Fixed capital management article. Coursework: management of the fixed capital of an enterprise on the example of a branch of the rupp "Belaz". The company sells agricultural products produced to various points of sale and processing enterprises
Business as a system functions and develops as a result of previous capital investments and, above all, in fixed assets. Making a profit today is the result of correct decisions on the proportions of capital investment in fixed and working capital, taken even before the start of the company's operating activities. Therefore, effective capital management requires a clear understanding of the specifics of their functioning and reproduction. Main capital includes fixed assets, as well as unfinished long-term investments, intangible assets and new long-term financial investments (investments).
1. The fixed capital of an enterprise (its elements) has a certain value. Typically, this is the acquisition cost (historical cost). However, over time, this value decreases by the amount of depreciation (residual value), as discussed below.
Fixed assets are reflected in accounting and reporting at their original cost, i.e., according to the actual costs of their acquisition, construction and manufacture. A change in the initial cost of fixed assets is allowed in cases of completion, additional equipment, reconstruction and partial liquidation of the relevant facilities. The elements of fixed capital tend to wear out and become obsolete. Depreciation is the obsolescence of fixed assets and the loss of their qualities, which in monetary terms is called depreciation - the gradual transfer of part of the value of fixed assets to products, work and services. Reflection of depreciation of fixed assets is chosen by the enterprise based on their useful life. The head of the enterprise has at least three alternative ways to calculate the depreciation (depreciation) of fixed assets, which can be schematically represented as follows:
determination of depreciation according to approved standards;
determination of depreciation using the accelerated method;
determination of depreciation by small enterprises.
For enterprises and organizations that implement significant investment programs for the technical re-equipment of production, requiring the formation of additional financial resources, increasing depreciation (wear and tear) factors are applied - accelerated depreciation. It is also allowed for small businesses as state support.
Leasing is one of the ways to replenish working capital with lower costs than when buying. The lessor acquires this property (for this he may need a loan) and transfers it to the tenant, and often with the right to purchase. This scheme assumes that the lessee, although in the end paying a total amount more than that for which he could purchase the equipment, remains a winner, since he did not have the funds to purchase the necessary equipment, and the profit from using the equipment exceeds the total costs of leasing . One of the key points of the attractiveness of leasing for the enterprise is the excess of profit over lease payments; without this excess, leasing may be unnecessary. Therefore, the head of the enterprise needs an accurate calculation of expenses before he applies to the leasing company with a proposal to conclude an agreement.
2. But there is another factor that determines the change in the value of fixed capital - inflation. In order to meet the basic economic proportions, enterprises are allowed to revaluate, which leads to replacement costs. The full replacement cost is determined on the basis of the costs of reproduction of objects similar to those being evaluated. The full replacement cost of morally obsolete objects is also carried out on the basis of existing costs for their manufacture at prices and tariffs that exist on the revaluation date.
During revaluation, along with the full replacement cost of fixed assets, their residual replacement cost is determined. The residual replacement cost of fixed assets is determined by the organizations-owners of fixed assets independently. Incorrect accrual (attribution) of depreciation amounts can lead to an underestimation of tax amounts. Therefore, this aspect of the enterprise and the choice of its accounting policy should be the focus of the financial manager.
fixed assets- these are the funds invested in the totality of material values related to the means of labor. Fixed assets and long-term investments in fixed assets have a multifaceted and versatile impact on the financial condition and performance of the company. fixed assets, leased with the option of subsequent redemption or at the end of the lease under the terms of the agreement, which become the property of the lessee, are also accounted for as own property, plant and equipment.
Capital also includes the cost of capital investments in progress in fixed assets and the purchase of equipment. This part of the cost of acquiring and building fixed assets, which has not yet become fixed assets, cannot participate in the process of economic activity, and therefore should not be subject to depreciation. In fixed capital, these costs are included for the reason that they have already been withdrawn from working capital.
Long-term financial investments represent the cost of equity participation in the authorized capital in other enterprises, the purchase of shares and bonds on a long-term basis. Financial investments also include:
long-term loans issued by another enterprise against debt obligations;
the value of property transferred to a long-term lease under the right of financial leasing (that is, with the right to purchase or transfer ownership of the property upon the expiration of the lease term).
Financial indicators of the use of fixed assets can be combined into the following groups:
indicators of the volume, structure and dynamics of fixed assets;
indicators of reproduction and turnover of fixed assets;
performance indicators for the use of fixed assets;
cost effectiveness indicators for the maintenance and operation of fixed assets;
performance indicators of investments in fixed assets.
a) During analysis of indicators of the movement of fixed assets it is necessary to assess the size, dynamics and structure of the company's capital investments in fixed assets, to identify the main functional features of the business of the analyzed economic entity. For this purpose, data are compared at the beginning and end of the reporting period for all elements of fixed assets. Changes are valued at the historical cost of fixed assets. In the dynamics of changes, a positive trend is the outpacing growth of production assets in comparison with non-production ones.
b) There is a methodology for "horizontal" and "vertical" analysis of indicators of the movement of fixed assets.
c) An interconnected set of indicators for accounting, analysis and evaluation of the process of updating production assets:
F k. g = F n. r+ F new + F sb,
where F k. d - production assets at the end of the year; F n. d - production assets at the beginning of the year; F new - production assets introduced in the reporting year; F vyb - production assets retired in the reporting year.
Based on this equality, the following indicators can be calculated:
2) the coefficient of renewal of fixed assets;
3) coefficient of intensity of renewal of fixed assets;
4) update scale factor;
5) coefficient of stability of fixed assets;
6) the coefficient of retirement of fixed assets.
These indicators can be used to study changes in fixed assets over a certain period.
d) Efficiency of capital investment in fixed assets. The effectiveness of investments in fixed assets depends on many factors, among which the most important are: return on investment, payback period of investments, inflation, return on investment for the entire period and for individual periods, stability of income from investments, the availability of other, more efficient areas of capital investment (financial assets, currency transactions, etc.). Investing in the form of capital investments is the most difficult task of financial planning and requires careful analysis. Decisions in this area require the firm to make long-term commitments, and therefore should be based on careful forecasting and detailed assessments of future likely conditions that are necessary to generate economic returns that justify the expected investment costs (see Section 1.6 for more details).
Sources of financing the reproduction of fixed assets are divided into own and borrowed. Reproduction forms:
simple when the cost of compensating for the depreciation of fixed assets corresponds to the amount of accrued depreciation;
extended when the cost of reimbursement for depreciation of fixed assets exceeds the amount of accrued depreciation.
Capital expenditures for the reproduction of fixed assets are of a long-term nature and are carried out in the form of long-term investments for new construction, for the expansion and reconstruction of production, for technical re-equipment and for supporting the capacities of existing enterprises. The main criterion for making a management decision from the position of financial management is a comparison of cash flows for various forms of financing the renewal of fixed capital, while comparing the cost of acquiring at its own expense, at the expense of a bank loan, etc. To ensure financial independence, an enterprise must have a sufficient amount own capital. For this, the company needs to be profitable. To ensure this goal, it is important to effectively manage the flow and outflow of funds, prompt response to deviations from the set course of activity.
Cash flow management is one of the most important activities of a financial manager and includes:
1) calculation of the time of circulation of funds;
2) cash flow analysis;
3) cash flow forecasting.
The key point in business liquidity management is the cash flow cycle (financial cycle). figuratively cash flow can be thought of as a system financial circulation» the economic organism of the enterprise. Efficiently organized cash flows of an enterprise are the most important symptom of its “ financial health”, a prerequisite for achieving high final results of its economic activity in general. Cash flow management is not just a management of survival, but dynamic money management taking into account changes in value over time. One of the tasks of cash flow management is to identify the relationship between cash flows and profit, i.e. whether the profit received is the result of effective cash flows or is it the result of any other factors. There are such concepts as "cash flow" and "cash flow".
Flow of funds- all cash receipts and payments of the enterprise. Cash flow- this is a set of time-distributed volumes of receipt and disposal of funds in the course of economic activity, operation.
The receipt (inflow) of funds is called positive cash flow, and the disposal (outflow) of cash - negative cash flow.
ü Analysis and management of cash flow allow you to determine its optimal level, the ability of the enterprise to pay off its current obligations and carry out investment activities. The financial condition of the company depends on the effectiveness of cash management and ability to quickly adapt in case of unforeseen changes in the financial market.
ü Cash flow management is part of financial management and is carried out within the framework of the financial policy of the enterprise, understood as a general financial ideology, which the enterprise adheres to in order to achieve the general economic goal of its activities.
ü Cash flow management closely related to the strategy of increasing the market value of the company, since the market value of a company or asset depends on how much the investor is willing to pay for them, which, in turn, depends on what cash flows and risks the asset or company will bring to the investor in the future.
Thus, the market value of an asset or company is determined by:
Cash flow generated by the asset or company in the future;
The timing of this cash flow;
Risks associated with the generated cash flow.
Financial resources related to the sphere of distribution are an important element of reproduction and form the basis of the material and cash flow management system of an enterprise. The financial resources of the enterprise are in constant motion, the management of which is carried out within the framework of financial management. In turn, the cash flows of the enterprise represent the movement (inflows and outflows) of funds on the settlement, currency and other accounts and in the cash desk of the enterprise in the course of its economic activity, collectively making up its cash flow. Cash flow management suggests:
Deep analysis of cash flows;
Accounting for cash flows;
Development of a cash flow plan.
In world practice, cash flow is denoted by the concept "cash flow"("cash flow"). Cash flow in which the outflow exceeds the inflow is called a "negative cash flow" ( negative cash flow), otherwise it is a "positive cash flow" ( positive cash flow). The concept of "discounted or reduced cash flow" is also used. The word discount discount) means a discount, therefore, discounting means bringing future cash flows into a form comparable to the present.
I. To ensure a comprehensive in-depth analysis, cash flows must be classified according to a number of basic features.
1. By type of economic activity. Cash flows are associated with cash inflows and outflows, so the need to divide an enterprise into its three types is explained by the role of each and the relationship. If the main activity is designed to provide the necessary funds for all three types and is the main source of profit, then investment and financial activities are designed to contribute, on the one hand, to the development of the main activity, and on the other hand, to provide it with additional funds (Fig. 22, 23).
