Brief dictionary of basic concepts. Concise Glossary of Social Work Terms Social Work Dictionary

GLOSSARY

SOCIAL ADAPTATION - the process and result of the active adaptation of an individual, stratum, group to the conditions of a new social environment, to changing or already changed social conditions of life. You. two forms are distinguished: a) active, when the subject seeks to influence the environment in order to change it (for example, changing the form, values, forms of interaction and activities that he must master); b) passive, when the subject does not seek such an impact and change. Indicators of successful A.S. the high social status of an individual (stratum, group) in a given environment, his psychological satisfaction with this environment as a whole and its most important elements (in particular, satisfaction with work and its conditions, its content, remuneration, organization) stand out. Indicators of low A.S. are: moving the subject to another social environment (staff turnover, migration, divorces), anomie and deviant behavior. The success of A.S. depends on the characteristics of the environment and the subject.

ADMINISTRATION - governing bodies that, on the basis of the rights granted to them, carry out executive and administrative functions to maintain a certain order, organize activities at enterprises and institutions, within individual districts, territorial entities and other communities. The governing bodies also have social services at all levels. They are called upon to manage social work within their competence.

SOCIAL ACTIVITY - conscious, purposeful activity of a person, social group, community, focused on the transformation of objective social conditions, the formation of social qualities of an individual (group). A.s. - characteristics of activity, reflecting the degree of implementation and development of people's social capabilities (abilities, knowledge, skills, aspirations, goals, tasks). The main areas of A.S. - socio-political and labor activity. The incentive mechanisms for A.S. in modern conditions are the use of various forms of direct democracy, publicity, the expansion of the rights of labor collectives, entrepreneurship. A.s. finds, in particular, its expression in the emergence of new social movements and organizations, in charitable activities, etc.

ALIMENTS - funds that, in cases established by law, some family members are obliged to pay for the maintenance of others. Family law establishes the circle of persons entitled to A., obliged to pay them, the amount and terms of payment of A. If the voluntary payment of A. is refused, they can be recovered through the court.

ALCOHOLISM - a pathological craving for alcohol, accompanied by social and moral degradation of the individual. Alcohol dependence is formed gradually and is determined by the complex changes that occur in the body of the drinking person. The craving for alcohol is manifested in a person's behavior in the form of increased fussiness in preparation for drinking, rubbing hands, and emotional elation.

The main factors influencing the formation of A. are hereditary factors, character, individual properties of a person, and features of the environment in which he lives and works. Alcoholization is also promoted by a low level of financial situation and education, the custom of treating each other, early initiation to alcohol (in adolescence), the desire to overcome shyness, etc.

There are three stages in the alcoholization process. At the first stage, dependence on alcohol is already clearly manifested: the patient will not miss the opportunity to drink. At the second stage, the craving for alcohol acquires the features of a physiological dependence, when the body requires more and more alcohol. The third stage is characterized by the extreme depletion of the body's compensatory capabilities, which is expressed in a sharp decrease in tolerance: patients get drunk already from small doses of alcohol.

A.'s treatment requires a radical restructuring of the personality, the formation of a solid sober setting. In this, the patient can be assisted by psychologists, physicians, social workers; psychotherapy, hypnotherapy, autogenic training, sensitization, occupational therapy, alcohol propaganda, etc. are used. However, the success of treatment depends on the patient himself.

ALTRUISM - selflessness, conscious and voluntary service to people, the desire to help others, to promote their happiness based on the motive of love, devotion, fidelity, mutual assistance, sympathy, compassion. The term was introduced by O. Comte as the opposite in meaning to egoism. It is one of the principles in social work. Testing for the ability to A. is an important requirement for admission to educational institutions and employment.

AMORALISM:

1) a socio-historical phenomenon, expressed in the denial of generally accepted norms of morality in people's behavior;

2) the principle of practical or ideological orientation, which justifies the legitimacy of a nihilistic attitude to universal norms of morality in human behavior, as well as in the policy pursued by certain groups of people or political parties;

3) a characteristic of the totality of the negative qualities of a person, his actions and way of life (meanness, dishonor, lack of principle, betrayal, shamelessness, lies, deceit, etc.).

ANOMIA - a term meaning various types of violations in the value-normative system of society; this is a state of society in which a noticeable part of it, knowing about the existence of norms binding them, treats them negatively or indifferently. The concept of A. was introduced by the French sociologist E. Durkheim. Then it was developed by the American sociologist R. Merton, who considers A. as the basis of deviant behavior, a state of consciousness that is caused by the impossibility of achieving individual goals in “legal ways”. It is currently used in the study of crisis phenomena, transitional social states, in the sociology of law and morality, in the field of social work - in the study and solution of problems of deviant behavior.

APARTHEID is the most extreme form of racial discrimination. It means the deprivation and significant restriction of the political, socio-economic and civil rights of any group of the population up to its territorial isolation in the so-called reservations (reserves). Certain acts of genocide belong to A. Modern international law considers A. a crime against humanity. In 1973, the UN adopted the International Convention for the Suppression and Punishment of A.

ASCETISM - an extreme form of abstinence from sensual pleasures, conscious suppression of natural desires and needs, complete disregard for material goods and the joys of earthly life. As a moral principle, it opposes hedonism, which elevates pleasure to the highest good and the goal of life. There are two main varieties of A. - religious and moral, taking specific forms and motivations in different historical eras. Religious A. manifests itself most often in the form of hermitage, solitude, in various kinds of self-torture, fasting, celibacy, etc. Moral, so-called worldly A. acquired, in particular, the form of protest against property inequality, luxury and idleness of the ruling classes. The scientific solution of the issue lies in overcoming the extremes of both A. and hedonism, in the realization of all the richness of the essence of man, in achieving the joy of being and the fullness of the sensation of life.

ASSOCIATION OF SOCIAL WORKERS - associations of specialists in the field of social work. In Russia, several

A.S.R.: Interregional Association of Social Workers (established in 1991); Association of Social Workers (established in 1992); Association of Social Educators and Social Workers (established in 1990); Association of collectives of universities and schools of social work (created in 1993). They take part in the activities of the International Federation of Social Workers and other international organizations, cooperate with national associations of various countries.

POVERTY - an indicator of the income of a family (or a separately living person) in accordance with the number of its members, the age of its head and the number of children under 18 and corresponds to the minimum level of consumption.

