It is necessary to determine the most profitable option. Analytical assessment of the decision to accept an additional order at a price below a critical level. Issues for discussion
Conditions necessitating the acceptance of such an order. Its feasibility study.
The need to accept an additional order at a price below the cost of production may arise during a decline in production, if the enterprise has not been able to form a portfolio of orders and its production capacity is not fully used.
Let us assume that the production capacity of the enterprise is designed to produce 100,000 products, the market price of which is 200 rubles. Fixed expenses amount to 7,200 thousand rubles. Variable costs for the product - 90 rubles. Under such conditions, the cost of one product ( WITH), profit ( P) and break-even sales volume ( T)will be:
Thousand rub.
PC.
Due to the loss of sales markets, the plant's order portfolio decreased to 30,000 products. Fixed and variable costs in comparable prices remained at the same level. Let's calculate the cost of the product, profit and break-even sales volume in the changed situation.
rub.
P= 30,000 × (200 - 90) - 7,200,000 = -3900 thousand rubles.
PC.
This result is explained by the high share of fixed costs in total revenue. With sales declining, fixed costs became unsustainable for the company.
To avoid losses, the company will look for a way out of the current situation. And if at this time an offer is received from the customer for the production of products that require a slightly different technology and, accordingly, additional fixed costs, then the enterprise managers can accept such an order even at prices below the critical level. Let's say the customer agreed to place an order for 50,000 products at a price of 180 rubles, which is below the market level. In this case, the enterprise must additionally spend 160 thousand rubles on design and technological preparation for the production of this batch of products.
Is this beneficial for the company? At first glance, it seems that it is not profitable, since the selling price is lower than the cost per unit of production. In addition, additional costs for production preparation will be required.
We will make a feasibility study for the decision to accept an additional order under the following conditions:
rub.
P = 30,000 × (200 - 90) + 50,000 × (180 - 90) - 7,360,000 = 440 thousand rubles.
PC.
This proves that even under such unfavorable conditions, accepting an additional order is economically justified. An additional order allows you to significantly reduce the cost per unit of production by increasing production volumes and make a profit instead of a loss.
18.10. Selection of machinery and equipment options
Analytical and graphical methods of justifying the option of machines and equipment. Determining the amount of loss when choosing a non-optimal solution.
One of the areas of searching for reserves for reducing production costs and increasing profits is the selection and replacement of machinery and equipment. Let’s assume that any operation or process can be performed using one of three equipment options.
It is necessary to determine at what production volume it is more profitable to use one or another equipment option. To do this, you need to find the critical volume of production at which the costs for the two equipment options will be the same. The solution can be made analytically and graphically.
To find the critical volume of production (services) for two machine options, the costs for one of them are equal to the costs for the other. Thus, the critical point for the first and second versions of the machine can be found using the equation
The critical point of production volume for the second and third versions of the machine is determined similarly:
5000 + 1x = 8000 + 0,5X; 0,5x = 3000; X= 6000.
Consequently, with an annual production volume of up to 3000 units. it is more profitable to use the first option of equipment, from 3000 to 6000 units. - second, and over 6000 units. - the third option is more appropriate.
This solution can be found graphically (Fig. 18.5).
Rice. 18. 5. Comparative efficiency of different types of equipment
If the wrong solution to the problem was chosen, then the losses of the enterprise can be calculated in connection with this. For example, the annual production volume is 4000 units. It was decided to perform this operation using the third version of the machine. The amount of losses from the adopted technological solution will be the difference in costs for the second and third options:
(8000 + 0.5 × 4000) - (5000 + 1 × 4000) = 12,000 - 9000 = 3000 thousand rubles.
Thus, an unjustified technological solution led to losses in the amount of 3,000 thousand rubles.
18.11. Justification for the “make or buy” decision
Analytical and graphical methods of choosing between in-house production and acquisition. Determining the amount of damages from making a wrong decision.
Minimizing costs and increasing profits is facilitated by optimizing the choice between in-house production and purchasing components, spare parts, semi-finished products, services, etc. Marginal analysis can also be used to solve the make-or-buy problem.