In accordance with international accounting standards, the following types of cash flows are distinguished:
- for operating activities - is characterized by cash payments to suppliers of raw materials and materials; third-party performers of certain types of services that provide operational activities; wages to the personnel involved in the operational process, as well as managing this process; tax payments of the enterprise to the budgets of all levels and extra-budgetary funds; other payments related to the implementation of the operational process. At the same time, this type of cash flow reflects the receipt of funds from buyers of products; from tax authorities in the procedure for recalculating overpaid amounts and some other payments provided for by international accounting standards;
investment activity - characterizes payments and cash receipts associated with the implementation of real and financial investment, the sale of retired fixed assets and intangible assets, the rotation of long-term financial instruments of the investment portfolio and other similar cash flows serving the investment activities of the enterprise;
financial activity - characterizes the receipts and payments of funds associated with attracting additional equity and share capital, obtaining long-term and short-term loans and borrowings, paying dividends and interest on deposits of owners in cash and some other cash flows associated with the implementation of external financing of economic activities enterprises.
1The article discusses the current state and problems of fixed capital management in Russian enterprises, suggests possible ways to solve the identified problems. The author notes that despite the large number of studies devoted to this issue, such management functions as analysis and planning are not implemented in practice. regulation of fixed capital. The depreciation fund is not used as the main source of financial resources for the reproduction of fixed capital, its formation is of a formal nature. This leads to the fact that the percentage of depreciation of fixed assets at Russian enterprises is very high. Modernization and economic growth are impossible without constant renewal of fixed assets. The article substantiates the need to develop a state policy focused on ensuring the targeted nature of the use of depreciation funds of enterprises, as well as amending the regulatory documents governing accounting and tax accounting. It is recommended that enterprises independently form a depreciation fund in the form of long-term financial investments through depreciation charges.
fixed capital management
sinking fund
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In the context of the need for Russia to switch to the path of innovative development, one of the main problems at Russian enterprises is the high degree of physical and moral depreciation of fixed assets, which is one of the main deterrents to economic growth. The reason for this situation is, in our opinion, the inefficient management of fixed capital in general and, first of all, the use of outdated approaches to the organization of its reproduction.
Theoretical and methodological provisions in the field of fixed capital management, its formation and effective use are contained in the works of such authors as M.S. Abryutina, A.P. Aksenov, I.A. Blank, A.G. Ivasenko, N.B. Klishevich, A.M. Kovaleva, N.V. Kolchina, M.G. Lapusta, G.B. Polyak, D.V. Rozov, I.B. Romashova, E.I. Shokhin and many others.
As rightly noted by D.V. Rozov, fixed capital plays a crucial role in all spheres of the economy, actively participates in modern transformations of the global economy, affecting the economic and political environment, as well as the technological level and organizational structure.
As a result of comparing the views of such authors as L.M. Burmistrova, L.T. Gilyarovskaya ., A.G. Ivasenko, T.V. Kirichenko, we came to the conclusion that fixed capital should be considered as part of the financial resources of an enterprise invested in all types of non-current assets used to carry out production and economic activities for profit.
Like any management process, fixed capital management should be considered as a set of interrelated management functions: analysis, planning, control, organization, accounting, control, regulation. The efficiency of managing the fixed capital of an enterprise is determined, in our opinion, both by the completeness of the implementation of each of these functions, and by the understanding of the dual nature of this activity, namely: the organization of the process of forming fixed capital and the choice of directions for its use.
At the time of the establishment of the enterprise, the formation of fixed capital occurs mainly at the expense of the founders' own funds, however, in the future, due to the fact that fixed assets are subject to physical and moral deterioration, it becomes necessary to reproduce them. From the point of view of the theory of fixed capital management, as well as accounting methodology, one of the main ones should be the own sources of replenishing the fixed capital of enterprises and, first of all, depreciation. However, in practice, this source of financial resources does not play the important role that should be assigned to it.
In economically developed countries, the amount of depreciation deductions exceeds the amount of actual depreciation, which creates real conditions for private investment. The higher the depreciation rate (the rate of transferring the value of depreciable assets to finished products) and the larger the amount of depreciation deductions, the greater the tax-free profit (since depreciation deductions are included in the cost of manufactured products) and the wider the company's ability to finance its activities in terms of replacing the main capital.
Depreciation charges should be accumulated in the depreciation fund, the value of which can be determined from accounting data. The economic nature of this source of reproduction of fixed capital implies not only a reasonable mechanism for its formation, but also a strictly targeted nature of use. Currently, enterprises independently manage the funds of this fund and often use the amount of depreciation deductions not only to finance the replacement of worn-out fixed assets, but also to replenish working capital, which contradicts the economic essence of depreciation.
Discrepancies in the tax and accounting procedures and methods for calculating depreciation are also the reason for the low efficiency of the depreciation policy pursued by enterprises. We believe that under the current conditions, only changes in the regulation of the depreciation mechanism at the state level will allow depreciation to become an effective source of modernization of Russian enterprises and increase the pace of economic development.
We conducted a study of the current state of fixed capital management at one of the enterprises in Chelyabinsk, the main activity of which is the implementation of construction and installation works. Non-current assets of the studied economic entity are represented only by fixed assets, therefore, fixed capital management is reduced to control over the availability of fixed assets necessary for the implementation of activities and their timely renewal.
The process of fixed capital management is manifested in the fact that the accounting department records the movement of fixed assets and the sources of their reproduction, and the economic department monitors the availability of the necessary fixed assets for the normal functioning of the enterprise. However, such management functions as analysis, planning, regulation of fixed capital in the activities of the company under study are absent. A similar situation is typical for many small and medium-sized enterprises.
In order to assess the technical condition of fixed assets, we calculated the wear and tear coefficients. The calculation results are given in Table. one.
Table 1
The results of the calculation of indicators of the technical condition of fixed assets in 2010-2012.
The trend towards obsolescence of fixed assets is typical for the construction industry as a whole, as the average for the Russian Federation, the degree of depreciation of fixed assets in 2011 reached 49 percent.
At the enterprise under study, both for the purposes of accounting and tax accounting, depreciation is accrued on a straight-line basis, while the reporting does not contain data on the formation and use of the depreciation fund.
Since depreciation charges are not directed to a specialized fund or deposited in a separate account, their management consists in determining the useful life of an item of fixed assets and choosing a depreciation method. Thus, in the company under study, the depreciation fund is formed only as a calculated indicator, that is, depreciation is charged for all depreciable property, the amount of accrued depreciation is taken into account as part of the costs, but the depreciation fund as a target reserve of funds intended for the restoration of fixed assets is not created. We believe that this situation is typical for many Russian enterprises due to a lack of understanding by management of the economic role of the depreciation fund, the mechanism for its formation and use, and is aggravated by the lack of regulatory documents that would oblige the management of business entities to use depreciation deductions strictly for their intended purpose.
Modernization and economic growth are impossible without constant renewal of fixed assets, and for this, sources of reproduction of fixed capital must be available. At the same time, at the macroeconomic level, depreciation deductions of enterprises are not considered as one of the main sources for ensuring the reproduction of fixed capital. Thus, the main problem is the lack of a state-regulated mechanism for the formation and targeted use of depreciation funds. Despite the presence of the principle of economic independence and self-financing as key in organizing the finances of commercial organizations in a market economy, we believe that the state should develop a specific policy in the field of reproduction of fixed capital.
The problem is the imperfection of the fixed asset depreciation accounting system, which does not allow obtaining complete and reliable information for making management decisions regarding the reproduction of fixed capital.
Currently, for registration and generalization of information on depreciation accumulated during the operation of fixed assets, business entities use account 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets". We believe that this approach does not allow the formation of an information base on the basis of which interested users are able to draw the right conclusions and make informed management decisions on the use of depreciation charges as a permanent source of financing the costs of reproduction of fixed assets.
The next significant problem is the absence in the current system of reproduction of a mechanism for compensating for inevitable losses due to the great complexity of control objects and the duration of the process of their use. In the process of reproduction, losses of depreciation resources inevitably arise due to inflation, premature failure of facilities, and misuse of the depreciation fund. If the losses arising over the entire period of depreciation are not compensated, then the result is not simple or expanded, but narrowed reproduction.
Another problem identified during the study is that borrowed funds are often perceived as the main source of replenishment of fixed capital. At the same time, it should be noted that in the conditions of insufficient own sources of financial resources, the attraction of borrowed capital threatens the financial stability of economic entities.
To solve the identified problems, we consider it necessary to introduce a special off-balance account "Amortization Fund", which should take into account depreciation charges accrued monthly, as well as their use during the entire period of depreciation of specific objects. This will allow the organization not to lose depreciation deductions for decommissioned fixed assets in the information flow.
The procedure for the formation and use of an amortization fund should be regulated by normative acts that are uniform for all economic entities.
In our opinion, under the current conditions for the Russian economy, the following directions for improving the state regulation of depreciation policy are the most acceptable:
1. Eliminate contradictions between the rules of tax and accounting.
2. Provide for an "investment benefit" that would exempt from taxation 50-100% of profits allocated to finance capital investments.
3. Introduce a property tax exemption for newly commissioned equipment.
4. Introduce special investment accounts in banks for the accumulation of depreciation funds with their transfer to trust management.
5. Develop measures aimed at strengthening state control over the targeted use of depreciation funds.
The proposed measures will help restore the reproduction function of depreciation, and help the depreciation fund become an effective tool for financing the reproduction of fixed capital.
One of the directions available to economic entities for improving the management of fixed capital of an enterprise is the creation of a depreciation fund in the form of long-term financial investments, which will allow, by the end of the useful life of fixed assets, to accumulate the amount necessary to replace obsolete equipment. To ensure expanded reproduction, it is necessary to introduce a standard of profit deducted to the accumulation fund, with the subsequent deposit of these funds in a separate bank account.
