Object and subject of study of logistics. Main goals of logistics. Test: Object, subject, basic concepts and tasks of logistics The object of study of logistics is

Despite the fairly wide range of approaches to defining logistics as a science and tool economic activity, one thing is clear: the main object of research, management and optimization in logistics is the material flow, and information, financial, service and other flows are considered in a subordinate manner.

Material flow (MF) - those in a state of movement material resources, work in progress and finished products, to which logistics operations or functions are applied and which are associated with physical movement in space (loading, unloading, transportation, packaging of products, disaggregation, etc.).

Material resources (MR) are understood as objects of labor: raw materials, main and auxiliary materials, semi-finished products, components, assembly units, fuel, spare parts intended for repair and maintenance of technological equipment and other fixed assets, production waste.

Work in progress (WIP) - products not completed by production within a given enterprise.

Finished products (GP) - products that have undergone complete production cycle And technical control on this enterprise, fully packaged, delivered to the warehouse or shipped to the consumer (reseller).

The given definitions are, in a certain sense, conditional, since raw materials and semi-finished products can also be finished products, and the latter at one time - material resources for other producers.

MP is characterized by a certain set of parameters: nomenclature, assortment and quantity of products, dimensions, weight, physical and chemical characteristics of the cargo, characteristics of the container (packaging), etc.

Table 1 shows the classification of MPs in logistics.

Table 1 - Classification of material flows in logistics

Classification feature	Types of material flows of cargo units
Relation to the logistics system	External MP Internal MP Input MP Output MP
Composition of material assets	Single-line MP Multi-product MP
Scale	Mass MP Large MP Average MP Small MP
The nature and massiveness of cargo units	Heavy MP Lightweight MP
Degree of compatibility of flow load units	Compatible MP Incompatible MP
Consistency of load units of flow	MP bulk cargo MP pillowcase cargo MP of commodity-piece cargo MP liquid cargo

Obviously, a fairly large number of characteristics of MP predetermines a specific approach and individual classification for each individual logistics system. For example, the following MP characteristics are especially important for a railway enterprise: volume indicator, cargo weight, physical and chemical properties and packaging characteristics. The range of products transported is less important. For enterprise retail, on the contrary, the nomenclature and range of products are of paramount importance, etc.

MP can be characterized by such indicators as intensity (other similar indicators - speed, density, etc.), which is understood as the number of volumetric or weight indicators (units) of products entering the input of the logistics system per unit of time. Based on this, the following MP dimensions are possible: t/year, pcs./h, unit/day, lm/h, m2/year, etc.

Each of the above parameters is associated with a certain amount of information and with many parameters - financial indicators(costs, prices, tariffs), as well as various kinds of restrictions. However, it should be borne in mind that often in temporal and spatial aspects, information and financial flows may not coincide with material ones.

In the most in general terms from the perspective of logistics, the emergence, transformation or absorption of small business in a certain economic object, functioning as an integral system, is studied. Thus, the actions applied to the MP in this system are determined. These actions are called logistics operations and logistics functions (in a generalized version, logistics activities).

A logistics operation (elementary logistics activity) is any action that is not subject to further decomposition within the framework of the assigned research or management task, associated with the emergence, transformation or absorption of material and accompanying flows (information, financial, service).

Logistics operations include, for example, such actions performed on material resources or finished products as loading, unloading, packaging, transshipment from one mode of transport to another, sorting, consolidation, disaggregation, labeling, etc.

Logistics operations associated with related information and financial flows can be the collection, storage and transmission of information about material flows, settlements with suppliers and buyers of goods, cargo insurance, transfer of ownership of goods, etc.

A logistic function (complex logistic activity) is a separate set of logistics operations aimed at implementing the tasks assigned to the logistics system and (or) its links.

Among the complex logistics activities at the level of business organization, it is customary to highlight the following:

• 1) basic (inherent in almost any commodity producer):
  • - supply (purchases);
  • - production;
  • - sales (distribution);
• 2) auxiliary (supporting):
  • - warehousing;
  • - transportation;
  • - service support;
  • - Information support.

The integration of logistics operations into logistics functions primarily depends on the type of logistics system, i.e. from a set of functional subsystems in a specific logistics system. Therefore, one of the most important concepts in logistics is the concept of a logistics system.

A logistics system (LS) is a complex organizationally complete (structured) economic system, which consists of element-links (subsystems) interconnected in a single process of managing material and related flows, and the tasks of functioning of these links are united by the internal goals of the business organization and (or) external goals(Fig. 1.6).

The ability to plan various operations and analyze the levels of elements of the logistics system predetermined its division into macro- and micrologistics. Table 2 shows the structure of macro- and micrologistics functions.

Macrologistics solves issues related to market analysis of suppliers and consumers, development of a general concept of procurement and distribution. Objects controlled by macrologistics are legally independent enterprises. The interaction between them is based on commodity-money relations and is regulated by relevant agreements and contracts that have legal force.

