Internal logistics circuit of the enterprise. What is logistics and what does the logistics department do at an enterprise? Organization of internal logistics of an enterprise

Last update: 09/26/2019

Hello, dear readers of the business magazine “site”! Today we'll talk about logistics- what it is in simple words, what tasks and goals it has, and also provide tips on how to choose a logistics company.

In the modern world, the issue of cargo transportation is an integral part of the work of any enterprise. Properly organized delivery allows you to save organization resources when managing commercial activities. There is probably no area where such services are absolutely not needed. These and many other problems are solved by properly carried out logistics policy.

Modern universities prepare highly specialized specialists in this field, and the science of logistics itself reveals the secrets successful business and teaches how to optimize the flow of materials, funds and information.

From this article you will learn:

• What is logistics and what are its tasks?
• What types of logistics are there;
• How to choose the right transport company for cooperation;
• About the specifics of Russian logistics and the logistician profession itself.

This article will be useful for beginners logisticians, business representatives who want to optimize the transport process, organize logistics control within the enterprise itself (for example, a business system), and also choose the right partner for long-term and profitable work in the field of delivery and freight forwarding.

Do you want to get acquainted with all the intricacies of logistics science? Then read about it right now!

About logistics - what it is and what functions and tasks it has, how to choose a logistics company and who is a logistician - read on

🔔 Logistics- This modeling, control And rationalization process transfer of goods , services or information from supplier to consumer. It can be assessed as strategic management of the supply process. Logistics control is aimed at reducing costs in the implementation or transfer of material, financial and information flows.

The logistics structure can be represented by the following processes:

• management by the buyer or consumer in order to minimize costs;
• management by the supplier aimed at increasing the profitability of delivery.

The logistics management process cannot be reduced to one constant action; it includes several aspects at once:

• execution of contracts;
• inventory management system;
• product delivery scheme;
• close communication with customs authorities;
• market demand monitoring;
• And so on.

To optimize this process, various logistics models are used at various stages. Some of these models can be classified as marketing, but they all boil down to the ultimate goal - increasing the profitability of business activities.

Logistics, as an independent region, arose due to a number of difficulties, related to the delivery of goods.

There are specialized logistics organizations that entrepreneurs turn to and legal entities who do not have their own logistics department.

Although, in fact, logistics arose quite a long time ago. Even in times of agrarian society there was international trade, and its participants tried to reduce the cost of transporting goods. In modern economic conditions and industrial scale production, logistics has reached a new level.

Logistics costs are one of the largest items in determining the cost of production.

2. Objectives, functions and goals of logistics 📑

The subject of logistics science is the state material, financial or information resources at various levels in a particular system and optimization of their flows.

The purpose of logistics is to increase the efficiency of the economic system through the management of logistics processes.

Logistics tasks include:

• commodity flow management;
• development of a system for managing the flow of goods, services and information;
• market monitoring and identifying demand for materials and goods, forecasting the future situation on the market.

Logistics includes the following concepts:

Logistics operation– operations aimed at changing material flows or service flows.

Logistics system is a system for planning and implementing all logistics operations.

IN modern science Logistics systems are divided into:

• direct (establish a connection between supplier and consumer);
• mediation (include at least one additional participant).

Material flow– an object of logistics actions, which is measured by physical indicators of weight, size and time.

Logistics function– actions aimed at increasing operational efficiency at one or another stage of the logistics process.

Among them are:

• transport services;
• product storage;
• purchase of goods;
• creation of reserves.

Logistics costs– expenses associated with carrying out and processing logistics operations. They can become components of sales expenses or be included in the cost of production.

In fact, the formation of a logistics system represents a balancing of production interests and ensuring liquidity.

The efficiency of the logistics system directly depends on the volume of inventories available to the organization, which can be represented as comparative table:

No.	Index	Lots of supplies	Low stocks
1	Logistics costs	higher (-)	below (+)
2	Benefit from the use of working capital	below (-)	higher (+)
3	Adaptability to growth or decline in quantity demand	higher (+)	below (-)
4	Probability of contract violation	below (+)	higher (-)
5	Logistics system control	easier (+)	more difficult (-)
6	Adaptability to growth or decline in the range of market needs	below (-)	higher (+)

From this table it can be seen that the amount of inventory of an enterprise determines that the operation of the logistics system is related to the amount of resources of the enterprise.

3. Concept and main types of logistics - 7 most popular types ✈🚚⛴

The logistics management process includes various components that ensure optimal results from the system. Based on this, several types of logistics can be distinguished.

1) Transport logistics (Transport logistics)

Determining the most advantageous route for the movement of funds ensuring the transfer material resources in the required volume and required time frame from one point to another, for the purpose of further processing, redistribution or consumption of these resources.

2) Customs logistics

Exercising control over the material flow passing across state borders.

Customs logistics allows you to solve several problems at once:

• carrying out the transportation of goods;
• obtaining the necessary certificates for imported goods;
• registration of customs documentation;
• assessment of the value, condition and compliance with customs requirements of the cargo;
• support for further movement of cargo that has passed the customs border;
• ensuring compliance with currency legislation.

Customs logistics requires taking into account legal customs requirements and the costs associated with their implementation.

3) Production logistics

When production resources go through several stages within the enterprise itself in the process of creation and processing, it is necessary to establish control over this process in order to optimize it.

This is what production logistics does by solving the following problems:

• coordination of work schedules performed in various production departments;
• compliance of work deadlines by all departments with the processes of purchasing resources and selling products;
• identifying consumer needs for effective planning production process;
• quick response to disruptions in production, its adjustment and control of the completion of assigned tasks within the given time frame.

4) Inventory logistics

The main task of inventory logistics is to establish a constant, uninterrupted process for the production and sale of a product. Its solution is carried out by monitoring existing stocks of goods and production resources, taking into account risks, seasonal specifics and consistency of supply.

5) Purchasing logistics (Supply logistics)

Monitors the movement of material flows that provide the production process with the necessary resources. Includes supply of production, supply of materials, their storage until release into production.

The need for supply logistics is determined by:

• Inconsistency in the supply process inevitably leads to downtime in production. It is necessary to control purchases in terms of quantity, quality, delivery organization, packaging integrity and assortment.
• More than half of the cost of manufactured goods is created in the supply process.

To increase and maintain the required level of business competitiveness, the organization of supply logistics is mandatory. To do this, the state of the market for purchased materials is constantly monitored and the profitability of purchases or self-made necessary raw materials.

6) Information logistics

This area of ​​logistics deals with the control and coordination of data flows that come in addition to material ones. In relation to the enterprise itself, such flows can be divided into internal And external, and within the organization - horizontal And vertical.

The provisions of information logistics are determined by internal regulations on document flow at the enterprise.

In cases of desynchronization of material and information movement, important so that the informational one does not go ahead of the material one.

If it is impossible to synchronize material and information flows, it is desirable that the information flow is somewhat ahead of the material flow.

7) Warehouse logistics

This type of logistics is aimed at controlling the operation of the warehouse - acceptance, storage, issuance of materials. Issues such as the optimal location of warehouses and warehouse accounting, which directly affects the assessment of product costs in accounting, are also determined.

Warehouse Logistics also solves the problems of organizing warehouse facilities and optimizing the placement of warehouses. The nature of warehouse accounting may influence the accounting estimate of cost.

Logistics company - the main criteria for choosing a logistician. company

4. How to choose a logistics company - TOP-8 selection criteria 📝

The Russian logistics services market is represented by many companies. There are no monopolies and high competition, but the quality of the services provided is not always at the proper level.

There are several criteria, which should be used when choosing such a company, even in a little-studied region.

Criterion 1. The carrier must have its own fleet of vehicles, otherwise it is an intermediary, which will increase the cost of transportation. Ask the company whether it even intends to seriously provide services or whether the company provides solely intermediary services.

Criterion 2. The carrier company must provide guarantees. The contract must indicate the exact time of delivery of the goods and travel time.

Criterion 3. If the company does not have its own vehicle fleet or it is insufficient, the use of services transport companies necessary. But, even if you have your own means of transportation, it makes sense to estimate the costs; perhaps delivery by a logistics company will be cheaper.

The fact is that those companies that specialize in transportation have more opportunities in this area due to cost savings, through the formation of groupage cargo in one direction and preferences for the wholesale purchase of fuel, maintenance Vehicle and so on.

Criterion 4. Carrier liability insurance is an important aspect that allows you to obtain guarantees of cargo safety or compensation for damage in the event of an insured event.

Criterion 5. It is necessary to compare the conditions and costs of several carriers at once.

Criterion 6. The ability of a logistics company to work with non-standard orders indicates its seriousness. It is possible to conclude an additional agreement to provide alternative transport in case of emergency, but of course the tariff will be higher.

Criterion 7. It is important to read reviews about the company’s work via the Internet.

Criterion 8. Particular attention should be paid when using additional services of a customs broker. Errors in documentation can significantly delay deliveries.

5. Main problems and features of Russian logistics 📊

In Russia, the situation in the logistics sector is not the most favorable. This is due to climatic conditions, long distances, the condition of the road surface and the technical capabilities of transport.

Transport costs in the Russian Federation greatly exceed the world average and amount to about 20% of GDP, this is, first of all, due to the specifics of the Russian Federation’s actions on the international market as one of the largest suppliers of raw materials, as well as its territorial size.

Russia has a number of problems in the field of logistics:

• high prices for warehouse and unloading services;
• the hidden nature of many costs;
• non-performance of the parties to the contract;
• unstable market conditions and ineffective sales planning;
• poor development of transport infrastructure, limiting economic growth to a limit of 4% per year, at best;
• limited number of suppliers;
• shortage of qualified personnel and, as a consequence, erroneous logistics models;
• complex natural conditions in most regions.

Due to the crisis, many logistics systems are being reduced, which leads to a decrease in the profitability of many sectors of the country's economy. However, in conditions of decreasing competition, stronger firms remain that are able to maintain the appropriate level of logistics services provided and occupy vacant niches in the market.

6. Who provides logistics services - review of the TOP-5 companies in the Russian logistics services market 📄

On the Russian market there are many private carriers and large logistics companies capable of providing a wide range of services and operating throughout the country or most regions.

