What is covered by the concept of "global problems"? What special signs allow us to speak of them as a phenomenon of all mankind? The answers to these questions are important both in theoretical terms and in practical terms, since the main nations of the search for ways to solve them depend on it.

Etymologically, the term "global" comes from the French "global", which means whole, whole, general. Hence, the most common definition is that the problems that affect the interests of humanity as a whole and of each person in different parts of the planet, i.e. bearing a planetary universal character, it is customary to call global.

Global problems cover the entire globe, and not only the part where people live, but also its other surface, bowels, atmosphere and even outer space that fall into the sphere of human activity. It is important to note that any problem can only be considered global if it is relevant to any region, i.e. appears in them. For a more rigorous definition of global problems, unlike all others in science and philosophy, in addition to the “geographical”, additional criteria are introduced that characterize them from the side of the essential features that they possess. Most researchers define such special features, separate the actual global problems from any others:

• 1. In their essence, global problems affect the interests not only of individuals, peoples, states or groups of states, but of all mankind, i.e. have a planetary, universal character.
• 2. These problems are an objective factor in world development and cannot be ignored, and therefore require immediate solutions.
• 3. The unresolved global problems pose a threat to the existence of mankind: it can lead to the death of civilization as such.
• 4. Global problems cannot be solved by the efforts of individual states, but require purposeful concerted action, the unification of all peoples, the entire world community.

The fundamental feature of global problems is their complexity, i.e. complex interdependence, interdependence and close interconnection

Updating or vice versa the solution of one of them directly or indirectly affects the entire system of global problems of our time. Therefore, the solution of one of the global problems involves taking into account the influence of other problems on it.

A characteristic feature of global problems is their dynamism, there is the possibility of increasing the number of problems that are global, or vice versa, decreasing as they are solved. A vivid example is the problem of terrorism, which is developing into a global problem before our eyes. Frolov I.T., Zagladin V.V. Global problems of our time: scientific and social aspects - M., International relations, 2002. P 42.

Among the various approaches to the classification of global problems, the most recognized in modern science is the division that takes into account the objects that experience the effects of these problems and the activities of the subjects that cause their aggravation.

The first group of global problems consists of problems that are characterized by the greatest universality and relevance and arising from the interaction between such social communities of people as the state, peoples, nations, socio-economic systems, etc., therefore they are called intersocial. These problems are caused by socio-political realities, which predetermine the contradictions between different states of the world. One of the important problems of this group is the problem of eliminating war from the life of society and ensuring a just peace, establishing a new economic order aimed at overcoming the economic, environmental, scientific and technological backwardness of developing countries, overcoming and completely eliminating terrorism.

The second group combines those problems that arise as a result of the interaction of man and society with nature - these are natural and social problems. In the second half of the XX century. It was noted that human society should not only have features of continuity in relation to the organic world that gave birth to it, but also deep fundamentally distinctive features that distinguish humanity from the entire biological world. These features, according to Yu.P. Trusov, are associated with the mind, knowledge of the world and socially organized labor. This allowed him to single out a special area from the biosphere - the noosphere, i.e. the sphere of the mind, the product of which is technology in the broadest sense, including art, science and literature as a crystallization of the activity of the mind.

But the fruits of human hands have a significant difference from the creations of nature. Human creativity tears out particles of matter from nature and presses them into the shackles of form. Stones turn into pyramids, metal into tanks and machines, wool into clothes. And these objects are deprived of self-development, they can only be destroyed. Thus, man occupies an intermediate position between the dead technosphere and living nature. This means that they are in opposition. And no matter how we relate to the idea of ​​the existence of the noosphere, the polarity of technology and life is indisputable. This antagonism underlies this group of global problems. These primarily include the environmental problem, as well as energy, mineral resources and the problem of space exploration and the oceans. The third group consists of problems related to the relationship between man and society - these are anthroposocial problems. These primarily include demographic, as well as health problems, poverty and hunger.

Each of the three blocks of global problems has its own specifics, but they form an integral system, the core of which is the problem of man and his future, which has become a general scientific one and requires the combined efforts of representatives of all areas of knowledge of natural, social and technical sciences for its solution.

So, the range of global problems facing mankind is quite wide, and each of them is the result of the action of specific causes and prerequisites, and on the other hand, the question naturally arises: if all these problems are of a planetary nature, if they affect the interests and destinies of all mankind, it is obvious that there are common factors that give rise to them, lead to aggravation and deepening. What are these factors. Frolov I.T. The essence and significance of global problems. - M .: Knowledge, 2002. C 48.

It should be noted that the aggravation of global problems is not the successor of a complex of causes and contradictions of the second half of the 20th century. The most common reason for the transformation of previously local and regional problems into global ones is the rapid growth of the internationalization of the economic, socio-political and spiritual life of society, in which the general trend of turning humanity into an integral system, a single subject of social action is manifested in the future. Already, an interconnected, largely integral world is being created, in which problems inherent in the development of mankind as a whole inevitably arise. It is clear that the untimely solution of these problems leads to the fact that they acquire the character of global ones.