B. is defined as the presence of shortcomings in something, as the scarcity of funds, income, designed to satisfy the material and other needs of people.

Poor or needy - people whose monthly income per family member is less than the minimum consumer basket (minimum consumer budget) or equal to the minimum wage.

In the 1990s In Russia, the systemic crisis predetermined the need to use indicators of the minimum wage, rather than the subsistence minimum, in solving the problems of social protection of the population.

The level of B. in society is used to establish the size of the minimum wage, pensions, allowances, scholarships, estimates of expenses for the maintenance of citizens in nursing homes, the disabled, children in orphanages and children's homes, patients in hospitals, convicted in correctional labor institutions. Since the subsistence minimum in our country is now one of the lowest in the world, the indicated expenditures for the needs of urgently needy groups and strata of the population are extremely low compared to similar expenditures in developed countries.

A REFUGEE is a person who is not a citizen of the Russian Federation and who, owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, citizenship, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his or her nationality and cannot benefit from protection of that country or is unwilling to avail itself of such protection owing to such fear; or, having no particular nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or unwilling to return to it owing to such fear.

NON-SUPERVISED - a minor whose behavior is not controlled due to non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of duties for his upbringing, education and (or) maintenance on the part of parents or legal representatives or officials.

UNEMPLOYED are able-bodied citizens who do not have work and earnings, are registered with the employment service in order to find a suitable job, are looking for work and are ready to start it.

HOME - homeless, without a place of residence and (or) place of stay.

WELFARE - the provision of the population with the necessary material, social and spiritual benefits, that is, objects, services and conditions that satisfy certain human needs. Depends on the level of development of productive forces, the nature of production relations, the degree of development of society as a whole. B. is expressed by a system of indicators characterizing the standard of living.

CHARITY:

1) in the narrow sense - the provision by individuals or organizations of gratuitous assistance to needy people or social groups (strata) of the population;

2) in a broad sense - gratuitous activities for the creation and transfer of financial, material and spiritual values ​​​​(benefits) to meet the urgent needs of a person, social group, stratum, society, caught in a difficult life situation.

Voluntary activities of citizens and legal entities for the disinterested (gratuitous or on preferential terms) transfer of property to citizens or legal entities, including funds, disinterested performance of work, provision of services, provision of other support.

MARRIAGE is a historically conditioned, sanctioned and regulated by society form of relations between a man and a woman, establishing their rights and obligations in relation to each other, children and society. According to the procedure of the marriage ceremony, B. is distinguished between civil and church, as well as actual (marital relations are not formalized in the manner prescribed by law). According to the structure B. are divided into monogamous (countries of Europe and America) and polygamous (some countries of Asia and Africa).

STATE SOCIAL ASSISTANCE - the provision of social benefits, social supplements to pensions, subsidies, social services and essential goods to low-income families, low-income citizens living alone.

STATE SYSTEM OF SOCIAL SERVICES -

a system consisting of both state-owned enterprises and social service institutions owned by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and administered by state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

CITIZENS WISHING TO ADOPT CHILDREN FOR UPBRINGING IN THEIR FAMILIES - citizens of the Russian Federation permanently residing on the territory of the Russian Federation and wishing to adopt (adopt) children left without parental care, take them under guardianship (guardianship) or in foster families, as well as citizens of the Russian Federation permanently residing outside the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons wishing to adopt (adopt) children left without parental care, if there are grounds established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

RISK GROUPS - persons (contingent) with an increased risk of AIDS: prostitutes, homosexuals, drug addicts, venereal patients, etc.

Any social community that contributes to the emergence, development and implementation of antisocial behavior of minors.

HUMANISM:

1) in a broad sense - a historically changing system of views based on the recognition of the value of a person as a person, his right to freedom, happiness, development and manifestation of his abilities. The good of a person is considered a criterion for evaluating social institutions, and the principles of equality, justice, humanity - the norm of relations between people;

2) in the narrow sense - the cultural movement of the Renaissance. One of the most important principles of social work.

HUMANITARIAN AID - material, financial, economic charitable support to people provided by international state, public organizations and individuals in case of natural disasters and socio-economic upheavals, wars and other misfortunes that have befallen the country and its citizens.

HUMANITY - humanity, benevolent attitude towards people, their dignity (as opposed to cruel, unfriendly).

DEVIANT BEHAVIOR - behavior that is contrary to the legal and (or) moral norms accepted in society.

SOCIAL ACTION - a conscious action of a person, usually caused by his needs, which is associated with the actions of another person or other people, is focused on their behavior, affects them and, in turn, is influenced by the behavior of others. In the doctrine of D.s. M. Weber made a particularly great contribution. It got further development in modern sociology (phenomenology, functionalism and other areas). D.s. includes: subject, environment or “situation”; the orientation of the subject to the conditions of the environment, to the “situation”; orientation of the subject to another (or others).

CHILDREN IN DIFFICULT LIFE SITUATION - children left without parental care; disabled children; children with disabilities, i.e., those with disabilities in physical and (or) mental development; children - victims of armed and interethnic conflicts, environmental and man-made disasters, natural disasters; children from families of refugees and internally displaced persons; children in extreme conditions; children are victims of violence; children serving sentences of imprisonment in educational colonies; children in special educational institutions; children living in low-income families; children with behavioral problems; children whose life activity is objectively impaired as a result of the circumstances and who cannot overcome these circumstances on their own or with the help of the family.

CHILDREN LEFT WITHOUT PARENTAL CARE - persons under the age of 18 who were left without the care of a single or both parents due to the absence of parents or deprivation of their parental rights, restriction of their parental rights, recognition of parents as missing, incapacitated (limitedly capable) who are in medical institutions, declaring them dead, serving their sentences in institutions that carry out punishment in the form of deprivation of liberty, being in places of detention suspected and accused of committing crimes; evasion of parents from raising children or from protecting their rights and interests, refusal of parents to take their children from educational, medical institutions, institutions of social protection of the population and other similar institutions and in other cases of recognizing a child left without parental care in the manner prescribed by law.

ORPHANS - persons under the age of 18 whose both or only parent have died.

EMPLOYMENT is the activity of citizens related to the satisfaction of personal and social needs, which does not contradict the legislation of the Russian Federation and, as a rule, brings them earnings, labor income.