Table 2 - Structure of logistics functions at macro and micro levels

Type of logistics	Function structure
Macrologistics	Market analysis of suppliers and consumers
Distribution and consumption concept
Warehousing and strategic placement of warehouses
Types of transport
Direction of traffic
Transportation process
Delivery points
Distribution schemes
Supply and production concept
General information system
Micrologistics	Input inventory level
Interim inventory management
Output inventory level
Moving products within the enterprise
Transport, storage and loading and unloading operations

Micrologistics solves local issues of individual firms and enterprises. Objects controlled by micrologistics are functional services and divisions of one enterprise or company, subordinate to its administration. The interaction between them is based on non-commodity relations and is regulated administratively.

A logistics system link (LSL) is a certain economically and (or) functionally isolated object that is not subject to further decomposition within the framework of the assigned task of analysis or construction of a logistics system, fulfilling its local purpose associated with certain logistics operations or functions.

In the links of the logistics system, material and other related flows can converge, branch, split, change their content, parameters, intensity, etc. Thus, the links of the logistics system can be of three types: generating, transforming and absorbing.

Enterprises - suppliers of material resources, manufacturing enterprises and their divisions, sales, trading, intermediary organizations of various levels, transport and forwarding enterprises, exchanges, banks and other financial institutions, service enterprises, etc. can act as links in the logistics system.

Along with the concept of “logistics system,” the concept of “logistics chain” is widely used in Western and domestic literature. A logistics chain (LC) is a set of links in a logistics system, linearly ordered (optimized) according to material (information, financial) flow in order to design a certain set of logistics functions and (or) costs.

In the economic literature, the concept of “logistics network” is also found, which can be defined as a complete set of links in the logistics system, interconnected by material and related flows.

The main object of analysis of an integrated logistics system is its logistics cycle (logistics functional cycle) - a time-integrated set of functional cycles (cycles associated with logistics activities). In fact, the logistics cycle sets the structural basis of the integrated logistics system.

The logistics cycle can be classified as basic activities (supply, production, sales) or supporting activities.

Typically, the structure of the logistics cycle includes the following component cycles:

• - order cycle;
• - cycle of creation (maintenance) of reserves;
• -processing cycle of consumer orders;
• - cycle of organizing procurement and placing orders;
• - delivery cycle of MR or GP;
• - production (operational) cycle;
• - cycle of collecting consumer orders and preparing documentation;
• - cycle of analysis and preparation of reports.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Non-state educational institution

higher vocational education

"Moscow Institute of Professional Innovation"

CHECK TEST (ABSTRACT)

BY ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE

"Logistics"

ON THE TOPIC OF:

“Object, subject, basic concepts and tasks of logistics.”

COMPLETED:

Tretyakova Y.V.

group M-09

CHECKED:

teacher

________________

Kamensk-Uralsky – 2011

Introduction……………………………………………………………...3

1.1 The concept and essence of logistics…………………………………...4

1.2 The subject of the study of logistics and its goals…………………………..8

1.3 Objectives and functions of logistics…………………………………….10

1.4 Material flow……………………………………………..14

1.5 Information flow……………………………………………………17

Conclusion………………………………………………………20

References……………………………………………………………………...22

INTRODUCTION

Logistics is a relatively young and rapidly developing science and business area in our country.

The interest that domestic scientists, university teachers, scientific and technical workers, managers of industrial and transport enterprises, engineers and businessmen show in logistics is explained not only by the new and unusual-sounding term for the domestic economy, but also, most importantly, by the impressive results that obtained through the use of a logistics approach in the economies of industrialized countries. Foreign experience shows that logistics plays a strategically important role in modern business. It is no coincidence that more and more specialists who have achieved success in this field are promoted to senior positions in company management. From a business perspective, logistics means effective management material and related (information, financial, service) flows to achieve corporate goals with optimal expenditure of all resources. Currently, in leading companies, traditional functional areas of logistics (transportation, inventory management, purchasing and orders, warehousing, cargo handling, packaging) have been integrated on the basis of a common information and computer platform, forming a strategic innovation system. The introduction of logistics management methods into business practice allows firms to significantly reduce all types of product inventories in production, supply and sales, accelerate the turnover of working capital, reduce production costs and distribution costs, and ensure the most complete satisfaction of consumers in the quality of goods and services.

This test examines the essence and objectives of logistics. We will become familiar with the concept of logistics as a science, its goals, the subject of its study, various types of logistics and its functions.

1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LOGISTICS

1.1 Concept and essence of logistics

Logistics comes from the Greek word logistics- the art of calculating, reasoning. The history of the emergence and development of logistics goes back to the distant past. The first logistics positions appeared in Athens. During the period of the Roman Empire, there were logisticians or logistics servants who were involved in the distribution of products, the formation of reserves, and exchange between provinces. In Byzantium in the 1st millennium AD. The tasks of logistics were arming the army and supplying it with military equipment.

The first scientific works on logistics appeared in France at the beginning of the 19th century, the author A. Jomini is a military specialist.

Logistics developed especially rapidly during the Second World War, when it was used to solve strategic objectives and clear interaction between the defense industry, supply bases and transport in order to provide the army with weapons and food in a timely manner. In the 60s, logistics gradually moved from the military to the civilian sphere, and then to production. At the end of the 20th century, logistics science included purchasing, transport, production, information, and sales logistics. Thus, logistics strives to maximally satisfy consumer needs with minimal costs for the manufacturer.