1) Business lines

The largest transport and logistics company in Russia. It has been operating throughout the country for more than 12 years and provides a variety of services in the field of logistics:

• road, rail and air transportation;
• transportation by separate transport;
• presence of branches and cargo delivery points in most regions of Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus;
• transportation of consolidated cargo;
• Availability of fast delivery services;
• possibility of compliance temperature regime transportation using specialized equipment on a special flight;
• the ability to track cargo and alert system;

This company cares about the peace of mind of customers and controls the quality of service, provides guarantees and insurance services

2) PEC

This company operates throughout the country and has more than 100 representative offices, constantly expanding.

For more than 10 years, PEK has been improving the quality of services and their variety:

• targeted delivery of cargo and collection from the client;
• a system for informing customers about the intersection of key points along the route;
• variety of packaging of transported material;
• loading and unloading of delivered goods.

3) Delko

The company has been operating for more than 17 years, has more than 1000 vehicles and delivers any cargo weighing up to 20 tons using various vehicles throughout Russia and Kazakhstan:

• refrigerated semi-trailers (±20C mode);
• semi-trailers with awning - 90 m3;
• tent semi-trailers 110 m3 (16.5 m, 40 pallets) using bunks.

4) TTG

The company has been operating for about 5 years in Russia and the CIS, transporting cargo from 0.5 to 20 tons, and has more than 5,000 units of various equipment, which allows you to quickly load vehicles in any region of the country and just as quickly find a replacement if necessary.

In the electronic database of ATI carriers, TTG has the highest rating and several hundred positive reviews from customers. The company was awarded the “Guarantor of Quality and Reliability” award in 2014 and provides its services to many large clients on an ongoing basis.

5) YES-TRANS

This company provides both logistics and forwarding services in full. Transportation is carried out throughout the Russian Federation, including the Crimean Peninsula, as well as to the CIS countries - Armenia, Kazakhstan, Belarus. There is a possibility of delivery “to the client’s door”. Loads from 500 kg or 2 m³ in volume are accepted for transportation and are delivered both by separate transport and by a groupage vehicle. Oversized cargo and cargo requiring temperature control are also accepted for processing.

The company’s specialists optimize cargo routes, having complete data on the condition of the route, road repair work and traffic jams, which helps reduce transportation costs.

The calculation of the amount of payment for transportation in any direction is calculated in 15 minutes.

7. What is the difference between forwarding activities and logistics 📎

Forwarding activities are an integral part of the work of a logistician, but they are limited only to coordinating the movement of goods, escorting and delivery to their destination.

Logistics, in itself, is a broader concept. It involves optimizing material and information flows in parallel with forwarding activities.

The full scope of transport expedition services includes:

• cargo collection, transportation and delivery to the destination
• loading and unloading of goods;
• control of payment for transportation;
• preparation of necessary documents;
• possible customs broker services;
• informing the parties to the contract about the route and stage of cargo movement
• And so on.

That is, forwarding activities is just one component of logistics.

8. Logistician - what kind of profession is this or who is a logistician 📄

A person engaged in logistics activities is referred to as "logistician" (logistician).

Logistics is responsible for optimizing product sales flows by performing various tasks to rationalize and increase the efficiency of material and information flows in conditions of limited time and specifying the starting and ending points.

The areas of work of a logistics specialist (manager) are as follows:

• transportation carried out by more than one vehicle under one contract, called multimodal;
• freight forwarding;
• warehouse management and control of materials storage;
• control of material and technical base;
• filling out and submitting the necessary customs documents;
• planning and management within corporate logistics;
• ensuring control over services related to information, reference and service activities;
• sales control of distribution of inventory items;
• other.

A successful logistician must master the free use of computer programs , such as: 1C , Bank-client And other , and also be able to quickly find high-quality and reliable information that is relevant in this moment.

A prerequisite for the activity of a logistician is the ability to make forecasts for sales, purchases and possible transport difficulties, assimilate and apply statistical data in daily work.

9. Conclusion + video on the topic 🎥

The importance of properly organizing the delivery of goods during sales, coordinating purchasing processes and controlling warehouse operations is undeniable. At the same time, it is important to understand exactly what services can be provided logistics company, as well as what logisticians should do within the enterprise.

The efficiency of any business directly depends on costs, including transport operations . For example, when managing, it is important to understand what part of the costs will be on delivery of goods, since, as a rule, buyers of Chinese “trend” goods (usually goods costing about $10-20) have to spend a third of the cost on delivery.

Nowadays, the Russian market is represented by a wide selection of partners transport transportation and the range of services provided. No less important are the guarantees that the forwarder can provide.

Logistics how separate industry business appeared relatively recently, however, has already firmly established itself in the market. At the same time, there are many types and directions of it, which you have already familiarized yourself with in the article.

Now you know how important it is to choose the right partner for transportation, what skills a logistician should have, and which companies occupy top positions in the logistics services market.

Dear readers of the magazine “RichPro.ru”, we will be grateful if you share your wishes, experiences and comments on the topic of publication in the comments below.

Let's consider the features of the classification of logistics, the functions and main tasks of a representative of the logistics profession and specialized logistics companies in general. Forms of providing logistics services, their features.

Logistics is the science of supply, delivery, control, and organization of transportation. It is based on the rules of law and the laws of market functioning. The work of a logistician requires competent planning and optimization of transportation activities. So, what is logistics and the profession of “logistician”?

Complete overview of the concept

Logistics is an economic discipline, a section of management aimed at studying the features of supply, delivery, transportation, control over all processes related to transportation, and their management. The literal translation of the word from Greek subtly reflects the essence of the concept - "the art of counting" .

The Russian Academy of Sciences has proposed its own definition, which provides a more complete explanation and understanding of the term and clarifies fundamentally important points.

Fact! American researchers consider logistics as a process aimed at realizing the interests of the parties, as well as controlling transportation and delivery.

In addition to the processes that are listed in other existing formulations of this concept, the definition of the Academy of Sciences also includes a listing of the routes of movement of goods or services that are in the sphere of interests and activities of the logistician:

• Raw materials and production plant.
• Finished products and consumer.
• Processing of raw materials at the enterprise and intra-production movement: from entering the enterprise to the final result.

Tasks, functions and goals

Logistics, as a service sector, began to take shape at a time when manufacturers realized that irrational transportation costs had an extremely negative impact on the company’s performance, reducing its profitability.

Logistics services are an extensive set of operations and processes that are aimed at implementing the company’s client’s request, implying:

• Storage.
• Transportation.
• Purchase.
• Delivery.
• Planning.
• Transportation optimization.
• Treatment.
• Certification.
• Documentary support and others.

Note!

Three main functions: optimization, control, efficiency improvement.

A simple option for obtaining high-quality logistics services is to choose a specialized outsourcing company. A logistics company is a professional performer who will provide rational, efficient provision of a number of services for transportation, storage, transportation optimization, and documentation. This is a specialized company that optimizes the movement of products and information flows from the manufacturer to the final goal - the customer, the client. How to create it? It is required to have not only resources, but experience and knowledge in this field of activity. Only specialized education or the presence of significant funds does not guarantee the successful operation of the enterprise. Most companies grew out of small firms providing forwarding services.

The scope of services provided by the company includes:

• Information and documenting cargo
• Shipping.
• Warehousing.
• Registration of goods if necessary for transportation across the border.
• Delivery directly to the consumer of the product.
• Sorting, packaging.
• Formation of parties, creation of a sales network.
• Insurance.

Services of a specialized company allow you to minimize costs, simplify transportation and documentation, save time.

Logistician - who is this?

If you are interested in who logisticians are and what they do, then first of all it is important to understand that there are three main basic processes in the work of these specialists: optimization, planning, control.

Expert opinion! A specialist needs to plan the transportation of a batch of cabinets from the manufacturing plant. He needs to: ensure the completion of the operation on time, provide transport, take into account and minimize possible factors that could harm the product. We have cabinets made of natural wood. Therefore, in order for the harm from external factors to be minimal, it is necessary to choose transport according to the basic requirements: the goods must be protected from moisture and securely fastened in the body.

• Choosing suitable transport.
• Competent planning of the transportation process.
• Collaboration in planning, taking into account the work of the warehouse and production.
• Transportation route optimization.
• Forming unity in planning with other departments.

Customs logistics

A type of logistics whose goals are aimed at delivering goods from the manufacturer to the buyer (customer) via optimal routes between countries. The main goal of this type is to optimize foreign economic activity, which requires high level professionalism of a logistics specialist.

Within the framework of customs-type logistics, the following work is performed:

• The logistics company ensures storage of products in optimal, thoughtful conditions.
• Organization of transportation.
• Documentary support.
• Cargo check.
• Cargo escort from customs to the direct customer.

Logistics profession, what is it in the field of customs? This is an activity that requires a wider range of knowledge in the field of international economics and law. In addition, you must be able to classify goods. The goal is to minimize risks and maximize efficiency. Professional services help bring a company to the global market and purchase profitable raw materials or products from a foreign manufacturer.

Production logistics

This refers to the process of control, management, systematization and optimization in the production of a certain product. The specialist is involved in managing material flows - from raw materials to the delivery of products to the customer.

Fact! Purpose of activity: who are logisticians in this area? These are specialists who are aimed at increasing production efficiency at minimal cost.

The production process control function allows you to:

• Monitor deadlines.
• Coordination of work schedules.
• Optimization of procurement processes.
• Analysis of consumer needs.
• Quick troubleshooting of production problems.

At the macro level, production logistics serves as a mechanism for monitoring the operation of the enterprise; at the micro level, it provides control over compliance with standards and deadlines, planning of each stage of work, and cost analysis.

Inventory logistics

Required for control and analysis of existing product inventories and resources. The goal is to ensure optimization of production and uninterrupted operation of the company. Logistician who is this? In this case, this is a controller of risks, seasonal specifics, and supplies.

Purchasing logistics (Supply logistics)

This is the process of controlling existing threads financial resources. The goal is to provide the company with the resources necessary for high-quality and efficient work.