DEPENDENCE - providing the unemployed (sick, elderly, minor, etc.) with the means necessary for subsistence.

IMMIGRATION - entry into the country for temporary or permanent residence of citizens of another state (for political, religious and other reasons).

DISABLED - a person who has a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions, caused by diseases, the consequences of injuries or defects, leading to a limitation of life and causing the need for his social protection.

SOCIAL SERVICE CLIENT - a citizen who is in a difficult life situation, who is provided with social services in connection with this.

SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CLIMATE - the social and psychological state of the team, the nature of value orientations, interpersonal relationships and mutual expectations in it. There are K.s.-p. auspicious and inauspicious, healthy and unhealthy.

It is of exceptional importance in the implementation of the forms, methods and principles of social work.

CODE OF ETHICS - a set of rules and norms (formal and informal) that regulate social behavior, role, intragroup and intergroup interaction, prescribed for execution. K.e. can be general social (observed throughout the community), professional (peculiar to a particular profession: doctor, teacher, military man, scientist, social worker, etc.), national (reflecting mental traits), religious (observed by people of the same religion), and also characteristic of a particular social group: age (youth, elderly), status (intelligentsia, elite), etc. K.e. reflects the foundations and norms of behavior of various social groups connected by a common culture (subculture). K.e. performs the following functions: creating the foundations for interpersonal and intercultural interaction, forming role interaction, substantiating social expectations and social understanding. In the professional sphere, it is an indispensable condition for increasing the efficiency of activity.

CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS (EUROPEAN) - an international treaty of 1950 in the field of human rights protection, based on the principles of ensuring objective standards and providing protection to individuals against the abuse of state power.

The legal regime of the convention is based on the acceptance by the member states of the obligation to provide every citizen with the standards adopted by the convention in the field of protection of human rights.

On the basis of the convention were formed:

European Commission of Human Rights;

European Court of Human Rights.

FAMILY COUNSELING - a targeted psychological impact on the family and its members in order to restore, optimize its functioning and improve relations between its members, create favorable intra-family conditions for the development of the family and its members.

SOCIAL COUNSELING - a special form of providing social assistance through targeted psychological impact on a person or a small group in order to socialize them, restore and optimize their social functions, guidelines, and develop social norms of communication. There are the following areas of K.s: medical-social, psychological, socio-pedagogical, social-legal, social-administrative, social-innovative, etc. Organization of K.s. includes regional social counseling centers and specialized services (family counseling, marital counseling, psychological assistance and counseling, helpline, C.S. services in medical institutions and public organizations).

CONFIDENTIALITY - confidentiality, not subject to publicity; the ethical principle that a social worker (or other worker) has no right to disclose information about a client without the consent of the latter. This may include information about the identity of the client, professional judgments about the client, materials from the “medical history”. In special cases, social workers may be legally required to give certain authorities certain information (e.g. threats to use force, crimes committed, suspected child abuse, etc.) that will lead to prosecution.

SOCIAL CONFLICT - clash of parties, opinions, forces; the highest stage of development of contradictions in the system of relations between people and social institutions. Allocate international conflicts - between nations, states; conflicts of classes, social groups and strata within society; conflicts between small groups, families, individuals.

The removal or weakening of the conflict (especially between small groups, in families, between individuals) is one of the most important tasks of social activity specialists.

LABOR CONFLICT is a kind of social conflict. It appears in the following main forms:

1) boycott by workers of certain types production activities(without interruption of the main work);

2) increased staff turnover (massive change of the main job);

3) strikes and strikes;

4) sabotage (collective failure to comply with the instructions of the leadership);

5) forced reduction by the employer of working hours of workers;

6) delay in payment of wages;

7) lockouts (mass layoffs). Occurrence, flow and resolution of K.t. largely predetermined by the essence and content of the social policy of the state, the degree of social protection of the population.

PERSONALITY:

1) a stable system of socially significant features that characterize an individual as a member of society, community, group;

2) an individual carrier of these traits as a free and responsible subject of conscious volitional activity. Sociological analysis JI. involves the allocation in it of socially typical, necessary for the performance of social functions, characterological and moral qualities, knowledge and skills, value orientations and social attitudes, the prevailing motives of activity.

In L., as in a person in general, it is necessary to see (especially in the process of social work) three components: social, psychological, and physiological (biological).

ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY - an irresponsible person who causes damage to others by his activities, unable to feel guilty, often in conflict with others and public institutions, inclined to blame others and not learn from mistakes, showing intolerance, etc. This behavior pattern indicates insufficient socialization and is one of the most common personality disorders.

MARGINAL - a person who is in an intermediate, borderline position between any social groups (or cultures), who has lost his former social ties and has not adapted to new living conditions. Most often, these are representatives of migrants, ethnic minorities, rural residents who have been moved to cities and do not have the conditions for the perception and assimilation of the urban lifestyle, its norms, values, attitudes, etc.

The marginal is a special and difficult object in the activities of social services, social workers.

MARGINALITY - the state of groups of people or individuals placed by social development on the verge of two (or several) cultures participating in the interaction of these cultures, but not completely adjoining to any of them; marginal state; being in a marginal, intermediate position between any social groups.

MOTHERHOOD - the biological and social attitude of the mother to the child (children). The biological relationship is determined by the origin of the child from the mother (blood relationship). It is associated with the performance of a woman's reproductive function and is the basis for the legal establishment of M. Biological and legal M. may not coincide (for example, during adoption or in the case of “multiple motherhood” in traditional tribal societies or underdeveloped agro-industrial societies).

M. is an integral part of the social institution of parenthood and affects the functioning of families as a small socio-psychological group. M.'s main functions are reproductive and educational. The first function is sometimes denoted by the terms “pro-creative”, “generative”, and its content includes the meaning of the second function (care for children, their upbringing and education). M. (together with fatherhood) most fully satisfies the sensory, cognitive, emotional and social needs of the child, ensures its gradual inclusion in the system of social relations, and facilitates the assimilation of social roles.

The significance of mathematics as an institution of education varies depending on the socioeconomic and other conditions of the development of society (from exclusively social to home education).

M. as a social institution occupies a fairly large place in the activities of social workers, various social services of modern society.