For example, repairing equipment requires appropriate parts. If you produce them yourself, then the fixed costs of maintaining the equipment will be 200 thousand rubles. per year, and variable costs per unit of production - 100 rubles. Ready-made parts in unlimited quantities can be purchased for 150 rubles. for a unit. Which solution is more profitable? To answer this question, it is necessary to equate the costs of both options.
The cost of purchased parts can be expressed as follows:
Z= px,
Where R- price of one part;
X- required number of parts per year.
The cost of production of parts will include fixed and variable costs:
Z = a + bx.
Let us determine at what demand for parts the cost of their acquisition and production will coincide:
px= A+ bx,
150x= 200 000 + 100x,
50x = 200 000,
x = 4000 units
Calculations show that with an annual requirement of 4000 units. the cost of purchasing parts will coincide with the cost of their production. If the requirement is over 4000 units. per year, its own production is more economical, and with less need, it is more profitable for the enterprise to buy them (Fig. 18.6).
Rice. 18. 6. Justification for the “make or buy” decision
To make a final decision, factors such as enterprise capacity, product quality, volume fluctuations, creation or reduction of jobs, etc. must be taken into account.
12.18. Justification of the production technology option
Analytical and graphical methods of justifying a production technology option. Proof of the correctness of the chosen solution.
An important source of cost reduction and increased profit is the choice of optimal production technology.
Option A. The company purchases parts, assembles the finished products, and then sells them. The costs are: fixed - 400 million rubles. in year; variables -170 thousand rubles. per unit of production.
Option B. The company purchases additional equipment that allows it to perform some technological operations in its own premises. In this case, the costs will be: fixed - 925 million rubles, variable - 100 thousand. rub. per unit of production.
Interest on bonds is included in fixed costs. The maximum possible production capacity for the two options is 10,000 products per year. The selling price of one product is 250 thousand rubles.
As we see, the option A has higher variable but lower fixed costs. Higher fixed costs for option IN include additional depreciation of new equipment and premises, as well as interest costs on bonds that were issued to raise funds for the purchase of equipment. Estimated production volume is not given. Maximum demand is limited to production capacity of 10,000 units. Therefore, we can determine the maximum profit and profitability threshold for each option.
Option IN provides higher profits. However, with the first technology option, the profitability threshold is lower, which means that as demand grows, profits will be made faster. In addition, for low demand volumes, the option A gives higher profits or lower losses.
If option A more profitable with small sales volumes, and the option IN- for large volumes, there must be some point of intersection at which both options have the same total profit with the same total volume of product sales. To find it, you can use graphical and analytical methods.
The best way to solve the problem graphically is to plot the dependence of profit on sales volume for each option ( rice . 18. 7).
Rice. 18. 7. Justification of the effectiveness of different technology options
1. With zero sales, marginal income is 0, and the company incurs losses in the amount of fixed costs (option A -- 400 million rubles, option IN -- 925 million rubles).
2. With a sales volume of 10,000 units. the profit has already been calculated. According to option A it amounts to 400 million rubles, according to the option IN -- 575 million rubles.
Using the graph, we determine the profitability threshold (break-even volume of product sales) and the maximum profit for each option. The figure shows that the profit for both options is the same for a sales volume of 7,500 units, and for large volumes the option IN becomes more profitable than the option A.
Analytical calculation method. Let us assume that the sales volume at which both options give the same profit is equal to X units. Total profit is total contribution margin minus fixed costs, and total contribution margin is contribution margin per unit multiplied by X units. Hence the profit is equal to:
according to option A - 80X -400 000;
according to option IN - 150X - 925 000.
Taking into account the fact that with sales volume X units profit is the same, we get:
80X- 400 000 = 150X - 925 000; 70X = 525 000; x = 7500 units
Proof.
Thus, option A is more profitable up to 7500 units. If demand is expected to exceed 7500 units, then it will be more profitable option B. Therefore, it is necessary to study and evaluate the demand for this type of product.
Problem 7.1. There are investments in the amount of 5 million rubles. Banks offer to place capital for two years, but one offers to invest money at 20% per annum, taking into account simple interest at the end of each year, the second - at 20% per annum, but with quarterly compounding. Determine the future cost of capital and choose the best option.
1. Determine the future value when calculating simple interest:
TO t= K(1+E t) = 5 (1+0.2∙2) = 7.0 million rubles.