In turn, the emergence of global problems, their aggravation contributes to the further strengthening of the global nature of many social processes, in particular, with regard to the central issue of international relations - ensuring peace on Earth and solving other global problems of our time. Philosophy: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. V. N. Lavrinenko, prof. V. P. Ratnikova. - 3rd ed., revised. and additional - M.: UNITI-DANA, 2005.S. 27-28.

Technological civilization, which is corroding our common home today, has arisen and is being exploited not by itself, but within the framework of a certain culture. In culture, those values ​​are produced that orient humanity towards the unlimited development of technical means, the exploitation of natural resources. The culture was based on the attitude of the unlimitedness of these reserves and the right to dispose of them uncontrollably. Culture shapes people to conduct experiments at Chernobyl, destroy fresh water supplies, deploy atomic weapons, and so on.

And in this regard, the most terrible of all catastrophes is not so much atomic, thermal, and similar options for the various destruction of mankind, as anthropological - the destruction of man in man. The reason for many troubles lies in the mistakes made by mankind, and moreover, in the choice of false guidelines, the consequence of which is not only harm to nature, but also harm to human essence. A number of disasters, in particular in our country, are the result of our lack of culture, irresponsibility and unworthy organization.

Thus, the causes of global problems have their roots: they reach the history of the formation of modern civilization, which gave rise to a crisis of both an industrial society and a technically oriented culture as a whole, covering the entire complex of interactions between people, with society, with nature. This crisis has spread to almost the entire world community, even to the regions most remote from the centers of civilization. All this gave reason to call our planet a “common home”, and the problems that turned out to be common to all people are global.

In the second half of this century, such a trend as philosophy of global problems. It is focused on understanding the acute contradictions and problems in the development of modern mankind, their origins and manifestations, development trends, ways and means of their solution. Global problems (environmental, energy, raw materials, demographic and others) are a complex of complex contradictions that cover all of humanity with their impact and put on the agenda the question of survival and continued existence of mankind. Within the framework of this trend, it is recognized and emphasized unity modern civilization and commonality fate of all countries and peoples. By the will of fate, being in the same boat, they are doomed to work together to seek and find ways and means of survival.

The intensive development of the philosophy of global problems began in the 60s. At this time, active development of theoretical models of the future of mankind began. In 1968 was formed Roman club is a non-governmental international organization that brings together scientists and specialists from several dozen countries. It included a number of famous scientists ( J. Forrester, D. Meadows, M. Mesarovic), and the first president of the club was an Italian scientist Aurelio Peccei(1908 - 1984). The activities of this organization were aimed primarily at a comprehensive understanding of global problems, the search for ways to solve them in practice and the formation of an appropriate public opinion. At the initiative of the club, a number of major research programs were carried out, published in the form of theoretical reports. These include Limits to Growth (1972), Humanity at the Turning Point (1974), Goals for Humanity (1977), No Limits to Learning (1979), Revolution barefoot” (1985) and others. The activities of the Club of Rome invariably touched upon the issues of ending the destructive and senseless nuclear arms race, the tense environmental situation on the planet, and social stratification in the world. The core of the theoretical activity of the club was the problem of human existence in the modern world, search for ways to humanize social relations*. It was emphasized that the survival of mankind and its future are possible only through the improvement and development of human qualities, through "Human Revolution" and the formation of the so-called new humanism.

In his book "Human Qualities" A. Peccei formulated the main thesis of his own concept: the survival and future of mankind are possible only on the ways human revolution, those. improvement of the spiritual world of people. All the intellectual power of man must be used primarily for his cultural evolution. It is obvious that the global problems existing in the world are largely the result of a very slow course of such evolution, a manifestation of the discrepancy between the scientific and technical and spiritual and moral progress of mankind.

According to Peccei, the main problem now is the urgent need to improve human qualities. A revolution is required in man himself, in the structure of his thinking and psychology, in the content of his abilities and the nature of his needs. Until now, instead of changing himself, man preferred to transform the outside world, becoming a "star of the first magnitude" in it and creating an "empire of man." As a result, a person can become, according to Peccei, a prisoner of his own passions, desires and ambitions and find himself a lonely wanderer in the midst of the quicksands of the desert. A man of the 20th century began to lose his sense of reality, ceased to soberly assess his role and place in the world, the meaning of life and vocation. All this is, in fact, epochal crisis, which permeates all aspects of modern civilization.

Peccei saw the way out of this crisis in the so-called "new humanism", which is designed to provide human transformation, a radical change in its qualities and thereby restore cultural evolution of the human race. The return to this evolution is, according to the scientist, the essence of Human Revolution as the first condition for the self-preservation of mankind. The new humanism must include, first of all, a sense of globality (the unity of mankind), love for justice, and rejection of violence.