As part of his activities, a logistician must competently solve a number of issues:

• Who to buy resources from?
• What do you need to buy?
• What purchasing conditions will be optimal?
• How many resources are required to keep the company running?
• How to link purchasing with product manufacturing and distribution systems?
• How to connect the resource supplier and the manufacturing enterprise that needs the resource?

Information logistics

A type of logistics that is aimed at organizing information flow. This is a connection that forms bridges between supply, sales, and production processes. How to work as a logistician in the information sector?

The specialist is engaged in the organization and management of transportation, warehousing, delivery, packaging, monitoring communications between departments. Information flows, competently planned by logisticians, make it possible to optimize costs, increase efficiency, and organize high-class service.

“Three pillars” of information logistics: information flow, information technology, systems.

A logistician in the field of information is engaged in:

• Gathering information.
• Moving the information flow.
• Analysis, accumulation of information.
• Management, control.
• Separation of information flows.
• Filtering information based on certain criteria.

Information flow is data and messages that operate within the logistics system and outside, between the system and external objects. Control of information flow helps to optimize all logistics operations.

Warehouse Logistics

This set of actions, which are aimed for storage of products. Storage times and product features are important. The concept includes storage, acceptance, issuance of materials, raw materials, products, optimal location of warehouse premises, accounting of warehouse operations.

Goals of warehouse logistics:

1. Cost minimization;
2. Safe storage conditions for products with various specifics;
3. Reducing the cost of goods through proper accounting;
4. Increasing the level of competitiveness of production and business in general.

What is warehouse logistics: Wikipedia and other sources define this type as directed control over the movement of finances.

Main directions and concepts of this type:

• Classification of warehouses.
• Functionality of warehouses, complexes.
• Methods for developing a warehouse system.
• Operations and processes on the territory of warehouse systems.
• Planning the location and structure of the warehouse.
• Competent organization of employee work.
• Storage optimization.
• Reducing the likelihood of risks.

Logistics services: what is it within the framework of warehouse operations? This is the work of a specialist aimed at storage optimization, placement of goods, reducing the likelihood of product defects, protecting it from external risks. A professional approach ensures the creation of connections between company departments and increases the level of efficiency of business processes.

Multimodal transportation

In practice, the problem of cargo delivery may turn out to be deeper and broader. It is often necessary to move goods from a distant state, sometimes from another continent. To carry out such transportation, the involvement of various types of transport is required.

How to choose a logistics company - TOP 8 selection criteria

Logistics services: what is it and how to choose? Choosing a company from a wide range of existing ones is not easy, so let’s discuss in more detail what is worth paying attention to?

1. Professionals always provide a guarantee of quality. Working with dubious enterprises jeopardizes the integrity of the product, the benefit of the manufacturer, the safety of the cargo during transportation, and the timing of the order. The contract must clearly indicate: delivery time, transportation period.
2. The carrier must have its own fleet of vehicles. As a last resort, lease a car. If this is just an intermediary between the supplier and the transport company, you should refuse.
3. It’s not bad if you have the services of a customs broker. This is not necessary - there is not always a need for transportation abroad. It's just a nice extra service.
4. Assess the cost, analyze expenses.
5. Compare: At the moment there are many specialized companies, so you should be a little capricious in order to get the most effective result, high-class service.
6. Cargo insurance must be in place– This is a guarantee of the carrier’s liability.
7. Pay attention to how the company treats strange or non-standard orders or emergency situations.
8. The Internet provides ample opportunities to search for information. Use this powerful resource to explore user reviews.

Main problems and features of Russian logistics

Russian logistics can hardly be called an example to follow - this service sector is in a state of disrepair. Why?

• Poor quality of road surfaces.
• Long transportation distances.
• Use of transport with low technical capabilities.
• Lack of a wide range of qualified employees.
• Unfavorable climatic conditions over large areas of the country.

The above reasons increase costs and risks.

Features of Russian logistics

• Relatively high prices for the services of transport companies, expensive transportation.
• A disregard for fulfilling the terms of the contract.
• Opacity of spending.
• Unstable market.
• Lack of staff.
• Low level of development of transport infrastructure.

The crisis situation in the market has brought industry leaders to the forefront - these are large, reliable companies.

TOP 5 companies in the Russian logistics services market

There are many large logistics companies and private carriers on the Russian Federation market, providing a full range of services throughout the country and abroad.

Business Line

Consistent industry leader, present on the market for over 10 years. Business lines guarantee quality, reliability, meeting deadlines. The company offers transportation different types transport. Branches are represented in Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia , cooperation with foreign partners is successfully developing. Minimum possible delivery times for any type of cargo, including groupage cargo.

Business lines offer transportation of special cargo that requires specific storage and transportation conditions. The location of the cargo can be controlled and tracked.

PEC

Large logistics company with 10 years of experience . The company has opened more 100 branches and representative offices and is constantly expanding its spheres of influence.

Advantages:

• Extensive private vehicle fleet.
• Reasonable prices.
• Delivery is prompt, timely, targeted.
• The customer has the opportunity to control the transportation process.
• Handling complex cargo, wide selection of packaging.
• Perform unloading and loading.
• Professional staff.

What's happened transport logistics from PEC? These are high-quality services and a professional approach.

Delko

This is an old-timer in Russian logistics. The company offers specialized services to the market over 17 years, provides quality guarantees. Main feature - availability of an extensive private vehicle fleet for transportation of goods of almost any volume and weight ( up to 20 tons). Delko's arsenal includes refrigerators, semi-trailers with awnings, and other vehicles.

TTG

A young company providing specialized services in the territory Russia and CIS countries . Our own fleet of vehicles includes more than 5000 models equipment that allows you to transport goods over long distances. For clients reliability guaranteed, efficiency, quick response in case of emergency. According to user reviews, the company has high ratings in the market.

YES-TRANS

A specialized company that provides a wide range of logistics services. Works on site Russia and not only.

Advantages:

• Delivery "to the door".
• Attractive price.
• Ability to transport different types of cargo.
• Extensive vehicle park.
• Execution of non-standard orders.

Conclusion

What kind of specialty is logistics? This is a broad concept that includes knowledge, skills and abilities in the field of coordination, control and optimization of the product transportation process. Success in the profession depends on the level of knowledge in exact sciences, economics, law, the ability to use theory in practice, use modern technologies.

Who is a logistician? A professional who is able to use all available resources for the benefit of the company, ensuring increased efficiency and profitability.

In the Russian market, logistics is at the stage of development. Main areas of work: optimization of transport companies' activities, improving the quality of infrastructure, training professional specialists.

Hello! Today we will talk about logistics. This a whole science, requiring careful attention and deep study. If you approach it wisely, you can count on good profits from production activities. Read detailed information in this article!

Logistics in simple words

Logistics – This is a set of activities aimed at finding optimal ways to supply goods (services), information, materials from any point to a destination. The task of logistics in an enterprise is to search for the most profitable and economically less expensive ways to flow material resources.

Logistics is similar in many aspects to marketing, and there are even points of intersection between these two areas. The main feature that unites these two sciences is their goal: to increase efficiency in business and, as a result, increase income.

Logistics at the enterprise has two directions:

1. Delivery, movement of services, materials, information, goods, raw materials from the place of production (suppliers) to a specific enterprise.
2. Moving finished products or services to any type of consumer: retail, wholesale.

Both directions are important for organizing logistics at an enterprise. Each influences the final price of a product or service, and therefore the volume of sales.

The enterprise logistics system consists of the following important aspects:

1. Selection of suppliers of goods, services or materials, raw materials;
2. Signing an agreement with suppliers;
3. Formation of joint actions and relations with customs authorities and other government departments;
4. Organization of the process of bringing finished products and/or raw materials to and from the enterprise;
5. Selection of the most suitable transport company;
6. Assessment, research and identification of a group of potential buyers;
7. Concluding agreements with buyers.

In many large-scale enterprises, the cost of transportation, shipment of goods or raw materials is one of the largest. This once again confirms the importance of logistics in the activities of an enterprise.

Main types of logistics

The logistics process is huge and to make it easier to understand and study, it has been divided into types. Let's look at the main ones below.

Production logistics

Occurs directly at a factory or company and is part of the technological process. Logistics of a manufacturing enterprise manages the flow of money, raw materials, materials and final products, goods. As a result of the activities of specialists in this field, production costs are optimized. This is precisely the goal of production logistics.

Functions of production logistics:

• Analysis of demand for manufactured goods, services, products;
• Continuous improvement of schedules and work plans for all production departments;
• Establishing and improving the interaction of sales and supply departments with other production departments;
• Monitoring production processes and making adjustments if necessary and aimed at increasing profits.

Inventory logistics

Designed to manage inventories of finished products, raw materials, materials. Logisticians involved in this area monitor the volume of all inventories, make appropriate calculations and optimize these inventories in production. With ideally established logistics, goods should be continuously produced and sold, but not stagnant in warehouses.

Transport logistics

The most popular logistics division. Main task: determining the optimal route for the supply of goods from production and delivery of raw materials to production. This is especially true when suppliers of materials and consumers of goods are located in different parts of the country or continent. This also includes freight logistics.

Information logistics

Manages the processes of information flow that is attached to material flows. Certain information and the ability to work with it correctly can have a great impact on the production process. Ignoring important information also has a negative impact.

This involves managing external and internal information flows, processing this information and drawing up regulatory documents for production activities.

Customs logistics

As the name suggests, we are talking about regulating the crossing of goods through customs control. This area of ​​logistics is of the most serious nature, because we are talking about international relations and processes.

Functions of customs logistics:

• Maintaining customs documentation;
• Compliance with all customs control rules;
• Finding the best ways to get through customs;
• Checking the availability of the cargo in full and completeness according to the attached documents;
• Checking the availability of declarations;
• Cases related to obtaining certificates for goods and their issuance;
• Monitoring the implementation of all rules of customs legislation;
• Questions regarding the payment of customs duties and duties.

Warehouse Logistics

Supply logistics (purchases)

This is the regulation of the flow of raw materials, components, materials and other items entering production from outside. The goal is to ensure a smooth production process.

