designed to ensure full satisfaction of the needs of society in the transportation of goods and passengers.

1.3 Structural and functional characteristics of transport

Structurally, transport can be represented as a system consisting of two subsystems:

public transport,

non-public transport

In this case, both parts of the system can be represented by enterprises of federal (state), municipal or private forms of ownership.

Public transport is a transport that, in accordance with applicable law, is obliged to carry out the transportation of goods and passengers, no matter who presents these transportations: a state enterprise or institution, a public organization, a joint-stock company, a firm or an individual.

Public transport acts as an independent branch of material production. It serves the sphere of circulation, providing a link between the sphere of production and the sphere of consumption.

Unlike public transport, non-public transport carries out the transportation of products within the sphere of production, i.e. for a specific enterprise, organization or firm. The transportation that he performs is in-house, or technological. Departmental transport of industrial enterprises is called industrial transport.

Roads or railways (usually of short length) owned by an enterprise are called access roads. The country's transport system has a dense network of such roads. The total length of railway sidings exceeds the length of public railways. More than half of the vessels of the river fleet (mainly of small carrying capacity and power) belong to various departments (enterprises of the oil and gas industry, forestry, public utilities, etc.). In contrast to public transport, industrial transport is also represented by special vehicles, such as cableways and cable cars, pneumatic transport, etc.

In addition to dividing into public and non-public transport, in some cases it is divided into main transport and non-main transport. On the one hand, mainline is a synonym for public transport, and non-mainline is non-public (for example, industrial transport is non-main transport). On the other hand, the term "main transport" is used to refer to communication routes connecting large cities and industrial centers of a country or a large region. In this case, small branches from the main highways, despite the fact that they are part of the public network, are not considered links of the main transport and are usually referred to as local lines.

Depending on the goals of economic analysis, public transport is grouped as follows:

Universal transport (railway, water, road, air) and special transport;

internal transport (carrying out transportation within the country) and external transport (carrying out transportation not only within the country, but also abroad);

year-round transport (rail, road, etc.) and seasonal transport (eg inland waterways).

1.4 Factors in the use of different modes of transport

The implementation of transportation by various modes of transport depends on a number of factors, the main of which are the following:

the nature and level of development of the material and technical base of a particular type of transport, which determine its ability to master the presented transportation;

placement of vehicles and a network of modes of transport relative to enterprises and settlements;

organization of the transportation process, the regularity of transportation, the timing of the delivery of goods and passengers.

Each type of transport has characteristic, only inherent features in its location, technical equipment, transportation capabilities, types of rolling stock, etc. To determine the areas of economically viable use of a particular mode of transport, it is necessary to take into account both general economic and specific transport factors.

General factors include:

location and size of production and consumption, which determine the volume and direction of transportation and cargo flows;

the range of manufactured products, which determines the type of rolling stock and the rhythm of its work;

the state of stocks of inventory items, which determines the urgency of the delivery of goods, etc.

Specific transport factors include:

location of the communication network;

operating conditions, including seasonality and rhythm of work;

throughput and carrying capacity;

technical equipment;

transport process organization system.

When comparing transportation options by different modes of transport, the main indicators are:

the level of operating costs (the cost of transportation);

capital investments;

movement speed and delivery time;

availability of transportation and throughput capabilities;

maneuverability in ensuring transportation in various conditions;

reliability and uninterrupted transportation, their regularity;

guarantees of the safety of transported goods and luggage;

conditions for the efficient use of vehicles, mechanization and automation of loading and unloading operations.

The value of these indicators for each mode of transport is different. It depends on the capacity and structure of cargo flows, the distance of transportation, the size of shipments, the type of rolling stock, the material and technical base of the mode of transport and a number of other factors.

1.5 Technical and economic features of transport

Different types of transport, however, have their own distinctive features. This mainly concerns the technical and economic differences that characterize the specificity of transport systems.

The main technical and economic features of railway transport are:

inextricable connection with industrial and agricultural enterprises, construction sites, trade depots, warehouses, etc. At present, all large enterprises and bases of trade organizations have railway sidings connecting them with the main railways. Up to 90% of all cargo transported by rail is generated and extinguished on sidings;

the possibility of building railway communications in almost any land area of ​​the country and ensuring stable links between regions;

high carrying and throughput capacity of railways. A double-track railway line equipped with automatic blocking can transport more than 100 million tons in each direction per year, and a single-track line - 20 million tons or more in each direction per year. These values ​​may change with changes in the total mass of trains, speeds, etc. The use of the carrying capacity of railways is not the same in different regions of the country due to the uneven distribution of production and raw materials;

the possibility of carrying out mass transportation of goods in combination with a relatively low cost of transportation;

the possibility of uninterrupted and uniform transportation in all seasons and periods of the day;