Logistics is the science of planning, control and management of transportation, warehousing and other material and intangible operations performed in the process of bringing raw materials and materials to a production enterprise, in-plant processing of raw materials and materials and production finished products to the consumer in accordance with the interests and requirements of the latter, as well as the transfer of storage and processing of relevant information and related financial flows. Logistics- the science of product distribution management.

A logistics object can be looked at from different points of view: from the position of a marketer, financier, planning and production management manager, scientist. This explains the variety of definitions of the concept of logistics. An analysis of foreign and domestic economic literature showed that today logistics is understood as:

The theory of planning various flows in human-machine systems;

A new direction in organizing cargo movement;

A set of various activities with the aim of obtaining the required amount of cargo in the right place at the right time with minimal costs;

Optimization of delivery processes working capital and finished products and material flows of production processes;

The process of planning costs for the movement and storage of goods from production to consumption;

Effective movement of finished products from the place of production to the place of consumption;

A new scientific direction related to the development of rational methods for managing material and information flows;

The science of rational organization of production and distribution.

It is convenient to divide the entire set of definitions of logistics into two groups:

The first group defines logistics as a direction of economic activity, which consists in managing material flows in the areas of production and circulation;

Another group of definitions considers logistics as an interdisciplinary scientific field directly related to the search for opportunities to increase the efficiency of material flows.

Logistics management is based on choosing the best solution from several possible ones.

Industrial and commercial Logistics as a science is called upon to develop methods for modeling logistics systems and finding optimal solutions for managing these systems.

Logistics should be considered as a system whose goal is to deliver goods and products to a given place, in the required quantity and assortment, prepared to the maximum extent possible for production or personal consumption at a given level of costs. Such a system contains functional areas between which there is communication and interdependence. For example, if the main production uses a technology that does not require the presence of significant intermediate stocks of materials and raw materials, then, in accordance with logistics, deliveries are planned to be carried out at a strictly defined time at short intervals. To fulfill irregular orders in the shortest possible time, procurement uses appropriate methods to acquire a variety of material resources in order to fulfill individual orders. In the logistics chain, i.e. the chain through which commodity and information flows pass from supplier to consumer, the following main links are distinguished (Fig. 1):

Supply of materials, raw materials and semi-finished products;

Storage of products and raw materials;

Production of goods;

Distribution (including sending goods from the finished goods warehouse);

Consumption of finished products.

Each link in the logistics chain includes its own elements, which together form the material basis of logistics. The material elements of logistics include: vehicles and facilities, warehousing, communications and management equipment. The logistics system, naturally, also covers personnel, i.e. those workers who perform all sequential operations.

Fig.1. Logistics chain

The ability to plan various operations and analyze the levels of elements of the logistics system predetermined its division into macro- and micrologistics.

Macrologistics solves issues related to market analysis of suppliers and consumers, development of a general distribution concept, placement of warehouses at the service area, choice of mode of transport and Vehicle, organization of the transport process, rational directions of material flows, points of delivery of raw materials, supplies and semi-finished products, with the choice of a transit or warehouse scheme for the delivery of goods.

Micrologistics resolves local issues within individual links and elements of logistics. An example is intra-production logistics, when various logistics operations are planned within the enterprise, such as transport and storage, loading and unloading, and provides operations for planning, preparation, implementation and control over the processes of moving goods within industrial enterprises.

1.2 Subject of study of logistics and its goals

Subject The study of logistics is the optimization of MP, service flows and accompanying financial (FP) and information flows (IP).

Section 1. History and definitions of the term logistics.

Section 2. Main types of logistics systems, main tasks logistics.

Section 3. Military logistics, business logistics, distribution logistics, transport logistics, complex logistics.

The mission of logistics is to achieve the logistics goal.

The goal of logistics is to deliver products to a given place on a certain day and time, in the required quantity and assortment at an optimal level of costs, and most importantly, while maintaining its quality.

The object of logistics is material and corresponding financial and information flows.

2. Quality - the required quality.

3. Quantity - in the required quantity.

4. Time - must be delivered at the right time.

5. Location - in the right place.

6. Costs - with minimal expenses.

7. The purchaser - to the desired purchaser.

The goal of logistics activity is considered achieved if these seven conditions are met, that is, the desired product of the required quality in the required quantity is delivered to a specific buyer at the right time in the right place with minimal costs.

Problems solved by logistics

choosing the type of vehicle;

route determination;

Cargo transportation company;

packing goods into containers;

Inventory Management;

responsible storage in warehouse areas;

marking;

formation of prefabricated orders;

customs services

Logistics is

Military logistics, business logistics, distribution logistics, transport logistics, integrated logistics

The most striking manifestation military logistics was during the Second World War. The American military contingent, conducting military operations in Europe, was fully provided with logistical units from another continent. The joint and well-functioning work of the military industry, transport (aviation, sea and land transportation) and logistics services after the end of the war gave impetus to the use of military logistics experience in the peaceful economy.

Nowadays, the concept of “military logistics” is still preserved in some countries, but in Russian the term “logistics” is now associated primarily with business.

Depending on the specifics of the organization’s activities, various logistics systems are used. Logistics system is a set of actions of participants in the logistics chain (manufacturers, transport, trade organizations, shops, etc.), built in such a way that the main logistics tasks are fulfilled.