Linking the global problems of modern humanity with the crisis of man takes place in the work of other thinkers and scientists. Thus, the German-French scientist Albert Schweitzer(1875 - 1965) put forward the concept of "new ethics". According to him, true ethics in our time can only be an unlimited responsibility for life on the planet. Reverence for life in the Cosmos must become the starting principle of modern humanism. Only that which contributes to the preservation and development of life, including human life, is humane. If the essence of the "old" humanism (the period of modern times) was the conquest of the outside world for human, then the essence of the "new" humanism should be reconciliation with this world, the search for harmonious unity with it, an orientation towards non-violence. "To help any life" - this is what should be the basic setting of the "new" humanism. The criterion for the development of society is called upon to be the degree of humanism in it, the preservation of all forms of life without exception.

The Austrian scientist also pointed out the global manifestations of the crisis of modern man Konrad Lorenz(1903 - 1989). He emphasized that a person of the 20th century bears many "mortal sins". These include such as the destruction of the natural environment, global and local military conflicts, uncontrolled population growth, the creation and improvement of weapons of mass destruction. There is a lot of destruction going on right now. human in man and in the 20th century he, in fact, became the Demiurge (creator) of Evil on a worldwide scale. If in the 19th century “God died” (F. Nietzsche), then in the 20th century “man died” (E. Fromm), and this circumstance is also associated with the deep sources and preconditions of global contradictions and problems in the development of modern civilization.

In our time, the development of the human race creates the basis for deep anxieties and fears, because in the 20th century, humanity created the prerequisites for self-destruction. But the rootedness of rational and moral principles in the culture of society still gives rise to hope for a better future, for the survival of mankind. However, to realize this hope, a number of conditions will need to be met.

First of all, to resolve global problems, it is necessary to realize their “drainage, acuteness and scale, possible negative consequences of the accumulation of a critical mass of these problems. Required new political thinking those. understanding that all countries and peoples are single humanity with common problems and interests. The survival of humanity is possible only through non-violence and cooperation based on universal values.

Secondly, to solve global problems, a revolution of human qualities and the establishment of a new humanism are required. For the sake of their own future, modern man needs to get rid of exorbitant ambitions and indefatigable appetites, from the psychology of the forcible conquest of nature and focus on something else. : on the preservation of life in all its forms. Need to study survival culture, subordinating to this all his spiritual and physical experience.

B third, the severity and magnitude of global problems urge to switch to the so-called stable controlled (guided) type of development. The comprehensive and large-scale activity of the human race must be placed under reasonable and substantive strict control. The 1992 UN Environmental Conference actively denounced the model of sustainable development and recommended it to all and states. It was emphasized that meeting the daily needs of present generations should not be achieved by depriving future generations of people of such an opportunity. Required coevolution, those. coordinated (partnership) existence of Man and Nature. The future of mankind is false if it manages to direct the energy of its Mind not to destruction, but to creation, to the search for more civilized forms of its existence in the Cosmos and a new mission in it.

Philosophy: main problems, concepts, terms. Textbook Volkov Vyacheslav Viktorovich

GLOBAL PROBLEMS

GLOBAL PROBLEMS

Global problems of our time

The concept of "global" (from Latin - ball, globe, earth) became widespread in the late 60s of the XX century thanks to the activities of a non-governmental scientific organization called the Club of Rome. The term "global" began to be used to characterize planetary problems.

Global problems - this is a set of the most acute global problems affecting the vital interests of all mankind and requiring coordinated international actions for their solution.

Causes of global problems

Global problems are generated uneven development of world civilization:

firstly, technical power has surpassed the achieved level of social organization and threatens to destroy all life;

secondly, political thinking has lagged behind political reality and can no longer manage it effectively;

thirdly, the motives for the activities of the predominant masses of people, their moral values ​​are very far from the social, environmental and demographic imperatives of the era;

fourthly, Western countries are ahead of the rest of the world in the economic, social, scientific and technical fields, which leads to the flow of the main resources to them.

Types of global problems (by type of public relations):

1. Man's relationship to nature generates natural and social global problems: environment, lack of resources, energy, lack of food.

The peculiarity of modernity is that in order to continue its history, a person needs to learn how to coordinate his global activities with the needs of nature.

2. Relations between people in society, that is, social relations led to the emergence social global problems: peace and disarmament, world socio-economic development, overcoming the backwardness of poor countries.

3. The relationship between man and society has given rise to anthroposocial global problems: population growth, scientific and technological progress, education and culture, health care.

The key problem on the solution of which all the rest depend is the problem of world social and economic development. Its content is:

one side, the uneven development of various countries and regions has led to the socio-economic and political dominance and dictate of Western states, which leads to unfair economic exchange on a global scale and, consequently, the impoverishment of less developed countries;

on the other side, now there is a formation of the foundations of a post-industrial society and their struggle with elements of the old industrial and pre-industrial societies. These two moments can lead to irreversible consequences - the hopeless lag behind the majority of the peoples of the world from the countries of the West.

The most important problem is the problem of war and peace. Its relevance was shown by N. Moiseev, substantiating the possibility of a "nuclear winter" as a result of a conflict with the use of modern weapons. N. Moiseev also developed the principle of co-evolution, according to which mankind is able to survive only in the conditions of the joint and coordinated existence of society and nature.