2. Let’s determine the growth rate (capitalization):
3. Let’s determine the future value when calculating compound interest:
Conclusion: the second option is more profitable.
Problem 7.2. The depositor has 100 thousand rubles, free throughout the year. The bank offers three options for investing money for a period of two years at 24% per annum: with interest capitalization at the end of the next month, the next quarter, the next six months. Determine the best investment option.
1. Let’s determine the future value of money with monthly capitalization:
2. Let’s determine the future value of money with quarterly capitalization:
3. Let’s determine the future value of money with semi-annual capitalization:
Conclusion: the first option is the best.
Problem 7.3. The initial amount is 100 thousand rubles, the final amount is 121 thousand rubles. Determine at what percentage you need to put money in the bank for 2 years.
Let's determine the percentage that will make it possible to receive 121 thousand rubles:
Problem 7.4. Determine how much you should deposit in the bank today at 10% per annum, so that in 2 years you will have 121 thousand rubles.
Let's determine the current amount of money:
Problem 7.5. The investor has a free amount of 100 thousand rubles. He wants to receive 121 thousand rubles. The bank offers to invest money at 10% per annum with capitalization of interest after the next year. Determine how many years later the investor will be able to receive the desired amount?
Let us determine the number of years to obtain the desired amount.
From the formula we derive:
Problem 7.6. The bank offers 25% per annum. Determine the discount factor and the initial deposit so that after 3 years you will have 100 thousand rubles in your account.
1. Let's determine the discount factor:
2. Determine the initial contribution:
Problem 7.7. Two options are offered for making capital investments for the construction of a new workshop, corresponding to different technologies. Construction period – 3 years. The amount of costs for the options is the same - 450 million rubles. Investments are made at the beginning of each year. According to the first option, the sequence of depositing funds is 150 million rubles. annually. According to the second option, the procedure for investing funds by year is 200, 150, 100 million rubles. Profitability is 10% per year. Determine the current cost of the options and choose the most preferable one.
1. Let’s determine the current value of funds according to the first option:
2. Let’s determine the current value of cash investments according to the second option:
Conclusion: Option I is the best; it requires a smaller initial amount.
Problem 7.8. The amount of invested capital is 900 thousand rubles, the duration of the investment is 4 years, the annual cash inflow is 300 thousand rubles, the interest rate is 10%. Determine net present value.
Problem 7.9. The amount of invested capital is 900 thousand rubles, the duration of the investment is 4 years. Cash inflow by year: 100, 200, 300, 400 thousand rubles. Interest rate – 10%. Determine the net present value and draw a conclusion about whether it is worth investing in this project.
Let's determine the net present value of invested capital:
Conclusion: an investor should not invest money because... the project is ineffective.
Problem 7.10. The organization is installing new equipment. Discount rate – 10%. Determine the net present value from its use according to the data in Table. 7.1.
Table 7.1
Let's determine the NPV from the use of equipment:
NPV = (14260 – 996)0.909+(15812 – 4233)0.826+(16662 – 10213)0.751+(18750 –
–11650)0.683+(26250 – 18400)0.621+(28750 – 20150)0.564 = 41050.30 thousand rubles.
Problem 7.11. The amount of capital investment is 900 thousand rubles, the duration of the investment is 4 years, the annual cash inflow is 300 thousand rubles, the interest rate is 10%. Determine the internal rate of return on capital and conclude whether the investment is effective.
1. Let’s determine the estimated value of the discounted factor:
2. Let’s determine the value of the discounted multiplier at E VNR = 12%:
3. Let’s determine the value of the discounted multiplier at E VNR = 13%:
4. Let’s determine the internal rate of return:
Investments are effective because their internal rate of return (12.6%) is higher than the interest rate (10%).
Problem 7.12. The given integral effect is 3792 thousand rubles, and the given capital investments are 2212 thousand rubles. Determine net present value and profitability index.
1. Let's determine net present value:
NPV = IE adv. - To lead. = 3792 – 2212 = 1580 thousand rubles.
2. Let's determine the profitability index:
Problem 7.13. The discount rate (interest rate) at which the bank issues loans is 25%. Values of net present value and profitability index.