We will calculate the economic effect from the implementation of this recommendation using the following example. The company plans to purchase a stone-cutting machine Manta-850 ED worth 167,912 rubles, with a useful life of five years. In table. 2 shows the calculation of depreciation charges calculated by different methods.
table 2
Depreciation deductions when using various methods of depreciation of a stone-cutting machine in 2014-2018
To assess the impact of inflation on depreciation charges, we used inflation figures in Russia for 2014-2018, projected by the Ministry of Economic Development. According to this forecast, conservative, innovative and forced options for economic development are possible, which is reflected in Table. 3 through a fraction.
Table 3
The amount of depreciation deductions, taking into account inflation, using various depreciation methods for the Manta-850 ED stone cutting machine in 2014-2018
|
Inflation for the period, % |
The amount of annual depreciation charges, rub. |
|||
|
Line method |
Declining balance method |
Year Sum Method |
||
|
33582:1,054 = 31862 |
67165:1,054 = 63724 |
55971:1,054 = 53103 |
||
|
33582:1,049 = 32013 |
40299:1,049 = 38417 |
44777:1,049 = 42685 |
||
|
31892/31862/32013 |
22962/22940/23050 |
31892/31862/32013 |
||
|
31892/31892/32044 |
13778/13778/13844 |
21261/21261/21363 |
||
|
31952/31952/32198 |
20705/20705/20864 |
10651/10651/10733 |
||
|
159611/159581/160130 |
159583/159564/159899 |
159592/159562/159897 |
||
Calculations confirm that none of the depreciation methods allows you to recover the full cost of equipment. Thus, it becomes necessary to make a decision on how to save the amounts allocated to the sinking fund in order to neutralize inflation. One of the least risky options is to invest money in a bank account.
In table. Table 4 shows the calculation of the accumulated amount of depreciation for the Manta-850 ED equipment, accrued by various methods and sent to a deposit account with VTB 24, provided that the account is replenished once a year at the end of the year and the interest rate is 6.65% per annum. For simplicity of calculations, the average value of depreciation deductions was used, taking into account inflation, predicted for various scenarios of economic development.
To assess whether keeping funds in a deposit account will fully compensate for the impact of inflation and accumulate an amount equal to the initial cost of the equipment, we will bring the amounts obtained as a result of calculations to the current moment. The calculations were made for a discount rate of 7%. Table 5.
Table 4
The amount of savings when crediting depreciation deductions for Manta-850 ED equipment to a deposit account in 2014-2018.
Table 5
Discounted amount of savings when crediting depreciation charges to a deposit account in 2014-2018
As follows from the calculation results, the use of the straight-line depreciation method will not allow you to accumulate a sufficient amount. In addition, we fully share the point of view of S.V. Pankova and Z.S. Tuyakova, according to which “the restrictions on the application of depreciation policy in accounting and especially in tax accounting that are in force in domestic practice do not allow for the unconditional reimbursement of advanced capital in production activities, their cancellation will increase the interest of business entities in using progressive depreciation methods and bring the methodology of accounting and tax accounting".
As a result of the implementation of the proposed measures, the main problem of fixed capital management will be solved - providing the necessary amount of funds for its reproduction. The formation of an amortization fund in the form of targeted accumulations of funds on a bank deposit will provide the enterprise with an amount sufficient to replace an object of fixed assets by the end of its use, and the use of accelerated depreciation methods will allow for expanded reproduction by increasing fixed capital.
Reviewers:
Davankov A.Yu., Doctor of Economics, Professor of the Department of Economic Theory and Regional Development of FGBOU VPO "ChelGU", Chelyabinsk;
Pestunov M.A., Doctor of Economics, Professor of the Department of Accounting and Finance, ChelGU, Chelyabinsk.
The work was received by the editors on February 26, 2014.
Bibliographic link
Kleiman A.V. TOPICAL ISSUES OF FIXED CAPITAL MANAGEMENT AT RF ENTERPRISES // Fundamental Research. - 2014. - No. 5-2. - S. 308-313;URL: http://fundamental-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=33870 (date of access: 03/20/2020). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"
INTRODUCTION 4
CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF MANAGEMENT OF THE CAPITAL OF THE ENTERPRISE 6
1.1. The concept and essence of the fixed capital of an enterprise 6
1.2. Principles and methods of fixed capital management. eight
1.3 Tasks and main stages of fixed capital management 12
CHAPTER 2. MANAGEMENT OF FIXED CAPITAL
OOO KAMENSKOE 15
2.1. Organizational and economic characteristics of Kamenskoye LLC 15
2.2. Assessment of the structure and changes in the fixed capital of Kamenskoye LLC 20
CHAPTER 3. WAYS TO IMPROVE THE WEALTH MANAGEMENT POLICY 28
3.2. Proposals for improving the capital management of Kamenskoye LLC 28
3.2 Evaluation of the effectiveness of the proposed activities 30
CONCLUSION 33
REFERENCES 35
Introduction
Capital is the stock of economic goods accumulated through savings in the form of money and real capital goods. They are involved by its owners in the economic process as an investment resource and a factor of production in order to generate income. Their work in the economic system is based on market principles and is associated with time, risk and liquidity factors.
The concept of non-current assets fixed capital are identical.
Fixed capital includes fixed assets, as well as outstanding long-term investments, intangible assets and new long-term financial investments.
Fixed assets at the enterprise can be received according to such channels as:
— contribution to the authorized capital of the enterprise;
- as a result of capital investments;
- as a result of a gratuitous transfer;
as a result of a lease.
For an operating enterprise, the use of fixed assets includes, first of all, the following steps:
- inventory of existing and used fixed assets in order to determine obsolete and worn-out components of fixed assets;
- assessment of the conformity of the existing technical inventory of the technology and the production enterprise;
- the choice of the volume and structure of fixed assets. Then there is a process of reinstallation of the existing technical equipment, acquisition, delivery and assembly of new technical equipment.
The main goal of the reproduction of fixed assets is the achievement of enterprises by fixed assets in their quantitative and qualitative composition, as well as maintaining them in working condition.
In the process of reproduction of fixed assets, the following tasks are solved:
- coverage of fixed assets written off for various reasons;
- increase in the volume of fixed assets in order to expand the volume of production;
- improvement of the specific, technological and age structure of fixed assets, more precisely, an increase in the level of production.
Fixed capital in material form represents the production and technical potential of the enterprise, and in value form - the economic potential.
Therefore, the study of its impact on production, the effective parameters of its application is of practical interest.
The object of work is the fixed capital of the enterprise.
The subject of the work is the management of fixed assets.
The purpose of the work is to analyze the management of fixed capital at the enterprise Kamenskoye LLC.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to perform the following tasks:
- to study the concept and essence of the fixed capital of the enterprise;
- to consider the principles and methods of managing fixed assets .;
— consider the tasks and main stages of fixed capital management;
- to characterize the activities of Kamenskoye LLC;
— evaluate the structure and change in the fixed capital of Kamenskoye LLC;
— develop proposals for improving capital management;
— Evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed activities.
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Overall volume: 34
Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
State Institution of Higher Professional Education
Department of "Commercial activity"
COURSE WORK
By discipline: "Enterprise Economics"
On the topic: "Management of the fixed capital of an enterprise on the example of a branch of RUPP "BelAZ""
Performed:
Supervisor
Introduction
1.1 The concept and structure of fixed capital. Fixed assets, their composition and structure
1.2 Indicators of the use of fixed production assets
1.3 Depreciation and amortization of fixed assets
Conclusion
Annex A Profit and loss statement of the branch of RUPP "BelAZ" for 2007
Annex B Report on the availability and movement of fixed assets and other non-current assets of the branch of RUPP "BelAZ" for 2006
Annex B Report on the availability and movement of fixed assets and other non-current assets of the branch of RUPP "BelAZ" for 2007
Annex D Statement of cash flows of the branch of RUPP "BelAZ" for 2006
Appendix E Balance sheet of the branch of RUPP "BelAZ" for 2007..43
Annex E Balance sheet of the branch of RUPP "BelAZ" for 2008
Annex G The main target indicators for the development of the branch of RUPP "BelAZ" for 2001-2007
Introduction
Of course, for the normal functioning of the enterprise, it is necessary to have certain means and sources. The main production assets, consisting of buildings, structures, machinery, equipment and other means of labor that are involved in the production process, are the most important basis for the activity of the enterprise. Without them, nothing could have happened. Rational and economical use of fixed assets is the priority task of the enterprise.
Having a clear idea about each element of fixed assets in the production process, about their physical and moral deterioration, about the factors that affect the use of fixed assets, it is possible to identify methods by which the efficiency of using fixed assets and production capacities of an enterprise is increased, ensuring a reduction in production costs. and growth in labor productivity.
The object of study of the course work is the machine-building enterprise of the city of Mogilev, the branch of RUPP "BelAZ".
The purpose of this course work is to study the structure of fixed capital and improve its management.
To achieve the goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
Studied the structure of fixed capital, as well as the composition and structure of fixed assets; The indicators of the use of fixed production assets are considered; The indicators of the use of the BPF of a particular enterprise are analyzed; The ways of improving the management of fixed capital are revealed.
1 Fixed capital of the enterprise
1.1 The concept and structure of fixed capital. Fixed assets, their composition and structure
Fixed capital is a monetary value of non-current assets of business entities, represented by fixed assets and intangible assets as tangible assets with a long period of operation.
The structure of fixed capital is determined by the proportions of groups and subgroups of non-current assets of the organization.
Fixed assets (PF) - are a set of material assets used as means of labor and acting in kind for a long time, both in the sphere of material production and in the non-production sphere and transferring their value to finished products in parts.
Fixed production assets (OPF) are fixed assets of the sphere of material production that participate in the production process for a long time, while retaining their natural form, transferring their value to finished products gradually, in parts as they are used.
Non-production PF - do not directly participate in the production process, do not transfer their value to the finished product, but are on the balance sheet of the enterprise and are intended to meet the personal and cultural needs of employees (housing stock, cultural centers, children's institutions, clinics, etc.). ).