relatively high speed and delivery time of goods and passengers. The delivery time of goods is one of the important quality indicators that determine the effectiveness of the use of a particular mode of transport for a specific transportation. In general, the acceleration of cargo delivery gives a great economic effect. Calculations show that with a reduction in the delivery of goods by rail for one day, material resources are released in the amount of approximately 9-10 million tons;

delivery of goods and passengers along a shorter route. As a rule, the distance of transportation by rail is much shorter than by rivers. For example, from Volgograd to Moscow, the railway route is 2.5 times shorter than the river route. It must be remembered that the shorter route is not always the most efficient. In a number of cases it is expedient to use modes of transport with low prime cost in comparison with shorter routes on powerful cargo flows;

relatively high economic indicators and sufficiently advanced transportation technology. If the average fuel consumption in railway transport is taken as a unit, then in automobile transport it will be 4-5 units.

Compared with other modes of transport, maritime transport has a number of technical and economic features that determine their advantages in some cases:

the possibility of providing mass intercontinental transportation of goods of Russia's foreign trade turnover. The procedure for the transportation of foreign trade goods is established by special rules and regulations;

relatively small investment. Sea routes do not require the cost of their construction or maintenance (except for canals);

virtually unlimited bandwidth. Throughput capacity is limited mainly by the processing capacity of seaports and berthing lines, storage tanks, mechanisms for loading and unloading operations;

relatively low fuel and energy consumption. Sea routes are horizontal, not connected with the terrain and do not require additional energy costs to overcome the rises that occur on railways and road transport. In addition, sea lines are straight;

when transporting over long distances, the cost of transportation is lower than on other modes of transport. Large ships of maritime transport significantly improve the ratio of payload capacity and displacement.

The disadvantages of maritime transport include:

dependence on natural geographical and navigational conditions. This determines the duration of the navigation period and the complexity of the ice regime: partial or complete freezing of routes, which causes seasonality in sea communications in a number of areas;

the need to build complex port facilities on the sea coasts. It is more economical to use maritime transport over long distances, since one of the important advantages of maritime transport is not realized over short distances - the possibility of using large-capacity ships;

limited use of maritime transport in direct maritime communications. Sea routes pass on the outskirts of Russia, so direct communications can only be organized between individual enterprises located in these areas. Maritime transportation in domestic communications in small cabotage, as a rule, is less efficient than by railways and river routes due to the high cost.

The main technical and economic features that determine the advantages of river transport are:

large carrying capacity on deep-water rivers. So, the carrying capacity of the Volga can be brought up to 100 million tons per year;

relatively low cost of transportation. On the rivers of the European part of Russia, it is about 30% less than on railways, and several times less than on road transport;

relatively lower capital costs. The costs of organizing navigation along natural main waterways with a capacity of 80-100 million tons per year are several times less than for the construction of a railway (with rolling stock) and 3-4 times less than for the construction of a highway with solid coated.

The disadvantages of using river transport include:

the sinuosity of the path and the ship's passage, the gradation of the depths along its entire length, which in some cases makes it difficult for large-capacity ships to pass;

restriction in the use of rolling stock associated with the seasonality of work;

extension of cargo routes;

low in comparison with other modes of transport, the speed of transportation of goods and passengers.

Road transport has a number of technical and economic features that determine its advantages and widespread use in all sectors of the economy:

great maneuverability and mobility. Cargoes by trucks can be transported directly from the point of production to the point of consumption without reloading and intermediate storage, i.e. "from door to door";

high speed of delivery of goods and passengers. In terms of speed, road transport is second only to air transport;

in some cases, a shorter route for the movement of goods and passengers. It is advisable to deliver goods and transport passengers by road in cases where the distance of transportation by road is less than by rail.

The disadvantages of road transport include:

relatively high cost, which is much higher than in water and rail transport. The high level of prime cost is the result of the low carrying capacity of the rolling stock unit and the sufficient complexity of the automobile rolling stock;

the relatively high cost of the material and technical base for car maintenance, despite the fact that in some cases this base is still not sufficiently developed;

insufficient length and poor technical condition of existing roads.

The main advantages of air transport in passenger traffic are:

high speed of delivery of passengers, comfort of travel in rolling stock;

maneuverability in the organization of passenger transportation. New overhead lines can be created in a short time and with little capital investment. Air transport has the ability to maneuver rolling stock (airplanes, helicopters) depending on the size of passenger traffic;

large non-stop flight range (up to 10 thousand km). Non-stop flights increase the speed of passenger delivery;

the shortest distances of air routes in comparison with routes on other modes of transport. So, in a number of directions, the route of travel by air transport is shorter than by rail, by 25%, by sea and river lines - by almost 50%. Between some points, the transportation distance is even reduced by 2-3 times;

saving passengers time. High technical speeds of aircraft, long non-stop flight range, direct routes provide a significant reduction in passenger travel time in comparison with other modes of transport;

a sufficiently high culture of passenger service during flights.