Table 7.2
1. Let's define the given effect:
2. Let us determine the given investments taking into account their depreciation:
3. Let's determine net present value:
NPV = 884.81 – 328.73 = 556.08 thousand rubles.
4. Let's determine the profitability index:
Conclusion: the NPV value is positive, ID >1; the project is effective.
Problem 7.14. According to the first option, the total construction period is 4 years, the estimated cost is 40 million rubles; sequence of investment - 10 million rubles. annually. According to the second option, construction begins a year later and takes three years. The estimated cost is 42 million rubles, the procedure for investing funds by year is 6, 10, 26 million rubles. Investments are made at the end of each year. The standard for reducing multi-time costs is set at 10%. Determine the most effective option.
1. Let us determine the amount of capital investments according to the first option, reduced to the fourth year, i.e. by the year of completion of construction:
K 4 = 10(1+0.1) 3 + 10(1+0.1) 2 + 10 (1+0.1) 1 +10=46.41 million rubles.
2. Let us determine the amount of capital investments according to the second option, reduced to the third year, i.e. by the year of completion of construction:
K 3 = 6(1+0.1) 2 + 10 (1+0.1) 1 +26=44.26 million rubles.
Despite the higher cost, option II is the best.
Problem 7.15. The loan amount is 200 million rubles, the loan duration is 4 years, the annual interest rate is 20%, the share of capital investments by year is 0.25. There are two options for repaying a long-term loan: upon completion of the advance period; annually taking into account the interest rate. Determine the refund amount for the loan and choose the best refund option.
1. Let us determine the loan repayment amount for the option that provides for its payment at the end of the advance period:
2. Let us determine the loan repayment amount for the option that provides for the annual repayment of part of the loan:
Conclusion: the second option is the best, as it gives a smaller refund amount.
Problem 7.16. The contractor commissioned the facility under construction on September 1, with a contractual period of December 1 and a contract price of 1,000 million rubles. The expected efficiency of the facility is 0.12 rubles/rub. in year. In accordance with the contract agreement, the contractor must receive an additional payment in the amount of 0.5% of the completed investment for each month of accelerated commissioning. Determine the economic effect of early commissioning of the facility for the investor and contractor.
1. Let us determine the additional profit that the investor should receive for the additional time of operation of capital investments:
2. Let us determine the amount of additional payment that the investor is obliged to transfer to the contractor in connection with the early commissioning of the facility:
In order to create economic interest, the investor transfers to the contractor half of the profit received in connection with the early commissioning of the facility.
Problem 7.17. Overhead costs according to the estimate are 60 million rubles. The share of semi-fixed expenses is 0.5. The company can reduce the construction period of a facility from 12 to 10 months. Determine savings from reducing construction time.
Let's determine the savings from reducing the construction period:
Problem 7.18. Three options for capital investments in the construction of a plant are compared with different investments of funds by year (Table 7.3). Choose the most effective investment option if the rate of return on invested capital is 20%.
Table 7.3
Let us determine the amounts of discounted capital investments according to the following options:
Option III is the best; it requires less initial investment.
Content
Today, the unstable financial situation in the country is leading to job cuts. Some people find jobs in new companies after being fired, while others are looking for ways to organize their own profitable business. After reading the article, you will find out which business is profitable to open in Russia with small investments.
What business is in demand now?
Supply is formed by demand. This is one of the main economic laws, therefore, in order to open the most popular business, you need to determine what products and services the population of your city needs. It is believed that in any region, the greatest demand is for organizations engaged in repairs, replacement of plumbing fixtures, and sales of household chemicals and products. An analysis of the market for services and goods will help you find out more precisely which business is relevant now.
Demand for services
According to statistics, employment agencies are very popular: the crisis and constant layoffs increase the need for such organizations. Demand for the services of plumbers, hairdressers, electricians and funeral directors remains unchanged. In Moscow and other large cities, companies providing commercial transportation come first in terms of the number of requests. Organizations from the beauty and health sector are only 1% behind in the top. By finding out which services are in greatest demand among the population, you can organize a profitable business.
What is profitable to sell now?