MANAGEMENT IN SOCIAL WORK - management carried out in a special area of ​​social activity - social work aimed at helping, supporting, protecting all people, especially the so-called weak strata and groups.

Control objects in M.s.r. are social workers, employees, the whole system of relationships that develops between people in the process of social protection of the population. The subjects of management are the heads of social services and the governing bodies formed by them, endowed with managerial functions.

The process of managing social work involves a certain organizational structure of management. It is understood as a set of elements of governing bodies and stable links between them, ensuring its integrity, the preservation of its basic properties during various internal and external changes. The main requirements for the organizational structure of management (OSU) in general and in social work in particular are the presence of a minimum number of links and levels of management, a clear distribution of functions, stability, continuity, efficiency and flexibility of management.

CHARACTERISTICS - social activities aimed at supporting the development of culture, art, science, providing various kinds of assistance and support to creative workers and organizations from persons and organizations that have material, financial and other opportunities to provide assistance. It originated in ancient Rome, was widespread in Russia in the late 19th - early 20th centuries.

POPULATION MIGRATION - a socio-economic and demographic process, which is a set of movements made by people between countries, regions, settlements. There are episodic, pendulum, seasonal and irrevocable migration. This is the most important mechanism of urbanization.

The study of migration processes, the state of migrants is one of the most important areas of social work at the present stage of development of our country.

M.S. can be natural and artificial, forced. The immediate causes of the latter:

1) deformation of social well-being (for example, Russian speakers in the CIS countries);

2) politics;

3) interethnic conflicts, military actions;

4) environmental disasters.

SOCIAL MICROENVIRONMENT - a set of small groups, contact teams and organizations that include a person in the process of social communication and activity. Knowledge of M.s. the client is the most important factor in successful social activity.

MERCY - willingness to help someone or forgive someone out of compassion, philanthropy.

alms - money or goods distributed for charitable purposes to the poor, the needy.

SOCIAL MODELING - a scientific method of cognition of social objects by displaying their main characteristics, features on models specially created for this purpose. MS is considered both in a broad (modeling of social processes) and in a narrow sense (the study of social processes proper by constructing appropriate models).

YOUTH - a socio-demographic group that has specific social and psychological features, due to the age characteristics of young people, the process of formation of their spiritual world, the specifics of their position in the social structure of society. Typically, youth refers to people between the ages of 16 and 30.

DRUG ADDICTION - morbid craving, addiction to the systematic use of drugs, leading to severe impairment of physical and mental functions. A detailed definition of drug addiction is given by a commission of WHO experts. N. is “a mental and sometimes also a physical condition resulting from the interaction between a living organism and a narcotic drug, characterized by behavioral characteristics and other reactions that always include the need for constant or periodically renewed intake of this narcotic drug in order to experience its mental effect or to avoid the discomfort associated with its absence.”

DRUGS - a group of natural and synthetic substances that have an analgesic and hypnotic effect (for example, morphine, opium), the abuse of which leads to drug addiction.

A MINOR IN A SOCIALLY DANGEROUS SITUATION - a person under the age of 18 who, due to neglect or homelessness, is in an environment that poses a danger to his life or health or does not meet the requirements for his upbringing or maintenance, or commits an offense or antisocial actions.

DISABLED CITIZENS - people with disabilities, including those disabled since childhood, children with disabilities, children under the age of 18 who have lost one or both parents, citizens from among the indigenous peoples of the North who have reached the age of 55 and 50 years (men and women, respectively), citizens who have reached the age of 65 and 60 (men and women, respectively), who are not entitled to a pension provided for by the Federal Law “On labor pensions in the Russian Federation”.

SOCIAL STANDARDS - a scientifically substantiated characteristic of the optimal state of the social process (or one of its sides), obtained on the basis of taking into account the objective laws of social development. They are differentiated depending on specific national, natural, socio-demographic features, as well as on the spheres of human life (labor, socio-political life, culture, life, interpersonal relations). Unlike the sphere of work, culture, and everyday life, the definition of standards in other areas is difficult. Therefore, in the practice of planning, the concept of a social landmark is used.

SOCIAL NORMS - means of social regulation of the behavior of individuals and groups. They are developed in all spheres of social practice and in all types of social relations. They are formed as norms-rules and norms-expectations that determine the form, motivation, orientation, assessment of the behavior of group members and determine the forms and allowable deviations in their (group members) interactions and manifestations.

CUSTODIA AND CUSTODIA - a form of placement of orphans and children left without parental care, for the purpose of their maintenance, upbringing and education, as well as for the protection of their rights and interests; guardianship is established over children under the age of 14; guardianship is established over children aged 14 to 18 years.

LONELINESS:

1) emotional as a result of the lack of attachment to a particular person (love, friendship);

2) social as a result of the lack of an accessible social circle, i.e., significant friendships or a sense of community;

O. is the state of a lonely person.

SOCIAL PARTNERSHIP - the concept most often used to refer to labor relations characterized by a common position and coordinated actions of employees, employers and the state. They are usually represented at negotiations at the conclusion of collective agreements by trade unions, employers' organizations, representatives of the administration of state enterprises, institutions or organizations. Basic principles of P.S. - consideration of mutual requirements and responsibility, respect for each other's interests, resolution of disputes and conflict situations at the negotiating table, willingness of the parties to compromise, consistent implementation of the agreements reached, signed agreements. P.s. (labor agreements) is an important factor in the social protection of workers and employees, members of their families.

PATRONAGE - education and provision of necessary assistance to children in need of state protection, carried out in the form of foster care or social patronage.

PENITENTIARY INSTITUTIONS - correctional labor institutions in which people who have committed an offense or crime are serving their sentences.

PENSIONERS - people who receive pensions from public funds for old age, disability or the breadwinner, for long service. Appointment of pensions and determination of their amount, as well as control over the correctness of their payment is carried out by the bodies of social protection of the population. The sources of payment of pensions are the Pension Fund and the state budget. Social work should be built taking into account the specifics of various groups of the population, social interests, include measures for the social and psychological adaptation of P. to various life situations, medical and social rehabilitation, social services and security.

SOCIAL SUPPORT - a system of measures to provide assistance to certain categories of citizens who are temporarily in a difficult economic situation (partially or completely unemployed, student youth, etc.) by providing them with the necessary information, financial resources, loans, education, legal protection and the introduction of other benefits.