The disadvantages of air transport include the high cost of transportation.

Air transport is mainly passenger transport. Cargo transportation performed by it in the total volume of the country's cargo turnover has an insignificant share, however, the special nature and value of such transportation for a number of specific cargoes make them cost-effective. Civil aviation also uses helicopters, which are operated in many sectors of the economy, construction, agriculture, geology, etc. Bulldozers, tractors, motor vehicles, bulky cargo are delivered by helicopters to the taiga and mountain regions. Helicopters also deliver and install supports for high-voltage electrical lines, contact networks and electric railways, communication lines, radio relay masts.

The advantages of pipeline transport for pumping oil and oil products in comparison with other modes of transport are as follows:

the possibility of widespread pipe laying and mass pumping of oil and oil products;

shorter pumping distances than when transporting the same goods along river routes and railways;

low cost of oil transportation (two times less than by river transport, and three times less than by rail);

ensuring the safety of petroleum products due to the complete sealing of the transportation process;

full automation of operations for loading, pumping and unloading oil and oil products;

smaller than on other modes of transport, specific capital investments and metal consumption per unit of transported cargo;

exclusion (with appropriate insulation) of negative impact on the environment;

a sufficiently high level of labor productivity;

continuity of the pumping process, practical independence from climatic conditions, a small number of service personnel.

The disadvantages of pipeline transport include its narrow specialization and the need for a stable and sufficient flow of goods.

Industrial transport is of great importance for ensuring the transport needs of enterprises. It carries out transportation intrashop, intershop, from warehouses of enterprises to shops, from shops to warehouses of enterprises, as well as the delivery of products to main transport and the export of goods to warehouses and shops of enterprises. In intra-production transportation, railroad tracks, cars and specialized modes of transport (monorail and cable cars, belt and other conveyors, etc.) are used. Specialized modes of transport are mostly used in metallurgy (ferrous and non-ferrous), coal, chemical and building materials industries. The introduction of specialized modes of transport, as calculations show, is more efficient than the use of road or rail, which ultimately helps to reduce transport costs, increase transport productivity and, in general, production efficiency.

The specific features of different types of transport determine the scope of their appropriate use.

The economic indicators of cargo transportation by one or another mode of transport depend on many factors: the type of cargo, the size and conditions of transportation, the availability and length of access roads, the degree of automation and mechanization of cargo operations, the possibilities of using the carrying capacity of rolling stock, the availability and location of warehouses, etc.

1.6 Areas of use of different modes of transport

when transporting goods:

Railway transport - transportation of bulk cargo (coal, ore, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, timber and construction cargo, mineral fertilizers, etc.) over long and medium distances (especially in the latitudinal direction), and between enterprises that have access railway tracks - and relatively short ones. The presence of railway sidings between corresponding enterprises with mass flows of goods significantly expands the scope for the effective use of railway transport, as it creates the conditions for comprehensive mechanization and automation of cargo operations, improving the quality of transportation and the safety of goods. In a number of cases, the use of railway transport in the presence of access roads is advisable even with an insignificant freight turnover (less than 35-40 thousand tons per year).

Maritime transport - transportation associated with foreign navigation for the delivery of goods for export and import to countries that maintain trade relations, transportation of goods by foreign charterers and transportation in large and small cabotage, especially in the regions of the Far East, the Far North, Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Chukotka, Okhotsk coast.

River transport - transportation in areas where there are no other modes of transport, as well as between production and consumption points located on the same river routes; transportation in mixed messages on directions where they are more efficient compared to transportation by one mode of transport.

Road transport - transportation of goods in industrial centers, settlements and agricultural areas, delivery of goods to the main transport and delivery to their recipients from the destinations of the main transport; transportation from points of production to points of consumption in the absence of links between modes of transport, transportation of perishable and other goods within the limits of economic feasibility, transportation within nodes in containers and small shipments.

Air transport - delivery to industrial centers and northern regions of vegetables, fruits and other perishable products, as well as valuable cargo and mail.

Pipeline transport - pumping oil and gas from large fields, moving oil distillation products with stable and stable cargo flows.

when transporting passengers:

Rail transport - transportation of passengers in intercity communication over medium distances (700-900 km) and in suburban communication of large industrial centers.

Maritime transport - transportation of passengers in gravity areas (Far East, Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Chukotka, the Okhotsk coast, etc.), in coastal navigation and cruise trips.

River transport - transportation of passengers between settlements located along the banks of rivers, and in the absence of other modes of transport (in gravity areas), tourist and excursion transportation.

Road transport - transportation of passengers over short distances (in cities and other settlements), in suburban traffic in most cities and towns, in rural and intercity transportation at a distance of up to 500 km.

Air transport - transportation of passengers over long distances both within the country and in near and far abroad. Thus, about 80% of passengers traveling from the European part to the Far East use air transport.