This type of logistics consists of the following parts:

1. Selecting the most suitable suppliers and signing contracts with them;
2. Formation of the process of delivery of raw materials to production facilities;
3. Saving materials and raw materials before transferring them directly to production;
4. Minimizing costs for purchasing resources with the least likelihood of supply disruptions;
5. Organize the supply of cargo with materials and goods as reliably and efficiently as possible;
6. Reducing overall costs for logistics processes.

The main problem in procurement logistics is choosing a supplier.

Here are the main evaluation criteria for selecting suppliers:

• The level of quality of supplied materials, raw materials, goods, services;
• Reliability;
• Price for services;
• The ability to satisfy the needs and desires of the manufacturer;
• Location;
• Other additional bonuses and attractive conditions.

The image of the supplier, his popularity and reviews of his work also play a big role.

This is the part of logistics that controls the processes of distribution of finished products to the consumer.

Manages production stages such as warehousing, transportation, delivery of material and intangible resources created in production. In other words, all operations that are necessary to bring the final product to the consumer. In this case, all interests and requirements of the buyer must be met.

Often such logistics is called marketing and mistakenly called sales. But these concepts have a difference. Distribution logistics is systemically interconnected with the processes of production, supply, and management of the flow of goods and services. All functions within a process are closely interrelated with each other.

Depending on which economic entity takes responsibility for supplies, the flow of finished products may take the form of a commodity or transport flow.

Functions of distribution logistics:

• Design, formation, construction and regulation of the transportation process in the post-production process;
• Control and coordination of inventory;
• Accepting orders for the delivery of products;
• Packaging, collection and checking of equipment and other actions to prepare the flow of goods for further travel;
• Construction of the most reasonable and expedient shipment;
• Control over delivery and management of transport operations in logistics chains;
• Management, planning and organization of logistics services.

Distribution logistics at an enterprise require significant costs. Part of the costs is associated with processes such as warehousing, packaging, transportation, processing, cargo tracking, storage of finished products, processing and transmission of information about orders, deliveries and inventories.

Logistics of production processes in the distribution sector performs the following functions:

• Design of sales processes for products, goods, services;
• Construction of the processing process and receipt of orders;
• Establishing a network of warehouses;
• Choice of packaging, configuration;
• Control over other operations that precede shipment;
• Product shipment management;
• Organization of transportation.

An indicator of successful logistics activities in any enterprise is making a profit.

To increase profits it is important:

• Create a unified transport and warehouse system and organize fast delivery to the buyer;
• Economically combine sales and production;
• Develop optimal storage and replenishment schemes for these stocks.

Distribution logistics includes a set of tasks for organizing and controlling material flow at the supplier-consumer stage. The beginning of the logistics of the material flows of an enterprise lies at the moment of setting up the sale and ends with the exit of the supplied product from the attention of the supplier.

Thus, it becomes clear that logistics is a complex and multifaceted concept. It consists not only of the transport movement of goods, but of other important processes.

The fundamentals of enterprise logistics should be centered around optimizing the processes of moving goods and raw materials. The final result of the work of this large structure is to achieve efficient operation of all processes in the enterprise and, as a result, increase profits.

Optimization of internal logistics of the enterprise

Logistics in Russia does not have a clear concept. Therefore, in order not to get confused, it is necessary to define the term internal logistics. This is the combination of certain functions aimed at ensuring flow tangible assets within the enterprise. Most often, this concept refers to transport services and warehouse.
Often, enterprise managers are faced with the question of improving the logistics of the enterprise or its complete reorganization. The reasons for this may be:

• Planning new development of a company, enterprise, firm, which will require new solutions from logistics;
• Access to new sales platforms and their niches;
• The growth of passive, active assortment and difficulties associated with it;
• Reducing inventory turnover at points of sale, distribution points and warehouses;
• Increased costs associated with logistics processes when sales are stable or when they decrease.

To make the process of optimizing logistics business processes easier, you need to develop a specific plan. After all, it is problematic to simultaneously optimize/reorganize the entire logistics chain.

Each enterprise has its own unique logistics system, but in practice it turns out that everyone has almost the same mistakes and problems. Here are the most common difficulties when the logistics structure is performing poorly:

• Lack of information interaction between the purchasing department and logistics;
• Difficulties with document flow, deadlines for delivery of invoices;
• lack of understanding of the capabilities of the logistics system and the profitability of certain processes;
• There are no clear information flows between the supply department and other logistics structures; the exact timing, type and content of information are not determined;
• Failure to provide complete information in the required time frame to the enterprise’s accounting system, which is necessary for optimal logistics performance;
• Lack of a clear leadership structure, when not a single technical process is communicated to performers in full;
• Lack of a system for recording defective products;
• Lack of unified management of all warehouses in production;
• The inability of the logistics service to service several machines at once for loading and unloading raw materials or goods.

Enterprises that have a logistics service must certainly evaluate the effectiveness of this department. This should be done periodically or when an urgent need arises. Typically the process looks like this. The head of the enterprise gives tasks to management levels, who, in turn, pass them on to the logistics service. They make decisions and get the job done. This is followed by an assessment of the unit's performance.

There are three main methods for assessment. Each involves comparing the results of the logistics service with previously set goals. As well as calculation and analysis of the costs of completing a task. Let's look at each verification method in more detail.

Productivity method

With this method, assessing the efficiency of the logistics service is quantitative. When an action is calculated and expressed in units of measurement. For example, unloading of materials in tons, number of batch deliveries in hours, and so on.

Two values ​​are compared: according to plan and what the logistics service actually achieved. As a rule, such indicators as the number of equipment involved, the number of hours worked by people, the total number of personnel needed to perform a specific task, and the size of the warehouse area are taken into account. The estimate consists of the total amount of work in relation to a unit of finished product.

Cost method

The company sets cost criteria for each logistics option. Such a criterion can also be established per unit of weight of the goods being shipped or delivered, a specific order or product being shipped.

Total costs and expenses in all areas are compared in accordance with previously established cost criteria and goals. The discrepancy values ​​are calculated, which give a picture of the efficiency of logistics activities.

Service Method

In this case, the criterion is the assessment of the services provided according to the following characteristics:

1. Time, which shows the duration of the provision of services;
2. Accuracy – completing a task on time;
3. The sequence of doing things according to the plan of technological operations;
4. The amount of losses is a defect and damage to finished products during unloading, loading, transportation and storage in warehouses.

In conditions of increasing competition every day, the quality of service is becoming of great importance in international and domestic markets. All assessment methods together make it possible to identify the advantage of a particular enterprise in the effective operation of the logistics service.

Logistics service at the enterprise

Logistics at an enterprise involves managing it as a single system. Therefore, it is necessary to establish the work of a special service. She controls material flows. This includes drawing up contracts with suppliers and delivering finished goods to the consumer.

Main functions of the logistics service:

1. Controlling the release of finished products and drawing up a plan for transportation processes;
2. Design of information processes;
3. Monitoring budget funds;
4. Control over activities in warehouses, in servicing production affairs;
5. Forecast of demand for finished products, raw materials, supplies;
6. Selection of packaging.

The logistics service, in the form of an entire unit or represented by one specialist, performs the following tasks:

• Drawing up a plan with a time schedule for the release of finished goods or services;
• Control over technological production processes;
• Support for quality control, production and service standards;
• Planning the delivery of materials and raw materials;
• Creation of a functioning warehouse;
• Drawing up a forecast and plan for the expenditure of material resources;
• Monitoring and establishing the functioning of transport within production;
• Management and supervision of raw materials, materials, finished products at all stages of production;
• Providing information transfer processes necessary to manage production systems.

Basic principles of logistics

When creating logistics in commercial enterprises, principles are important. They determine the essence and character of the entire unit. Here are the basic principles that serve to reflect approaches to solving problems in the production and economic activities of a company.

The principle of synergy

The essence of the principle lies in a systematic and integrated approach to solving a specific problem. Actions are consistent with all structures of the logistics system and processes occurring within. This achieves a better overall result than if each structure worked separately from each other.

The principle of dynamism

The logistics structure of an enterprise is a constantly changing system. It always reflects the essence of the processes it covers and does not stop at one point.

Logistics is characterized by progressive dynamics and the desire for continuous improvement.

Completeness principle

This principle lies in the commonality of several logistics departments and the close relationship between them. Autonomous work, any group structure is not allowed. The exceptions are emergencies and exceptional circumstances.

The principle of initiative

The principle is that the entire structure reacts to an event and proposes its own ways to solve problems and problems together. At the same time, decisions have a positive impact on the entire production process as a whole.

The principle of expediency

It is based on attracting only such potential that can give a positive result on the path to the goal. Signs of the principle are the desire to reduce costs or time, in choosing between several ways to solve one problem.

All principles of logistics are designed to improve the methods and quality of organizational planning. Provide a unified approach to the activities of transport, warehouse, information, and communication systems.

Conclusion

1. The logistics structure has criteria that determine its effectiveness;
2. The director of this structure can manage logistics. If the company is small, then directly CEO or his deputy;
3. Internal logistics of an enterprise is a combination of functions aimed at managing material flows within the company’s production process; Most often it includes two main elements - transport service and warehousing;
4. If you believe in practice, then the introduction of even small new ideas to improve the quality of logistics processes leads to lower costs for the entire enterprise;
5. To optimize and reorganize the logistics system, you need to create a responsible group. She must develop plans according to time criteria. Each group member must keep records;
6. Before starting optimization, the head of the enterprise needs to check whether a sufficient number of specialists are involved in the process.

A common form of organizing logistics management is a matrix management system. The advantage of this organizational structure is the integration of two or more functions under the responsibility of an individual manager. For example, a manager is responsible for both logistics and product marketing and reports to two functional managers. Such managers may have unlimited authority and take full responsibility for meeting customer needs. The disadvantage of a matrix control system is its high cost, since it requires more highly qualified employees and better information systems needed to support the work of managers. Often, a firm's day-to-day operations are managed on the basis of a functional management structure. However, to solve specific one-time problems on short term create matrix teams of employees performing different functions. Employees who are hired to work under such short-term projects, must be distinguished by high professionalism. For example, the development of many logistics processes and instructions requires the participation of specialists from different services.