Logistics systems are very diverse in terms of the scope of the enterprise’s activities (and in terms of understanding the modern Russian management). For some, logistics is simply the ability to work with databases; for others, it is supply or warehouse activities. But for its purpose (and its main purpose is to reduce costs, subject to the fulfillment of planned tasks, and therefore increase efficiency production activities) logistics systems should cover almost all (except accounting, personnel, etc.) areas of activity. Generally accepted logistics systems and management concepts are given below. Just In Time: MRP - Materials requirements planning, DRP (distribution requirements planning), MRPII - Manufacturing resource planning, ERP - Enterprise resource planning; LEAN PRODUCTION: CSRP - consumer Synchronized Resource Planning, ROP, QR, CR, AR; EOQ MODEL; Two level system; Two-hopper scheme; Model with constant order frequency; ABC method; Non-stationary and stochastic models of inventory management and others. Firms can develop their own logistics divisions, or they can attract transport and logistics companies to resolve issues of supply, warehousing and procurement. Depending on the level of involvement of independent companies to solve business problems in logistics, there are different levels: 1PL - from English. “first-party logistics” is an approach in which the company solves logistics issues independently; 3PL from English. “Third-party logistics” is an approach in which the full range of logistics services from delivery and address storage to order management and tracking the movement of goods is transferred to a transport and logistics company. The functions of such a 3PL provider include company and transportation management, accounting and inventory management, preparation of import-export and freight documentation, warehousing, cargo processing, delivery to the final buyer.

The task of logistics management in practice comes down to managing several components that make up the so-called “logistics mix”:

warehouse buildings (separate warehouse buildings, distribution centers, warehouses combined with a store);

inventories (volume of inventories for each item, location of the stock);

transportation (types of transport, terms, types of packaging, availability of drivers, etc.);

picking and packaging (simplicity and ease in terms of logistics services while maintaining an impact on purchasing activity);

communication (the ability to obtain both final and intermediate information in the process of product distribution).

Logistics is divided into types: purchasing, transport, warehouse, production, information logistics and others.

The main goal of purchasing logistics is to satisfy production with materials with maximum economic efficiency, quality and the shortest possible time. Purchasing logistics involves the search and selection of alternative manufacturing suppliers. The main methods of purchasing logistics are traditional and operational methods. The traditional method is carried out by supplying the required quantity of goods at a time, and the operational method as needed for the goods. An important part of purchasing logistics is supply planning based on inventory management.

Distribution logistics is functional area logistics of the enterprise and has its own object, goals, specific functions.

Object of study: Material flow at the stage of movement from supplier to buyer.

Subject of research: Rationalization of the process of physical promotion of goods to the buyer.

Purpose of distribution logistics: To deliver the product to the right place and at the right time. To achieve this goal with minimal costs, it is necessary to decide on a distribution channel. A distribution channel (logistics channel) is a partially ordered set of different intermediaries that carry out the transfer of material flow from a specific manufacturer to its consumers.

The distinction between purchasing and distribution logistics was first made in 1992 by M.E. Zalmanova: “Distribution logistics is the area of ​​activity of the supplier, and purchasing logistics is the area of ​​activity of the acquirer.” Subsequently, the content of distribution logistics was clarified and expanded, but there is still no common understanding of its essence and functions. So, D.D. Kostoglodov and L.M. Kharisova consider distribution logistics as “the process of managing the commercial, channel and physical distribution of finished products and services in order to meet consumer demand and extract arrived" It is believed that the management of commercial sales operations and processes is only partially related to the functions of distribution logistics. Consequently, the above definition interprets distribution logistics too broadly. According to A.M. Gadzhinsky: “distribution logistics is a complex of interrelated functions implemented in the process of distributing material flow between various wholesale buyers, i.e. in the process wholesale goods." He notes that the process of retailing goods is not considered in logistics.

Sales logistics (distribution logistics) is an area of ​​scientific research into the system integration of functions implemented in the process of distributing material and accompanying (information, financial and service) flows between various consumers, that is, in the process of selling goods, the main goal of which is to ensure the delivery of the necessary goods to the right place, at the right time, at the right cost. Closely related to the concept of sales logistics is the concept of distribution channel - a set of various organizations that deliver the product to the buyer.

Transport logistics is a system for delivery companies, namely for moving any material objects, substances, etc. from one point to another along the optimal route. One of the fundamental areas of science about managing information and material flows in the process of movement of goods

The optimal route is considered to be one along which it is possible to deliver a logistics facility to as soon as possible(or the stipulated terms) with minimal costs, as well as with minimal harm to the delivery object.

Damage to the delivery item is considered negative impact to the logistics facility both from external factors (transportation conditions) and from the temporary factor during the delivery of objects falling under this category.

Transportation - consists of moving products by vehicle using a certain technology in the supply chain and consisting of logistics operations and functions.

Selecting a vehicle type.

Selecting the type of vehicle.

Joint planning of transport processes with warehouse and production operations.

Joint planning of transport processes for various types transport.

Ensuring technological unity of the transport and warehouse process.

Determination of rational delivery routes.

All these tasks are solved interconnectedly, in a complex.

Inventory management policy consists of decisions - what to purchase or produce, when and in what volumes. It also includes decisions about the allocation of inventories to manufacturing enterprises and in distribution centers.