TEENAGERS - boys and girls in the transitional age from childhood to adolescence (usually from 12 to 16 years). The main specific features of this category are determined by the physical, psychological and social formation of the individual, which occurs during this period. Social work should be carried out taking into account the peculiarities of P.

ELDERLY PEOPLE - people who live a relatively long life, as a result of which they experience certain psychophysical limitations. According to the World Health Organization, the age from 60 to 74 years old is recognized as old, from 75 to 89 years old - senile, from 90 years and older - the age of centenarians. The term P.l. often used as a synonym for "old people". P.L., especially sick and lonely, need all-round help and support. Their needs are met in social service centres, including home social assistance departments, emergency social assistance departments, medical and social departments, day care departments, residential boarding houses for the elderly, etc.

SOCIAL POSITION:

1) the place that a person occupies in the system of social class relations, in the social structure of society, in other words, the social position;

2) conscious choice, ideological and moral orientation of the individual.

The success of social work and social activity in general is largely determined by the extent to which P.s. people, including social service clients.

SOCIAL POLICY - the activities of the state and other political institutions to manage the development of the social sphere of society. Sociology contributes to the development of PS, alternative solutions in this area, the rationale for social priorities.

GUARDIANS - adult capable persons performing guardianship duties in respect of minor children and citizens limited by the court in their capacity or incapacitated, or performing guardianship duties in terms of patronage over single adult capable citizens who, for health reasons, cannot exercise their rights and fulfill their duties .

POVERTY THRESHOLD - the maximum level of personal well-being recognized by the state, below which a person is not able to maintain a normal physical condition; poverty line.

BENEFITS - one of the forms of material support for citizens, guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and appointed for temporary disability (in case of illness, injury, quarantine, etc.).

UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFIT - monetary assistance paid to persons recognized as unemployed, in the manner prescribed by law.

CONSUMER BASKET - consumer budget; the total amount of costs and their specific distribution to ensure the average consumption of a person (family) in a certain period of time.

PC. - a set of goods and services that ensure the satisfaction of the most urgent human needs. It includes non-food items, food and services. The cost of P. to. is the main factor in determining the subsistence minimum, the level of the poverty line, etc.

RIGHT SOCIAL:

1) the branch of law that regulates the norms of social protection of people;

2) the discipline of the specialty “Social work”, designed to give students (listeners) knowledge about the norms of family, labor, housing legislation governing the protection of motherhood and childhood, the rights of minors, pensioners, the disabled and ensuring their social protection; on the procedure and organization of guardianship, guardianship, adoption, deprivation of parental rights, referral to special educational institutions, and other problems of protecting people.

PRACTICE OF SOCIAL WORK - the use of knowledge and skills of social work to provide social services to a person, layer, group. P.s.r. includes social assistance, social therapy, social rehabilitation, insurance, guardianship, mediation, etc.

SOCIAL PRIVILEGE - the exclusive right and advantage of individuals, groups, classes, institutions, inaccessible to most people. In slave and feudal societies, P.s. legally and politically fixed as a class privilege. However, the elimination of the latter did not lead to the destruction of P.s. It was preserved under the influence of property differences, differences in positions in state, party and other structures. The preservation of PS, in particular, is associated with the difference in “starting opportunities” (property, cultural, educational) of people, groups, and strata. P.s. often legally sanctioned, but mostly implemented de facto.

FOSTER FAMILY - a form of placement of orphans and children left without parental care, on the basis of an agreement on the transfer of a child (children) to be raised in a family between the guardianship and guardianship authorities and foster parents (spouses or individual citizens who wish to take children to be raised in a family ).

CHARITY - attention, participation, sympathy, mercy; providing someone with shelter and food. P. as a social institution is associated with the beginning of Christianity and the construction of church buildings and monasteries in Russia, it developed in the subsequent period. Closely associated with charity.

SOCIAL PRIORITIES - social tasks, which at this stage are recognized by society as the most urgent, urgent, requiring a priority solution.

From an adequate understanding of P.s. managers at all levels (especially the center) depends on the effectiveness of solving social problems.

PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL WORK - the rules that guide the objects and subjects of social activity. Along with general philosophical and general scientific principles, some specific principles can be distinguished in social work, confirmed by scientific research and practice. These are the principles of humanism, morality, justice, self-sufficiency, trust between clients and service workers, a differentiated approach to the provision of services, respect for human and civil rights in the field of social services and provision of state guarantees, voluntary consent of citizens to receive services, accessibility of social services, targeting services, priority in the provision of services to citizens, taking into account their social situation, a reasonable combination of paid and free services, territorial organization of social and other services, state support for voluntary, public and other organizations providing various services to the population.

SOCIAL SHELTER - a stationary social institution of temporary stay, in which the needy are provided with all the necessary assistance (shelter and overnight stay, food, social and medical care, socio-psychological counseling, as well as social work for rehabilitation, adaptation and correction). P.s. provided mainly to children: homeless and neglected

PREVENTION OF HOME SUPERVISION AND MINOR OFFENSES - a system of social, legal, pedagogical and other measures aimed at identifying and eliminating the causes and conditions that contribute to neglect, homelessness, delinquency and antisocial actions of minors, carried out in conjunction with individual preventive work with minors and families in socially dangerous position.

REHABILITATION:

1) restoration of a good name, former reputation; restoration of former rights, including administrative and judicial procedures (for example, R. repressed);

2) the application to the defendants (primarily minors) of educational measures or punishments not related to deprivation of liberty, in order to correct them;

3) a set of medical, legal and other measures aimed at restoring or compensating for impaired functions of the body and the ability to work of patients and disabled people. R. - one of the most important areas in social work.

SOCIAL REHABILITATION - restoration of the basic social functions of an individual, a public institution, a social group, their social role as subjects of the main spheres of society. R.s. in terms of content, it essentially includes in a concentrated form all aspects of rehabilitation.

REHABILITATION OF THE DISABLED - a system and process of full or partial restoration of the abilities of disabled people for household, social and professional activities. Rehabilitation of disabled people is aimed at eliminating or, if possible, more fully compensating for limitations in life activity caused by a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions, in order to socially adapt disabled people, achieve their financial independence and integrate them into society.