Globalization

The concept of "globalization" has various interpretations:

Globalization is the growing interdependence of various countries and regions, the economic and cultural integration of mankind.

Globalization is the universalization of productive forces, economic relations and ways of communication.

Globalization is a strategy of neoliberal capitalism to establish its dominance on a global scale on the basis of monetarism and military-political hegemonism.

Interaction of civilizations and future scenarios:

The future of mankind lies in the plane of solving global problems the following scenarios:

First version- The theory of the "golden billion". The inevitable result of the struggle between countries and civilizations for resources will be the formation on a planetary scale of groups of states that fundamentally differ from each other in the quality of life (Z. Brzezinski). Scenario of "clash of civilizations" in the XXI century. put forward by S. Huntington.

second version, fixing the same reality, proceeds from humanistic premises and considerations. Hopes are pinned on post-industrial development and the formation of the information society on a planetary scale. Material and energy consumption gradually decreases and information consumption increases. The formation of a society of spiritual post-material values ​​will lead to the formation of fair equal relations between people, countries, peoples.

Third version: revolutionary redistribution among all people of resources and means of production and development of a planned socialist economy on the basis of the latest technologies.

Most likely, a path is possible in which all three options will manifest themselves to one degree or another. The most desirable outcome would be the emergence of a confederation of civilizations with sustainable development, and then through mutual perception and exchange of values ​​- a single planetary civilization.

Sustainable development(eng. sustainable development) - a process of change in which the exploitation of natural resources, the direction of investment, the orientation of scientific and technological development, personal development and institutional changes are coordinated with each other and strengthen the current and future potential to meet human needs and aspirations.

The concept of sustainable development was developed by the Club of Rome, founded in 1968, and other public organizations. Proposed at the Second UN Conference on Environment and Development (COSD-2), which took place on June 3-14, 1992 in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), and based on the report of the Brundtland Commission, the concept includes the following main provisions:

The focus is on people who should have the right to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature.

Environmental protection must become an integral component of the development process and cannot be considered in isolation from it.

Satisfying the needs for development and preservation of the environment should extend not only to the present, but also to future generations.

Reducing the gap in living standards between countries, eradicating poverty and destitution is one of the most important tasks of the world community.

In order to achieve sustainable development, states must eliminate or reduce non-conducive patterns of production and consumption.

Futurology- This is a special area of ​​​​research of various sciences, which deals with the prediction of the future of mankind.

Topic 14. Global problems of the modern world 1. The reverse side of progress2. Depletion of earth's resources3. environmental pollution4. Growth of radiation hazard5. Population increase6. Ways out of

Topic 17. Global problems of mankind. K. LORENTZ Devastation of living space It is a widespread misconception that nature is inexhaustible. Every kind of animal, plant, fungus - since the great mechanism of nature consists of all three categories of living

5.3. Global revolutions and types of scientific rationality. Classical, non-classical and post-non-classical

2. Philosophical anthropology and global problems

5. Ecology and global problems of our time In this regard, it is worth mentioning the factor generated by the growing, at times unpredictably rapid pace, human influence on nature both on the scale of regional spaces and the biosphere as a whole. This is about

34. GLOBAL WARRIORS As we wonder which countries will dominate the 21st century, we are playing an exciting game. But this is actually the wrong question - or at least the wrong one, for it leaves aside what could be the greatest upheaval in history.

3.4. Global Projects of Global Peace Today the world is on the eve of a great turn associated with the exhaustion of the former practices awakened by the era of modernity and with the threat of a global catastrophe. Under these conditions, to make hasty verdicts on the richest cultures of the East

GLOBAL PROBLEMS AS A STARTING POINT FOR A NEW FUTURE Modern globalism deserves a paradoxical definition of a system designed to distract from the real solution of global problems. Global problems require a new intensive breakthrough - a qualitative

§ 149. Problems of regional ontology related to the theory of mind. Problems of phenomenological constitution After discussing the problems of the theory of mind that provide us with formal disciplines, we can make the transition to material disciplines, and above all to

GLOBAL PROBLEMS Global problems of our time The concept of "global" (from Latin - ball, globe, earth) became widespread in the late 60s of the XX century thanks to the activities of a non-governmental scientific organization called the Club of Rome. Term

Global crises and the problem of the value of scientific and technological progress The prestigious status of science stimulates the deployment of a wide variety of its developed forms. By examining them and analyzing how the functions of science have changed in social life, it is possible to identify the main features

Global scientific revolutions: from classical to post-non-classical science In the development of science, one can single out such periods when all the components of its foundations were transformed. The change in scientific pictures of the world was accompanied by a radical change in normative structures

Introduction……………………………………………………………..3

Chapter 1. Origin and essence of global problems ……..5

Chapter 2. Global problems of our time…………………..8

Conclusion………………………………………………………….15

Introduction

Global, or worldwide (universal) problems, being the result of the contradictions of social development, did not arise suddenly and only today. Some of them, such as the problems of war and peace, health, existed before and were relevant at all times. Other global problems, such as environmental ones, appear later due to the intense impact of society on the natural environment. Initially, these problems could only be private (single), issues for a particular country, people, then they became regional and global, i.e. "problems of vital importance for all mankind."