Service functions

Participation in the development of an enterprise development strategy. Development of measures to develop the organizational and technical capabilities of the enterprise in organizing, managing and executing logistics operations. Setting objectives for the development of a logistics information system. Development and implementation, together with other services, of rational forms of organization and methods for executing business processes, to improve document flow, information processing, document control, and the use of technical management tools. Participation in the preparation of regulations on structural units, job descriptions of performers and in their adjustment as necessary.

Providing methodological assistance to structural units in optimizing business processes and increasing their efficiency at individual workplaces, areas, departments, and the enterprise. Studying best practices in the field of logistics, developing proposals for its use, promoting their implementation. Development and implementation of methodological and regulatory materials on logistics for specific departments, functions and operations. Monitoring the application of developed methodological and regulatory materials. Participation in the selection of basic delivery conditions and development of transport contract terms.

Participation in the selection of specialized companies - transport, forwarding, insurance, etc. and the conclusion of relevant agreements. Organization of auxiliary operations under contracts (packaging, labeling, customs operations, insurance, etc.). Participation in the selection of optimal routes and delivery methods. Organization of coordination and interaction of carriers with other subjects of the logistics chain (forwarding, storage, customs operations, etc.). Organization of insurance against the risks of loss or damage to goods. Participation in the preparation of claim documentation and management of claims cases regarding logistics. Organization of processing of transport and shipping documentation. Organization of calculation and accounting of costs associated with the delivery of goods. Organization of control over the movement of goods. Organization of ensuring satisfaction of customer requirements for the quality of logistics operations. Organization of insurance and customs operations. Ensuring that a balance is maintained between cost and efficiency of logistics operations.

Operations

Coordinates the technological process (receipt of goods to the warehouse, shipment of goods from the warehouse, loading and unloading operations, acceptance and transfer of goods to the warehouse, provision of necessary regimes and conditions for their storage in the warehouse), optimizes the processes of moving resources and products within the enterprise.

Manages the transportation of goods, determines the cargo carrier based on the most effective schemes the work of transport organizations and the most optimal types of transport, transport tariffs, technical, operational, economic and cost indicators of transportation.

Determines methods and schemes for optimizing transport and technological schemes for cargo delivery; ensures the conclusion of contracts for transportation, freight forwarding and other services related to the transportation of goods; develops transportation plans; organizes the technological process of transportation (transfer of goods to carriers, control over the delivery of goods to consignees, coordination of loading and unloading operations); ensures document flow of the transport and technological process; analyzes the quality of transportation and timely delivery of goods.

Organizes customs clearance and customs clearance of goods (selects types of customs regimes; ensures the preparation and timely submission of customs documentation; ensures customs declaration and presentation of declared goods at the request of customs authorities; determines customs clearance points (at the border, at internal customs); develops schemes for minimizing customs clearance costs ; searches for mechanisms for preferential customs clearance; ensures payment of customs duties.

Provides insurance for equipment, goods, raw materials, materials, cargo, carrier liability; organizes measures to ensure the safety of goods during transportation, products during storage and internal movement.

Develops and controls acceptance processes:

— increasing the efficiency of acceptance management using information technologies;

— calculation of the required number of unloading posts;

— calculation of the number of days from the moment of order to the receipt of goods;

— process of acceptance of products by quantity;

— the process of accepting products in case of detection of shortages or surpluses;

— documents filled out when accepting products into the warehouse;

— deadlines for acceptance of products by quantity;

— product quality acceptance process;

— the process of product acceptance in case of detection of product non-compliance with the established quality;

— regulations regulating the acceptance of goods into the warehouse;

— regulatory deadlines acceptance of goods for quality.

Develops and controls shipping processes:

— the process of selecting goods from storage areas;

— the process of picking batches in the picking and control zone;

— the process of monitoring the correct selection of goods for batches in terms of quantity and quality;

— the process of replenishing batches in case of shortage or need for replacement low-quality goods;

— documents filled out when shipping goods;

— timing of selection, assembly, control and packaging of goods for shipped batches;

— the process of checking goods for quality;

— regulatory documents regulating shipment;

— increasing the efficiency of supply management using information technology;

— calculation of the required number of loading posts;

— calculation of the number of days from the moment of order to loading.

The duties of the service also include:

— development of criteria for making decisions on choosing an economical or urgent mode of transport (mail, car, Railway, river, sea, air transport, courier, dhl);

— calculation, accounting and analysis of costs for transportation, transshipment, loading and unloading, management, Information Support;

— setting tasks for computerizing the processes of preparing shipping and settlement documentation, monitoring the passage of sent goods through checkpoints, transshipment points, borders, recording and analyzing the information received.

— setting tasks for computerizing planning and dispatching of work, analyzing the quality of planning.

The service monitors and updates the database and library with the following information:

— the procedure for interaction between cargo insurance systems and the liability of carriers;

— rules of cargo transport insurance;

— the procedure for organizing and implementing multi-stage freight transportation under customs control using various types transport;

— the procedure for simplifying formalities during customs clearance and support of international cargo transportation within the framework of the activities of an international forwarder;

— the procedure for organizing and implementing international road transport;

— procedure for working with undocumented and unclaimed cargo;

— the concept of a single information space for participants in international freight transportation;

— classification of dangerous goods;

— labeling of packaging and vehicles;

— basic requirements for storage, transportation, loading and unloading of dangerous goods;

— features of transportation of dangerous goods;

— protective measures when transporting dangerous goods;

— international standards and codes regulating the transportation of dangerous goods;

— rules for accepting goods in terms of quantity and quality;

— rules for shipment of goods;

— rules for claims work.

Storage service

The storage service carries out (in the part that completes acceptance) the placement of accepted goods at storage locations, their receipt and accounting.

The storage service carries out (in the part that ensures shipment) the selection of goods according to orders on the basis of picking lists, and the transfer of selected goods to the loading area.

Shipment preparation service

If the shipment of goods from the enterprise’s warehouse is a constant process: cargo is sent daily in large volumes, or in large weekly batches, or in monthly quantities that require long-term packaging, then by order of the enterprise permanent teams or services of selectors, pickers, inspectors, packers are appointed to ensure preparation batches for shipment.

The following specialists, groups of specialists and services are involved in shipments:

- storekeepers;

- shift supervisors;

— dispatchers;

— selectors (pickers);

— a group of controllers: commodity experts, controllers, laboratory, testing service, samples and standards service;

— group of preparation of shipping documentation.

These teams or services transfer fully prepared consignments to the expedition, which, together with the cargo service, sends the consignments to carriers.

Control service

Quantity controllers check the quantities of goods selected by selectors. Quality controllers check the quality of selected goods according to established rules. After checking the selected batches by inspectors, permission is given to complete the batches and package them.

Packing service

The packaging service can be a large packaging workshop if the warehouse is owned by manufacturing enterprise. In intermediary warehouses, the actual packaging is carried out only if the original packaging is damaged. The main work is the formation and packaging of cargo modules and batches. The service includes packers, loaders, and technologists.

The packaging service solves the following tasks:

— determination of technical requirements for packaging and labeling, ensuring the safety of cargo during transportation, loading and unloading operations and warehousing;

— determining the range of goods that require packaging, selecting and ordering appropriate types of packaging, purchasing automated lines or machines for packaging, materials and tools for packaging;

— determination of cargo modules, selection of means for forming cargo modules: box, crate, container, bag, pallet with tight tape and protective film, etc., ensuring an uninterrupted supply of materials for forming cargo modules;

— choosing the type of container, packaging and labeling in preparation for shipment of goods;

— ensuring the safety and security of goods in the warehouse and in transit;

— assessment of the impact of each element (container, packaging, labeling) on ​​the overall costs of the logistics system;

— setting tasks for computerizing processes for monitoring the availability of packaging materials and supplies, recording and analyzing changes.

Forwarding service

The forwarding service is an intermediary between the warehouse and carriers. Her successful work is possible with good contacts with employees of logistics, procurement, sales and warehouse services, with suppliers, customers, carriers. This service requires a constantly monitored database of transport companies and their services, the presence of dispatchers for the organization and control of road, rail, sea and river, as well as air and postal shipments, and, if necessary, its own forwarders at suppliers’ warehouses.

When the turnover of goods is high, loading and unloading capacity of the warehouse must be carefully planned to ensure sufficient throughput and avoid blockages of goods in the receiving and shipping areas.

It is obvious that this task can be solved only with clear organization and satisfactory technical support.

Of course, high performance discipline is required among employees of all services involved in unloading and receiving, as well as in preparing and sending consignments of goods.

The main criterion effective management transportation is the return received from transportation costs.

Among the operations of the forwarding service:

— drawing up cargo arrival schedules;

— advance ordering of carriers’ vehicles or reserving one’s own vehicles for the delivery of goods from the port, railway station, airport;

— preparation of orders for the allocation of space for unloading, crews and equipment for unloading;

— notification to the acceptance committee about the date of readiness of the cargo for acceptance;

— checking the conformity of containers, packaging and labeling of incoming goods.

Service functions

Organizes the delivery of cargo with a guarantee of safety under the conditions and within the time frame stipulated by the transport expedition agreement, the cargo transportation agreement and other contractual obligations with the cargo owner.

Coordinates the interaction of all cargo handling participants. Draws up technological and economic justifications for transport and technological routes and cargo delivery schemes. Organizes the unloading and loading of goods and their transportation. Organizes the chartering of vehicles (cars, wagons, sea and river vessels, air transport), controls the forwarding (shipper) labeling of goods and sealing of transportation vehicles, containers, cold chambers, bunkers and other storage premises. Provides tracking of the progress of loading and unloading, reloading, transhipment, warehouse and packaging operations, compliance with the terms and conditions of storage, accumulation and delivery of goods. Draws up commodity-transport and other accompanying documents at all stages of the implementation of transport and technological routes and cargo delivery schemes, cargo customs declarations and other documents necessary for customs clearance of goods, in accordance with established requirements. Draws up documents related to cargo insurance, commercial and other acts in accordance with established forms in cases of arrival of cargo and vehicles in a damaged condition (damage and (or) shortage of cargo and cargo packages, damaged seals, sealing devices or their absence). Calculates freight charges and fees. Informs the warehouse about the movement of goods. Redirects cargo in the prescribed manner, organizes the sale of unclaimed cargo, as well as, if necessary, work on searching for cargo and vehicles.