The second element of inventory management policy concerns strategy. You can manage the inventory of each distribution warehouse separately, or you can centrally (requires more coordination and information support)

Inventory logistics

Enterprise inventory management is an integrated process that supports inventory transactions within and outside the organization throughout the supply chain.

The inventory management policy must necessarily be based on the strategy of the enterprise as a whole. The choice of inventory management model depends on the strategy.

A “reactive” model, in other words, a “pull” model, which allows you to build inventory management depending on demand or a specific order from the manufacturer to the final purchaser. The planned model involves the promotion of goods within the marketing distribution channel according to a specific schedule in accordance with forecast demand for the product and its availability on the market. A mixed management model is especially relevant, combining management methods of previous models and allowing faster and more effective adaptation to changes in the market.

Control for the state of reserves - a technical means of implementation politicians inventory management. The inventory control procedure includes accounting for inventory availability and regular tracking of receipts/expenses. These operations can be carried out especially effectively using automated control systems manually, without the use of information systems. The use of an ERP-class information system today is an integral part of the enterprise’s production and material inventory management system.

The main task of warehouse logistics is to optimize the business processes of acceptance, processing, storage and shipment of goods in warehouses. Warehouse Logistics determines the rules of the warehouse company, procedures for working with the product and the corresponding resource management processes (human, technical, information). In this case, the most common methods are used: FIFO, LIFO, FEFO, FPFO, BBD. For information and technical support of such processes, specialized WMS warehouse management systems are used.

Information logistics is a set of actions for the effective distribution of information flows between digital and traditional media.

Information logistics has an allegorical similarity to transport and warehouse logistics.

Print data

Monochrome digital printing (single-sided or double-sided)

Monochrome printing consists of several stages:

project development and preparation of customer information for printing on high-tech industrial printers;

printing customer information on high-tech industrial black and white printers (on one side or on both sides of the sheet;

Print quality control;

Color digital printing (single-sided or double-sided).

Color printing consists of several stages:

receiving information from the Customer for printing in a digital format (file) convenient for the Customer;

project development and preparation of customer information for printing on high-tech industrial color printers;

coordination with the Customer and ordering specialized paper;

printing customer information on high-tech industrial color printers (on one side or on both sides of the sheet);

Print quality control;

further processing of the printed material.

Logistics is

Personalized Print or Sheet Personalization

Personalization is a way of designing printed products, where each copy becomes individual because it carries individual information. Personal information can be text (last name, first name, address, etc.) or illustrated (photo of the addressee). personalized printing is similar technological process digital printing. If personalized sheets are subsequently subjected to automatic packaging in envelopes, at the information processing stage before printing, special marks for the automatic packer and barcodes will be applied to them. Printing can be done both on paper and on pre-prepared forms.

Distribution of materials

Packing sheets into envelopes

Packing in envelopes, based on the size of the envelope and the number of sheets being packed, can be divided into manual and automatic.

Manual packaging

Manual packaging consists of:

preparing packaged attachments;

identifying, ordering and receiving envelopes;

folding (folding) attachments;

placing attachments in envelopes and sealing envelopes;

If necessary, sort and pack envelopes into boxes or other containers.

Automatic packaging

Automatic packaging consists of:

printouts of personalized attachments with special tags and barcodes according to a pre-developed project;

preparing non-personalized attachments and loading them into the packer (if necessary);

setting folding parameters;

adjusting the packer to the size of the envelopes;

launching the packer and receiving packaged envelopes with the necessary attachments;

Quality control and packaging of envelopes with attachments in boxes;

marking the boxes (if necessary).

Franking of shipments

Franking of items - applying postage marks to envelopes and parcels. Franking is carried out by passing envelopes or pre-prepared stickers through a special franking (marking) machine.

Sending mail

Dispatch - sorting by indexes, preparation of the necessary documentation, packaging, delivery to specialized post offices and delivery of postal correspondence.

Digitization of materials

Digitization is the transfer of information from paper to digital media. Technological process scanning consists of the following main operations:

receiving from the Customer paper media with printed text and/or graphic information;

preparing paper media for scanning;

scanning information into a graphic file;

transferring files with information to the customer’s digital media.

Material recognition

Translation of scanned information into text format according to specific rules. Recognition consists of:

the operator receives a scanned file;

determining the rules and/or forms by which information should be presented after recognition;

recognition of information in accordance with certain rules;

transfer of files with recognized information to the Customer’s digital media.

Data verification

Verification—checking the recognized document. It consists of comparing data after recognition with data before recognition. If the data after recognition does not coincide with the data before recognition, or the form of presentation of the recognized data does not coincide with the form of presentation of information determined by the Customer, the recognized data is brought into the proper form.

Data storage

A service for storing all customer data in digital form with permanent access.

Environmental logistics ensures the movement of material in any production process until it is converted into a marketable product and waste, followed by waste management until disposal or safe storage in the environment. Environmental logistics also ensures the collection and sorting of waste generated from the consumption of commercial products, their transportation, disposal or safe storage in the environment. It allows you to radically clean large areas contaminated with unauthorized waste.

City logistics (city logistics, municipal logistics) is a complex of logistics solutions, actions, processes aimed at optimizing management decisions of the administration, flows of materials, vehicles, people, knowledge, energy, finance, information within the subsystems of the city and its infrastructure.