The global problems of our time are a set of socio-natural problems, on the solution of which the social progress of mankind and the preservation of civilization depend. These problems are characterized by dynamism, they arise as an objective factor in the development of society, and for their solution they require the combined efforts of all mankind. Global problems are interconnected, cover all aspects of people's lives and concern all countries of the world.

The global issues of modernity cannot be resolved without a detailed study of them by philosophers and representatives of specific sciences. The specificity of global problems lies in the fact that they require a program-targeted organization of scientific research. At present, global problems are studied by many sciences - ecologists, geographers, sociologists, political scientists, economists, etc. In the 1990s, a new area of ​​interdisciplinary research emerged, called globalistics. Global problems are also studied by philosophy in the worldview, methodological, social and humanitarian aspects. The basis of the philosophical analysis of global problems is the results of private sciences. Philosophy becomes a link for representatives of various scientific disciplines, as it is oriented in its analysis to interdisciplinarity.

Each era has its own philosophy. Modern philosophy must first of all become a philosophy of survival. The task of modern philosophy is to search for such values ​​and social systems that would ensure the survival of mankind. The new philosophy is designed to develop a model for solving global problems, to help the practical orientation of a person in the modern world in the matter of the survival of civilization.

Chapter 1. Origin and essence of global problems

In philosophy, global problems are usually understood as planetary problems that, due to their severity and scale, call into question the further existence of mankind. Scientists and politicians, writers and public figures began to talk about them persistently, primarily in the 70s-80s, when these problems revealed all their acuteness and magnitude.

Now, at the turn of the millennium, humanity is faced with the most acute global problems that threaten the very existence of civilization and even life itself on our planet. The term “global” itself originates from the Latin word “globe”, that is, the Earth, the globe, and since the end of the 60s of the XX century it has become widespread to refer to the most important and urgent planetary problems of the modern era affecting humanity as a whole. . This is a set of such acute vital problems, on the solution of which the further social progress of mankind depends, and which, in turn, can be resolved only thanks to this progress.

Global problems are the result of the confrontation between natural nature and human culture, as well as the inconsistency or incompatibility of multidirectional trends in the course of the development of human culture itself. Natural nature exists on the principle of negative feedback, while human culture - on the principle of positive feedback.

The very term "global problems", first introduced in the late 1960s in the West, became widespread largely due to the activities of the Club of Rome. However, many of these problems were anticipated as early as the beginning of the 20th century by such prominent scientists as E. Leroy, P. Teilhard de Chardin and V. I. Vernadsky. Since the 1970s, the concept of the “noosphere” (the sphere of the mind) developed by them was directly switched, among other things, to research in the field of the philosophy of global problems.

The specificity of the philosophical understanding of global problems is as follows:

1) Philosophy, forming a new worldview, sets certain values ​​that largely determine the nature and direction of human activity.

2) The methodological function of philosophy is that it substantiates private theories, contributing to a holistic vision of the world.

3) Philosophy makes it possible to consider global problems in a specific historical context. It shows, in particular, that global problems arise in the 2nd half. XX century.

4) Philosophy allows you to see not only the causes of the global problems of our time, but also to identify the prospects for their development, the possibility of solutions.

Modern global problems are a natural consequence of the entire global situation that has developed on the globe in the last third of the 20th century. For a correct understanding of their origin, essence and the possibility of their solution, it is necessary to see in them the result of the preceding world-historical process in all its objective inconsistency. This position, however, should not be understood superficially, considering global problems as simply traditional local or regional contradictions, crises or disasters that have grown to planetary scales. On the contrary, being the result (and not just the sum) of the previous social development of mankind, global problems are a specific product of the modern era, a consequence of the extremely aggravated uneven socio-economic, political, scientific, technical, demographic, environmental and cultural development.

Each historical epoch, each stage of the development of human society has its own peculiarity, at the same time they are inextricably linked with both the past and the future. At the end of the twentieth century, human civilization entered a qualitatively new state, one of the most important indicators of which is the emergence of global problems. Global problems have brought humanity to the boundaries of its existence and forced to look back at the path traveled. Today, it is necessary to assess the goals that mankind has set for itself, it was necessary to make the necessary adjustments to the "trajectory" of its development. Global problems have put humanity in front of the need to change itself. Now it is necessary to develop such a global system of value orientations that would be accepted by the entire population of the planet.

Chapter 2. Global problems of our time

In the second half of the 20th century, such conditions, processes, and phenomena arose on our planet that put humanity in front of the threat of undermining the very foundations of its existence. The human race, for the first time in its history, faced the possibility of its total destruction. The very existence of life on Earth turned out to be questionable, because the destruction of the biosphere became technically possible.

Global problems have the following common features:

1) They are planetary, global in nature and, because of this, affect the vital interests of all peoples, all states.