OPF classification:
1) According to their role in the production process, BPF are divided into:
1.1 Active part - directly affects the production, quantity and quality of products;
1.2 Passive elements that create the necessary conditions for the production process
In addition, in accounting, items that have been employed for less than a year, regardless of their cost, and low-value items, regardless of their service life, do not belong to the fixed assets.
2) According to the material-natural composition, OF are subdivided into:
2.1 Buildings - buildings that house various workshops, administrative and utility buildings necessary for a normal technological process.
2.2 Structures - include engineering and construction objects of various nature, with the help of which technical functions are performed that are not related to changes in the objects of labor (gas wells, water towers).
2.3 Transmission devices - power lines, cable lines, telephone and telegraph networks, radio communications, pipelines, oil pipelines, etc.
2.4 Machinery and equipment:
a) power machines and equipment, which include generator machines that produce energy; machines-motors (electric motors, mercury rectifiers, transformers, steam boilers, compressor units);
b) working machines and equipment - equipment used for the production of products (machines, presses, cranes).
2.5 Vehicles - mobile vehicles on the balance sheet of the enterprise, designed to move goods and employees (wagons, electric locomotives, trolleys, cars; tractors).
2.6 Tool. This includes mechanized and hand tools of all kinds - measuring, cutting, pressing, jackhammers, as well as all kinds of devices - a vice, cartridges.
2.7 Production equipment and accessories combine means that facilitate labor (workbenches, work tables) or contribute to its protection (fencing of machines, machine tools), as well as inventory containers, containers, etc.
The household inventory group includes office and household items: furnishings, tables, typewriters, fire-fighting items, etc.
2.8 Working and productive livestock.
2.9 Perennial plantations.
2.10 On-farm roads.
2.11 Other OF.
The characteristic features of the OPF are that they have a high cost, a long service life, function for a long period, retain their natural form during operation, transfer the value contained in them to the manufactured products gradually in parts, to the extent of wear.
Not all groups of fixed capital play the same role in the production process. If buildings and structures provide the conditions for production, then machines and equipment are directly involved in the creation of products. The ratio of individual groups of OPF in their total volume represents the production structure of the OF, in which the active and passive parts are distinguished.
3) By affiliation, OPF are divided into:
3.1 Own, which are wholly owned by the enterprise;
3.2 Rented - are the property of other business entities and are used at this enterprise in accordance with the lease agreement.
The structure of the OPF is influenced by the following factors:
Logistics and production features of the industry;
Forms of organization of production;
Technical level of production;
Forms of reproduction of OF;
The level of industrialization of construction;
Geography of industry location;
The nature of the products;
The volume of output.
1.2 Indicators of the use of fixed production assets (OPF)
The effectiveness of the use of fixed production assets is assessed using general and particular indicators of their use. General indicators express the end result of using the entire set of fixed assets. These include:
1) return on assets (FO) - the ratio of the cost of products manufactured using fixed production assets for the year to the average annual cost of these funds:
where TP (B) - commercial products, rub. (or B - proceeds from the sale of products, rubles);
OPF cost.
Return on assets characterizes the volume of production per 1 ruble invested in fixed assets.
Factors of growth in capital productivity are:
Increasing the productivity of equipment as a result of technical re-equipment and reconstruction;
Increasing the shift ratio of equipment operation;
Improved use of time and power;
Accelerating the development of newly commissioned capacities;
Reducing the cost of a unit of power;
Replacement of manual labor by machines.
2) capital intensity (FU) is the average annual cost of fixed production assets per 1 rub. annual output. Capital intensity is an indicator that is inverse to capital productivity and is determined by the formula:
Capital intensity is used to determine the need for fixed production assets;
3) capital-labor ratio (FW) is the ratio of the average annual cost of fixed production assets to the average number of industrial and production personnel of the enterprise:
where is the average annual number of employees of the organization.
If labor productivity at the enterprise grows at a faster pace than the capital-labor ratio, then this indicates the effective use of the main production assets of the enterprise;
4) profitability of production - the amount of profit attributable to 1 rub. the totality of funds:
Private indicators characterize the level of use of the most active part of fixed production assets - working machines and equipment. These include:
1) the coefficient of extensive loading of equipment, which characterizes the level of use of equipment over time. The coefficient of extensive use of equipment (Kext) is defined as the ratio of the actual number of hours of operation of the equipment (tf) to the number of hours of operation according to the norm (tn):
2) the shift ratio of the equipment (Ksm) characterizes its extensive use and shows how many shifts a piece of equipment has worked:
where C is the sum of worked machine shifts per day;
K - the number of installed equipment.
3) coefficient of intensive loading of equipment, which characterizes the level of use of equipment in terms of power and productivity. The coefficient of intensive use of equipment (Kint) is defined as the ratio of the actual performance of the equipment (Pf) to the standard (Pn):
4) the coefficient of integral use of equipment (Kintegrr). It is defined as the product of the coefficients of extensive and intensive use of equipment and comprehensively characterizes its operation in terms of time and productivity (power):
Low values of private indicators indicate inefficient use of equipment.
OPF have initial, residual and replacement value.
The initial cost of the fixed assets is formed from the costs of their acquisition, construction and manufacture, including the costs of delivery, assembly and installation.
The residual value of the fixed assets is the difference between the initial cost and the amount of depreciation to which the fixed assets are subjected:
depreciation rate;
Period of operation, years.
Replacement cost - the cost of reproduction of the OF in modern conditions. It is set during the revaluation of the OPF:
where is the initial cost, rub.;
P - average annual growth rates of labor productivity;
t is the time lag (the period of time during which the invested capital does not return in the form of receipt of proceeds from the sale of products).
The average annual cost of commissioned FTFs is determined by dividing their cost by 12 and multiplying the result by the number of full months that commissioning funds will be in operation.
The average annual cost of retiring OPFs is determined by dividing their cost by 12 and multiplying the result by the number of full months remaining until the end of the year from the time of their disposal.
The main production equipment is divided into:
a) Cash - this is equipment that is on the balance sheet and included in the inventory lists of the enterprise, regardless of the state and location;
b) Installed - equipment is considered to be located in production premises, operating, inactive, in reserve and on conservation. It does not include equipment received by the enterprise, but not assembled and not put into operation;
c) Working - this is equipment that produces products.
A generalized assessment of the movement of the BPF is given by the coefficients of renewal, disposal, growth, suitability and wear (respectively, Ko; Kv; Kg; Ki).
The renewal coefficient (Ko) reflects the intensity of the renewal of the BPF:
where - the cost of the OPF received in the reporting year;
The retirement rate (Kv) characterizes the degree of intensity of the retirement of fixed assets:
where - the cost of OPF retired in the reporting year;
The technical condition of the BPF is characterized by the coefficient of validity (Kg):
where - the residual value of the OPF;
The initial cost of the OPF;
Wear factor.
The wear factor (Ki) is determined by:
where - the amount of depreciation charged;
The cost of OF at the beginning of the year.
The growth rate of fixed assets ():
where - - the cost of OPF received in the reporting year;
The cost of OPF retired in the reporting year;
CF value at the end of the year.
1.3 Depreciation and amortization of fixed assets
Depreciation is the loss of the physical and moral characteristics of the OPF.
Physical depreciation is the loss of fixed assets of their original production and technical qualities as a result of work or inaction. Physical depreciation in percentage terms and in value terms is established by a survey of the actual and technical condition of the object as a whole and its most important parts.
Physical wear is determined by:
where is the actual service life of the BPF;
Normative service life of the OPF;
Obsolescence - represents a premature, before the end of the physical service life, the depreciation of the OPF.
The obsolescence of the first form is determined when revaluing the OPF by comparing their full initial cost with the replacement:
where is the initial cost of OF;
Replacement cost of OF.
Obsolescence of the second form is established by comparing the technical characteristics of obsolete OPF and new ones:
where - respectively, the performance of a new and obsolete machine.
Accounting for physical and obsolescence is necessary for the correct determination of the replacement cost of funds, their service life and replacement, depreciation rates and amounts.
Depreciation is a monetary compensation for the cost of depreciation of the fixed assets by gradually transferring their value to the products created in the production process.
The total amount of depreciation that is carried forward on manufactured products is determined as the difference between the original and salvage value of the OPF.
The objects for depreciation are the fixed assets of the enterprise used on the basis of ownership, economic management and operational management. Depreciation deductions for fixed assets are accrued from the first day of the month following the month of their registration. Depreciation is charged until the full repayment of the value of fixed assets or their write-off in connection with the termination of the right of ownership or their failure.
Depreciation as a process of transferring the value of fixed assets and intangible assets to the cost of products, works, services produced with their use in the course of entrepreneurial activity, including the distribution in an equivalent way of the cost of objects between reporting periods, which together make up the useful life of each of them , the systematic inclusion of depreciation charges in the cost of production or circulation.
Service life - the period during which fixed assets or intangible assets retain their consumer properties.
The objectivity of the rate of depreciation depends on the standard service life. Regulatory service life - established by regulatory legal acts and / or a commission organized for the implementation of depreciation policy, the period of depreciation of individual objects, fixed assets and / or selected groups of items of depreciable property. If the established norm is overestimated, then physical wear and tear occurs before the value of fixed capital is transferred to finished products.
Depreciable cost is the cost from which depreciation is calculated. The annual rate of depreciation is calculated as the reciprocal of the standard service life of the facility. Depreciation is calculated monthly using a straight-line and non-linear method.
The straight-line method consists in uniform depreciation accrued by years by the organization over the entire standard service life or useful life of an item of fixed assets or intangible assets. Annual rates of depreciation in the first and each of the subsequent years of the life of the facility for one owner are the same. The annual depreciation amount is determined based on the depreciable cost and the standard service life or useful life by multiplying the cost by the accepted annual linear depreciation rate. Calculation of depreciation using the straight-line method:
where - depreciation deductions;
depreciation cost;
– useful life;
depreciation rate.