Logistics in computer games

Hard Truck Tycoon is the first computer game with a logistics theme. Truck Tycoon Mobile (Java) is the first mobile game with a logistics theme. The goal of both games is to create infrastructure between small cities. In order to reduce the distance between terminals, they must be placed in central zone cards. The minimum distance between terminals gives the maximum. In the game Truck Tycoon Mobile (Java), the most profitable route (ROUTE) is the transportation of fuel (OIL). from such one-way transportation with a trailer - $2000. Carnival Cruise Line Tycoon 2005: Island Hopping is another game.

Food Force is a humanitarian aid supply game.

Big Mutha Truckers is a Hard Steel style game. Topic: Truckers.

Axis & Allies and Arsenal Of demos kratos are games on the theme of military supply logistics.

Truck Depot Mobile is a mobile game that demonstrates loading cargo into a trailer.

Cruise Ship Tycoon Mobile - mobile game, planning passenger transportation on a cruise ship.

Logistics is also a core element of the Transport Tycoon Deluxe series of games.

Logistics is

Significant logistics problems today include:

ensuring mutual correspondence of material and information flows;

controlling the material flow and transferring data about it to a single logistics information center;

determining the strategy and technology for the physical movement of consumer goods and goods;

development of methods for managing goods movement operations;

establishing forms of standardization of semi-finished products and packaging;

determining the volume of production, transportation and storage;

discrepancy between the requirements and capabilities of purchasing and production.

Achieving a logistics goal is measured by a clear and specific result. In this case, the result of logistics is the availability of the required trade item in the required quantity and a given level of quality, in the right place and at the appointed time, with minimal costs.

If you carefully read all the complex definitions of this mysterious specialty, you can summarize: this is saving. Logistics is designed to save money, products, time, space, equipment, etc. A logistician, as one of the journalists aptly put it, is a professional miser who is almost the only one in the entire chain from manufacturer to purchaser who thinks not about how to earn money, but about how to save money.

Logisticians, therefore, control all processes where these savings can be realized. And these are purchases, deliveries, transportation, communication with customs and government agencies, packaging, sales. Having built a complex structure of mutual connection of elements, the logistician does not allow the product to lie in the warehouse for a long time, the truck to travel a long road, or the store to wait for the delivery of products.

So, the desired product of the required quality in the required quantity at the appointed time must be delivered to appropriate place with minimal costs for the purchaser.

The need for logical thinking does not exclude intuition and excellent reaction - the ability to quickly find a way out of a difficult situation. Some experts generally believe that “a good logistician, like a real baker, can only be a speculator “from God” - who cannot guess the boss’s desire by his eyes, but is endowed with the talent of moving goods and cargo, like pieces on a chessboard, to a brilliant outcome "

Communication skills, the ability to find a common language with different people (from truck drivers to plant directors and Customs Committee officials) and a high degree of concentration are also very useful (after all, it is necessary to simultaneously work with a large amount of information in parallel mode).

Plus - mathematical and economic knowledge, and, of course, understanding of the basic laws of business, both in a global and applied sense.

The history of logistics.

Since the end of the 20th century, the concept of logistics has become widely used in economics. But the term logistics itself appeared earlier. In Ancient Athens there was a special position - “logisticist”; their duties included checking the reports of other employees. In ancient Rome, logisticians were understood as officials performing administrative and religious functions. In the 9th century AD In Byzantium, logistics was defined as the art of supplying an army and managing its movements.

The word "Logistics" exists in all major European languages, but has different meanings. Mathematician G.V. Leibniz used this term to mean "mathematical logic". In 1904, at the philosophical congress in Geneva, the definition of logistics as mathematical logic was approved.

The French military specialist is considered to be the creator of the first scientific works on logistics early XIX V. A. Jomini, who defined logistics as “the practical art of maneuvering troops.” Priority was given to logistics issues in Napoleon's army. However, logistics as a military science was formed only by the middle of the 19th century.

The principles of logistics were widely developed during the Second World War in the field of logistics support for the American army. In many Western countries Logistics gradually began to move from the military field to the sphere of economic practice. Initially, it was formed as a new direction in the field of material flow management, first in the sphere of circulation, and then in production.

Logistics received great development in the 60-70s in Japan, where its methods were used in the development and implementation of complex production systems, and by 1980 methods of physical distribution of material flows began to be optimized.

At the end of the 20th century, logistics science acts as an economic direction, including purchasing, production, sales, transport, information logistics, etc. Each of these areas of human activity has been sufficiently studied, however, the novelty of the logistics approach lies in the integration of these areas of activity to achieve the desired result with minimal expenditure of time, material resources and financial resources by forming the most optimal end-to-end management of all types of flows. Thus, logistics is designed to satisfy consumer needs as much as possible.

Definitions of logistics.

There is no universal definition of logistics. The term “logistics” is interpreted differently in foreign and domestic literature. The word "logistics" comes from the English logistics, which means “counting art”, “the art of reasoning, calculation”. Two interpretations of the concept of logistics have survived to this day: in the works of Leibniz, this term was used to refer to mathematical logic; in the military field, logistics meant the art of command and control, combining the management of material and technical supplies, transport services for the army and determining the locations of troops. Today logistics is defined as science, process, concept and management tool.