Employees must know: laws and other regulations Russian Federation related to transport and freight forwarding activities; international agreements and conventions on transport; rolling stock of modes of transport; technology and organization of transport and forwarding services; operational capabilities of transport routes and terminal systems; methods for optimizing transport and technological schemes for cargo delivery using logistics systems; organization of transport infrastructure (throughput and transportation capabilities of roads, sea, river ports and marinas, airports, transport hubs); current systems of tariffs, taxes, discounts and benefits for transportation, customs and insurance payments; methods for determining the cost of cargo delivery; the procedure for concluding contracts, drawing up accompanying goods, transport and forwarding payment, insurance and claim documents; basics of merchandising; rules of transportation on all types of transport; rules and regulations of ecology and traffic safety in transport; fundamentals of labor and labor protection legislation of the Russian Federation in the part necessary for organizing transport and forwarding activities.

Selection committee

If the receipt of goods at the enterprise's warehouse is a constant process - cargo arrives daily in small volumes, or in weekly large quantities, or in monthly quantities that require long-term acceptance, then by order of the enterprise a permanent commission is appointed for the acceptance of incoming goods and services ensuring acceptance (cargo service, quality control laboratory, claims service), and the procedure for distributing equipment and labor resources.

If the receipt of goods occurs periodically and a permanent selection committee is not required, then by order of the enterprise, the permanent duties of the chairman of the selection committee are assigned to one of the managers, who is given the authority to appoint a selection committee as necessary, and to attract support services. In both cases, the chairman of the selection committee is given the right to sign documents related to the acceptance of goods, the right to involve third-party specialists or laboratories for quality control, independent experts and public organizations. In both cases, the appointment and composition of the selection committee are formalized by written order. The order specifies in a separate paragraph the employees who are given the right to sign acceptance acts, quality control (analysis, testing) protocols and claims, so that the signatures of these commission members have legal force for the receipt of goods or for making claims to suppliers and possible arbitration proceedings.

Approximate composition of the selection committee:

- chairman of the commission;

- commodity experts;

— quality experts;

— workers for unpacking, moving, counting, weighing, etc.;

— document processors.

The Chairman of the Admissions Committee organizes the implementation of the following preparatory work:

— early invitation of third-party specialists for quality control (if there are no full-time ones), as well as independent experts in complex and controversial cases;

— preparation of equipment for opening containers, unpacking, analysis, testing or diagnostics of incoming goods;

— determination of technology and performers for accepting cargo from carriers by number of pieces and weight, compliance of accompanying documentation with the purchase agreement, preparation of claims to carriers;

— determination of technology and terms for acceptance of goods, preparation of materials for claims to suppliers;

— planning the timing, technical means and labor for the acceptance of goods in terms of quantity and quality;

— determination of places and terms of temporary placement and storage of goods for acceptance in terms of quantity and quality;

— determining the procedure for transferring accepted goods for placement and storage;

— planning of technical means and labor for placing accepted goods in storage locations immediately after acceptance.

When organizing acceptance by quantity, the recipient enterprise is obliged to:

— create conditions for the correct and timely acceptance of products that would ensure safety and prevent the possibility of shortages and theft of products;

— ensure that persons accepting products are well aware of Instruction P-6, as well as the rules for accepting products by quantity, established by the relevant standards, technical conditions, special delivery conditions, other regulations and the contract for the supply of these products;

— ensure an accurate determination of the quantity of incoming products (weight, number of pieces: boxes, bags, bundles, bales, packs, etc.);

— systematically monitor the work of persons entrusted with the acceptance of products by quantity, and prevent violations of the rules for acceptance of products.

When organizing acceptance for quality and completeness, the recipient enterprise is obliged to:

— create conditions for the correct and timely acceptance of products, which would ensure their safety and prevent spoilage of products, as well as mixing with other homogeneous products;

- monitor the serviceability of testing and measuring instruments that determine the quality of products, as well as the timeliness of their verification in the prescribed manner;

— ensure that persons accepting products for quality and completeness are well aware of and strictly comply with Instruction P-7, as well as the rules for accepting products for quality and completeness established by the relevant standards, technical conditions, special delivery conditions, and other mandatory rules;

— systematically monitor the work of those responsible for accepting products in terms of quality and completeness, and prevent violations of the rules for accepting products.

The authority to accept cargo from carriers in terms of number of pieces and weight is usually granted to forwarders, cargo receivers who are members of the acceptance committee (approved by order of the enterprise) and working together with the cargo service.

The authority to accept goods from suppliers by quantity is granted to forwarders, commodity experts, and storekeepers included in the acceptance committee. In some cases, it is more appropriate for acceptance to be carried out by representatives of the storage service (small goods, expensive goods, specific goods, etc.), in others - to forwarders (acceptance of goods at the supplier’s warehouse, timber, rolled metal, bulk and liquid cargo, etc.) . It is always more advisable for authorized specialists (commodity experts, experts, analysis specialists, etc.) to accept goods from suppliers for quality reasons.

Freight service

Cargo services exist at all enterprises that receive and send cargo - industrial, transport, procurement, mining, trading, etc.

Freight service structure

Large cargo flows require specialization of units that perform loading and unloading operations and transportation within their enterprise. Sometimes freight services are combined with transport department or with a warehouse. Modern requirements improving the logistics of cargo flows in order to reduce the time required for carrying out cargo operations and the costs of them have increased the importance of the quality of management of cargo services, training personnel for them, and providing them with technical means and office equipment. The cargo service of an enterprise can be structurally separate or part of the warehouse structure. At large enterprises, the cargo service is usually separated into an independent division.

The cargo service performs the following main functions.

Contacts with shippers and carriers, determining the date of cargo arrival, the need for additional transportation (for example, from a railway station to a warehouse, etc.).

Determining the required composition of teams and vehicles for unloading and placing cargo.

Determination of the technology for unloading, receiving and placing cargo (usual or new for a new type of cargo).

Preparation of documents for acceptance of cargo from carriers, claims against carriers.

Contacts with warehouses and workshops, receiving instructions for sending goods and consignments for shipment.

Determining the required composition of crews and vehicles for loading.

Determination of loading technology (conventional or new for a new type of cargo).

Preparation of documents and delivery of goods to carriers.

Drawing up a work schedule.

Instructing performers.

Manufacturing jobs.

Placement of goods in storage areas (for large and special cargo).

Responsibilities of a cargo manager

The head of the cargo service must know:

Technical conditions for loading and securing, unfastening and unloading cargo.

Rules for transportation, packaging and labeling of goods.

The procedure and technology for weighing cargo, maintaining and maintaining weighing instruments.

Safety rules and industrial sanitation during loading and unloading operations.

Cargo transportation and commercial documentation, rules for its storage and registration.

Rules for the transportation of goods.

Fundamentals of transportation planning, labor organization and production management.

Rules for the protection of goods in transit.

Instructions on the procedure for investigating and recording accidents related to production.

Basics labor legislation; Regulations on working time and rest time for employees of the enterprise.

Head of cargo service:

Determines the need for vehicles; for loading and orders them.

Monitors compliance technical specifications loading and securing cargo, compliance with standards for vehicle downtime during cargo operations, correct execution of cargo transportation documents and accounting for loading and unloading operations, conducting claims work.

Attracts other specialists structural divisions to solve the tasks assigned to him (if provided for by the technology of operations).

Provides efficient use production areas and loading and unloading facilities.

Provides leadership and operational planning for the cargo service.

Ensures the implementation of plans for loading, unloading cargo, sorting, safety of cargo and their timely removal.

Analyzes the implementation of the operational plan and key performance indicators.

Develops, in accordance with the network plan, the formation of schedules for accepting containers and small shipments for transportation by destination.

Participates in the development, revision and monitors the execution of the technological process.

Develops and implements measures to reduce vehicle downtime and ensure timely removal of cargo.

Takes necessary measures to prevent damage to cargo during transportation, loading, and unloading.

Ensures proper maintenance of loading and unloading areas and weighing equipment.

Takes part in control re-weighing, loading and unloading of cargo.

Participates in the investigation of injury cases related to loading and unloading operations.

Organizes and carries out work to improve the level of technical and economic knowledge of cargo service workers.

Monitors employees' compliance with production and labor discipline, their compliance with job descriptions, rules and regulations on labor protection, safety precautions, industrial sanitation and fire safety.

Requirements for organizing cargo handling

The design of unified transport and warehouse processes associated with the processing of material flows during unloading and acceptance of goods is becoming popular.

When determining the technological parameters of a warehouse complex, the following is performed:

— development of requirements for the territory of the warehouse complex: main flows through the territory, design, location of docks and ramps, their number, entrances to the warehouse, external transport communications;

— development of requirements for warehouse equipment (handling and transport equipment, small-scale mechanization equipment, etc.);

— development of warehouse cargo handling processes;

— calculation of parameters of warehouse areas (unloading, receiving, storage, packaging, shipping), administrative, utility and auxiliary premises;

— development of a warehouse plan indicating the locations of warehouse equipment, goods, routes of movement of handling equipment and personnel;

— allocation of areas for maneuvering and parking of arriving vehicles with cargo;

— equipment of unloading areas.

When designing cargo handling technology, the following is performed:

— analysis of the structure and dynamics of cargo flow;

— analysis of the dynamics of cargo movement, taking into account the forecast of changes in the volume of cargo flows;

— analysis of the main characteristics of cargo (geometric, physical, etc.).

To plan operations and calculations you need:

— initial data for calculations, including cargo classification tables, average statistical values ​​of cargo flows and average deviations from them;

— description of calculation methods;

— characteristics of the main warehouse technological areas, including general and useful warehouse areas and volumes, lengths of the loading and unloading front, calculated using statistical modeling methods;

— warehouse diagrams indicating the location and characteristics of the main technological areas, warehouse equipment and routes of movement of lifting and transport equipment and personnel;

— a list of the required quantity of lifting and transport equipment, small-scale mechanization equipment, devices for automating accounting and control;

— organizational structure of the warehouse complex;

— assessment of the costs of equipping a warehouse complex, including the cost of warehouse and handling equipment.