2. Transport technology

2.1 Vehicle classification

Transport equipment includes:

vehicles or rolling stock (TC);

technical means of mechanization and automation of loading and unloading processes and transport and storage operations;

service systems for transport users (clients);

means of mechanization of processes in the transport infrastructure.

Vehicles (rolling stock) are designed to transport people and goods over a certain distance in a given period of time. Vehicles are classified according to various criteria. The classification scheme is shown in fig. 5.

Modern vehicles are characterized by a wide variety of types of vehicles, their interaction with the transport space and types of transportation. In practice, such a detailed classification is replaced by abbreviated vehicle names with type indication, naming of historical figures and technology developers. For example:

railway vehicles are called trains;

automobile vehicles - cars, buses with the names of manufacturers (VAZ, KamAZ, Ikarus, etc.);

water and air vehicles - ships (ships) with the assignment of the name of historical figures and developers of equipment with a classification according to the type of working fluid of the engine or propulsion (for example, the Vissarion Belinsky ship, Ilyushin IL-86 aircraft, Kamov KA-26 helicopter, etc.); d.).

In scientific and technical developments and the interaction of transport specialists, a detailed qualification characteristic of the vehicle is sometimes required. In this regard, for example:

aircraft IL - 76: air main cargo vehicle

Logistics and its tasks: management of storage facilities, stocks, transportation, picking and communication. The main groups and modes of transport, their comparative characteristics. Principles of technology of the transportation process and the design of its model.

Transport as a special sphere of material production. Its structure and meaning. The level of development of railway transport in Russia in comparison with other countries. Dominant traffic flows of the main highways. Location of railway transport.

The main goals of transport logistics. Creation of transport systems. Multimodal transport planning. Technological unity of the transport and storage process. Choice of mode of transportation and vehicle. Rational delivery routes.

Transport structure of Primorsky Krai. Classification of the transport system of Russia, the place of maritime transport in it. Characteristics of sea transport of Primorsky Krai and cargo turnover of seaports. Prospects for the development of seaports in Primorye.

General characteristics of industrial transport. Sphere of rational use of various types of industrial transport. Rational schemes for the use of industrial transport in transportation. Features of the functioning of industrial transport.

The essence of the world transport system. The place of the Russian transport system in the world transport. Characteristics and features of the transport system of the Far East. Problems and prospects of integration of the Far East region into the world transport network.

Principles of organizing the work of railway transport, its importance in the economy of the state and the main directions of development. Problems of railway transport in Russia at the present stage, the need for investment and the scope of their application.

Road transport as one of the main modes of transport in Russia. Technical shortcomings of Russian automotive equipment and engines compared to foreign counterparts. Air transport as a universal mode of transport, development problems.

Railway transport, its features and main indicators. Features of transportation planning in a market economy. The concept of the development of the transport system in the future. Elements of transport costs of cargo owners, tariffs for transportation.

Territorial differentiation in the location of the Russian road network. Positive trends, potential opportunities and prospects for the development of the country's road network. Characteristics of various types of transport intended for cargo and passenger transportation.

Distribution of cargo flows between modes of transport at a minimum of reduced costs. Freight turnover and average transportation distance. Construction of a diagram of cargo flows. Components of cost items. Analysis of the cost of transporting goods by different modes of transport.

Consideration of the role of railways in the unified transport system of the country. Carrying out the technical and economic characteristics of railway, road, water, pipeline, air transport and determining their interaction with each other.

Analysis of factors influencing the choice of transport in order to ensure optimal transportation. Advantages and disadvantages of road, rail, water and air transport. Features of cargo transportation by water and air transport.

The transport system of Russia: rail, sea, river, road, air and pipeline. Material and technical base, documentation and technical and operational indicators of work. Stations, workshops, maintenance companies.

The characteristic of transport is the third, after industry and agriculture, the leading branch of material production and infrastructure, which carries out the movement of goods and passengers. Study of land, sea and air transport.

The main types of transport, their advantages and disadvantages. Methodology for calculating options for the transportation of goods. Economic assessment of the transport of goods by various. The most rational type of transportation. The volume of cargo transportation and the average price of one ton of cargo.

Design calculation of optimal transportation planning and analysis of the interaction scheme of the automobile and railway networks. Development of ways to improve the efficiency of the transportation process by combining road and rail transport.

The main types of messages in the cargo delivery system. Terminal technologies in the formation of a logistics system for the transportation of goods. Technical and economic features of various types of transport and the scope of their use. Delivery and delivery of goods to the terminals.

The structure of the transport complex. Rail, air, inland waterway and road freight. Pipeline transport, distillation and operation of oil pipelines. Problems and prospects for the development of the transport complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

The concept and role of transport infrastructure. Theoretical foundations of transport. Transport tariffs and rules for their application. The main types of transportation of goods. Route and its characteristics. Documentation support of transport logistics.