Logistics - the science on the management of material and related information, financial and service flows in the economic system from the place of their origin to the place of consumption to achieve the goals of the system and with optimal expenditure of resources.

Logistics - process planning, organizing and controlling the movement of material flows and accompanying information, finance and services in order to fully satisfy consumer requirements and with optimal expenditure of resources.

From a business perspective logistics - This integrated management tool material flow and related information, financial flows and services that contribute to achieving the organization’s goals at optimal costs.

Object and subject of study of logistics.

Object study and management in logistics are material flows, and the accompanying information, financial and service flows.

Flow- this is a collection of objects, perceived as a single whole, existing as a process over a certain time interval, measured in absolute units over a certain period of time. The main parameters characterizing the flow are: starting and ending points; trajectory and path length, intermediate points; speed and travel time.

Material flow- material resources in a state of movement, work in progress, finished products, to which logistics operations and functions are applied.

Service thread- the flow of services performed in the logistics system in order to satisfy the needs of both external and internal consumers in relation to the organization.

Financial flow- this is a directed movement financial resources, associated with material, service and information flows.

Information flow- this is a flow of messages in oral, documentary (including electronic) and other forms accompanying the material or service flow.

Subject study in logistics is the optimization of resources in a certain economic system while managing the main and accompanying flows.

E.A. Sidorova

Logistics

Lecture notes

For students of specialties

080507 – “Organization Management”,

050501 – "Professional education(economics and Management)"

Novocherkassk 2008

E.A. Sidorova

Logistics

Lecture notes

Novocherkassk 2008

BBK U 40 i 7

Reviewer: Ph.D. econ. Sciences, Associate Professor Pelevina A.B.

Sidorova, E.A.

C 347 Logistics [Text]: lecture notes for special students. 080507-"Organization Management", 050501 - "Vocational Training (Economics and Management)" / E.A. Sidorova; Novochek. state melior. acad. - Novocherkassk, 2008. – 93 p.

The lectures discuss the essence of logistics, its components (production, purchasing, distribution, transport), as well as the structure of material and information flows, their interrelation and features of document flow. A separate topic reflects the specifics of warehouse operations and service in the activities of enterprises.

Intended for students of all forms of study in the specialty “Organization Management”, “Professional Training”, in the discipline “Logistics”. Lecture notes were prepared in accordance with the State Standard of Higher Professional Education in specialty 061100.

INTRODUCTION

The object of study of the discipline "Logistics" is material and related information flows. The relevance of the discipline and the growing interest in its study are due to the potential opportunities for increasing the efficiency of the functioning of material-conducting systems, which are opened up by the use of a logistics approach. Logistics allows you to significantly reduce the time interval between the acquisition of raw materials and semi-finished products and delivery finished product to the consumer, contributes to a sharp reduction in material inventories, speeds up the process of obtaining information, and increases the level of service.

Activities in the field of logistics are multifaceted. It includes management of transport, warehousing, inventories, personnel, organization of information systems, commercial activities and much more. Each of the listed functions is deeply studied and described in the corresponding industry discipline. The fundamental novelty of the logistics approach is the organic mutual connection, the integration of the above areas into a single material-conducting system. The goal of the logistics approach is end-to-end management of material flows.

Material flow management has always been an essential aspect of economic activity. However, only relatively recently has it acquired the position of one of the most important functions of economic life. The main reason is the transition from a seller's market to a buyer's market, which necessitates a flexible response of production and trading systems to rapidly changing consumer priorities.

In the context of the transition to market relations, unified systems of standards for improving the material and technical base are losing their former significance. Each business entity independently assesses a specific situation and makes decisions. As world experience shows, leadership in competition today is acquired by those who are competent in the field of logistics and master its methods.

The purpose of the publication is to strengthen students' understanding of the need for unified management of end-to-end material flows, to orient students towards a holistic vision of processes in logistics.

The application of the logistic method is studied in situations that are most often encountered in practice.

1 CONCEPTUAL AND METHODOLOGICAL

LOGISTICS BASICS

Issues covered

1.1 The essence of logistics

1.2 Object and subject of logistics

1.3 Goals and objectives of logistics

1.4 Methodological foundations of logistics

The essence of logistics

The features of logistics can be revealed if we understand that:

a) the main conceptual idea of ​​logistics is a holistic systematic approach to study its object;

b) there are objective prerequisites for the need, feasibility and effectiveness of using the logistics approach;

c) methodological tools for logistics in the field of entrepreneurial activity.

In countries with developed market economy Logistics became widespread in the business sphere only in the 60s, when a qualitatively different level of market relations was achieved. Depending on the degree of monopolization, competition conditions, and the share of the public sector, various objective prerequisites for the use of the logistics approach have arisen.

Logistics management is based on choosing the best solution from several possible ones.

Industrial and commercial logistics as a science is designed to develop methods for modeling logistics systems and finding optimal solutions for managing these systems.

Logistics should be considered as a system whose goal is to deliver goods and products to a given place, in the required quantity and assortment, prepared to the maximum extent possible for production or personal consumption at a given level of costs.

Distinctive features of the logistics system:

Availability of a streaming process;

Certain system integrity.

The systematic nature of logistics is proven by the presence of properties that an object must have in order to be considered a system. Let us characterize these properties in application to logistics.