2) They threaten (if no solution is found) either the death of civilization as such, or a serious regression in living conditions, in the development of society.

3) They require the collective efforts of all states, the entire world community for their solution.

These problems, which existed before as local and regional, have acquired a planetary character in the modern era. Thus, the time of occurrence of global problems coincides with the achievement of the apogee of industrial civilization in its development.

Summarizing what is known about the global problems of our time, they can be reduced to three main ones:

1) the possibility of the destruction of mankind in a world thermonuclear war;

2) the possibility of a global environmental catastrophe;

3) spiritual and moral crisis of mankind.

The possibility of destroying humanity in a third world thermonuclear war is the most threatening problem. And although the Cold War is a thing of the past, nuclear arsenals have not been destroyed, and Russia's efforts in the international arena in terms of disarmament do not find the proper response from the politicians of the most developed countries with nuclear weapons. It is known that for the period from 3500 BC, i.e. in fact, since the emergence of the most ancient civilizations, there have been 14530 wars, and only 292 years people lived without them. If in the 19th century 16 million people died in wars, then in the 20th century. - more than 70 million! The total explosive power of weapons is now about 18 billion tons in TNT equivalent, i.e. each inhabitant of the planet accounts for 3.6 tons. If at least 1% of these reserves explode, then a “nuclear winter” will come, as a result of which the entire biosphere, and not just man, can be destroyed.

For many centuries, wars were perceived by mankind as an integral and objective component of its development. But historical experience, especially of the 20th century, not only confirmed the validity of the statement of I. Kant that the funds spent on them would be enough for the comfortable existence of mankind, but also made it possible to understand that wars are a specific form of violent armed solution of certain social, political, economic, religious and other problems.

In this century, everyone living on our planet and shocked by the horrors of the First and Second World Wars, after their end, had the illusion that such a nightmare should not happen again. In order to prevent new military tragedies, the League of Nations was created in 1922, and in 1945 the United Nations. But in neither case has the danger of war diminished. So, from 1945 to the present, more than 150 major wars have already taken place on the planet. For several decades, the world, split into capitalist and socialist camps, lived in tense expectation of the inevitable 3rd world, but already a nuclear war. And when the communist system collapsed in the second half of the 1980s, the establishment of a new world order based on universal values ​​seemed inevitable to many politicians and ordinary citizens. As practice has shown, in the conditions of scientific, technological and information revolutions, a military conflict even between small and economically weak states can lead to dire consequences. The fact is that at present such means of mass destruction of people as bacteriological and chemical weapons are widely used in the world. In addition, one should take into account the fact that a conflict between small states can also affect the political, religious, and economic interests of several groups of states at the same time, which will inevitably become involved in a global military confrontation.

Measures to prevent war and hostilities were already developed by I. Kant at the end of the 18th century, but there is still no political will to approve them. Among the measures he proposed were: non-financing of military operations; rejection of hostile relations, respect; the conclusion of relevant international treaties and the creation of an international union striving to implement a policy of peace, etc. However, there is an impression that the world community has been increasingly moving away from these steps in recent years.

An environmental problem can lead to a global environmental catastrophe. The first significant ecological crisis that threatened the continued existence of human society arose in the prehistoric era. Its causes were both climate change and the activities of primitive man, who, as a result of collective hunting, exterminated many large animals that inhabited the middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Significant damage to nature was already caused by the synanthropes, who lived about 400 thousand years ago. They began to use fire, which led to fires that destroyed entire forests. However, although human impacts on nature sometimes acquired menacing proportions, until the 20th century, they were of a local nature.

Everything that happens on planet Earth, with or without human participation, also takes place in nature. The latter is understood as a part of matter with which people directly or indirectly interact, perceive it, i.e. see, hear, touch, etc. It, in turn, in one way or another also affects each of us, society as a whole, affects the results of human activity. In this sense, man himself is a product of nature. It is also present in all creations of human hands.

Therefore, no matter how highly developed and how efficient industrial production becomes, man always depends on nature. The nature of these relationships is very complex and contradictory, because nature is very diverse and has a rather complex structure.
Among the global problems of our time, one more should be singled out - this is the problem of population growth.

It is interesting that the English economist Malthus spoke about the inevitability of its occurrence as early as the 18th century in his book An Essay on the Law of Population. It outlined the complex situation that, according to the author, will arise on the planet as a result of a growing discrepancy between population growth, which is supposedly taking place exponentially, and the amount of food produced, which is increasing in arithmetic progression.

Despite the controversy in the accuracy of such calculations, it should be noted that since the beginning of the 20th century, our planet has experienced a powerful population explosion. As a result, the number of inhabitants of the Earth by now has already exceeded 5 billion people and will reach 6 billion by the beginning of the third millennium. But this process cannot continue indefinitely, because it is limited by quite objective reasons:

The area of ​​soils suitable for agriculture,

The complexity of mastering agricultural technologies and production culture, which takes a long time,

Increasing urban growth,

The limiting possibilities of natural resources: air, water, minerals, etc.