The enterprise must develop:

— an album of models of warehouse business processes;

— an album of technological maps of warehouse operations, including labor protection instructions;

— instructions on standard methods and techniques of work;

— technological maps of cargo handling;

— standards for technological processes of cargo handling;

— regulations on warehouse divisions;

— job descriptions warehouse personnel;

— document flow diagrams.

Cargo handling is usually performed in conjunction with transportation and warehousing processes. Logistics management must take into account the following main factors:

movement (cargo handling is always associated with the movement and movement of a certain amount of cargo within a certain infrastructure or outside it);

time (products must be moved within production departments, warehouses, etc. by a certain point in time associated with the production schedule, distribution time, order time, or other time period of the logistics cycle);

quantity (cargo handling is always associated with certain sizes of shipments or consignments. Often it is the cargo processing capacity that determines the rational amount of cargo supplied to the manufacturer or consumers);

space (warehouse, vehicle, terminal, etc. must rationally use the available space and cargo capacity. Cargo handling systems allow for the most efficient use of space).

These key factors must be considered together. It is also necessary to take into account such aspects as the integration and coordination of the activities of logistics intermediaries in the procurement, production and distribution of products.

The basic logistics principles of modern cargo handling are given in the table. They must be implemented when managing cargo handling in logistics systems to increase the efficiency of use of warehouse space and height.

Logistics principles of cargo handling

PRINCIPLE	CHARACTERISTIC
Planning	The cargo handling plan is developed in conjunction with the warehousing plan to ensure maximum operational efficiency
Systematic approach and integration	All cargo handling solutions must be integrated with other logistics activities to achieve business goals
Material flow	Handling must occur frequently and the equipment layout must be sufficient to optimize material flow
Rationality (simplicity)	Simplifying the cargo handling process by reducing, eliminating or combining wasteful operations and/or equipment
Gravity	Using the own weight of batches processed whenever possible
Space use	Optimal use of storage and handling space
Units of size	Increasing the quantity, size or weight of the batch processed or the ratio of these characteristics

Mechanization and automation	Maximum mechanization and automation of cargo handling operations
Equipment selection	When choosing equipment for cargo handling, all basic factors and principles must be taken into account
Standardization	Standard cargo handling schemes and standardized equipment must be used
Adaptability	The choice of methods and equipment must be adapted to the wide range of logistics management problems that may be encountered in practice
Full load capacity	Increasing the ratio of the carrying capacity of mobile equipment to the weight of the processed load
Uses	Optimal use of equipment together with operating personnel
Support	Planning preventive maintenance and provision of spare parts for cargo handling equipment
Updates	Updating morally and physically outdated equipment.
Control	Using cargo handling operations to improve control when managing order processes, production procedures, and product inventory
Power	Using equipment to improve productivity
Continuous improvement	Continuous improvement of cargo handling technology
Security	Use of safe equipment and processing methods, labor protection

Cargo handling must be carried out in accordance with GOST 12.3.009, GOST 12.3.020, GOST 12.4.026, Interindustry rules for labor protection during loading and unloading operations and placement of goods, Interindustry rules for labor protection during the operation of industrial transport (floor-mounted trackless wheeled vehicles) .

The consignee is obliged to ensure acceptance of the cargo and unloading of the vehicle. After unloading, its workers are required to clean cars and containers from cargo residues, and if animals, poultry, raw animal products and perishable goods were transported, wash the rolling stock and, if necessary, disinfect it. In some cases, transport organizations can take over the cleaning of a contaminated cargo platform (car body) (payment for this work is carried out at the expense of the consignee).

Places for loading and unloading operations and access roads to them must have a smooth, hard surface capable of absorbing loads from cargo and lifting and transport machines, and be kept in good condition. Trenches, potholes, ditches, etc. must be completely covered. Sewage and other technical wells must be closed with durable covers inserted into sockets or mounted on hinges.

The areas of loading and unloading areas must have sufficient natural and (or) artificial lighting (at least 10 lux), promptly cleared of debris and foreign objects, and in winter - from snow and ice (if necessary, sprinkle with sand or other means to prevent slip). At the intersections of vehicle access roads with ditches, trenches, railway lines, etc., strong flooring or walkways must be installed for crossings that can withstand the appropriate load. To limit the movement of vehicles when reversing, a sidewalk or bumper bar must be laid at the unloading site. At the cargo stowage site, the boundaries of stacks, aisles and passages between them are indicated. The width of the passages must ensure the safety of the movement of vehicles and lifting and transport machines.

At sites for unloading (loading) containerized and piece goods, platforms, overpasses, and ramps with a height equal to the height of the floor of the vehicle body must be constructed. Ramps on the vehicle access side must be at least 1.5 m wide and have a slope of no more than 5°. The width of the overpass intended for the movement of vehicles along it must be at least 3 m. Along the front edge of the platform, a guard board of appropriate strength and height should be installed to prevent the wheels of the truck from falling over the edge of the platform. Overpasses, platforms, and ramps for loading and unloading operations with vehicles and other vehicles driving onto them must be equipped with permissible load capacity indicators and wheel guards that prevent vehicles from running off and overturning.

Premises for receiving and storing goods, located in the basement and ground floors, having stairs with more than one flight of flights or a height of more than 1.5 m, must be equipped with hatches and ladders for lowering cargo directly into the room. Premises for receiving and storing goods, located above the first floor and having stairs with more than one flight of flights or a height of more than 2 m, must be equipped with lifts for lowering and lifting goods. In warehouses located in residential buildings, loading and unloading of goods should be carried out from the ends of buildings that do not have windows, from underground tunnels or from highways if there are special premises for receiving and storing goods.

When installing a vehicle for unloading and loading near a building, a gap of at least 0.8 m must be maintained between the building and the rear side of the vehicle body. Before starting to move the vehicle in reverse in conditions of insufficient visibility, the person in charge of the unloading work must assign a special person to organize a safe vehicle movement and monitoring compliance with the established above-mentioned gap.

To secure the vehicle stop at a safe distance, if necessary, special portable devices (shoes, wedges, etc.) must be used. At least two employees are allowed to open and close the sides of the vehicle body. In this case, it is necessary to ensure that the cargo is located safely.

The height of unloading and loading platforms for vehicles should be 1.1-1.2 m, for light-duty vehicles - 0.6-0.8 m, width from 3 m (for light-duty vehicles) to 6 m. Depending on the climatic region of location and the size of the warehouse area, unloading platforms should be located under a canopy in unheated or heated rooms. The canopies must completely cover the unloading platform, as well as the car body by 1 m.

Unloading platforms should be located under canopies, in unheated or heated rooms. In cases where unloading places at enterprises that use night delivery of goods are provided outside the main unloading platform, it is allowed to use unloading and loading devices instead of the platform (with appropriate justification). When unloading goods under canopies or into unheated premises, premises for receiving goods must be provided. The area of ​​the premises for receiving goods should be up to 16 m2 per unloading area.

Loading and unloading areas must be provided in front of freight elevators. The width of the unloading areas must be no less than the width of the elevators, measured by external dimensions taking into account the enclosing structures. The depth of the sites should be determined without taking into account the width of the adjacent corridors. It is prohibited to store items not related to its operation in the shaft, machine and block rooms of the elevator. The machine and block rooms, rooms for placing the winch and blocks of the small freight elevator, as well as cabinets for placing equipment in the absence of a machine room must be locked, and the approaches to the doors of these rooms and cabinets must be free.

The territory of the enterprise must be kept clean; driveways, passages, unloading areas, etc. must be constantly cleared of debris. In the territory adjacent to the enterprise, loading and unloading operations, storage of containers, and placement of containers with garbage are not allowed.

Dispatching service

To organize planning and dispatch of work, it is necessary to perform the following processes and operations:

— determination of principles for the preparation of plans and schedules of work, plans for the distribution of labor and equipment by objects and deadlines, including coordination of plans with the operating hours of third-party organizations involved in goods distribution processes;

— development of plans, schedules, descriptions of the sequence of operations, standards for business processes, etc.;

— setting tasks for computerizing planning and dispatching of work, analyzing the quality of planning;

— determination of the shortest routes for the movement of goods when laying out for storage and selecting for shipment;

— development of route maps, descriptions of the sequence of operations, etc.;

— setting tasks for computerizing the preparation of route maps, specifications for the placement of goods and specifications for the selection of goods, taking into account route maps.

Service functions:

Carries out operational regulation of the activities of departments in accordance with production programs, calendar plans and shift-daily assignments. Monitors the provision of departments with necessary materials, equipment and loading and unloading facilities. Collects and processes information at cargo-generating and cargo-receiving facilities, loading and unloading points about the availability of cargo. Distributes performers among work objects. Carries out operational control over the progress of warehouse and loading and unloading operations according to established schedules. Maintains a dispatch log, draws up reports and other technical documentation on the progress of production.

Technology service

In medium and small warehouses there may be one process engineer or these functions are performed by the warehouse manager or his deputy. The task of this service is to develop, implement and improve technology for working with goods and documents. The main task of technologists is to identify and eliminate violations in the process of working with goods that can lead to material losses. When agreeing on contracts with suppliers, they take part in discussing the technology for working with suppliers’ goods.

Claims service

The claims service solves the following tasks:

— determination of forms and rules for preparing acceptance certificates in case of shortages or defects in received batches, claims for quantity and quality;

— determination of the procedure for preparing and forms of claims of recipients in terms of quantity and quality;

— organization of recording of claims to carriers, claims regarding the quantity and quality of goods, recording of verification, satisfaction and analysis of claims;

— determination of the process of processing claims, monitoring responses to them, monitoring their satisfaction;

— determining the procedure for working with arbitration in the event of claims being filed;

— determination of the procedure for monitoring settlements of claims and arbitration decisions;

— determination of methods for analyzing the volume of claims, the degree of their satisfaction to assess the quality of goods and the work of the warehouse or suppliers in order to make decisions on the feasibility business relations with them or work with the corresponding group of goods;

— setting tasks for computerizing the processes of preparing, recording and analyzing claims;

— operations to record the satisfaction of claims.