The non-linear method consists in uneven depreciation over the years over the useful life of an object of fixed assets or intangible assets. The application of this method makes it possible to recover a large part (up to 60-75%) of the cost of fixed assets already in the first half of their use.
With the non-linear method, the annual amount of depreciation is calculated using the sum of the number of years method or the decreasing balance method with an acceleration factor of 1 to 2.5 times. The rate of depreciation in the first and in each of the subsequent years may be different.
The sum of the numbers of years of the useful life of the object is determined by the formula:
where is the useful life.
Under the reducing balance method, the annual amount of accrued depreciation is calculated on the basis of the under-depreciated cost determined at the beginning of the reporting year and the depreciation rate calculated on the basis of the useful life of the object and the acceleration factor adopted by the organization.
The productive method of calculating depreciation is to calculate depreciation based on the depreciated cost of the object and the ratio of physical indicators of the volume of products produced in the current period to the resource of the object.
2 Assessment of the state and efficiency of the use of fixed capital (on the example of the branch of RUPP "BelAZ" in Mogilev)
2.1 Brief description of the enterprise
The branch of the republican unitary industrial enterprise "BelAZ" was founded in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus dated February 28, 2006 No. 129 URP "MoAZ named after. S. M. Kirov "on the basis of the Mogilev Automobile Plant named after S.M. Kirov in the city of Mogilev as a result of joining RUPP "BelAZ" as a branch. The main activity is mechanical engineering.
It is the largest enterprise in the CIS and neighboring countries for the production of automotive equipment designed for the construction of roads, dams, quarrying, underground mining of ore materials and the construction of tunnels and bridges. The main types of products manufactured by the plant are: self-propelled scrapers, dump trucks, front-end loaders, bulldozers, concrete mixer trucks, semi-trailer concrete mixer trucks, underground road trains, dump trucks, mine dump trucks, underground concrete mixer trucks, self-propelled rollers, garbage trucks and electric cars.
The branch produces consumer goods, including hardware and locks, tool products, spare parts for cars, mattresses, medical equipment and other consumer goods.
Mogilev Automobile Plant was established in 1935 as a car repair plant. Over the past period, the production profile has changed several times. At the end of the 1930s, the Mogilev ArZ was actually a defense enterprise - a significant part of its program was special orders. It was the main repair base for the automobile and armored units of the Western Special Military District. During the Great Patriotic War, the plant was evacuated to the Volga region and became part of the engine-building giant.
In the post-war period, the plant produced steam power plants, which were intended primarily for the electrification and heating of agriculture and local industry. From 1955 to 1968, the plant produced electric overhead cranes and oil tankers based on GAZ vehicles, and since 1960 it switched to the production of earthmoving and automotive equipment. The transition to this production is carried out with the direct participation of the Minsk Automobile Plant, a close connection with which continues to this day.
Mogilev Automobile Plant is one of the largest manufacturers of earth-moving equipment in the CIS countries, has its own design and experimental base, develops, manufactures and markets road construction equipment and special-purpose vehicles.
The plant includes foundry, procurement, welding, tool, machining and assembly production. With thirty years of experience in the creation and production of earth-moving and transport equipment, the plant is a monopolist in the CIS countries in the development and production of self-propelled scrapers, road trains for working in underground conditions, all-wheel drive vehicles, dump trucks, airfield tractors for towing aircraft.
The plant is engaged not only in production, but also has a social and cultural complex. The main goal of the company's policy is the high quality of products, their competitiveness in the domestic and foreign markets as the basis for sustainable dynamic development, improving living standards, and maintaining employment.
The main performance indicators of the enterprise are shown in table 1.
Table 1 - Key performance indicators of the Branch of RUPP "BelAZ" for 2006-2007.
In million rubles
fixed capital profit loss
As can be seen from Table 1, the enterprise is not profitable, because makes no profit and works at a loss. In 2006, the company incurred losses, which in 2007 decreased by 6.29%.
Operating and non-operating expenses increased significantly (by 290% and 176%, respectively). Operating income increased sharply - by 376%, non-operating income increased by 50%.
To date, the branch of RUPP "BelAZ" is a loss-making enterprise and requires new investments in fixed assets and the introduction of new technologies.
2.2 Analysis of the availability, composition and movement of fixed assets
In the course of this analysis, it is necessary to assess the size, dynamics and structure of the enterprise's capital investments in fixed assets, to identify the main functional features of the production activity of the analyzed economic entity.
For this purpose, data are compared at the beginning and end of the reporting period for all elements of fixed assets (table 2).
Table 2 - Composition and structure of fixed assets
| Fixed asset group | For the beginning of the year | At the end of the year | Absolute deviation | |||
| Amount, million rubles | Oud. the weight, % | Amount, million rubles | Oud. the weight, % | Amount, million rubles | Oud. the weight, % | |
| 1. OPF | 255052 | 96,43 | 267626 | 96,252 | 12574 | -0,178 |
| 1.1 buildings | 109250 | 41,305 | 122605 | 44,095 | 13355 | 2,79 |
| 1.2 structures | 10947 | 4,139 | 12065 | 4,339 | 1118 | 0,2 |
| 1.3transmitters | 2110 | 0,798 | 2273 | 0,817 | 163 | 0,02 |
| 1.4 machinery and equipment | 121778 | 46,042 | 118751 | 42,709 | -3027 | -3,333 |
| 1.5 vehicles | 4278 | 1,617 | 4458 | 1,603 | 180 | -0,014 |
| 1.6 tools, inventory and accessories | 6649 | 2,514 | 7474 | 2,688 | 825 | 0,174 |
| 2. OF other industries | 198 | 0,075 | 81 | 0,029 | -117 | -0,046 |
| 9245 | 3,495 | 10341 | 3,719 | 1096 | 0,224 | |
| 3.1 trade and catering | 1257 | 0,475 | 1396 | 0,502 | 139 | 0,027 |
| 3.2 housing | 2127 | 0,804 | 2127 | 0,765 | 0 | -0,039 |
| 3.3 health and physical education | 3626 | 1,371 | 4316 | 1,552 | 690 | 0,181 |
| 3.4education | 333 | 0,126 | 381 | 0,137 | 48 | 0,011 |
| 3.5 culture and arts | 1902 | 0,719 | 2121 | 0,763 | 219 | 0,044 |
| Total Fixed Assets | 264495 | 100 | 278048 | 100 | 13553 | - |
Comparing the data at the beginning and end of the reporting period for all elements of fixed assets, we can draw the following conclusions:
a) The largest share in the structure of fixed assets is occupied by fixed assets (96%), then by PF of service industries (3.7%), and the smallest share is by PF of other industries (0.03%).
b) During the reporting period, the share of OPF decreased (by 0.178%), due to a decrease in the share of machinery and equipment (by 3.3%) and vehicles (by 0.014%).
c) The share of fixed assets in other industries decreased by 0.046%.
d) The share of FAs in other sectors providing services increased by 0.22%, although the share of housing decreased by 0.04%.
The main production assets are divided into active and passive. Active BPF include machinery and equipment directly used in the performance of work, tools and vehicles. Passive include buildings and structures, transmission devices. Such detailing is necessary to identify reserves for increasing the efficiency of using fixed assets based on optimizing their structure. In this case, the ratio of active and passive parts is of great interest, since the capital productivity, capital profitability and financial condition of the enterprise largely depend on their optimal combination. Data on the availability and movement of fixed assets can be seen in table 3.
According to Table 3, we can say that during the reporting year the following changes occurred in the availability and structure of fixed assets: the cost of fixed assets increased by 13,553 million rubles. or by 5.12%, incl. OPF - by 12574 million rubles, while their active part decreased by 1.72%, which cannot be assessed positively, and the passive part increased by 11.93%.
PF of other industries decreased significantly - by 59%, PF providing services increased by 11.86%.
Table 3 - Analysis of the presence, movement and composition of the BPF
| Fixed asset group | Availability at the beginning of the year | Received in the reporting year | Retired in the reporting year | Availability at the end of the year | Rate of change, % | ||||||
| million rubles | share, % | Total | introduced | share of introduced | Total | liquidated |
liquidated |
million rubles | share, % | ||
| 1OPF, including: | 255052 | 96,43 | 22084 | 1649 | 91,36 | 9510 | 7854 | 97,46 | 267626 | 96,25 | 104,93 |
| active part | 132705 | 50,17 | 7460 | 1200 | 66,48 | 9482 | 7830 | 97,16 | 130683 | 47,00 | 98,48 |
| passive part | 122347 | 46,26 | 14624 | 449 | 24,88 | 28 | 24 | 0,30 | 136943 | 49,25 | 111,93 |
| 2. OF other industries | 198 | 0,07 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 126 | 126 | 1,56 | 81 | 0,03 | 40,91 |
| 3. OF other industries providing services | 9245 | 3,50 | 1175 | 156 | 8,64 | 79 | 79 | 0,98 | 10341 | 3,72 | 111,86 |
| Total fixed assets | 264495 | 100 | 23268 | 1805 | 100 | 9715 | 8059 | 100 | 278048 | 100 | 105,12 |
Of great importance is the analysis of the movement and technical condition of fixed production assets. For this, indicators such as the renewal coefficient are calculated, which characterize the share of new funds in their total value at the end of the year, the retirement rate, the growth rate, the depreciation rate and the shelf life coefficient, the calculation of which is presented in table 4.