FAMILY - persons related by kinship and (or) property, living together and maintaining a common household.

SOCIAL ADAPTATION OF A CHILD - the process of active adaptation of a child in a difficult life situation to the rules and norms of behavior accepted in society, as well as the process of overcoming the consequences of psychological or moral trauma.

SOCIAL PROTECTION OF THE DISABLED PEOPLE - a system of state-guaranteed economic, legal measures and social support measures that provide disabled people with conditions for overcoming, replacing (compensating) life restrictions and aimed at creating equal opportunities for them to participate in society with other citizens.

SOCIAL REHABILITATION OF A CHILD - measures to restore the social ties and functions lost by the child, replenish the life support environment, and increase care for him.

SOCIAL BENEFITS - gratuitous provision to citizens of a certain amount of money at the expense of the relevant budgets of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation.

SOCIAL SERVICES - enterprises and institutions, regardless of ownership, providing social services, as well as citizens engaged in entrepreneurial activities for social services to the population without forming a legal entity.

SOCIAL WORK SPECIALIST - a specialist in the field of social work who has a high general cultural, intellectual and moral potential, professional training and the necessary personal qualities that allow him to effectively perform professional functions in studying the socio-economic and socio-psychological conditions of life of social groups, strata, families and an individual in order to apply adequate methods of social protection, support, rehabilitation and other types of social work, the use of various social technologies.

SPONSORSHIP - financial support of organizations (institutions, enterprises) or individuals. S. is an important factor in solving social problems in society, social protection of the "weak" sections of the population. Compared with other countries, S. is still poorly developed in modern Russia.

SOCIAL STATUS - an integrative indicator of the position of social and other groups and their representatives in society, in the system of social ties and relations. It is determined by a number of signs, both natural (sex, age, nationality) and social (profession, occupation, income, official position, etc.).

The task of social workers is to contribute to the preservation and strengthening of S.s. their clients.

PUBLIC SERVICE SECTOR (service sector) - a set of sectors of the national economy, the product of which (consumer goods) acts as a certain expedient activity (services). A feature of social labor employed in S.O.N. is a direct impact on a person as an object of labor application. The results of such activities usually take the form of services (see Services). In S.O.N. include trade and public catering, housing and communal services and public services, passenger transport and communications, education, institutions of culture, healthcare, physical culture and sports, social security (as a type of service to people). Dream. is extremely important in social work with the population.

Helpline - emergency psychological assistance and emotional support by specialists (psychologist, social worker, etc.) by phone. Adolescents, victims of sexual violence, drug addicts, etc. can contact anonymously for help. There are two directions in the development of the Etc. service:

1) professional psychological assistance services;

2) emotional support and participation services provided by lay volunteers.

THERAPY:

1) treatment of internal diseases without surgical intervention with drugs or physical methods;

2) a branch of medicine that studies methods of diagnosis, causes and methods of treatment of internal diseases.

TOLERANCE - tolerance for someone else's way of life, behavior, customs, feelings, opinions, ideas, beliefs.

It is necessary for everyone, including social workers in their work with their clients.

DIFFICULT LIFE SITUATION - a situation that objectively disrupts the life of a citizen (disability, inability to self-service due to old age, illness, orphanhood, neglect, low income, unemployment, lack of a fixed place of residence, conflicts and abuse in the family, loneliness, etc.), which he cannot overcome on his own.

ADOPTION (ADOPTION) - adoption for upbringing of minor children who have lost parental care, with the establishment between the adopted child and the adopter of legal (personal and property) relations that exist between parents and children. Strangers and relatives can adopt if the latter have replaced their parents for any reason. After U., the legal relationship of the minor with the former parents is completely terminated.

There are certain requirements for adoptive parents. Underage citizens deprived of parental rights, recognized by a court as incapable or with limited capacity, mentally ill, drug addicts, alcoholics, etc., cannot be adoptive parents.

U. requires the consent of the parents of the child (one of them), the minor himself (who has reached the age of ten), the spouse (s) of the adoptive parent. U.'s secret is protected by law. It can only be overturned by a court that is in the best interests of the child.

INSTITUTIONS FOR ORPHANS AND CHILDREN LEFT WITHOUT PARENTAL CARE - educational institutions in which orphans and children left without parental care are kept (trained and (or) brought up); social service institutions for the population (orphanages for disabled children with mental retardation and physical disabilities, social rehabilitation centers for helping children left without parental care, social shelters); institutions of the healthcare system (children's homes) and other institutions established in accordance with the procedure established by law.

FEMINISM is a movement in defense of the rights and liberation of women that arose during the era of bourgeois revolutions in France, England and the USA. F. is divided into old and new. For the old F. (it arose in the 18th century, it reached its peak at the end of the 19th century) is characterized by a narrow interpretation of the social equality of women (only as legal equality). It was called the suffragette movement. The growth of women's employment, their suffrage (in Europe and the USA) led to a decline in the feminist movement. It took shape again only in the late 60s - early 70s. 20th century called neo-feminism. It distinguishes three main directions: liberal-reformist, socialist and radical. The existing (along with the above) conservative direction is actually anti-feminist (idealizes the family and the maternal function of women, denies the existence of discrimination against them by the state).

F. as a movement is an essential factor in the social protection of women, the qualitative improvement of their living conditions, and the qualitative change in the way of life of women.

FRUSTRATION - a psychological state that occurs in a state of disappointment, non-fulfillment of any goal or need that is significant for a person; oppressive anxiety, a feeling of tension, hopelessness. The removal of F. is one of the important tasks in the activities of social workers, during their contacts with clients.

FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL WORK - diagnostic, prognostic, preventive, human rights, social and pedagogical, psychological, social and medical, social, communicative, advertising and propaganda, moral and humanistic and organizational. The implementation of these functions in the activities of a social worker is possible only if he masters a wide range of knowledge and skills set forth in the State Educational Standard for Higher Professional Education in the field of social work.

HOSPICE:

1) a hospital for oncological and other terminally ill patients, where conditions are created so that a person experiences as little suffering as possible;

2) a multiprofessional program that provides assistance to terminally ill people during the last months of their lives. This care is usually provided in non-hospital settings, at home by family members, friends and acquaintances.