Unproductive costs of states (for wars, liquidation of internal conflicts, fight against crime), the size of which is a significant part of the budgets of most of them.

Without a doubt, the growth rate of the world's population is constrained by numerous factors, in particular, such as wars, diseases, industrial, household and road traffic injuries, crime, hunger. For example, every year in the CIS countries alone, more than one hundred thousand people die at the hands of criminals in accidents on the roads and at workplaces.

At the same time, in other regions of the planet, for example, in Asia, Africa and Latin America, the number of newborns is very high, despite the active efforts made by the government of some countries, such as China, to limit the birth rate. In most European countries, in North America and Australia, very different processes are taking place, as a result of which their population is growing at a very low rate.

According to experts involved in the study of these problems, and among them there are philosophers, and economists, and lawyers, and sociologists, the reason for this is:

A significant difference in living standards in highly developed and underdeveloped countries,

historical traditions,

geographic factor,

Religious dogma.

If we touch on the latter, then they regulate, for example, a whole range of family and marriage relations between spouses. So, both Islam and Catholicism forbid women from having abortions. Islam also allows polygamy.

But the main reason, most likely, should be sought in the difference in the standard of living of people in both parts of the world. Countries with a high standard of living also comply with the standards applicable to:

The quality of medical care,

The structure of nutrition and its culture,

The system of raising children, as well as their education and living conditions.

The food problem is also sometimes ranked as a global problem: over 500 million people suffer from malnutrition today, and several million die from malnutrition a year. However, the roots of this problem lie not in the lack of food as such and not in the limitations of modern natural resources, but in their unfair redistribution and exploitation both within individual countries and on a global scale.

In addition to the above-mentioned global problems of our time, there is another one that is very relevant for both prosperous countries and those eking out a beggarly existence. It refers to the problem of crime. The variety of activities of modern man has given not only many positive results, but also generated an equally rich set of his illegal actions with varying degrees of negative consequences. They manifest themselves in the sphere of economics, finance, politics, and administrative activity, having long passed the line when crimes are committed by individuals or their small groups.

The reasons for the criminal behavior of people are very diverse and therefore are studied by a number of sciences, in particular, criminology, legal psychology. As a global problem, it began to be perceived since it acquired the character of an organized one and went beyond the boundaries of individual states. International syndicates and other associations of criminals involved in the production and sale of drugs, gambling, prostitution, trade in transplants, etc. involved millions of citizens of various states in the scope of their activities. The cash income from their operations is hundreds of billions of dollars.

Conclusion

Awareness of humanity as a planetary factor occurs not only due to the positive aspects of its influence on the world, but also through a whole range of negative consequences of the technogenic path of development. The global nature of these problems does not allow them to be solved regionally, i.e. in terms of one or more states. In organizational terms, the solution of global problems will inevitably require the creation of a special "general staff of mankind", which should determine the strategy for using knowledge to prevent global catastrophes.

Global problems in many ways change the very approach to understanding social progress, forced to reevaluate the values ​​that have been laid down throughout the history of civilization in its foundation. For many, it becomes obvious what academician V.I. Vernadsky paid attention to half a century ago, who wrote: “For the first time, a person realized that he is an inhabitant of the planet and can – must – think and act in a new aspect, not only in the aspect of an individual, family, clan, state, but also in the planetary aspect. Such a generalized, planetary view of a person and his place in the world was an important step towards the formation of a global consciousness based on a person's understanding of his integrity. The next step consists in the moral reorientation of people, in understanding the current situation from these positions and in the search for practical ways out of it.

Global problems require spiritual unity from humanity in the name of saving civilization. They led to the need for qualitative changes in the life support systems of society and its value orientations. They require a fundamentally new relationship between people, as well as the relationship of people to nature.

List of used literature

1. Bessonov B.N. Philosophy. - M., 2004.

2. Vernadsky VI, Scientific thought as a planetary phenomenon. – M.: Nauka, 1991.

3. Kanke V.A. Philosophy: Textbook for students of higher and secondary specialized educational institutions. - M .: Logos, 2001.

5. Philosophy / Ed. Kalashnikov V.L. - M., 2003.

6. Philosophy / Ed. Lavrinenko V.N. - M., 2004.

Kanke V.A. Philosophy: Textbook for students of higher and secondary special educational institutions.- M.: Logos, 2001.- 272 p.

Vernadsky VI, Scientific thought as a planetary phenomenon. – M.: Nauka, 1991. – 271 p.

MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

BELGOROD LEGAL INSTITUTE

on the topic: "Global problems of our time"

Prepared by:

doctor of philosophical science,

Professor Naumenko S.P.