Aspiring entrepreneurs like to wonder what people are in demand right now. Current products remain the same. Example of high-margin products: flowers, drinks, jewelry, handmade products. Such goods are distinguished by stable demand, low production and storage costs. Popular alcoholic drinks are considered popular products.
What kind of business is in demand now in a small town?
Beginning entrepreneurs bypass small settlements. In their opinion, business there brings in very little income. This is partly true, because salaries there are lower than in big cities. The costs of renting and purchasing premises will also be less than in big cities, so you can organize your own business with minimal financial costs.
The most popular business in a small town is a general hairdressing salon. In addition to hairdressers, there should be manicure-pedicurists, cosmetologists and massage therapists. Shoe and furniture repair shops are popular regardless of the financial situation of the country, because... people tend to restore old things because they are afraid of spending a lot of money.
In-demand business
Commercial activities are always aimed at satisfying people's needs or stimulating demand. Any promising business is built on this. You can create demand for products artificially by advertising products on the street and on television. The relevance of the entrepreneurial field and whether business decisions are effective still play a significant role.
Profitable business
Commercial activities should generate maximum income with minimal cash investments and exploitation of various resources. These features characterize a highly profitable business. During a crisis, you should not open enterprises engaged in the production of any products. Their profitability will be low, the risks will be high, and you will see real profits only after a few years. The service sector is considered successful.
Super profitable business
All aspiring entrepreneurs dream of receiving fabulous money, but few manage to realize this in practice. Some franchises allow you to build a highly profitable business from scratch in just a couple of months. Another way not to save and get a lot of money is to create a completely new and in-demand business for the region. Options for directions: from restoration or car rental to your own consignment store.
The most profitable business
By opening your own bakery in a large city, you can quickly return all the invested funds - in less than 2 months. A similar situation is observed with healthy food restaurants. People are no longer attracted to fast foods. The fastest-paying business is able to return all invested funds within a month. Before starting your own business, study them by sorting them by profitability indicators for your region - this way you can weed out proposals that will lead to bankruptcy of the company in the future.
Profitable business on the Internet
A distinctive feature of activities on the World Wide Web is the lack of connection to your place of residence. You can look for clients both in your city and outside it, so organizing a profitable business on the Internet is easier than doing it in the real market. A budding entrepreneur does not even need start-up capital. There are several areas of such business:
- provision of online services (programming, design development, accounting, etc.);
- launching an online store;
- participation in affiliate programs;
- creation and promotion of your information product.
You can create a current business providing services on the Internet if you are a specialist in any field. You need to create a portfolio or launch a business card website where your skills will be described in detail. You can launch an online store without money, acting as an intermediary between foreign sellers and buyers from Russia. Products will be sold with a slight markup.
Online store
Let's take a closer look at opening an online store.
Pros:
- minimum investment (often 10-15 tr. is enough)
- you can work in the Russian Federation from any city
- everything is growing rapidly: in 2018, the turnover of online commerce exceeded 1 trillion rubles, the forecast for 2023/24 is 3-4 trillion.
There are 2 main problems - finding a profitable product and standing out from competitors.
Advice - communicate more with the owners of existing online stores. Then the ideas will come on their own.
The best place for communication is clubs of Internet site owners. The largest of them, Imsider, unites tens of thousands of entrepreneurs. The club was founded by the owners of large websites; large (including free) online and live events are held every month.
- it is led by the founder of the club, Nikolai Fedotkin, owner of the Video-shoper store (the site is visited by 10-15 thousand people per day)
- issues of choosing a niche (they provide more than 1000 proven products), competition, website creation, advertising, suppliers, individual entrepreneurs, delivery, etc. are resolved.
The webinar is free. You won't find anything better in Russia now.
Many people want to make a profit without spending their own money, but not everyone succeeds. In practice, a profitable business with minimal investment can be organized if you offer products of your own production, engage in intellectual work, or act as an intermediary, organizing purchase and sale transactions. Some open collection points for glass containers or scrap metal in the garage.
Investments, million rubles 20 10
Net profit, million rubles/year 9 5
The annual depreciation rate for investments is 15%.
5 + 1.5 = 6.5 => the first option is more effective
Determine the present value of 23 billion rubles, which must be spent in 3 years. During this period interest accrued at the rate of 7% per annum.