EXPERTISE - consideration, study of any issues, problems, solutions that require special knowledge in order to present a motivated, reasoned conclusion, scientific justification on them. For example, when resolving issues of remuneration for working pensioners, a certain disability group, determining adoptive parents, etc.

EMOTIONS - emotional experience; human and animal reactions to the impact of internal and external stimuli, which have a pronounced subjective coloring and cover all types of sensitivity and experiences. Associated with the satisfaction (positive E.) and dissatisfaction (negative E.) of the various needs of the body. Differentiated and stable emotions that arise on the basis of a person's external social needs are usually called feelings.

Empathy - the ability of an individual to respond emotionally to the experiences of other people. E. is a quality necessary for socionomists in working with clients.

ETHICS:

1) in common use means the same as morality, morality, mores (for example, medical E., professional E., E. of a social worker);

2) the theory of morality, the scientific justification of this or that moral system, this or that understanding of good and evil, justice, duty, conscience, happiness, the meaning of life. It is important in the training and activities of social workers, whose duties include knowledge of ethical (and legal) norms governing human relations with humans, society, the environment, the ability to take them into account when developing environmental and social projects.

Appendix 1

Designing a professional and personal life path of a social worker (guidelines for independent work)

Considering the topic “Personality of a social worker in the profession”, how often do we ask ourselves the following questions:

What do you want to achieve in your profession?

What can (and should) do to realize your own capabilities, personal qualities and interests?

What must be done to be successful? etc.

The questions posed cause a desire to become aware of oneself, one's actions, to develop an adequate self-esteem and attitude towards oneself:

Do we know ourselves?

My strengths and weaknesses.

Awareness of the physical, mental and social "I".

Maturity and flourishing (“acme”) of personality - what does it mean?

Personality, its needs, interests, abilities, temperament, character, etc.

Additional “search questions” create a more objective picture of the “I-image”: how do they evaluate me? what do I know about these estimates? my reaction to them? and etc.

The development of self-reflection, self-correction of personal qualities, character traits often occurs in the discussion: Do other people always understand me? Why don't I always understand myself? An additional technique for expanding this topic is homework assignments of this kind: “Write a portrait: I am real, I am ideal” or “My ways of helping, supporting another person”, etc.

dopfiles -> Glossary on the discipline "Methods of making managerial decisions" and automation of management

Abilitation - (from lat. abilitatio; lat. habilis- convenient, adaptive) - in international practice - a set of services aimed at creating new and strengthening existing resources for the social, mental and physical development of the client. These are medical and (or) social measures in relation to the disabled or other morally undermined people (convicted, etc.), aimed at adapting them to life.

Volunteering is the voluntary acceptance of obligations to provide gratuitous social assistance, services, patronage to the disabled, the sick and the elderly, as well as persons and social groups in difficult living conditions.

Life support is a component of a way of life, an activity associated with the involvement of people in the processes of economic life, primarily in the system of social division of labor, aimed at meeting basic needs and needs |4].

Innovations in the social sphere - innovations that have an impact on large groups of people, as a rule, are of a non-commercial nature and are aimed at improving the quality of life of the population.

Social innovation is an organized innovation in social practice in response to changing social conditions, the needs of society, new problems that cannot be solved by traditional methods.

Social infrastructure - material and material elements that provide the conditions for human life in society (in the industrial, political and spiritual spheres, in the family and everyday life); a set of industries such as science, education, healthcare, trade, catering, consumer services, housing and communal services, transport, communications, etc. The degree of development of social infrastructure is an important indicator of how a person lives, to what extent he is socially protected.

The quality of life is the content side of the lifestyle and living conditions of the individual, the degree of comfort of his living environment. An integral characteristic of the patient's physical, psychological, emotional and social functioning, based on his subjective perception. eleven].

The quality of the population is a set of properties of the population: its educational level, professional and qualification structure, health status, etc. .

Social work client (user of social services) (Sendee user) is a widely accepted definition of those people who use the services of social protection organizations. This term refers to people who independently request social services or who have life situations in which they do not have the choice to decide whether they want to accept such assistance or not. In many sources, this term is shortened simply to the word client. The term indicates how difficult it is to find one word or phrase to refer to everyone who uses social services.

Client-centered therapy (client-oriented therapy) is a direction of psychological assistance developed by K. Rogers and his followers, which is based on the belief that a person seeking psychotherapeutic help (client) usually has sufficient resources to find a solution to his own problems. problems and deal with it. The psychotherapist does not impose his own method of solution on him and does not resort to directive methods (suggestion, etc.). The main therapeutic technique is to create a situation of understanding and unconditional acceptance of a person and his problems by the therapist, which facilitates the client's experience of internal conflicts.

Sociocultural competence is a measure of the freedom to possess the knowledge and skills necessary for effective participation in the processes of interaction and communication and acquired as a result of socialization and inculturation.

Complex-Oriented Models of Social Work Theory -

these include cognitive, socio-pedagogical, vital-oriented and other models. The cognitive (cognitive) model is based on the principle of organizing social work, which states that services should be available to all who need them. Cognitive theory gained particular popularity in the practice of social work in the early 1980s. .

A person with disabilities is a person, a disabled person, suffering from temporary or permanent, congenital or acquired defects that do not allow him to independently and fully realize his potential.

Macrosocial work - streamlining the activities of the population of individual territories, the formation of territorial communities and social groups based on the interests and capabilities of the population.

Social marginalization - here, the displacement of disabled people to the periphery of socio-cultural life, i.e. a reduction in the set of possible social roles and cultural identities, a simplification of the sociocultural functions available to them, a narrowing of the range of cultural information received, a decrease in the degree of participation in social interaction and communication compared to the standards accepted in society.

Marginality is a characteristic of social phenomena resulting from the loosening of normative-value systems under the influence of intercultural contacts, social or technological shifts, and other factors |4|.

Marginal groups of the population - persons released from places of detention and not having a fixed place of residence; citizens requiring public supervision due to social factors (alcoholism, homelessness, etc.); youth not included in labor activity; individuals with behavioral problems. Marginal groups of the population can include any groups of the population that have the least chance of finding a job on their own in the labor market (for example, single mothers and women with children, orphans, children from disadvantaged families, unskilled workers, the elderly, etc.).

The Marxist model is an understanding of the activity of a social worker as a force contributing to the implementation of joint collective actions aimed at raising self-awareness and bringing about changes in society.