Transport equipment includes (Fig. 4):

Path (as a constructive element);

Vehicles (rolling stock);

Technical means of mechanization and automation of loading and unloading processes and transport and storage operations;

Computerized customer service systems;

Means of mechanization of processes in the transport infrastructure.

Rice. 4. Composition of transport equipment.

Way . Each type of land transport has its own path laid on the surface of the earth. A strip of terrain is allocated for the track and arrangements of railways, motorways, and other roads.

Between the rolling stock of terrestrial species and the surface of the earth there is always some bearing surface on which movement takes place.

Vehicles: classification, structure, features.

Their classification according to various criteria is as follows:

By type of transportation: cargo, passenger, cargo-passenger, technological;

By transportation distance: mainline, local;

By type of energy supply: with an autonomous source of energy and with a centralized one (electric transport, pipeline transport);

By type of energy used: chemical, electrical, nuclear, wind, solar;

By type of supporting suspension: wheeled, caterpillar, air support, water support, winged, roller, rope, magnetic.

The vehicle includes:

Autonomous control systems;

transport carrier;

Systems for ensuring the functioning of the vehicle;

Energy installations.

Autonomous vehicle control systems are designed to control the movement of the vehicle according to a given program and include the following subsystems:

Control of the parameters of a moving vehicle in space;

Diagnostics of the state of structural elements (t 0 of water, oil, tire pressure, etc.);

Traction control;

Steering;

brake control;

The transport carrier of the vehicle is a supporting structure designed to accommodate all systems.

Systems for ensuring the functioning of the vehicle are designed to ensure the functional purpose of the vehicle and include:

Devices and equipment for accommodating passengers and cargo;

Household equipment;

Technological equipment.

Power (power) installations are designed to ensure the movement of the vehicle, as well as to supply it with heat, electricity and include:

Engines (ICE, turbine, etc.);

Propulsion (wheeled, caterpillar, etc.);

Devices for supplying vehicles with heat, electricity.

The interaction of all these systems ensures that the vehicle fulfills its functional purpose, which is quantitatively reflected in its technical characteristics.

Vehicles : characteristics and indicators.

The quantity that quantitatively characterizes the fulfillment by an object of its functional purpose is called its technical characteristic. The main technical characteristic of the vehicle is measured by the product of the trip speed V R on the useful weight of the transported cargo m t .

The transport speed is denoted by V [km/h; m/s ] with an index corresponding to the type of recorded speed. Main types of speed:

Technical speed V t - the path traveled by the vehicle relative to the supporting environment of the transport space per unit of time;

ground speed V P - the vector sum of the technical speed and the speed of movement of the supporting medium W ; if the distance traveled by the vehicle is L , km, and the time of its movement t p,h , then the average ground speed V P = L/t P ;

cruise speed V R - distance ratio L R between end points

departure and arrival (distance of transportation) by the time of delivery of cargo or passengers:

V R = L R /(t P + ?(a t t i )) (1)

where t P - time of movement of the vehicle along the transport route, h; a t - the number of technological operations in the transportation process (issuance of travel documents, loading and unloading, vehicle stops); t i - duration i -th technological operation, part

Taking into account the fact that L R /t P = V P , equation (1) can be written as follows:

V R = V P t P / (t P + ?(a t t i )) (2)

Ratio t P /(t P +? (a t t i )) = ? P is called the coefficient of effective use of the time of the transportation process, and then V R = ? P V P , wherein V R ‹V P .

The formula for the hourly productivity of the vehicle [tkm/h] can be written as follows:

P t = ? P V P m t ., (3)

The weight of the transported cargo.

The economy of the vehicle is characterized by the economy parameter, the value of which, kg / (t h), is equal to the fuel consumption spent on transporting a ton of payload:

g t = G t /m t , (4)

where G t - hourly fuel consumption, kg/h.

Technical means of mechanization and automation of loading and unloading and transport and storage operations.

These works are carried out with the help of technical means, which are combined into a class of lifting and transport machines (tab. 1).

Table 1. Types of lifting and transport machines

Machine class	Main types of machines	Main technical characteristic
Loading and unloading	Inertial unloading, bucket loaders, hydraulic pumps, pneumatic and electric gripping devices, etc.	Performance
Lifting	Car and electric loaders, jacks, cranes, hoists and hoists.	Load capacity
Transporting	Autocars, hydraulic transport, conveyors, robot carts, roller tables, carts with a lifting platform	Performance
Transport and storage	Automatic warehouse complexes, automatic and manual rack stackers, mechanized rack stackers	warehouse pace.

For transport systems, of particular importance is the creation in ports and stations transport and technological terminals , providing highly mechanized carrying out of all loading and unloading and transport and storage operations for the processing of goods (passengers), their movement from one mode of transport to another. For the mechanization of work in terminals, containerization is of great importance, which refers to the use of standard containers.