1. A logistics system is an integral set of elements that interact with each other. The following elements of logistics systems are distinguished:

PURCHASE - a subsystem that ensures the flow of material into the logistics system;

WAREHOUSES - buildings, structures, devices, etc., where material reserves are temporarily located and stored, material flows are transformed;

INVENTORIES - stocks of materials that allow this system to quickly respond to changes in demand, ensure uniform operation of transport, and also help solve a number of other problems in logistics systems;

TRANSPORT is an element, like the others, which is a complex system. It includes the material and technical base with the help of which goods are transported, as well as the infrastructure that ensures its functioning;

INFORMATION is a subsystem that provides information communication between other elements of the logistics system, controls the implementation of logistics operations;

PERSONNEL - organized personnel engaged in logistics operations;

SALES is a subsystem that ensures the disposal of material flow from the logistics system.

In production logistics systems, the element “Service production” is also distinguished, which refers to logistics units engaged in servicing the production process. Thus, the elements of logistics systems are of different quality, but at the same time compatible. Compatibility is ensured by the unity of purpose to which the functioning of logistics systems is subordinated.

2. There are significant connections between the elements of the logistics system, which naturally determine the integrative qualities of the system, that is, qualities inherent in the system as a whole, but not inherent in any of its elements separately.

3. The connections between the elements of the logistics system are ordered in a certain way, i.e. The logistics system has an organization.

4. The logistics system has integrative qualities. This is the ability to deliver goods at the right time, in the right place, at minimal cost, as well as the ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions (changes in demand for goods or services, unexpected failure technical means and so on.). The integrative qualities of the logistics system allow it to purchase materials, pass them through its production facilities and issue them in external environment while achieving predetermined goals.

The boundaries of the logistics system are determined by the production circulation cycle (Figure 1).

Figure 1 - Production circulation cycle

First, means of production are purchased. They, in the form of a material flow, enter the logistics system, are stored, processed, stored again and then leave the logistics system for consumption in exchange for financial resources entering the logistics system.

Logistics systems are divided into macro- and micrologistics. The research in this work is aimed at studying flow processes in macrologistics systems.

A macrologistics system is a large material flow management system, covering enterprises and industrial organizations, intermediary, trade and transport organizations of various departments located in different regions of the country or in different countries. The macrologistic system represents a certain infrastructure of the economy of a region, country or group of countries.

When forming a macrologistics system covering different countries, it is necessary to overcome the difficulties associated with the legal and economic features of international economic relations, with unequal conditions for the supply of goods, differences in the transport legislation of countries, as well as a number of other barriers.

The formation of macroeconomic systems in interstate programs requires the creation of a single economic space, a single market without internal borders, customs obstacles to the transportation of goods, capital, information, and labor resources.

At the macrologistics level, there are three types of logistics systems:

With direct connections (the material flow passes directly from the manufacturer of the product to its consumer, bypassing intermediaries);

Layered logistics systems (there is at least one intermediary along the material flow path);

Flexible (the first two cases are possible).

Object and subject of logistics

The object of logistics is complex dynamic production and commercial integrated supply and sales systems, including organizational and economic aspects of supply activities, transport and technical operations, production and technological and commercial and sales activities. Characteristic Features such systems are:

Dispersal of technical means and teams of people over a large territory;

Mobility of a significant mass of technical means, including transport;

High capital intensity of technical equipment;

Dependence on the result of the work of a large number of related subsystems - shippers, consignees of resources.

These features affect the volume and flow of information processes in logistics systems and subsystems. Achieving a coincidence of the efforts of the interests of groups of individual subsystems and the system as a whole is often far from simple. Logistics, with its system-cybernetic approach to the studied material and information flow processes, helps to find ways to solve this problem.

There are several models of alternative economies - their complete centralization or complete decentralization, in accordance with which the concepts of a totalitarian “socialist market” and “free market” are formed. Between these extremes in reality there are often intermediate options, the models of which should also be kept in mind when analyzing.

The need for economic centralism today is determined by the following tasks:

General development of the economy as a whole;

Coordination of efforts to successfully achieve the goals of each participant involved in the overall production and commercial process.

Such centralism is inappropriate to fully identify with the role of the formation of organizational and economic structures by participants in logistics activities.

Economic centralization with a touch of integration in the free market model has three supporting structures:

1) a unified financial, monetary and banking system;

2) the market system, including the financial and monetary market;

3) a system of reproductive turnover of social capital and product, consumer income and turnover of social capital.

These structures form three flow layers:

Material;

Reproductive market;

Economic-financial and monetary.

Thus, the framework of economic centralization is made up of economic forms: production, exchange, distribution, consumption. And these are flow processes that act as objects of logistics activities.

The subject of study in logistics is the optimization of material and corresponding financial and information flow processes. At the same time, the scope of entrepreneurial activity is limited to the production and commercial cycle, which is also considered as a multi-layered closed process that forms the systematic basis of logistics. The boundaries of the production and commercial logistics system are determined by the production and commercial cycle, including the processes of lending (part of the financial flow), procurement of material and technical support, their warehousing, transportation, storage, intra-production organizational and technological distribution, warehousing and marketing of finished products, income generation and

loan repayment (the final part of the financial flow).

From the definition of the subject of logistics it follows that its task includes the development of methods for assessing efficiency.