Belgorod - 2008

Literature:

Main

1. Introduction to Philosophy / Ed. I.T. Frolova. - M., 1986. II part. Chapter XVIII. pp.585-618.

2. Kokhanovsky V. Philosophy. - Rostov-on-Don, 1998. Chapter XIV. S.541-570.

3. Radugin A.A. Philosophy. - M., 1998. S.249-260.

Additional

Each historical epoch, each stage of the development of human society has its own peculiarity, at the same time they are inextricably linked with both the past and the future. At the end of the twentieth century, human civilization enters a qualitatively new state, one of the most important indicators of which is the emergence of global problems. Global problems have brought humanity to the boundaries of its existence and forced to look back at the path traveled. Today, it is necessary to assess the goals that mankind has set for itself, it was necessary to make the necessary adjustments to the "trajectory" of its development. Global problems have put humanity in front of the need to change itself. Now it is necessary to develop such a global system of value orientations that would be accepted by the entire population of the planet. In 1992, a conference was held in Rio de Janeiro, which was attended by the heads of governments of many states, which adopted documents stating that the values ​​offered by the West lead humanity to death.

The global issues of modernity cannot be resolved without a detailed study of them by philosophers and representatives of specific sciences. The specificity of global problems lies in the fact that they require a program-targeted organization of scientific research. At present, global problems are studied by many sciences - ecologists, geographers, sociologists, political scientists, economists, etc. In the 1990s, a new area of ​​interdisciplinary research emerged, called globalistics. Global problems are also studied by philosophy in the worldview, methodological, social and humanitarian aspects. The basis of the philosophical analysis of global problems is the results of private sciences. At the same time, this analysis is necessary, in addition to its heuristic value, for further research, as it contributes to the integration of particular sciences that need consistency in coordination in the study of global problems. Philosophy becomes a link for representatives of various scientific disciplines, as it is oriented in its analysis to interdisciplinarity.

Each era has its own philosophy. Modern philosophy must first of all become a philosophy of survival. The task of modern philosophy is to search for such values ​​and social systems that would ensure the survival of mankind. The new philosophy is designed to develop a model for solving global problems, to help the practical orientation of a person in the modern world in the matter of the survival of civilization.

The new impetus lies in the development of an applied philosophy dealing with practical problems. Without a philosophical vision of the whole situation as a whole, none of the global problems can be solved in principle.

The specifics of the philosophical understanding of global problems:

1) Philosophy, forming a new worldview, sets certain values ​​that largely determine the nature and direction of human activity.

2) The methodological function of philosophy is that it substantiates private theories, contributing to a holistic vision of the world.

3) Philosophy makes it possible to consider global problems in a specific historical context. It shows, in particular, that global problems arise in the 2nd half. XX century.

4) Philosophy allows you to see not only the causes of the global problems of our time, but also to identify the prospects for their development, the possibility of solutions.

Thus, to the eternal philosophical problems of being, cognition, the meaning of human life, etc. the modern era has added a fundamentally new theme - the preservation of life on Earth and the survival of mankind.

Awareness of humanity as a planetary factor occurs not only due to the positive aspects of its influence on the world, but also through a whole range of negative consequences of the technogenic path of development. The global nature of these problems does not allow them to be solved regionally, i.e. in terms of one or more states. In organizational terms, the solution of global problems will inevitably require the creation of a special "general staff of mankind", which should determine the strategy for using knowledge to prevent global catastrophes.

When finding ways to solve global problems, it is necessary to determine a strategy for their solution. Here, as a starting point, we can take their classification into three interrelated groups. Today there are many attempts to develop ways to solve global problems. And here a special place is occupied by the Club of Rome, headed by Aurelio Peccei for a long time. At the initiative of this non-governmental organization, a number of major studies were carried out and published in the form of reports. These include: “Limits to Growth”, “Humanity at the Turning Point”, “Goals of Humanity”, etc. Within the framework of this direction, the unity of modern civilization and the common destinies of all countries and peoples are realized.

Global problems in many ways change the very approach to understanding social progress, forced to reevaluate the values ​​that have been laid down throughout the history of civilization in its foundation. For many, it becomes obvious what academician V.I. Vernadsky paid attention to half a century ago, who wrote: “For the first time, a person realized that he is an inhabitant of the planet and can – must – think and act in a new aspect, not only in the aspect of an individual, family, clan, state, but also in the planetary aspect. Such a generalized, planetary view of a person and his place in the world was an important step towards the formation of a global consciousness based on a person's understanding of his integrity. The next step consists in the moral reorientation of people, in understanding the current situation from these positions and in the search for practical ways out of it.

The crisis of modern society is largely due to the total, global alienation of man. Hence the salvation of mankind lies in the improvement of society and in the education of man himself, and not only in scientific and technological achievements. The system organization of programs for solving global problems involves the use of global modeling.

Global problems require spiritual unity from humanity in the name of saving civilization. They led to the need for qualitative changes in the life support systems of society and its value orientations. They require a fundamentally new relationship between people, as well as the relationship of people to nature.

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2. Leybin V.M. Global studies - history and modernity. - M., 1992.

3. Lorenz K. Eight deadly sins of civilized humanity // Questions of Philosophy. - 1992. - No. 8.

4. Science and global problems of our time. Round table // Questions of Philosophy. - 1984 - No. 7.8.

5. Jaspers K. Future world order // XX century and the world. - 1990. - No. 9.