In the composition of the terminals, an important place belongs to forwarding and storage systems , which are understood as special buildings and technical facilities that provide reception, program filling, storage and delivery of goods to customers.

Warehouse options are:

Warehouse capacity;

Nomenclature of stored products;

The ratio of storage capacity to the minimum guaranteed storage volume;

Storage loss;

Warehouse unloading rate;

Work time.

Customer service systems.

High-quality customer service has two aspects. On the one hand, service is an important part of marketing, a powerful tool for firms in the struggle for the sales market, on the other hand, it is an element of the technological process (just-in-time delivery).

In accordance with this, the processes of transportation and distribution of material flows and goods are represented by a single process - a logistics chain. Management is concentrated in logistics centers (the main element is the service, the main principle is "just in time"). All services offered at transport terminals and logistics centers can be divided into five functional types:

Transshipment services;

Maintenance of cargo places (rent, warehousing);

Maintenance of vehicles (rent, parking, maintenance, washing);

Network maintenance (initial-terminal operations, customs service, traffic control system);

Services related to cargo (loading, unloading, provision of warehouses).

Infrastructure

The new concept of terminal systems involves the transition from an isolated multimodal terminal to a single freight distribution center (GRC). Such a SRC is a center for the transfer of goods, information flows, transport flows, cargo handling flows, ranging from a single product to a large-tonnage container. Each SRC is associated with hundreds of commodity producers, whose product range is measured in thousands of items. All information about client firms, orders, goods, terms, vehicles is located in a computer network. The customer service system includes not only offices with information technology directly in the SRC, but also a network of offices in different areas, communication with vehicles on the way, communication via the Internet with customers, contractors and partners.

A similar organization is being introduced in the field of passenger transportation.

A graduate in the specialty 050713 - Transport, transport equipment and technology is awarded an academic degree - a bachelor of transport.
Qualifications and positions are determined in accordance with the "Qualification Guide for the Positions of Managers, Specialists and Other Employees", approved by order of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection dated November 22, 2002 No. 273-P.

Qualification characteristic of the bachelor of the specialty 050713 - Transport, transport equipment and technologies