Table 4 - Assessment of the movement and technical condition of the BPF
| Indicators of movement and technical condition of the BPF | Calculation algorithm | Calculation | Absolute deviation | |
| 2006 | 2007 | |||
| Refresh rate: | ||||
| fixed assets | 1788/200082 =0,0089 | 23268/278048 = 0,0837 | 0,075 | |
| OPF | 1333/190639 =0,007 | 22084/267626 =0,0825 | 0,076 | |
| active part | 1136/114707 =0,01 | 7460/130683 = 0,0571 | 0,047 | |
| passive part | 197/75932 =0,0026 | 14624/136943 = 0,1068 | 0,104 | |
| Retirement rate: | ||||
| fixed assets | 10216/192767 =0,053 | 9715/264495 = 0,0367 | -0,016 | |
| OPF | 9995/184666 =0,054 | 9510/255052 =0,0373 | -0,017 | |
| active part | 9323/122242 =0,076 | 9482/132705 = 0,0715 | -0,005 | |
| passive part | 672/63076 =0,01 | 28/122347 = 0,0002 | -0,001 | |
| Growth rate: |  |
|||
| fixed assets | (1788-10216)/ 200082=-0,042 | (23268-9715)/ 278048=0,0487 | 0,091 | |
| OPF | (1333-9995)/ 190632=-0,045 | (22084-9510)/ 267626= 0,0470 | 0,092 | |
| active part | (1136-9323)/ 114707=-0,07 | (7460-9482)/ 130683=-0,0155 | -0,086 | |
| passive part | (197-672)/ 75932=-0,006 | (14624-28)/ 136943= 0,1066 | 0,113 | |
| Wear factor: | ||||
| fixed assets | (192767-47866)/ 192767 =0,752 | (264495-88222)/ 264495=0,666 | -0,086 | |
| OPF | (184666-43375)/ 184666= 0,765 | (255052-82929)/ 255052=0,675 | -0,09 | |
| active part | (122242-7967)/ 122242 =0,935 | (132705-8218)/ 132705=0,938 | 0,003 | |
| passive part | (62424-35408)/ 62424=0,433 | (122347-74711)/ 122347=0,389 | -0,044 | |
| Validity ratio: | ||||
| fixed assets | 1-0,752=0,248 | 1-0,666=0,334 | 0,086 | |
| OPF | 1-0,765=0,235 | 1-0,675=0,325 | 0,09 | |
| active part | 1-0,935=0,065 | 1-0,938=0,062 | -0,003 | |
| passive part | 1-0,433=0,567 | 1-0,389=0,611 | 0,044 | |
As can be seen from Table 4, in 2007 the company significantly updated its fixed assets. Compared to 2006, the renewal rate increased by 0.075. The OPF renewal coefficient increased by 0.076.
In 2007, less fixed assets began to retire, and this was reflected in a decrease in the coefficient by 0.016. For fixed production assets, the coefficient decreased by 0.017, for the active part - by 0.005, and for the passive - by 0.001.
In 2007, there is a significant increase in fixed assets (the coefficient increased by 0.091). For fixed production assets, this increase amounted to 0.092, however, for their active part, a decrease by 0086 is observed, but for their passive part, an increase by 0.113.
Having calculated the depreciation coefficient, we can conclude that the depreciation of fixed assets of the enterprise is very large. With the introduction of new fixed assets, the depreciation coefficient decreased by 0.086, the depreciation coefficient of fixed production assets decreased by 0.09. As for the depreciation coefficient of the active part of fixed assets, it increased by 0.003, and the passive part decreased by 0.044.
In 2007, fixed asset serviceability ratios showed slight changes compared to 2006, which are also associated with the introduction of new fixed assets. The shelf life of fixed assets increased by 0.086, fixed production assets - by 0.09, but the shelf life of the active part decreased by 0.003. On the passive side, the coefficient increased by 0.044
Thus, from the analysis of table 4 it can be seen that fixed assets are worn out by almost 75% and require renewal.
2.3 Analysis of the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets
The final efficiency of the use of fixed assets is characterized by indicators of capital productivity, capital intensity, capital-labor ratio and profitability. The calculation results are presented in Table 5.
Table 5 - Indicators of the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets
Table 2.5 shows that there have been significant changes in the overall performance indicators of the use of fixed assets. The capital-labor ratio increased by 39.8 million rubles. (by 48%). Return on assets increased by 0.11 million rubles. (by 78.5%). Due to the increase in capital productivity, the capital intensity of production decreased by 3.2 million rubles. (by 44%). The profitability of the OPF has increased.
3 Improving the management of fixed assets of the enterprise
For effective capital management, an enterprise needs to develop its activities in the field of investment and innovation.
The formation and use of various monetary funds to reimburse the cost of capital, its accumulation and consumption is the essence of the mechanism of financial management in the enterprise.
Regardless of whether the capital of an enterprise is divided into own, borrowed, fixed or circulating, fixed or variable, it is in the process of continuous movement, taking only different forms depending on the specific stage of the circuit.
The totality of the circuits of various parts of the capital of an enterprise for a period represents its full turnover or reproduction (simple or extended).
The concept of "non-current assets" and "fixed capital" are identical. Fixed capital includes fixed assets, as well as unfinished long-term investments, intangible assets and new long-term financial investments (investments).
The cost of fixed assets is gradually repaid during their useful life by means of monthly depreciation charges, which are included in production or distribution costs for the relevant reporting period.
Fixed capital also includes the cost of capital investments in progress in property, plant and equipment and the purchase of equipment. This is that part of the cost of acquiring and building fixed assets that has not yet become fixed assets, cannot participate in the process of economic activity, and therefore should not be subject to depreciation.
Long-term financial investments represent the cost of equity participation in the authorized capital in other enterprises, the purchase of shares and bonds on a long-term basis. The costs of long-term financial investments are repaid depending on the nature and type.
Financial investments also include:
Long-term loans issued to other enterprises against debt obligations;
The cost of property transferred to a long-term lease under the right of financial leasing. Leasing is a long-term lease of machinery and equipment, in which one legal entity (lessor) acquires ownership of the object of leasing for its own or borrowed funds and transfers it to another business entity (lessee) for a period and for a fee for temporary possession and use with or without the right ransom.
Making a profit today is the result of correct decisions on the proportions of capital investment in fixed and current (current) assets, taken even before the start of the enterprise's operating activities. Therefore, effective management of fixed capital requires a clear understanding of the specifics of their functioning and reproduction.
Fixed assets and long-term investments in fixed assets have a multifaceted and versatile impact on the financial condition and performance of the enterprise.
Investments in fixed capital (fixed assets) are made in the form of capital investments and include the costs of new construction, expansion, reconstruction and technical re-equipment of existing enterprises, the purchase of equipment, tools and inventory, design products and other capital expenditures. Capital investments are inextricably linked with the implementation of investment projects. Investment project - substantiation of economic feasibility, volume and timing of capital investments, including the necessary documentation, as well as a description of practical actions for the implementation of investments (business plan).
Investment policy is an integral part of the overall financial strategy of the enterprise, which consists in choosing and implementing the most rational ways to expand and upgrade production potential.
When developing an investment policy, an enterprise must be guided by the following principles:
1) Achievement of economic, scientific, technical and social effect from the considered activities. At the same time, specific methods for evaluating efficiency are used for each investment object. Based on the results of such an assessment, individual investment projects are selected according to the criterion of efficiency (profitability). Ceteris paribus, those that provide the enterprise with maximum efficiency are accepted for implementation.
2) Receiving by the enterprise the greatest profit on invested capital at minimum investment costs.
The source of capital gains and the purpose of investments is the profit (income) received from them. In practice, the mass of profit (P) is compared with investment costs (IZ) and their effectiveness is determined.
Innovative enterprise management in its content represents a unique field of activity: knowledge from the fields of technology, economics and ecology, social psychology and sociology, fundamental and applied sciences, theory and practice, production and management, strategy and tactics are used and interacted here. Development itself becomes possible thanks to the genius of human thought, the accumulation of capital and high-quality productive labor. But it, this development, being aimed at the benefit of man, enriches labor and human thought, expands the possibilities of capital accumulation due to the increase in labor productivity and quality, and thus creates conditions for a new stage of development, ensuring its continuity.
Thus, an enterprise, in accordance with its mission and a dynamically changing external environment, needs to build goals for obtaining sustainable profits, competitive advantages and survival in the long term. Means to achieve goals, i.e. strategies, in this case, are both the intensive development of all elements of the production and economic system of the organization, and their innovative development. The first will ensure the preservation of the potential of the enterprise if there are no significant changes in the external environment, which is very rare today. The second will ensure an increase in the level of organizational potential, in the case of a stable external environment, or, at least, its preservation if the external environment is highly dynamic.
It should also be taken into account that an enterprise can be considered successful only when it achieves its goals. Obviously, one of the main goals of the enterprise is to make a profit. In this case, the current efficiency of the enterprise is determined by the fact that the value it creates turns directly into profit. Every enterprise needs resources to finance its production and trade activities.
It follows from the study that investment and innovation are the most important economic category of expanded reproduction, which plays a key role in the implementation of structural changes in the economy and the formation of national economic proportions at the macro level, adequate to market forms of management.
Conclusion
In this course work, the structure of fixed capital, the composition and structure of fixed assets, indicators of the use of fixed production assets were considered, the indicators of the use of the OPF of the branch of RUPP "BelAZ" were analyzed, ways to improve the management of fixed capital were identified.
Thus, the following conclusions can be drawn:
1) the enterprise is not profitable, because makes no profit and works at a loss. In 2006, the company incurred losses, which in 2007 decreased by 6.29%;
2) the largest share in the structure of fixed assets is occupied by fixed assets (96%), then by the PF of the industries providing services (3.7%) and the smallest - by the PF of other industries (0.03%);
3) in 2007, the company significantly updated fixed assets, they also began to retire less. In 2007, there is a significant increase in fixed assets. Depreciation of fixed assets of the enterprise is very large, they are worn out by almost 75% and require renewal.
To date, the branch of RUPP "BelAZ" is a loss-making enterprise and for effective capital management, the enterprise needs to develop its activities in the field of investment and innovation.
List of sources used
1 Economics of the enterprise: Proc. allowance / G.Z. Land. - 3rd ed., Rev. and additional - M.: New knowledge, 2006. - 512 p.
2 Titov V. I. Enterprise Economics: Textbook. - M.: Publishing and Trade Corporation "Dashkov and Co", 2004. - p.
3 Savitskaya G.V. Analysis of the economic activity of the enterprise - Mn .: "Ecoperspektiva", 1997.
4 Bashkatova E.I., Zdereva T.A., Stelmakhovsky Yu.S. Evaluation of the fixed and working capital of an enterprise - K .: Higher School, 1998 - 288 p.