23 * (1 + 0.07) 3 = 23 * 1.225 = 28.175 billion rubles. – modern value is 23 billion rubles.
Three variants of the invention have been developed for the production technology of the product. Using the table data, calculate the best option. Calculations are made using the reduced cost method.
Solution. Using the reduced cost method, we determine the most
an effective variant of the present invention according to the following formula:
C - annual production costs of the product;
K - investments;
En - economic efficiency coefficient = 0.2
Option 1 - (13600 * 750) + 0.2 * 22500 = 14700 million rubles.
Option 2 - (14700 * 1150) + 0.2 * 27900 = 22485 million rubles.
Option 3 - (13700 * 2500) + 0.2 * 19700 = 38190 million rubles.
Conclusion: the most effective option proposed for use
invention is option 1, that is, the lowest reduced cost.
Determine: change in total costs for creating samples, change in total costs due to changes in costs for creating one sample, change in total costs due to changes in the number of samples created, in absolute and relative terms.
The average cost of developing one sample was 2,200 thousand rubles in the base year, and 2,260 thousand rubles in the current year. The number of created images is 210 and 220, respectively.
Z 0 = 2200 * 210 = 462,000 thousand rubles.
Z 1 = 2260 * 220 = 497200 thousand rubles.
497200 / 462000 = 1,08 (108%)
The total costs of creating samples increased (497,200 – 462,000) by 35,200 thousand rubles. by 8%.
Cost index per sample: (2260 – 2200) * 220 = 13200 thousand rubles.
The number of created samples increased (220 – 210) by 10 units (220 / 210 = 1.05 (105%)) by 5%.
The cost of producing 1 sample increased (2260 – 2200) by 60 thousand rubles.
(2260 / 2200 = 1.03 (103%)) by 3%.
The total costs for creating samples have changed as follows:
2200 * (220 – 210) = 22000 thousand rubles.
The total costs of creating samples increased by 35,200 thousand rubles compared to the base year. However, an increase in the cost of creating one sample by 60 thousand rubles. led to an increase in total costs by 13,200 thousand rubles. At the same time, an increase of 10 units in the number of created samples contributed to an increase in total costs by 22,000 thousand rubles.
From this follows the general changes:
DЗ = 13200 + 22000 = 35200 thousand rubles.
Topic 6. Personnel management of an innovative enterprise
By choosing one of the list of organizations:
educational institution;
a company providing design and renovation services;
Vet clinic;
legal consultation;
Fitness Centre,
medical clinic;
beauty saloon;
service house;
or offering any other one at your discretion, develop the plot of an innovative game by following the following sequence of actions:
identify and formulate a possible problem occurring in the selected organization within the following thematic fields:
“Improving the management system in the organization”
“Human Resource Development Management”;
“Managing the introduction of new technologies”;
“Development of new markets”;
“Attracting new sources of raw materials and resources”;
formulate the goal of an innovative game that is adequate to the problem;
select unambiguous criteria for assessing the effectiveness of an innovative game that do not require additional costs and time (criteria for achieving the goal of the game);
outline the main roles of the participants in the innovation game (describe who will do what during the game);
list the main organizational forms expected in the innovation game;
describe the course of the game (stages, steps in the game should be logically justified, they should be enough to play the game);
suggest what additional effects the organization may receive after the game is completed.
Omsk Machine-Building Plant.
“Development and implementation of a system for training and promotion of managers.”
The plot of the innovative game:
The goals of the game are as follows:
outline the main directions for improving the training system for management personnel of the plant, the design of such a system and the program for its further development and implementation;
use the work of managers to solve this problem to teach them methods of collective decision-making and increase the level of their managerial training;
determine the composition of the initiative group that will continue to work on the system project after the end of the game.
To achieve all these goals, an innovative game is built as a special type of social technology, including programs for problem solving, research and development of participants and the entire organization. The innovative game program includes eight subprograms: developing innovative solutions, designing innovations, programming their implementation, educating and training participants, recreation for participants and organizers, research and organizing the game process. Each organizer implemented in the business game his own work program, drawn up at the preparatory stage, where all types of work to achieve substantive goals were identified and linked in a time sequence. Each such work program (and there were four main and two auxiliary) contained specific stages of the participants’ movement to solve the problem posed and the tasks of the organizer, a description of the tools and organizational forms of work.