Sphere of professional activity
A bachelor of this profile is prepared for activities in the field of material production, which includes a set of means, methods and methods of human activity aimed at solving complex problems related to the design, operation and repair of transport equipment.
Objects of professional activity
The objects of professional activity of graduates are: machine-building plants producing transport machinery and equipment; enterprises and organizations operating transport equipment; design, design and technological organizations; machine repair enterprises; company and dealer centers of machine-building and repair plants; marketing and forwarding services; logistics systems, transport management services.
Subjects of professional activity
The subjects of professional activity are:
- transport machinery and equipment; power equipment;
running equipment; working equipment; transport equipment drive systems; traffic control systems; life support systems;
- equipment for the manufacture, testing and disposal of transport equipment;
- equipment for maintenance and repair of transport equipment;
- instrumentation for the manufacture and operation of transport equipment;
- equipment for automating the working processes of transport equipment.
Types of professional activity
A bachelor in the specialty 050713 - Transport, transport equipment and technology can perform the following types of professional activities:
Organizational and technological activities:
- development of design, technological, design and estimate documentation for the creation and repair of transport equipment;
- organizing the work of a team of performers, taking into account various opinions and making management decisions;
- compromise solutions, taking into account various requirements (cost, quality, deadlines and safety) for different types of planning and determining optimal solutions;
- Accounting for various types of costs in order to ensure the release of quality products.
Production and management activities:
- optimization of technologies for the manufacture of transport machinery and equipment;
- quality control of technological processes, materials and finished products;
- selection and efficient use of materials, equipment and other means for the implementation of production processes;
- metrological verification of measuring instruments of product quality indicators;
- carrying out activities to standardize and certify transport machinery and equipment, technology for their manufacture and repair;
- organization and management of services, enterprises related to the operation and repair of transport equipment.
Project activity:
- defining the goals and objectives of the project, taking into account various factors when building the structure of their relationships and identifying priority areas for solving problems;
- development and analysis of options for solving problems of forecasting the consequences, planning and implementation of projects;
- development of projects of machines and equipment, taking into account technological, design, aesthetic, economic and other parameters;
- the use of information technology in the selection of materials, transport equipment and equipment.
Functions of professional activity
Bachelor in his professional activities performs the following functions:
- carrying out work on the preparation of technical documentation and established reporting in accordance with approved forms;
- training and briefing on safety, labor protection and the environment;
- monitoring the fulfillment of the requirements for the preparation of documentation on the quality management of transport equipment.
Typical tasks of professional activity
The bachelor should be prepared to solve the following types of problems:
- technical and working design of components and parts of transport equipment;
- testing of transport equipment and its elements for reliability according to standard methods;
- development of standard technological processes for the manufacture of blanks, parts, assembly of transport equipment units;
- production management at the level of production sites of transport enterprises;
- technological support of the existing production;
- technical design of means of automatic control of transport machinery and equipment based on standard solutions;
- testing of automation equipment according to standard methods;
- development of vibration isolation systems for transport equipment and noise protection;
- analysis of the reliability and durability of transport equipment.
Areas of professional activity:
- improvement of the design of transport machinery and equipment;
- complex mechanization and automation of transport equipment and technological processes;
- Establishment and provision of optimal modes of operation of transport machinery and equipment.
The content of professional activity
Participation in:
- organization and management of services of production enterprises of transport;
- development of structures for production and technological, service and operational, installation and commissioning and design departments;
- Creation and improvement of transport machinery and equipment.
Requirements for the key competencies of a bachelor in the specialty
050713 - Transport, transport engineering and technology bachelor must have an idea about (about):
- the main scientific and technical problems and prospects for the development of transport technology in conjunction with related fields of technology;
- the main trends in changing the operating conditions of transport equipment;
- economic bases of production;
- methods for studying the state and demand for transport market services;
- taxation;
- methods of technical and economic analysis and making engineering and management decisions;
- legal and legislative bases of financial relations;
- basics of management and marketing;
know:
- organizational structure of mechanical engineering and repair industries;
- basics of comparison and evaluation of transport equipment;
- program-target methods and methodology for using them in the analysis and improvement of production;
- design of transport equipment;
- Fundamentals of legislation and regulatory framework of the industry;
- fundamentals of a market economy;
- methods of engineering calculations and making engineering and management decisions;
- basics of certification and licensing of enterprises, service personnel;
- materials used in the construction of transport equipment and their properties;
- properties and features of the use of alternative fuels;
- design features of transport equipment using alternative fuels;
- the state and directions of using the achievements of science in professional activities;
- methods of work and communication with personnel, selection and placement of personnel;
be able to:
- identify program-target methods for analyzing technical, technological, organizational, economic and social issues;
- use advanced industry, inter-sectoral and foreign experience;
- to determine the features of the conditions for design, manufacture, operation and modes of operation of transport equipment;
- apply data from the analysis of wear mechanisms, corrosion, loss of structural strength;
- use the legislative acts and technical standards in force in transport, including traffic safety, working conditions, environmental issues;
- rely on the socio-psychological foundations of team management;
have skills:
- work on a computer;
- use of research methods and instruments;
- application of the main regulatory documents for the operation of transport machinery and equipment;
- use of metrological rules and norms;
- possession of methods of technical control in the conditions of the current production;
- rational methods of search and use of scientific and technical information;
- in the organization of safe working conditions and elimination of accidents;
be competent:
- in the field of interaction between transport and other related industries;
- in the design, selection of rational modes of operation and repair of transport machinery and equipment;
- in the field of labor legislation.

General education disciplines
Required Component
History of Kazakhstan
Kazakh (Russian) language
Foreign language
Informatics
Ecology
Philosophy
Selectable Component

Basic disciplines
Required Component
Math 1
Math 2
Physics 1
Physics 2
Chemistry
Descriptive geometry and engineering graphics
Theoretical mechanics
Theory of machines and mechanisms
Materials Science. Structural materials technology
Electrical Engineering and Fundamentals of Electronics
Transport economics
Strength of materials
Machine parts and design basics
Metrology, standardization and quality management
Selectable Component

Profile disciplines
Compulsory disciplines
Organization of production and enterprise management
Reliability of transport technology
Fundamentals of technical operation of transport equipment
Fundamentals of production technology and repair of transport equipment
Power plants of transport equipment
Fundamentals of the theory of automatic control
Dynamics of transport technology
Fluid and gas mechanics, hydraulic and pneumatic drive
Selectable Component

Additional types of training
Physical Culture
Educational practice
Internship

PGK Intermediate state control
IGA Final state certification
1) State exams in the specialty
2) writing and defending a thesis

The list of universities leading the enrollment of students in the specialty 050713 - Transport, transport equipment and technology

State universities
Kazakh Academy of Transport and Communications named after M. Tynyshpaev

Qualification characteristics of the bachelor of the specialty 5В071300 - "Transport, transport equipment and technologies"

A bachelor of this profile is prepared for activities in the field of material production, which includes a set of means, methods and methods of human activity aimed at solving complex problems related to the design, operation and repair of transport equipment.

2. Objects of professional activity

The objects of professional activity of graduates are: machine-building plants producing transport machinery and equipment; enterprises and organizations operating transport equipment; design, design and technological organizations; machine repair enterprises; company and dealer centers of machine-building and repair plants; marketing and forwarding services; logistics systems, transport management services.