5 Golovanenko S.L. Enterprise economy. -M.: Higher school, 1999 - 352p.
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Introduction |
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Enterprise fixed capital management: goals and content |
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Composition of fixed capital |
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Sources of formation and use of fixed capital |
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Fixed capital management |
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Efficiency of fixed capital use |
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The economic essence of the capital intensity of products |
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Changes in capital intensity under the influence of various factors |
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Analysis of the level of use of fixed capital |
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Conclusion |
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List of used literature |
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Introduction.
Russia's gradual transition from a centrally planned economic system to a market one in a new way raises the question of how the enterprise's economy should be managed. Traditional structures and ways are changing. At present, the leaders of the enterprise, studying and shaping what is called civilized forms of market relations, are becoming a kind of "architects" for the development of new economic relations and methods of conducting the enterprise's economy.
Market conditions constantly raise questions that need to be addressed. The success of an enterprise is determined both by the general conditions of management and the ability of the manager to effectively use production factors.
In market conditions, each enterprise must look for its own development path, new forms of capital investment and methods of work. The successful implementation of these conditions largely depends on the forms of resource support of the enterprise and the nature of its use, in particular, on the provision of the enterprise with fixed and working capital, labor force.
The rational use of resources affects the results of labor activity. Successful management of the economy of an enterprise in a market environment involves the use of methods and techniques of entrepreneurship.
Long-term world experience confirms that market relations cannot objectively develop without the participation of the state. The development of market relations as a self-regulatory system is limited and subject to contradictions, so the state must regulate this process in order to mitigate social contradictions and influence the economy with the accelerated development of priority sectors using financial and economic levers, i.e. through public investment, soft loans, subsidies, etc.
- Capital: concepts, types, structures, sources of formation.
1.1 Composition of fixed capital
As you know, the basis of any production process is human labor, which presupposes the availability of means and objects of labor as a necessary condition for its activity. Together, all these three elements constitute the productive forces of society. In the process of production, knowledge of the means and objects of labor is not the same. The decisive role belongs to the means of labor, i.e. the totality of material means by which the worker affects the object of labor, changing its physical and chemical properties.
The fixed capital of an industrial enterprise includes the means of labor, which repeatedly participate in the production process. Gradually wearing out, they transfer their value to the created product in parts over a number of years in the form of depreciation.
According to its economic content, fixed capital is homogeneous. At the same time, it differs in terms of production and technical content, the role of production and the period of reproduction. The theoretical basis for the classification of fixed capital by type is the division of labor instruments proposed by K. Marx, depending on their role in production. Of all the means of labor, the leading group is mechanical means that characterize the technical equipment of production and the production capacity of an industrial enterprise. K. Marx refers to the second group the means of labor "necessary in general in order for the process to be carried out."
Currently, in accordance with the standard classification, the fixed capital of an industrial enterprise is divided into the following groups depending on the homogeneity of the production purpose and natural-material characteristics:
- Buildings - architectural and construction objects designed to perform certain technical functions;
- Structures;
- Transfer devices - devices with the help of which various types of energy are transmitted, as well as liquid and gaseous substances;
- Machinery and equipment, including:
Power machines and equipment;
Working machines and equipment used directly to influence the object of labor or to move it in the process of creating products or providing services;
Measuring and regulating devices;
Computer Engineering;
Other machines and equipment.
- · Vehicles designed to transport goods and people;
- ·Tools of all kinds and fixtures attached to machines;
- · Production inventory;
- · Household inventory.
The composition of fixed capital does not take into account the means of labor that have not been put into operation, low-value (worth less than 1 thousand rubles) and quick-wearing (with a service life of up to 1 year) tool.
The structure of fixed capital is the share of each of the groups in their total value. Not all groups of fixed capital play the same role in the production process. If buildings and structures provide the conditions for production, then machines and equipment are directly involved in the creation of products. On this basis, fixed capital is divided into active and passive parts.
The active part of the fixed capital is the leading one and serves as the basis for assessing the technical level and production capacity.
The passive part is auxiliary and ensures the operation of active elements.
The prevailing ratio of active and passive elements of the indicators in industry is that in almost all enterprises of material production, with the exception of energy, the share of the active part is lower.
1.2 Sources of formation and use of fixed capital.
To compensate for the cost of fixed capital, a depreciation fund is used, which is formed from depreciation deductions received on the settlement account of an industrial enterprise after the sale of products.
Depreciation is a gradual transfer of the value of fixed capital to manufactured products, services rendered in order to accumulate funds for the further full restoration of fixed capital. Depreciation is calculated using norms that are set as a percentage of the value of fixed capital.
The objectivity of the rate of depreciation depends on the standard service life. If the established norm is overestimated, then physical wear and tear occurs before the value of fixed capital is transferred to finished products.
In theory and practice, there are several types of fixed capital valuation. The initial cost is determined by the acquisition cost (price), transportation and installation costs, for capital construction - the estimated cost of the facility put into operation.
The value of a commodity does not depend on the time that is actually spent on its production, but on the time that is necessary for the reproduction of the commodity in modern conditions. This cost of fixed capital is called the replacement cost.
Color=Cp/(1+P)t
Where Tsp - initial cost, rub.;
P - average annual growth rates of labor productivity;
t - time lag
As a result of a sharp rise in the cost of fixed capital in accordance with the decision of the Government of the Russian Federation of 25.02.1992. "On the revaluation of fixed assets" the initial information for the recalculation is the full book value of fixed assets and the calculation coefficient index.
Conversion factor for certain types of fixed capital
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Capital Acquisition Period |
Type of capital |
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Buildings, structures, in front of the device. |
Machinery, equipment |
Vehicles |
Equipment, finding In stock |
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After01.07.92 |
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Up to VI quarter. 93 |
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Residual value - this is that part of the cost of fixed capital that is not transferred to finished products as a result of the fact that the further use of this technique is not economically feasible.
Cst.=Cp-(Cp*On*Tec)=Cp(1-On*Tek)
Where Na is the depreciation rate
Tek - period of operation, years.
Liquidation of cost (Tsl) is the cost of selling dismantled equipment.
When Tl>Cost., losses are credited to the loss, and when evaluating the effectiveness of new equipment, instead of the written off loss, they are added to the cost of the introduced equipment.
Changes in the value of fixed capital are directly related to depreciation. Tools of production eventually wear out and become unsuitable for further operation.
- 2. Enterprise fixed capital management
2.1. Efficiency of fixed capital use
The efficiency of the use of fixed capital is evaluated by means of general and particular indicators. The most general indicator reflecting the level of use of fixed capital is capital productivity.
There are several methods for calculating it. The most common method - the method of calculating the gross output - is to compare the value of gross output and the average annual and average annual cost of fixed capital.
The method of calculating the return on assets for own products makes it possible to exclude the influence of a change in the share of purchased products and semi-finished products. Despite the positive aspects of this method, it also does not accurately reflect the level of use of fixed capital. The fact is that society is not interested in the volume of gross or own production, but in the newly created value.
Example. Let's assume that in the base year the gross value reached 400 million rubles, and the material costs amounted to 120 million rubles, of which 40 million rubles. accounted for purchased products and semi-finished products. Thus, the cost of own production amounted to 360 million rubles. With a fixed capital cost of 200 million rubles. return on assets, calculated on gross output, amounted to: Foval = 400/200 = 2 rubles, and on own production Foval = 360/200 = 1.8 rubles.
Suppose that in the reporting year, gross output increased by 1.3 times, and material costs increased to 240 million rubles, of which 120 million rubles. accounted for purchased products and semi-finished products. As a result, the value of gross output increased by 120 million rubles. (400(1.3-1.0)) due to rising prices for materials and purchased products and semi-finished products. The cost of own production has increased to 400 million rubles. Therefore, with the cost of fixed capital at the level of the base year
(Okb=200 million rubles)
FOval.=520/200=2.6 rub.
FSpec.=400/200=2 rub.
When calculating the conditionally net production (CPP), the return on assets would remain unchanged, since the CCPbase = 400-120 = 280 million rubles;
CHF.=520-280=240 million rubles
Thus, despite the increase in capital productivity calculated on the basis of gross and own production, there was no additional increase in newly created value compared to the base year.
The return on assets, calculated on net and conditionally net products, can be represented by:
FOchp \u003d CHP / OKsr.g. \u003d (VP- (MZ + OKsr.g.Na)) / OKsr.g.
FEED-PPP/OKsr.y.-(VP-MZ)/OKsr.y.
Where PE - net production;
UCHP - conditionally net production, it differs from net production by the amount of depreciation;
OKavg. - the average annual cost of fixed capital.
When calculating the return on assets for net or conditionally net products, the influence of various material consumption can be eliminated. However, this does not take into account changes in the assortment, the share of products with high profitability, the cost and quantity of processed raw materials and materials. Despite this, the methods for calculating the return on assets for net and conditionally net products, as well as profits, are the most used, as they allow you to more clearly and methodologically clearly take into account the influence of various factors and exclude their artificial impact on the efficiency of the use of fixed capital.
The criterion for gross capital productivity is the ratio between the growth rates of gross output and fixed capital. This criterion is determined by the objective law of the economics of social labor.
Private indicators characterize certain aspects of the use of the entire set of fixed capital or some part of it, such as equipment or production space. They can be absolute and relative, natural, conditionally natural, value.
In the process of material production, it is important to improve the use of equipment, i.e. reduction of integral and intra-shift losses of equipment operation time.
The coefficient of holistic use of equipment, or the coefficient of shift Kcm of equipment operation, is defined as the ratio of the actually worked number of stand-shifts per day С to the total number of installed equipment k:
Kcm \u003d (C1 + C2 + C3) / n
The shift coefficient is planned and actual and is calculated for the enterprise, workshops, equipment groups for a year, quarter, month, decade, day.
The planned shift ratio takes into account the number of cost-shifts that must be worked out by the equipment for the planned period.