Financial assistance - is provided to citizens in difficult life situations in the form of cash, food, sanitation and hygiene products, child care products, clothes, shoes and other essentials, fuel, as well as special vehicles, technical means rehabilitation of the disabled and persons in need of constant care. The grounds for and procedure for the provision of material assistance are established by the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Medico-social examination - determination in the prescribed manner of the needs of the person being examined for social protection measures, including rehabilitation, based on an assessment of disability caused by a persistent disorder of body functions.

Social mobility is the movement of individuals or social groups from one social stratum to another (from the peasantry to the working class, etc.), their movement to higher or lower hierarchical positions. The term "social mobility" was introduced into Western sociology by the Russian sociologist P. A. Sorokin. Distinguish social mobility "vertical" (ascent - descent in the system of social positions) and "horizontal" (movement at the same social level); intergenerational (change of social position from father to son, from mother to daughter) and intragenerational (individual career according to the principle of ascent - descent "in the social hierarchy". The level of social movements is often considered as one of the main factors in classifying society as open, closed, modernized, democratic, post-industrial, etc. In social work, it is important to predict and take into account such social movements as staff turnover, migration, unemployment, hidden unemployment, etc. .

Models (systems) of social activity. 1st stage - from 1551 to 1725 G. - the stage of formation and implementation of the idea of ​​state charity; 2nd stage - from 1725 to 1796 - the stage of formation of a system (model) of public charity; 3rd stage - from 1796 to 1917 - the stage of improving the system (model) of public charity and private charity; 4th stage - from 1917 to 1918 - the stage of returning to the model of state charity; 5th stage - from 1918 to 1991 - the stage of formation and implementation of the Soviet model of social activity; 6th stage - from 1991 to the present - the stage of formation of the modern Russian model of social activity.

Morality is a system of norms, principles, requirements, values; one of the earliest forms of social consciousness and regulators of human behavior.

A moral norm is a general substantive requirement for the behavior and activities of a social worker, fair in all situations and circumstances. We can talk about general norms of professional morality (for example, the requirement to be humane, kind, objective, etc.) and private norms that specify general ones (for example, honesty in relations with a client, etc.).

Moral rules - specific requirements for the behavior and activities of a specialist in the process of his work. Moral rules are the most flexible and mobile, constantly enriched in their content.

Loneliness is a socio-psychological state characterized by a lack or absence of social contacts, behavioral alienation and emotional dissatisfaction of the individual with the character and circle of his communication. According to modern ideas, physical isolation is not always felt by a person as loneliness |1|.

Occupational therapy is a profession aimed at the rehabilitation of persons who, for health reasons, cannot take care of themselves, spend leisure time and perform work activities. Self-care, leisure activities and productive activities are combined under the general term "occupation", and the participation of a person in their performance is defined as an occupational activity.

Guardianship (guardianship) - a form of placement of orphans and children left without parental care, for the purpose of their maintenance, upbringing and education, as well as for the protection of their rights and interests; guardianship is established over children under the age of 14; guardianship is established over children aged 14 to 18 years.

Mastering the living environment - the acquisition and effective use of knowledge and skills necessary for adequate interaction with the elements of the environment and control over them.

Social pathology - a term formed but analogies with the corresponding medical concept - the doctrine of diseases; manifestation of various kinds of diseases that accompany the development of a social organism and weaken its functioning.

Patronage is a form of legal protection of personal and property interests of citizens. Patronage is established over an adult capable citizen who, for health reasons, cannot independently exercise and protect his rights and fulfill his duties. Patronage is a kind of guardianship |4].

Pension (from lat. pernio- payment, payment) - 1) monthly cash payments intended to compensate citizens for earnings (income) lost due to reaching the legal age, onset of disability, loss of a breadwinner, as well as on other grounds, the right to receive which is determined by the conditions and norms established by the legislation of the Russian Federation;

2) a monthly state cash payment, the right to receive which is determined in accordance with the conditions and norms established by the Federal Law of December 15, 2001 No. 166-FZ “On State Pension Provision in the Russian Federation”, and which is provided to citizens in order to compensate them earnings (income) lost in connection with the termination public service upon reaching the length of service established by law upon entering an old-age (disability) labor pension, or in order to compensate for harm caused to the health of citizens during military service, as a result of radiation or man-made disasters, in the event of disability or loss of a breadwinner, upon reaching the age established by law or disabled citizens in order to provide them with a livelihood.

Primary prevention is a system of social, medical, hygienic and educational measures aimed at preventing diseases by eliminating the causes and conditions for their occurrence and development, as well as increasing the body's resistance to the effects of adverse factors in the natural, industrial and domestic environment.

Sociocultural policy is a system of measures aimed at improving the conditions and quality of life of members of society, carried out by institutional means [11.

The practice of social work is the use of knowledge and skills of social work to provide social services to a person, social stratum, group. The practice of social work includes social assistance, social therapy, social rehabilitation, insurance, guardianship, mediation, etc. .

Professional ethics - a spider about professional morality as a set of ideals and values, ideas about what is due, ethical principles and norms of behavior that correspond to the essence of the profession and ensure the proper nature of the relationship between people in the process of professional activity. At the same time, professional ethics is the moral self-awareness of a professional group, its psychology and ideology.

Psychodynamic approach (psychodynamic approach) approach to social work, based on the main provisions of psychoanalysis.

Psychosocial work is a direction in social work that pays special attention to the psychological aspects of a client's difficult life situation. In psychosocial work in Russia, special attention is paid to the psychological aspects of the adaptation of a social service client to changed conditions, a difficult life situation.

Psychosocial work is carried out in two forms: individual (with a child, with a disabled person, with an unemployed person, with persons with deviant behavior, with convicts, with a victim of violence) and group (with a family, in a group of anonymous alcoholics, etc.). Individual psychosocial work has become widespread with the development of telephone counseling.

Residential social work is carried out in those institutions where people live on a permanent basis.

A residential facility has many goals: providing an alternative to home, therapy, providing temporary shelter, diagnosis and evaluation, or a combination of these goals. From workhouses to orphanages, from shelters to prisons, resident social work has been around for a long time. In general terms, some types of housing for many social work clients have been legalized in recent decades, and some have changed, but all types have been extensively studied in recent times)