Before considering the issues of organizing, planning and managing the logistics service at enterprises and organizations, let us dwell on its main components. In logistics (global scale), there are two main sections - management of material resources and their distribution.

Material resources in this case include primary and secondary, main and auxiliary materials, semi-finished products, components, spare parts, final finished products, packaging materials, and inventories.

The distribution of material and technical resources is carried out between intermediate and final finished products in two directions. The first is movement directly (direct distribution channel) to an intermediate consumer for further production process or to the final consumer. The second is movement to the intermediate or final consumer through an extensive network of intermediaries (indirect distribution channel) - in large, medium or small quantities.

Logistics at an enterprise, depending on the areas of its activity, is divided into internal and external. Internal involves resolving production issues directly at the company. The external one solves the problems of ensuring the distribution of goods to the market.

The challenges facing internal logistics boil down to logistics and resource management. This is the purchase of raw materials and materials for the enterprise, their warehousing and storage, transportation both from the supplier and at the enterprise itself between departments, constant monitoring of the volume of stocks of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, components, and their adjustment.

The challenges faced by outbound logistics are the distribution of the final finished product through various distribution channels. This is the transportation of the finished intermediate or final product to consumers; identification of their stocks in our own warehouses, intermediate logistics platforms and from consumers; storage, packaging and order fulfillment for the entire range of products; monitoring the demand for manufactured goods, adjusting their production volumes if necessary.

Organizational Chart

The logistics service at an enterprise has several mandatory levels of management. At the same time, it includes some part of the administration responsible for the decisions made (on the tasks, goals and problems of the company) and staff members of the logistics department and its service as a whole.

The organization and management of the logistics service at the enterprise includes the following main structural units:

• Executive Director for Logistics. He is a member of the company's board or one of the deputy general directors.

• Managers responsible for the activities of departments and personnel subordinate to them.
• Groups for the implementation of individual logistics projects - planning new distribution centers for final finished products, expanding existing and organizing new logistics platforms, forming the design of projected logistics information systems.
• Personnel managers. They drive operational work, are responsible for distribution centers for final finished products, for the delivery of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, components, their storage and packaging.

As for the group for the implementation of individual logistics projects, there are several most common ways to form such groups at an enterprise, both within the logistics service and independently:

• groups function as an integral part of the logistics service at the enterprise, for example, such as monitoring the implementation of projects, engineering in transport and warehousing, and in information logistics systems;
• groups exist as separate, independent units with their own personnel, organized at the enterprise and performing certain functions of the logistics system, for example, organizing the delivery of material and technical resources; formation of logistics platforms,
• groups are formed promptly from personnel engaged in certain areas of logistics activity, for example, in the field of transport or warehousing - in this case, the group fulfills its responsibilities for implementing projects as the need arises for this type of work.

Any industrial company seeking to achieve high efficiency in procurement, production, warehousing, storage and stockpiling of material and technical resources, as well as distribution of the final finished product, must have a properly organized logistics service.

Main activities of logistics services for the company

The logistics service at an enterprise is divided, as a rule, into five main functional groups responsible for transportation; structure of fixed assets, inventories, maneuvering of material resources, communications and information.

In accordance with the purpose of the functional groups, a list of their activities is provided, namely:

• transportation - domestic, external and international transportation, choice of mode of transport, vehicles and options for their service;
• planning and management of warehouses and equipment, distribution centers, warehouse production areas;
• supply of raw materials and supplies; formation of inventories (insurance, preparatory, production) and finished products, processing of returned products;
• maneuvering material resources, their sorting, processing, packaging;
• order processing, production planning, communication with distribution centers; expansion of the information communications network; updating the data bank.

It should be noted that this formation of functional groups of the logistics service at the enterprise does not correspond to the traditional organizational structures of companies, since all of these types of activities for quite a long time were delegated to the department of supply of material and technical resources (purchasing), which was related to production; processing orders and communicating with customers, involved in marketing; transport operations (existed as an independent one); management of warehouse and packaging facilities (also independent).

Practical achievement of success

The company dealing industrial production or the provision of various types of services, the logistics system should focus on practical achievement success. To do this, each company must necessarily fulfill three important conditions.

First— an exact formulation and list of functions of each individual logistics employee at the enterprise is necessary. Namely, job title, organizational relationships (accountability), boundaries of responsibility, responsibilities and rights.

Second- the company must have necessary information about how many logistics personnel will be required in the near and distant future; what knowledge and skills they should have; what organizations and firms can provide the required number of workers in the near and distant future. In this case, the following information is needed: the volume of proposed work, the scale of expansion of the company, the required number of employees, the position in the labor market.

Third— the company must find and select a future manager (employee) of the logistics service for a specific, specific position, and not select a position for a future employee. In the latter case, his incompetence can lead to negative consequences. Directed recruitment is required; Compliance of candidates with the position in terms of knowledge, skills, and competence.

Three-level structure

The logistics service at an enterprise, consisting of three levels of management, is the most common

First level: general management (planning) carried out by the company's vice president for logistics. Main functions: checking the entire system and, if necessary, adjusting plans, clarifying the structure of the system, assessing the activities of individual subsystems and the entire system; coordinating the policies and activities of the logistics service with other departments of the company, establishing costs and service standards.

The initial information “at the input” of this level is activities on a large scale, common problems subsystems and external factors (increasing or decreasing competition in the market, as well as other changing conditions).

The incoming information is used for research, analysis and evaluation, providing “output” of various kinds of decisions regarding issues of adjusting the actions of individual subsystems and the logistics service as a whole, the new policy of the company, as well as various areas of its activities.

Second level: program control (planning according to the program). At this level of management, one or more managers control two or more individual subsystems. They manage warehousing, order processing, operations with materials, their shipment, and implement the policy of managing the means of subsystems; eliminate possible inconsistencies between various components of subsystems; summarize and report to senior management on their activities.

Decisions made at this level are limited by the capabilities and initiative of managers. They are guided by established standards of cost, profit or service. When faced with a problem in one or more subsystems (for example, shipping and warehousing of a product), the manager must find out the reasons for its occurrence and find the optimal solution.

If necessary, he makes changes to the activities of the subsystem and coordinates interrelated functions in all others. The manager can also involve a small number of personnel to check subsystems and conduct research in order to improve their performance.

Third level: operational management (operational components). This is working with suppliers of material resources for which the schedule is violated; preparation and provision to the level program control information about recorded violations; management within given time and costs, reporting on the results of specific activities.

Each of the subsystems of this level has one or more strictly limited goals. For example, the main functions of the shipping department in the logistics service are to organize processes for shipping products, forwarding them with the appropriate accompanying documentation; concluding mutually beneficial contacts with external partners in the field of transportation; operational robot.

The activities of this level of management are measured in tons of product lots shipped or units of product in each lot; total shipping costs, including losses from product damage. At this level, information is accumulated on the rational distribution of overhead costs of the shipping department: direct wage; mandatory contributions to social insurance; telephone bills; various reference documentation.

The subsystem provides feedback and operational control. So, the department manager checks reports on the state of affairs “at the exit” and gives permission for shipment. First of all, deliveries are carried out that require operational control during transportation. Next, the time for preparing the shipment, its process itself, is recorded, and the costs for it are compared with the established norm or the desired standard.

Management at this level is a routine process and includes only specific controls and administrative activities, since every problem that arises here has a specific and approved method of solution.

Audit has a certain significance in distribution as a means of monitoring the efficiency of logistics. It is based on information about customer service and influences the formation of initial data on inventories, transport, storage of goods in warehouses and their shipment to consumers. An audit by functional purpose is included in the second level of logistics service management at an enterprise.

Information Systems

A special place in the three-level structure of the organization and management of the logistics service in the company is occupied by Information Systems. Moreover, the hierarchy of their use, as a rule, has four independent levels, at each of which the information flow performs its strictly defined functions.

Let's look at all the levels one by one:

• Operational level. The information flow has a fairly wide range. Here, operational decisions are implemented as a reaction to new regulatory, reference, analytical or other information.
• Level of control. The information flow is also quite wide. Information here, as a rule, is used for operational planning in various areas of activity of the logistics service, as well as for monitoring decisions made at the operational level of management.
• Average level. The range of information flow is somewhat narrower than at the two previous levels, but the information is grouped and processed. At this level, purely management information is concentrated for the implementation of tactical planning and decision-making on various processes of production activity in the divisions of the enterprise.
• Highest level. The entire information flow at this level of management is concentrated as much as possible. Reference, operational, regulatory and analytical information is intended for strategic planning at the enterprise. Based on analytical information, global long-term decisions for the development of the company are made.

Describing the use of basic information flows in various logistics systems at an enterprise, it should be noted that information is the basis for decision-making at all levels of management.

Practical experience

Many companies that made certain efforts to organize a logistics service at their companies ended up experiencing a certain disappointment - the predicted result turned out to be lower than expected.

Let's try to understand the reasons for the unsuccessful organization of logistics services at enterprises. Logistics is currently something of a newcomer in economic life in general, and in enterprises in particular. Traditional structural divisions of the enterprise see the logistics service as a competitor in a sense. They desperately defend their field of activity, resisting the transfer of this or that function or decision-making right to the logistics structures.

Another reason is that a clear structure of the logistics service in the enterprise has not yet been developed. Naturally, the process of its formation cannot be carried out painlessly.

But no, not only standard organization logistics services, but also the optimal option organizational building a specific enterprise and its structural divisions. The existing variety of organizational forms, although there are certain advantages, gives rise to problems when logistics services, if introduced, are done in their own way and do not have an effective impact on economic, production and business activities.

And one more aspect of the problem. In a constantly changing economic environment and increasing competition in the market, the organizational structure of the logistics service at an enterprise must be extremely flexible, in contrast to the traditionally established structures of functional departments of almost any company with established trends.

Increased competition, internationalization of markets and sources of supply, including primary material resources, the use of new management systems for production and economic activities, direct supplies of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, components, spare parts, require an organizational structure of the logistics service at the enterprise that was would be able to provide the necessary service.

It is obvious that the only and best organizational structure of the logistics service does not exist in practice. A more correct and optimal approach to solving this problem is to consider possible alternatives to organizing and managing such a service.