Game participants:
customers;
organizers;
researchers;
participants.
Customers are involved in developing solutions, designing and programming their implementation.
Participants pursue educational goals - to master some new means of work, develop new means of work, self-development, and development of the organization. The researchers included in the game conduct research on the organization.
Game organizers - along with all of the above, sets themselves specific goals for organizing constructive relationships with all (and between all) groups for further joint activities, and also focuses on the constant enrichment and development of the entire system of goals in the game.
Organizational form: planning, design, research, training, implementation.
Development of solutions. Developing an innovative solution for the organization to this problem.
Design. The solution obtained at the previous stage is deeply studied and justified. This work is carried out in the form of design.
Programming. At this stage, the development of organizational measures for the introduction of innovations is carried out, it is determined what the results and consequences of the implementation of the project may be, and the factors that facilitate and hinder the implementation of the project are identified.
Education. During the work, the organizer suggests methods that have not yet been used by the participants - they learn to solve issues more effectively in the process of practical development and application of these methods. The next stage of training is the creation of a situation where it is necessary to independently develop new means and new points of view and positions.
Study. A complete study of the problem posed.
The main characteristic of such a complex system should be the level of its self-organization and self-development. The basis for assessing the preparedness of managers should be the results of their participation in group work to develop decisions. The management system should be based on the principles of command management, including both permanent management teams and specialized target (problem) groups. The management training system should operate at all levels of enterprise management. One of the main principles of training should be the principle of ensemble training (joint training of managers and their subordinates).
Participants receive the following advantages for use in further work: the opportunity to look at their work more broadly, not from a technocratic position, the means of conducting an in-depth analysis of the situation before making a decision, the means of assessing the consequences of their decisions, confidence in their abilities, in the fact that a lot depends on them , understanding that organizational issues are the most important thing in a manager’s work, the conviction of the need to abandon the psychological impact of turnover, increasing responsibility for decisions made, better understanding of others, oneself, the situation, mastering the technology of group work and much more.
38. Analysis of the best and most efficient use of land
When assessing a land plot, it is necessary to determine its best and most efficient use (BNEI), which is determined by the interaction of a number of factors.
NNEI analysis involves researching alternative options for using a land plot and choosing the optimal one, taking into account the prospects of the location, the state of market demand, the cost of development, the stability of expected income, etc.
When assessing the value of an object that consists of a land plot and buildings on it, great importance is attached to the analysis of the NEI
1) supposedly vacant land plot; 2) a plot of land with existing improvements.
Analysis of a supposed vacant land plot is an important step in determining its value. It is based on establishing the most profitable option for using the land.
The most profitable and likely use of the site provides its highest value. Use cases must be cost-effective and legal.
Factors determining the optimal use of land:
1) location – has a major impact on the cost of the land plot (the prospects of the location and transport accessibility are taken into account);
2) market demand - this factor reflects the relationship between supply and demand in the market, is studied to justify the chosen option for using the land plot (prospects for market demand for the proposed use, types of taxes and other conditions). It is necessary to identify a market segment, and it is necessary to develop activities in it;
3) financial feasibility - implies the ability of the project to provide income from the use of the land. The income generated must be sufficient to reimburse investors' costs and to ensure the expected profit;
4) physical suitability of the site - this is the prospect of creating improvements - size, climate, topography, soil quality, environmental parameters, engineering-geological and hydrogeological characteristics of the site, existing zoning, etc.;
5) physical feasibility and technological feasibility - this is an analysis of the relationship between quality, costs and timing of the project, accessibility of transport, the likelihood of natural disasters, the ability to connect to utilities, taking into account the size and shape of the site;
6) legislative or legal admissibility is related to the compliance of the option for using the land plot with the current legislation. This admissibility is revealed as a result of the analysis of construction and environmental standards, restrictions on the number of storeys, the complexity of historical urban development in the area, possible changes in regulations, compliance with zoning rules, and negative sentiments of the local population;
7) maximum profitability, it is determined by discounting future income of alternative uses, taking into account the risk of investment.
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