It is known that as equipment ages, the potential for its operation time decreases, i.e. with an increase in the number of years of operation, the annual effective fund of time for a piece of equipment is reduced. An aggregated estimate of the change in the annual time fund shows that for equipment up to 5 years old, the annual effective time fund of a piece of equipment does not change and amounts to 1870 hours, in the range from 6 to 10 years, the annual reduction is 1.5%, in the range from 11 to 15 years - 2.0%, and over 15 years - 2.5%.
For example, for equipment aged 10, 15, 17 years, the annual time fund corresponds to:
Fef(10)=1870(1-(0.015*5))=1730h;
Fef (15) \u003d 1870 (1- (0.015 * 5 + 0.02 * 5)) \u003d 1542 hours;
Fef (17) \u003d 1870 (1- (0.015 * 5 + 0.025 * 2)) \u003d 1450 h.
2.2. The economic essence of the capital intensity of products
In general, the indicator of capital intensity of production is the ratio of the average annual cost of fixed capital to the cost of manufactured products. The average annual cost of fixed capital can be calculated by two methods. According to the first method, the input and disposal of fixed capital is timed to the middle of the month:
OKsr.y. \u003d (0.5Okn.y. +? OK + 0.5Okn.y.) / 12
Where OKn.g. - the cost of the main as of 01.01. reporting year
Total value of fixed capital on the 1st day of each month
OKk.g. - cost of fixed capital at the end of the year.
According to the second method, the introduction and disposal of the main method is timed to the end of the analyzed period.
Example: Cost of fixed capital as of 01.01.1994. equal to 50 billion rubles. The value of fixed capital introduced in July amounted to 30 billion rubles, in September - 10 billion rubles, the cost of liquidated equipment in October - 10 billion rubles. The average annual cost of fixed capital will be according to the first method:
OKaverage year = (0.5*50+50+50+50+50+50+80+80+80+90+80+80+0.5*80)/12=67.083 billion rubles;
By the second method:
OKsr.y.=(50+(30*6*10*3)/12)-(10(18-10)/12)=65.833 billion rubles
The error in the second calculation method was:
OKav.y.=1/12((80-50)/2)=1.25 billion rubles, (i.e. 67.083-65.833)
Capital intensity, calculated per unit cost of production, is used in the analysis of the actual profitability of fixed capital, the study of the economic efficiency of existing production.
The capital intensity of production and capital productivity are indicators by which you can determine the level of use of fixed capital.
Depending on the participation of fixed capital in the output of products, capital intensity is divided into direct, indirect and full.
Direct capital intensity of production - the cost of fixed capital of a particular enterprise.
Indirect - the cost of fixed capital, each functions at other enterprises and indirectly participates in the creation of complex products for a particular enterprise.
Full - this is the total value of direct and indirect capital intensity of products.
2.3. Changes in capital productivity under the influence of various factors
The return on assets depends on a large number of factors: the period of development of newly commissioned production facilities, the shift ratio of equipment, the average cost of installed equipment, the share of the active part of fixed assets, the number of types of products.
Improving the use of fixed production assets can be carried out in two directions:
- Increasing production volume
- Reducing the average annual cost of fixed production assets.
Example: The value of gross output in the base year was VPbase. - 1000 million rubles, with the average annual cost of fixed production assets of OPF bases. - 800 million rubles In the reporting period, as a result of improved use of fixed production assets, the cost of gross output increased by 1.2 times (tp VP=2)
The increase in capital productivity in the reporting year amounted to:
FOotch. \u003d FObase. (tpVotch.-1) \u003d (1 / 0.08) * (1.2 * 1.0) \u003d 0.25 rubles.
Then the return on assets will be:
FOotch. \u003d FObase. +? FO \u003d (1 / 0.8) + 0.25 \u003d 1.5 rubles.
Changes in return on assets
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Indicators |
Designation condition. |
Base period |
Reporting period |
Deviation |
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Saving |
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Gross output, million rubles |
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Main products |
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The average annual cost of the main production funds, mln. rub. |
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Average annual cost of the active part |
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Production capacity, million rubles |
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Calculate the return on assets of the reporting and base periods:
Fbase.=(VPbase/OPFbase.)(OPFbase./PMbase)(PMbase./OPFp.)*
*(OPFp./OPF)=(1000/800)(800/1040)(1040/360)(360/800)=
1.25 * 0.77 * 2.9 * 0.45 \u003d 1.25 rubles.
FOotch.=(1200/758.2)(758.2/1100)(1100/318.2)(318.2/758.2)=
1.58 * 0.69 * 3.46 * 0.42 \u003d 1.57 rubles.
Thus, in comparison with the base period, the return on assets increased by 33 kopecks. (1.58-1.25). The growth of capital productivity was influenced by:
a) improving the use of fixed production assets:
Fou \u003d (Fpotch. / OPFbaz.) - (VPbaz. / OPFbaz.) \u003d
=(1200/850)-(1000/800)=0,25
b) improving the use of production capacities:
FOmp \u003d (PMotch. / OPFbase.) - (PMbas. / OPFbase.) \u003d
=(1100/800)-(1040/800)=0,08
The increase in capital productivity was ensured by improving the use of fixed production assets (0.25 rubles) and production capacities (0.08 / FOotch. = FObaz. + AFOu +
Fopm \u003d 1U25 + 0.25 + 0.08 \u003d 1.58
In the most detailed analysis, the influence of various factors can be determined by the formula:
FD \u003d (VP / VPosn.) (VPosn. / PM) (PM / OPFl) (OPFl / OPF).
2.4 Analysis of the level of use of fixed capital
Analysis of the level of fixed capital - one of the types of analysis of the production resource. The level of use of the fleet of the main technological equipment is characterized by general and particular indicators.
The technical condition of the PTO is determined by technical and economic indicators. The most common is the average age of POTO:
Tav.=(t1n1+t2n2+...+tini)/(n1+n2+...+ni)=?(ti+ni)/ ?ni
Where ti - i is the age of the piece of equipment;
ni is the number of equipment with the i-th age;
m - the number of age groups.
For example: as the main technological equipment in the amount of n=10 units. distributed by age as follows: t8=2 units; t10=5 units; t15=3 units
Then Тav.=(8*2+10*5+15*3)/(2+3+5)=11 years.
With an increase in the age of a piece of equipment, the time of its effective operation is reduced as a result of an increase in the time to restore efficiency. So for a unit of equipment operating in one shift, up to 5 years old inclusive, the annual effective time fund is Ф05=2079(1-0.1)=1870 hours.
where 0.1 is the share of time for scheduled repairs.
The write-off of excess equipment has an impact on the growth of production efficiency, since as a result of writing off the balance sheet of an industrial enterprise, the cost of this equipment and an increase in profits by the amount of depreciation deductions for decommissioned equipment, the specific profit attributable to 1 ruble of production assets increases.
Meanwhile, in order to plan the operation of the existing equipment fleet, it is important to know the possibilities of its use not only by shifts, but also within the shift. The lower the intra-shift losses, the greater the potential use of equipment for shifts.
The real reserve of intra-shift operating time of the equipment reflects the amount of downtime:
Frvk \u003d Fe (t) (Kzpl-Kef) (1-apt) n,
where Kzpl, Kef are the planned and actual load factors, respectively.
The actual load factor shows the proportion of the time required to produce a certain amount of output in the total operating time of the equipment used to produce this product.
Kef \u003d? SiAi / Fe (t) Krnj,
where: Si - unit cost of the i-th product name, produced from the j-th group of equipment;
Qi - annual volume of production of products of the i-th item;
m - number of product names;
Ф(e)t - annual effective time fund of a piece of equipment for the t-th age group of equipment;
Kp - mode of operation of an industrial enterprise;
nj is the amount of equipment of the j-th group.
Park of the main technological equipment in the amount of nj=20 units. at age t=7 years, annual fund of time of a piece of equipment for one shift Fe(7)=1760h. and planned load factor Kzpl. - 0.85
To determine the reserve of intra-shift time of equipment, the data given in the table are used.
The annual effective time fund is:
Fe \u003d Fe (t) Kr * nj \u003d 1760 * 1.0 * 2.0 \u003d 35200 h.
Initial data for calculating the intra-shift time reserve
|
Name of production |
Product cost intensity (SEi) h. |
Annual volume (Q) years |
The cost of the annual program. SEpr, h |
actual load factor:
KeF=SEpr/Fe=23500/35200=0.67
Thus, the intra-shift time reserve of the equipment fleet will be:
Fr \u003d Fe (t) (Kzpl-Kef) nj \u003d 1760 (0.85-0.67) * 20 \u003d 6336,
or 27% of the annual requirement.
The annual increase in gross profit may increase by?pval.=Pud. ?Fr=10000*6337=63.3 million rubles
Conclusion.
The functioning of enterprises in a market environment offers the search and development of each of them their own way of development. In other words, in order not only to stay, but also to develop in the market, an enterprise must improve the state of its economy; always have an optimal ratio between costs and production results; find new forms of capital investment, find new, more effective ways to bring products to the buyer, pursue an appropriate product policy, etc. This must be combined with the full use of internal factors in the development of production, which are quite numerous in their content and purpose.
Conventionally, they can be divided into three groups:
- Factors of resource support of production; these include factors of production, i.e. everything without which the production of products, the provision of services in the quantity and quality required by the market is unthinkable.
- Factors that ensure the desired level of economic and technical development of the enterprise.
- Factors that ensure the commercial efficiency of the production and economic activities of the enterprise.
There is no strictly limited boundary between these groups. For example, most of the means of production is not only a necessary condition for the production of goods and services, but also determines its technical level.
Bibliography:
- "Finance, monetary circulation, credit", ed. prof. Drobozina L.N., M., UNITI, 1997
- "Finance" ed. Doctor of Economics, prof. Kovaleva A.P., M., "Finance and statistics", 1997.
- "Economics of an industrial enterprise" ed. prof. Radionova V.M., M., "Finance and statistics", 1995.
- "Finance" ed. prof. Radionova V.M., M., "Financial statistics", 1995.