3. Subjects of professional activity Subjects of professional activity are:

Transport machinery and equipment; power equipment; running equipment; working equipment; transport equipment drive systems; traffic control systems; life support systems;

Equipment for the manufacture, testing and disposal of transport equipment;

Equipment for maintenance and repair of transport equipment;

Instrumentation for the manufacture and operation of transport equipment;

Equipment for automating the working processes of transport equipment.

4. Types of professional activity

A bachelor in the specialty 5B071300 - "Transport, transport equipment and technology" can perform the following types of professional activities:

Organizational and technological activities:

Development of design, technological, design and estimate documentation for the creation and repair of transport equipment;

Compromise solutions taking into account various requirements (cost, quality, deadlines and safety) with different types of planning and determining optimal solutions;

Accounting for various types of costs in order to ensure the release of quality products.

Production and management activities:

Optimization of technologies for the manufacture of transport machinery and equipment;

Quality control of technological processes, materials and finished products;

Selection and efficient use of materials, equipment and other means for the implementation of production processes;

Carrying out activities for the standardization and certification of transport equipment and equipment, the technology of their manufacture and repair;

Organization and management of services, enterprises related to the operation and repair of transport equipment.

Project activity:

Determining the goals and objectives of the project, taking into account various factors when building the structure of their relationships and identifying priority areas for solving problems;

Development and analysis of options for solving problems of forecasting the consequences, planning and implementation of projects;

Development of projects of machines and equipment, taking into account technological, design, aesthetic, economic and other parameters;

5. Functions of professional activity

Bachelor in his professional activities performs the following functions:

Carrying out work on the preparation of technical documentation and established reporting in accordance with approved forms;

Conducting training and briefing on safety, labor protection and the environment;

Implementation of control over the fulfillment of requirements for the preparation of documentation on the quality management of transport equipment.

6. Typical tasks of professional activity

The bachelor should be prepared to solve the following types of problems:

Technical and working design of components and parts of transport equipment;

Carrying out tests of transport equipment and its elements for reliability according to standard methods;

Development of standard technological processes for the manufacture of blanks, parts, assembly of transport equipment units;

Production management at the level of production sites of transport enterprises;

Technological support of the existing production;

Technical design of means of automatic control of transport machinery and equipment based on standard solutions;

Testing of automation equipment according to standard methods;

Development of vibration isolation systems for transport equipment and noise protection;

Analysis of the reliability and durability of transport equipment.

improvement of the design of transport machinery and equipment;

Integrated mechanization and automation of transport equipment and technological processes;

Establishment and provision of optimal modes of operation of transport machinery and equipment.

participation in:

Organization and management of services of production enterprises of transport;

Development of structures for production and technological, service and operational, installation and commissioning and design departments;

Creation and improvement of transport machinery and equipment.

9. Requirements for the key competencies of a bachelor in the specialty 5B071300 - "Transport, transport equipment and technology" bachelor must

have an idea about (about):

The main scientific and technical problems and prospects for the development of transport technology in conjunction with related fields of technology;

The main trends in changing the operating conditions of transport equipment;

Economic bases of production;

Methods for studying the state and demand for transport market services;

Taxation;

Methods of technical and economic analysis and making engineering and management decisions;

Legal and legislative bases of financial relations;

Fundamentals of management and marketing; know:

Fundamentals of comparison and evaluation of transport equipment;

Program-targeted methods and methods of using them in the analysis and improvement of production;

The design of transport equipment;

Fundamentals of legislation and regulatory framework of the industry;

Fundamentals of a market economy;

Methods of engineering calculations and making engineering and management decisions;

Fundamentals of certification and licensing of enterprises, service personnel;

Materials used in the construction of transport equipment and their properties;

Properties and features of the use of alternative fuels;

Features of the design of transport equipment using alternative fuels;

The state and directions of using the achievements of science in professional activities;

Methods of work and communication with personnel, selection and placement of personnel;

be able to:

Highlight program-target methods for analyzing technical, technological, organizational, economic and social issues;

Use advanced industry, cross-industry and foreign experience;

Determine the features of the conditions for the design, manufacture, operation and modes of operation of transport equipment;

Apply data from the analysis of wear mechanisms, corrosion, loss of structural strength;

Use the legislative acts and technical standards in force in transport, including traffic safety, working conditions, environmental issues;

Rely on the socio-psychological foundations of team management;

have skills:

Computer work;

Use of research methods and instruments;

Application of the main regulatory documents for the operation of transport machinery and equipment;

Use of metrological rules and norms;

Possession of methods of technical control in the conditions of the current production;

Rational methods of search and use of scientific and technical information;

In the organization of safe working conditions and the elimination of accidents; be competent:

In the field of interaction between transport and other related industries;

In the design, selection of rational modes of operation and repair of transport machinery and equipment;

in the area of ​​labor law.